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Adrian Boukalov Helsinki University of Technology Communications Lab ETSI/MESA meeting 18.09.2001
adrian.boukalov@hut.fi
Content
1.Smart antennas. Benefactors. Operators perspective. User perspective. 2. Overview of communication systems with Smart Antennas (SA). 3. Basics of Smart Antennas Techniques. SA types, classification. 4. Integrated receiver design with SA. 5. Impact of mobility, propagation environment and interference on SA applicability and performance. 6. Air interface spec and SA compatibility/performance.Standardization related issues 7. Wireless network performance and planning with SA. 8. Current status and future evolution of SA techniques.
"Spatial Processing remains as the most promising, if not the last frontier, in the evolution of multiple access systems"
Andrew Viterbi
There are very few techniques proposed today, which are able to improve radio network performance dramatically - Spatial processing - Multi-user detection - Channel reuse based on polarization - Advanced network control Spatial processing is among them and can be effectively combined with others techniques How smart should be Smart Antennas techniques ?
OEM
New market for more advanced BSs, flexible radio network control...
User
Higher QoS, more reliable, secure communication, new services, longer battery life...
- Multipath mitigation
- B. MS/subscriber only up-linkcapacity/. due to the tighter channel reuse &down-link....coverage (WLL applications) - C. Both ends MS and BS simultaneously..coverage + capacity (A+B) + higher bit rate up-link & due to spatially multiplexed parallel channels and down-link split high bit rate data streams between them or .....higher transmission quality with ST coded diversity
UMTS ?
TSUNAMI-SUNBEAMSATURN/METRA Projects (EU) ARPA (USA )/GloMo project Metawave (USA) Commercially available IntelliCell Switched Beam System
- Wide range of R&D activity - Recommendations for standardization - Field Trials GSM/DCS 1800 system Coordinator ERA Technology (UK) Participants:
Motorola European Cellular Infrastructure Division UK France Telecom CNET France University of Aalborg Denmark Bosch Telecom GmbH Germany Orange Personal Communication Systems Ltd. UK DETyCOM Spain University of Bristol UK Polytechnic University of Catalonia Spain
Macro-diversity
- Beamforming (BF)
Switched-beam Smart Antenna Adaptive beamforming
Switched-beam ant.
Adaptive BF
Improved SNR
SNR CCI Diversity ISI Time domain diversity
Beamforming
Combining. MRC
=
BS MS ~1/M
Spatial domain
BF Combiner BF
- Multi-path => diversity combining and/or matched beamforming. More complex algorithms.
- BF + combining techniques
System level improvements=> - increased coverage - possible reduction amount of BS - Penetration into buildings....
2.5
0.6
2.0
0.4
1.5
0.2
1.0
Beamforming
Combining
Multi-path MS BS
.Path. Div. ~M
Space Div. M
BF
Combiner
BF
Combiner
System level improvements=> - More reliable communication - Higher Bit Rate - Reduced power consumption for PC systems
Beamforming
Combining
Interfering MS 2
BS MS 1
M-1
BF
System level improvements=> - higher spectrum efficiency/capacity - can be translated to higher BER due to higher SIR or with more ch. - antijamming possibilities
ISI cancellation
SNR CCI Diversity ISI Time domain diversity
Beamforming
Path with ISI
Combining
Delayed Signals
Multipath
BS
M-1
SDMA
25
8.0
20
Efficiency gain
4.0
Efficiency gain
6.0
15
10
2.0
0.0
0.0
ISI cancellation
- spatial domain - only interference cancellation is possible - preferably to combine with temporal domain techniques (preserves signal energy, diversity,more efficient)
BF w BF w
System level improvements=> - Higher BER - Improved reliability - Improved performance in Multipath
Beamforming
BS
Multi-path
Combining
Delayed Signals
Interfering MS 2
MS 1
Beamforming Multi-path
BS Interfering MS 1 Combining MS 2 Delayed Path withSignals ISI, uncorrelated paths
Equalisation
Delayed Signals
Time
Degrees of freedom
- Number of SA elements (M) can be considered as a resource, i.e. degrees of freedom which can be spent for SNR, CCI, diversity, ISI, either separately or jointly (optimum)
number of SA elements
SNR
~1/M
CCI
(M-1)
Diversity
~M ang. div
ISI
(M-1)
Optimum BF
(M-1) interferers M spat div. (M-1)/2 gain del. symb.
by Reference Type
- Spatial reference based BF-direction of arrival based beamforming (DoABF) Spatial Eigenstructure based BF - Reference signal based/time reference BF (TRB) and/or optimum combining (OC) , MMSE in BF and channel est. S-T processing
- Signal structure (temporal /spectral) based beamforming, SSBF/property restored BF blind methods , MSE-like BF and ch. est in STP - Blind - Decision Directed (DD) techniques
Array
Processor
Array Output
1 X1(t) 2 X2(t)
LS Beamformer
W1 W2
Array output
y(t)
Xn(t)
Wn
- + Signal processor +
Adaptive processor
Error Ref.
BF (W)
CMA
LOS
BS
MSC
Urban area
BS
Spatial processing
&
1G- analog systems 2G- digital systems 2.5G- digital+packet +.. (GPRS,.. 3G - W-CDMA 4G- cellular+ gigabit WLAN
Radio Interface
Receiver structure, Tx, Rx algorithms - Spatial proc.
- Time domain proc. - Coding - Detection - Diversity - ..
Network control
- R.resource management - call control
Cell control
1G
2G 2.5G 3G 4G
DSP tech.
SW Radio
Air Interface
- Multiple access - Duplexing - Modulation - Framing - Availability of pilots
1800
Microcell
Macrocell
1800
Scatters local to BS Remote scatters
0
Delay (microsec)
1
-1800
0
Scatters local to MS
Delay (microsec)
20
After A.Paulraj
- Smart Antennas algorithms should be optimized according to the propagation environment based on the cell by cell principle
MS
Physical Channel Definition, Multiplexing Frame Structure Duplexing Technology
Modulation Technology
Channel Coding
Source Coding
FDD TDD
FDMA CDMA
UL->DL link
CDMA SA Receivers
- In non-multiuser case users are seen as interference to each other and there are many weaker CCI in the uplink. Capacity is improved due to reduction of TRX power - Multipath gives rise to the MAI due to the losses of codes orthogonality. Can be improved with SA. - Code can be seen as a free reference signal - Wideband beamforming realization and methods of AoA estimation are different from narrowband - Channel estimations can be based on spreading codes and it presumes introduction of novel techniques - Narrowband systems are more feasible with SA..... (coherence nature of array processing)
Smart Antennas might be not very smart (Complexity) Integrated but relatively simple system design can provide considerable improvement with low level of complexity
Three Stages of Introduction Smart Antennas in Cell Planning Process of 2-2.5 G Networks
1. High Sensitivity Reception (HSR) 2. Spatial Filtering for Interference Reduction (SFIR)
HSR concept
- SA at the up-link only
- Gain approximately 10logM - with 8 elements reduction of number of BS by factor of 0.3 only by factor of 0.5 with diversity
BS
MS
SFIR concept
- CCI cancellation + SA at the down-link - capacity improvement of 2.5 require 6dB CIR improvement (already achieved by Ericsson with simple SA algorithms) - the same range extension as with HSR - simulations shows that approximately the same capacity gain can be achieved with SFIR and SDMA while SFIR require considerable less network control upgrade
SFIR concept
- it was found reasonable to combine in GSM SFIR with random slow frequency hopping to benefit from interference and frequency diversity - reuse factor 1/3 seems reasonable 1/1 possible but too complex since dynamic RR management based on CCI measurements is required - frequency re-planning, but network control (RR) less affected
SDMA concept
- expected up to 8 times capacity improvement - power classes concept (can be dynamic or static) - with ref. signal BF MSs can be separated even when they have the same angular position to BS !
PCH 1 PCH 1 PCH 1
PCH 1
*
Layer 2
*
* * *
Layer 1
- user identification problem to support SDMA individual color codes needed to support each SDMA traffic channel channel, also for admission control ..
- for rescue purposes omni directional channel for call recovery is proposed - power classes concept (SDMA, others ..? )< -->RR management( tradeoff needed to avoid trunking effects)
t
BS
BS BS
Resource management should be aware of: - > User location (AoA,..)and/or - > Power (power classes ,...)and/or - > Channel quality (and spatial properties ?)
Co-ordination between BSs -> at least loose form of synchronization for time reference BF (Layer 1) -> exchange information about user location and /or - > channel quality (and spatial properties ?) -> exchange information about cells traffic load
- DTX(comfort level?), HO, initial protocol perhaps should be slightly modified, but it can increase signaling overhead=> more interference in CDMA
- combination with link adaptation (since at the beginning channel history is not available). This combination will increase soft capacity limit - some changes can be expected at the MS (receiver, ant., protocols)
PMR ?
Center of Helsinki
120
250 250
180
30
200
150
BS
210 240 300 270
330
100 50 0 0 50 100
MS2
- incoming impulses from the MS1 - amplitude and AOA - incoming impulses from the MS2 - amplitude and AOA, considered as interference for MS1 (and vs) - Smart Antennas radiation pattern antenna main lobe locked on the signals coming from MS1
150
200
250
300
basis X-coordinate
Publications
1.Edward Mutafungwa, Lauri Halme, Viktor Nssi, Adrian Boukalov A study of the Jrvenp-Lahti motorway's IT link alternatives for the connection of control stations, Espoo, Otaniemi: TKK Tietoliikennelaboratorio technology reports, 1998. 2. Adrian Boukalov "The impact of a non-uniform spatial traffic distribution on the CDMA cellular networks system parameters", URSI/Remote Sensing Club of Finland/IEEE XXIII Convention on Radio Science and Remote Sensing Symposium, Otaniemi 24-25 August, 1998, Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Space tech. Report 35, p.29-30 3. Boukalov Adrian, Sven-Gustav Hggman and Antti Pietil "The Impact of a Non-uniform Spatial Traffic Distribution on the CDMA Cellular Network System Parameters", ICPWC'99, Jaipur, India, February 1999, pp. 394 -398. 4. Boukalov Adrian, Sven-Gustav Hggman "UMTS Radio Network Simulation with Smart Antennas ", Proceedings of the Virginia Tech Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications, June 2-4, 1999, Blacksburg , USA , pp. 95-102. 5. Boukalov Adrian, "System Aspects of Smart Antennas Technology" Presentation at Radio Communication Systems Department / School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (EIT) at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden. Available at: http://www.s3.kth.se/radio/seminars/sa.pdf. 6. Boukalov Adrian, Sven-Gustav Hggman "An overview. System aspects of Smart Antennas Technology in Wireless Communications" (Invited) , Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Wireless Communications vol. 2, 12-14 July 1999 Calgary , Canada, pp.1-14.
7.Boukalov Adrian, Sven-Gustav Hggman " UMTS Radio Network Simulation with Smart Antennas" to be published in book Wireless Personal Communications, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. 8. Boukalov Adrian, Sven-Gustav Hggman "System Aspects of Smart Antennas Technology in Cellular Wireless Communications " (Invited) IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference (RAWCON 99), Denver, Colorado, USA, August 1-4, 1999, pp. 17-22.
9.Boukalov Adrian, "Introduction to Smart Antennas Techniques and Algorithms" Workshop on Smart Antennas Technology and Applications at RAWCON 99, 1st August 1999. 10. Boukalov Adrian, Sven-Gustav Hggman System Aspects of Smart Antennas Technology in Wireless Communications to appear in Journal IEEE Transaction in Microwave Theory and Techniques 11. Boukalov Adrian, Integration of Smart Antennas into Wireless Network (Invited paper), book Global Wireless Communications for World. Markets Research Centre's Business Briefing Series. Wireless Technology 2000. 12. (also see at http://www.comlab.hut.fi/thesispub.htm)