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FORM 2 CHAPTER 8
NAMA PELAJAR : MUHAMMAD AMMAR FAIZ BIN ABD MANAB TINGKATAN : 2 CEMERLANG
CONTENT :
8.1:SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS . 8.2:SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN PLANTS . 8.3:APPRECIATING THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN LIVING THINGS .
~ VERTEBRATE
VERTEBRATE
The
(a) to support the body weight (b) to protect the internal organs (c) to maintain the shape of the body
LAND VERTEBARTE
The land vertebrates have to support their own body weight. Hence, the endoskeletons of land vertebrates are normally BIG and STRONG.
AQUATIC VERTEBRATE
The body weight of aquatic vertebrates supported by the buoyancy of water . Hence, the endoskeletons of aquatic vertebrates are smaller.
INVERTEBRATE
i) ii)
INVERTEBRATExoskeleton
Cuticle is an exoskeleton which is made of chitin. It covers and protects the body . Bees , flies , cockroaches , scorpions , crabs and prawns are supported by cuticle.
INVERTEBRATE-Hydrostatic skeleton
Invertebrates which have soft bodies such as worms , leeches and caterpillars are supported by the body fluid pressure called hydrostatic pressure .
BUTTRESS Roots
Casuarina trees have buttress roots to provide additional support to the stems .
PROP Roots
Banyan trees and maize plants have prop roots to give them extra support.
STILT Roots
Mangrove trees have stilt roots which provide extra support to the stem and help them to obtain sunlight.
NON-WOODY PLANTS
i) Non-woody plants have soft stems. ii) The turgidity of the cells provides support to these non-woody plants. iii) Some on the examples of non-woody plants are yam plant, leafy vegetables and balsam plant.
NON-WOODY PLANT
Some non-woody plants have weak stems which are unable to support the plants. However, they have other features to help them. a) Tendrils b) Thorns and prickles c) Clasping roots
TENDRILS
Cucumber plants and pumpkin plants climb andgrow upwards using tendrils .
Bougainvillea plants , rattan plants and rose plants climb using thorns.
TWINING STEMS
Morning glory plants twine around other plants to help them climb higher in order to get enough sunlight.
CLASPING ROOTS