A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate

independent clause/main clause (sentence)

Clause
Adj Clause dependent clause /sub clause Noun Clause Adv Clause

Independent clause (also called main clause)

contains a main S and a V expresses a complete thought can stand alone as a sentence by itself Example : - Shelly works in the company. - The dog barks every night.

Dependent clause (also called sub clause)

does not express a complete thought cannot stand alone as a sentence by itself

Example : - because she often comes late to campus - when I met him last week Dependent Clause can be Adjectival, Noun (Nominal), Adverbial
Adjective clause Noun clause Adverb clause

Adjective Clause
meaning: A sub clause which modifies noun.

It is usually preceded by a relative pronoun, such as;

Subject Person Who/ That Which/ That

Object Whom/ That Which/ That

Possessive Whose

Place Where/ In which Where / In which

Time When / on which When/ on which

Thing

Whose/ Of which

Simple sentence 1. a. The man is my father. b. He is wearing a yellow tie

2. a. Ririn loves the young man. b. He has long beard. 3. a. The woman is a beggar. b. I have just given her some money.

Complex sentence (Adj clause) 1. The man who is wearing a yellow tie is my father.
2. Ririn loves the young man whohas long beard. 3. The woman whom I have given some money is a beggar.

4. a. The ticket is very expensive b. We cant enter the concert without it.
5. a. The old building is a palace. b. Our president lives in it. 6. a. This is Veronica. b. Her sister is your classmate.

4. The ticket which we cant enter the concert without is very expensive.
5. The old building where our president lives is a palace. 6. This is veronica whose sister is your classmate.

Types of Adjective clause:

NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE (Non-defining relative clause) RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE (Defining relative clause)

NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
It is set off by commas It does not restricts the meaning of the noun It gives additional / extra information Its existence is NOT important/ essential, so it can be omitted without loss of meaning
that cannot be used in non-restrictive clause

Non Restrictive Clause

1. The first Indonesian President, who was an excellent orator, is well-remembered by the Indonesian people.

2. The province of Papua, which was formerly known as West New Guinea, has become part of Indonesia since 1963.
3. Professor Burks, who teaches TOEFL Preparation class, gave a speech in the national conference.

RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
It is not set off by commas It narrows the number of things/persons It tells us which particular person/ thing that the writer means Its existence is important/ essential

Restrictive Clause
1. The tall man who is standing in front of the shop is my uncle. 2. Men who are not married are called bachelors. 3. He won the prize for research that might lead to a cure for AIDS. 4. People who work part-time usually receive no benefits.

 Characteristics: 1. Preceded by that 2. Preceded by if/whether 3. Preceded by question words 4. In the form of statement although preceded by question words

Types of Noun (Nominal) clause

Wh word Clause I dont know where the student cafeteria is. The professor explained how shock waves are formed. That Clause That something was wrong was clear. He said that there would be some new students during the week. If /whether Clause I want to know if Dr. Chen practices acupuncture. Doctors wonder whether acupuncture is effective treatment for arthritis.

Noun clause: position Subject Position Who was inside the cave was not known. That you will come surprises me. Object Position
Can you tell me when the train will arrive? We plan to give whoever wins a present.

Complement position
Subject complement Money and chances are what we need.

Object complement The play made the show what it was.

Other positions After Preposition We give the reward to whoever saves the child. After Adjective We are happy that there will be some new students.

Adverbial Clause

 It is used to modify the verb. It tells time (when), place (where), reason (why), for what purpose, manner (how), how long, how far. It is also used to contrast. Adverbial of time, place, manner, reason, purpose, concession, condition, result, degree, comparison/contrast

Time
Markers: after, before, when, whenever, as, as soon as, until, while

He comes after night had fallen. When you have finished your work, you can go.

Place
Markers: where, wherever

I make friend wherever I go. She put the meat where the cat couldnt reach it.

Reason
Markers : because, since, as, for

I visit you because I like you. Since your father is not at home, I will ask you to take the message.

Purpose
Markers: so, so that, in order that

The students study hard so they may pass the exam. Elaborate plans were made in order that we could catch the culprits.

Concession
Markers: although, though, even though

Though I was in the same class as Eko for four years, I never knew him very well. Although women in the US could own poverty, they could not vote until 1920. Even though he sat next to me, we never said a word to each other.

Condition
Markers: if, unless, as long as, on condition that

Ill go by myself if you cant go. Result

Markers: so, so that; such (a) that

I took no notice of him, so he flew into rage. He spoke so quickly that nobody can understand him.

Degree
Markers: so as ; as as ; than

The boy is not so handsome as I expected. Your mother is not so old as I thought she was. Manner
Markers: as, as if

George writes as the way his father did Rudy writes as if he is left-handed