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Today’s Agenda
● Valid IRFs can have fixed velocities with respect to each other.
➧ More about this later when we discuss forces.
➧ For now, just remember that we can make measurements
from different vantage points.
Air
Vp,a
Air
Vp,a
Va,g
Vp,g
Va,g
Vp,a
Vp,g
(a) 50 3 = 29
(b) 50 2 = 35
(c) 50 1 = 50 50 m 1 m/s
2 m/s
● Since you swim straight across, you must be tilted in the water so that
your x component of velocity with respect to the water exactly cancels
the velocity of the water in the x direction:
1 m/s
y 2 2 −12
2 m/s 1m/s
= 3 m/s
x
50 m
● So the time to get across is = 29 s
3m s
3 m/s
50 m
y
➧ Constant Radius R
y
➧ Constant Speed v = |v|
v
(x,y)
» (R,θ) [position] θ R
x
» (vR ,ω) [velocity]
● In UCM:
➧ R is constant (hence vR = 0).
➧ ω (angular velocity) is constant.
➧ Polar coordinates are a natural way to describe UCM!
➧ θc = 2π R s
θ
θ has period 2π. x
1 revolution = 2π radians
x = R cos θ R (x,y)
y = R sin θ
θ
x
1
cos sin
0
π/2 π 3π/2 2π
θ
-1
● Realize that: R
s
➧ period (T) = seconds / revolution
➧ So T = 1 / f = 2π/ω ω
ω = 2π / T = 2πf
x = R cos(θ) = R cos(ωt)
y = R sin(θ) = R sin(ωt)
θ = arctan (y/x) v
(x,y)
R
s
θ = ωt θ=ωt
s=vt
s = Rθ = Rωt
v = ωR
● Now introduce
^
“polar unit-vectors” ^ r and θ :
➧ r^ points in radial direction
➧ θ^ points in tangential direction
^ ^
(counter θ r
clockwise) y
j θ
x
i
∆v
v2
v1
v2
R v1
ω∆t
∆v
R
seems like ∆v (hence ∆v/∆t )
points at the origin!
a = dv / dt
R
We see that a points
in the - R direction.
∆v ∆R
∆v Similar triangles: =
v R
v1
v2
But ∆R = v∆t for small ∆t
v2
∆v v∆t ∆v v 2
R v1 So: = =
v R ∆t R
∆R
v2
a=
R
R
a
v2
We know that a= and v = ωR
R
( ω R)2
a=
R
a = ω 2R
(a) 500 m
(b) 1000 m
(c) 2000 m
10000
R= m ≈ 1000 m D = 2R ≈ 2000 m
9.81
2km
what is a here? f
R RE
amoon g
R RE
(a) 0 m/s2
(b) 8.9 m/s2
(c) 9.8 m/s2
91 min 60 s rot
● Realize that: RO
RO = RE + 300 km
= 6.4 x 106 m + 0.3 x 106 m 300 km
= 6.7 x 106 m
RE
a = ω2R
a = 8.9 m/s2
● Reference frames and relative motion. (Text: 2-1, 3-3, & 4-1)