AGR 424

HARMFUL & BENEFICIAL INSECTS IN PINEAPPLE PREPARED FOR

MADAM SITI NUR ANISAH BT. AANI AT 220 2A1 STUDENTS

PREPARED BY
MOHD AMIRURRAHMAT B. MOHD ZAIN MUHD AMIN B. ABD RAHNI

HARMFUL INSECT
Scientific name: Phenacoccus ssp., Order : Homoptera Family: Pseudococcidae Type: pest (insect/mite) Host plants:Pineapple ,Sugarcane ,Yam

Mealybugs

LIFE CYCLE

MEALYBUGS EGGS
Very small and are laid under a white, loose woolly wax. Attached to the abdomen of the females. A female may lay between 50 to 600 eggs.

MEALYBUGS NYMPHS
Very small nymphs are flat, oval and yellow. Covered with fluffy, white wax. Older female nymphs resemble the adults Male nymphs secrete a tiny, fluffy cocoon, within which they develop into winged adults. Upon hatching young mealybugs, known as crawlers, are extremely mobile and may disperse over large distances.

ADULT MEALYBUGS
Female soft-bodied, elongated, oval insects with welldeveloped legs. 3 to 5 mm long. Body - covered with a mealy waxy secretion, often extended into lateral and terminal filaments. Wingless and do not move unless disturbed.

CONT.
Male
One pair of wings and several pairs of eyes but no mouthparts. Males fly about seeking females to mate with. No males and females reproduce without mating. Some species lay eggs, and others give birth to living young.

SYMPTOMS
Growing points: deadheart, abnormal forms. Leaves: abnormal colours, abnormal forms, abnormal leaf fall, wilting, yellowed or dead, honeydew.

Roots: reduced root system. Stems: abnormal forms, abnormal growth, dieback. Fruits: scarring, discolouration, honeydew, sooty mould.

Whole plant: wilting, plant dead, dieback, dwarfing.

DAMAGE
Sucking sap from roots, tender leaves, petioles and fruit Excrete honeydew on which sooty mould develops. Leaves turn yellow and gradually dry Shedding of leaves and inflorescences, reduced fruit setting and shedding of young fruit Foliage and fruit - covered with sticky honeydew Honeydew- cover leaves reducing photosynthetic efficiency.

Before

After

Before

After

CULTURAL PRACTICES
Removing mealybugs by rubbing or picking mealybugs from affected plants. Pruning and destroying affected parts. Removing and destroying heavily infested plants. Spraying a steady stream of water on the host plant to knock-off mealybugs.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Natural enemies Most common natural enemies include parasitic wasps, ladybird beetles, hover flies and lacewings. Many ants are present, or when broad-spectrum pesticides are used, they kill the natural enemies, mealybugs become a problem.

BIOPESTICIDES CONTROL
Neem
Products have a repellent effect on some mealybugs. For example, a 1% hexane extract of neem seeds repelled the citrus mealybug in a choice test.

Soap spray
Sray with soapy solutions (1 to 2%) or insecticidal soaps. Spraying with a soap and water solution is reported to control mealybugs. spray only infested plants (spot spraying).

Oils
Oils such as vegetable oils (e. g. rape oil) neem oil and mineral oils are useful for control of mealybugs.

BENEFICIAL INSECT
Green lacewing (Chrysoperla spp.)
Description
Lacewings (green and brown) are important predators in many agricultural systems worldwide They are marked by their longevity (life period of adult green lacewings live 2.5-3 months), high fecundity and fast developmental rates These nocturnal predators come in three major forms: eggs, larvae and adults The larvae are the only predatory form of this insect. these predators may eat outside of their prey bodies to enjoy other soft-bodied pests: scale insect immature stages

LIFE CYCLE

ADULT LACEWING
Characteristics :
Elongate, soft body 2 pairs of membranous wings of relatively equal size Complex wing venation with main vein forked along the bottom edge of the wing. Wings are held tent-like over the body when at rest Mandibulate mouthparts Relatively large compound eyes Have long, filiform antennae, which may be clubbed in some species

Adult lacewing

LACEWING EGGS
Characteristic :
Oval and pale green in color Long and look like an antennae that attaches to the branches and leaves (one egg each antennae) Hatch after 5 days after laid Every laid consist of 20-30 eggs/day

Lacewing eggs

LACEWING LARVAE
Characteristics :
Their wingless bodies are usually flat and tapered at both ends Their heads are flat with mouthparts directed forward and the jaws are long and may be toothed or smooth Five to seven eyespots on each side of the head, and their eyesight is very poor The antennae are long or short The thorax is usually short and wide (first segment long)

CONT.
The legs are short and strong for digging The abdomen covered with hairlike structures Requires 12 days to transform into cocoon

Lacewing larvae

LACEWING COCOON
Characteristics :
Look like a pot or rounded container made from silk and sand particles after the larvae spins Attaches to downside leaves, branches and wood bark Open at the top when the cocoon matured

Lacewing cocoon

BENEFITS TO PINEAPPLE
Adults lacewing eat bugs and other small insects Lacewing larvae is a fast-moving predator that patrol plants from bugs Outside our country, this pest are well develop as an business, which are reproductive in many small pots or container before being sell to farmer for biological control method

THANK YOU VERY MUCH