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Introduction
The power sector in India has undergone significant progress after Independence. In 1947, the country had a power generating capacity of 1,362 MW. Hydro power and coal based thermal power have been the main sources of generating electricity. Generation and distribution of electrical power was carried out primarily by private utility companies. After independence, the sector came under the purview of State and Central government bodies and SEBs were formed in all the states under the provisions by The Electricity(Supply) Act, 1948. Subsequently, NTPC, NHPC, PGCIL etc. were also formed to assist the government to meet the increasing demands of electricity. The balance of payment crisis of 90s and LPG (liberalization, privatization and, globalization) invited the private players in the industry to promote competition and efficiency.
State
(Ministry of Power)
Single arrow means ----> flow of command, ===Double arrow means flow of information, finance or electricity
Regulation
MoP regulated generation and transmission and tariffs CEA regulated clearances for generation and transmission infrastructure State Government regulated SEB/Licensee tariffs and provided IPP approvals
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
NTPC NHPC
Pvt. Licensees
Pvt. Licensees
Pvt. Licensees
Centre
Policy
Plan Regulations Generation Transmission System Operators
Ministry of Power CEA CERC CGS, Mega Power Projects CTU
Transmission Licensee GENCOS
State
State Government
SERC
IPP
STU
Transmission Licensee
NLDC
RLDC
Trading Licensee
Source of Generation
Thermal Nuclear Hydro R.E.S.
14%
Renewable Energy Sources(RES) include SHP, BG, BP, U&I and Wind Energy SHP= Small Hydro Project ,BG= Biomass Gasifier ,BP= Biomass Power, U & I=Urban & Industrial Waste Power, RES=Renewable Energy Sources
Eastern , 26885
Northern, 54585 Southern, 52739
Western, 64894
Central Sector
Private Total
60,182
55,535 2,01,637
29.84
27.54 99.99
55,535 27%
85,918 43%
60,182 30%
4. Potential of Energ. of Pumps 5. No. of Pump sets Energised 6. % of Pump sets Energised
600
500 400 300 200 100 0
592
612.5
631.5
671.9
717.1
734.5
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09 2009-2010
The giant new offshore natural gas field has delivered less fuel than projected. India faces a shortage of natural gas. Average transmission, distribution and consumer-level losses exceeding 30%. Countrys coal-fired, oil-fired and natural gas-fired thermal power plants are inefficient and run at low PLF. Lack of clean and reliable energy sources .
Generation
Power generation in India is largely dependent on coal, natural gas, hydroelectric power generation. Non conventional energy sources such as wind, solar, geothermal etc. contribute little in the total power generation. Captive power plants are mainly diesel or gas based because of their lower gestation period and starting time. Inadequacy of generation has characterized power sector operation in India. To provide availability of over 1000 units of per capita electricity by year 2012 it had been estimated that need based capacity addition of more than 1,00,000 MW would be required during the period 2002-12.
Coal
As a result of exploration carried out up to the maximum depth of 1200m by the GSI, CMPDI, SCCL and MECL etc, a cumulative total of 285862.21 Million Tonnes of Geological Resources of Coal have so far been estimated in the country as on 1.4.2011. (A) : GONDWANA COALFIELDS :Geological sources of Coal Proved 1,13,407 Indicated 1,37,371 Inferred 33,590 Total 2,84,369
(B) : TERTIARY COALFIELDS :Geological sources of Coal Proved 593 Indicated 99.34 Inferred (Exploration) 49.57 Inferred (Mapping) 749.92 Total 1492.64
Type of Coal Coking 1. Prime Coking 2. Medium Coking 3. Semi Coking Sub-Total Coking
Non-Coking Tertiary Coal Grand Total
Proved
4,614 2,572 4,82 17,669 95,738 5,93.81 1,14,001.60
Indicated
6,98 12,001 1,003 13,703 12,368 99.34 1,37,471.10
(in million tonnes) source: GSI Inferred Total 0 1,880 2,21 2,101 31,488 7,99.49* 34,389.51 5,313 26,454 1,707 33,474 2,50,895 1,492 2,85,862.21
* Includes 749.92 M.T. of Inferred resources established through mapping in North-Eastern region.
Year
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Coal
(million tonnes) 4,07 4,57 4,57
2008-09
2009-10 2010-11
Growth rate of 2010-11 over 2009-10(%)
4,92
5,32 5,32 0.12
1,47,965
1,59,398 1,73,626 8.93
Apr10-Dec10
220.99 24.55
Apr09-Dec09
217.88 23.97 241.85
% growth
1.43 2.42 1.53
Domestic coal based power plants, which accounts for 70% of total requirement of coal of the country, have lost generation due to shortage of fuel on account of constrained supply by CIL.
253
263
278
280
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-2010
2010-11
2011-12
Plant Load Factor trend showing the inefficiency of the power plants
PLF
80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69
72.81
Environmental issues
source:http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_coal-mining-centre-dumps-go-no-go-dubs-it-illegal_1589631
Two years ago govt. had divided coal mining zones into go and no-go a move that stalled almost every big-ticket coal mining project in India the government is scrapping the policy. According to Planning Commission data, the power sector alone was losing potential production of 143,000 MW of power due to the MoEF policy. THE NO-GO GHOST IN NUMBERS Total coal bearing area in India (sq km) Total geological coal reserve (BT) Coal bearing area out of total forest area(%) Power need met by coal (%) Total no of coal blocks in India No of blocks identified in No-Go Spread over in area(sq km) Annual production potential (MT) Equivalent power generation capacity (MW)
Source: Coal ministry
Natural Gas
India has total reserves (proved & indicated) of 757 million metric tonnes of crude oil and1241 billion cubic metres of natural gas as on 1.4.2011. Gross Production of Natural Gas in the country at 52.22 billion cubic metres during 2010-11 is 9.95% higher than the production of 47.50 billion cubic metres during 2009-10.
The installed capacity of gas based power stations as on 30-04-2012 is 18381.05 MW, accounting for around 10 % of the total installed capacity .
The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has said no new gas-based power plants will be set up in the country till 2015-16, as the natural gas output is expected to fall considerably. As per Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas reports India's natural gas production is likely to fall by 35 per cent to 27.64 million metric standard cubic metre per day (mmscmd) in the next fiscal and may further dip by another 12 per cent to 24.22 mmscmd in 2013-14.
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydroelectric and renewable sources of energy. As of April 2012, India has 20 nuclear reactors in operation in six nuclear power plants, generating 4,780 MW while seven other reactors are under construction and are expected to generate an additional 5,300 MW. India's domestic uranium reserves are small and the country is dependent on uranium imports to fuel its nuclear power industry. Since early 1990s, Russia has been a major supplier of nuclear fuel to India. Due to dwindling domestic uranium reserves, electricity generation from nuclear power in India declined by 12.83% from 2006 to 2008. Following a waiver from the Nuclear Suppliers Group in September 2008 which allowed it to commence international nuclear trade, India has signed bilateral deals on civilian nuclear energy technology cooperation with several other countries including UK, USA, Canada etc.
AT & C Losses
40
35
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
34.78
34.33
27.74
27.15
20
15 10 5 0
Overloading of existing lines and substation equipments Absence of up gradation of old lines and equipments Low HT: LT ratio Poor repair and Maintenance of equipments Non-installation of sufficient capacitors
Low metering/billing/collection efficiency Theft & pilferage and tampering of meters Low accountability of employees Absence of Energy Accounting & Auditing
Commercial Losses:
354
293
262 239 268
239
203
254
209
260
221
72.39
75.68
76.36
74.23
77.27
85.26
89.05
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
Total inhabited villages as per 2001 census - 593015 Villages electrified as on 31-03-2011 - 546482
2781
3684
Energy efficiency
National Productivity Council (NPC), an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India, was asked by BEE to undertake the study of energy saving potential in all 35 states / UTs. The study focused only on estimation of the total electricity consumption and saving potential in different sectors of each state / UT. The potential for savings is about 15% of the electricity consumption. The sector wise aggregated potential at the national level is as under: S. No. Sector 1. 2. Agriculture Pumping Commercial Buildings/ Establishments with connected load > 500 KW Municipalities Domestic Industry (Including SMEs) Total Consumption (Billion KWh) 92.33 9.92 Saving Potential (Billion KWh) 27.79 1.98
3. 4. 5.
In addition, 56 number of pumped storage projects have also been identified with probable installed capacity of 94,000 MW. In addition to this, hydro-potential from small, mini & micro schemes has been estimated as 6,782 MW from 1,512 sites. Thus, in totality India is endowed with hydro-potential of about 2,50,000 MW.
Sl. No
Plan
1. 2. 3.
74,374 94,215
Growth Rate
The growth rate of energy generation in the country since 2000-01 is given below:
Plan IX Plan X Plan Year 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 XI Plan 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 Generation (BU) 515.3 531.6 558.3 587.4 617.5 662.5 704.5 723.8 771.2 811.1 Annual Growth(%) 3.1 3.2 5.0 5.2 5.1 7.3 6.3 6.3 6.6 5.55 5.17 Source: CEA CAGR(%)
Power sector ranks 2nd in absolute terms and ranks 8th percentage wise among highest FDI attracting sectors after service industry. The following table shows the FDI in power sector in India.
Amount in Rs. crores (US$ in million) Sector 2010-11 (April-March) 2011-12 ( April- March) 2012-13 ( for April, 2012) Cumulative Inflows (April 00-April12) % age to total Inflows (In terms of US$)
POWER
5,796 (1,272)
7,678 (1,652)
355 (68)
33,569 (7,367)
4%
Demand met(MW)
6.3 2.7
6.6
5.6 8.5
6.9
109
91
110
118
97
103
119
128
104
9.3
114
6.8
7.6
FY08
FY09
FY10
FY11
FY12
FY08
FY09
FY10
FY11
FY12
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Generation addition program The total capacity addition requirement in the country for 12 Plan has been proposed as under:
th
7th Plan
8th Plan
13,068
23,001
6,756
13,141
19,824
36,142
4,560
6,564
55,071
73,036
59,631
79,600
9th Plan
10th Plan 11th Plan 12th Plan Up to April 12
29,345
48,708 75,889 76,384
20,033
24,730 31,873 31,873 2,284 5,605 5,605
49,378
75,722 1,13,367 1,13,862
8,687
9,444 10,387 10,393
88,306
1,05,185 1,28,947 1,29,078 8,30 8,30
96,993
1,14,629 1,40,164 1,40,301
B. Sub-Station (MVA)
At the end of Central 6th Plan 7th Plan 8th Plan 9th Plan 10th Plan 11th Plan 7,15 6,760 17,340 23,575 40,455 77,225 400kV substations 220 kV substations
Pvt./ JV
Pvt./ JV
6,30
1,51,027
1,567
2,23,774
77,225
73,487
6,30
1,51,342
6,436
2,17,936
1,567
2,25,939
400kV
220kV +/- 500 kV HVDC Lines (ckm)
76384
10393 5948
31873
129078 1504
5605
830 1980
113862
140301 9432
Sub-stations (MVA)
765kV 400kV 220kV +/- 500 kV HVDC Lines 24000 77225 6436 1000 73487 217936 630 1567 25000 151342 225939 -