NOTES ON APPLIED GEOLOGY

BEDDING
Bed : Sedimentation unit greater than 1cm. Lamina: Sedimentation unit smaller than 1cm. Interbedded: between two things

STRATIGRAPHY
Stratigraphic unit A naturally occuring body of rock or rock material which is distinguished from adjoining rock on the basis of some stated property or properties. 1. Lithostratigraphic unit. 2. Biostratigraphic unit. 3. Chronostratigraphic unit. 4. Geochronologic unit.

Lithostratigraphic Unit
(( is a stratum or body of strata, generally layered which conforms to the law of superposition and is distinguished and delimited on the basis of lithic characteristics and stratigraphic position.))

Nature of Lithostratigraphic Units

Type section and locality. Independence from inferred Geologic history. Independence from time concepts.

Boundaries Are placed at positions of lithic change.

Boundaries in lateral lithologic change. Correspondence with generic units.

Lithostratigraphic boundaries

Rank of Lithologic Units

Formation
It is the fundamental unit in lithostratigraphic classification.
Content:
A formation should posses some degree of internal homogeneity or distinct features. One lithic type. Repetitions of two or more lithic types. Extrem lithic heterogenity.

i. ii. iii.

Lithic characteristics. Mappability and thickness.

Lithostratigraphic Nomenclature
Compound character:
Geographic +Lithic term+ Rank. Geographic + Rank. Geographic + Lithic + Rank.

Use of Simple lithic terms. Misuse of well known name.

Clay Minerals
A term reserved for those constituents of a clay which give it its plastic properties. They are hydrous aluminosilicates. Generally occur as minute, platy, rarely fibrous crystals. Some contain loosely bonded cations which can be easily exchanged. Ability to loose or take up water. Produced by the degradation of other silicates. Both two and three layered types are known.

The sheets of clay minerals

Clay minerals (continue)

Layers of Al - O/OH are called gibbsite. Layers of Mg O/OH are called brucite. The stacking arrangement of the sheets determine the clay mineral type, as does the replacement of the Si and Al inons.

I. Kandit Group
Members have two layered structure consisting of a silica tetrahedral sheet linked to an alumina octahedral sheet by common O/OH ions. No replacement occur for Si or Al. The structure formula is (OH)4Al2Si2O5. e.g Kaolinite

II. Smectite Group

Members have a three layered structure. Have ability for Al and Si exchange. Have ability for absorbing water. e.g Montmorillonite (Mg,Ca)O.Al2O3.5SiO2.nH2O

Three layered structure.

Diagensis
Pre-Burial changes: 1. Burrowing organisms effect. 2. Adjustment to eH and pH. 3. Adjustment to major cations. 4. Development of Authigenic menerals. Early-Burial changes 1. Continuation of 2 & 3. 2. Oxidation of carbonaceous material. 3. Continuation of compaction. 4. Probable initiation of concretions. 5. Start of primary cementation. 6. Some conversation of aragonite to calcite, and development of dolomite.

Diagensis (continue)
Late Burial Changes: Cease of eH and pH adjustments. Completion of compaction. Authigenic mica & chlorite. Completion of concretions development and cementation. Replacement of aragonite by calcite; dolomitization.

Sedimentary Rock Types

Rocks formed from material derived from pre-existing rocks by processes of denudation, together with material of organic origin.

Lithological Description
1. Type of formation (Limestone, sandstone, shale). 2. Colour. 3. Texture. 4. Cementing material. 5. Hardness. 6. Porosity. 7. Minor components (accessories). 8. Staining and fluorescence (oil shows).

3. Texture
1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. Sediments with visible graine size: Size, Sorting, Roundness, Sphericity. Sediments with crystalline appearance. estimate crystallinity: Microcrystalline Cryptocrystalline Succrose Sediments without recognizable size at ordinary microscope: Descripe the morphology of the cutting.

Dunham Classification
Depositional texture not recognized. Crystalline carbonate.

Depositional texture recognized

Depositional texture recoginized. Original components bound together Boundstone.

Mud supported

Grain supported

Dunham Classification
Depositional texture not recognisable

Depositional texture recognisable

Original components bound together during deposition Original components not bound together during deposition. Lacks mud Contain mud (particles<20m) and is grain supported Grain Mud supported supported > 10% grains < 10% grains
Mud stone

Crystalline carbonate

Boundstone

Grainstone

Packstone Wackstone

Dunham Classification

5. Hardness
Hardness is a reflection of degree of cementation. Soft or friable Moderately hard; fairly cemented. Hard; moderately cemented. Very hard; well cemented.

1. 2. 3. 4.

6. Porosity
Porosity could be estimated from hardness and cementation. Archi classification matrix porosity I. Compact, dense, hard II. Chaiky, earthy, soft. III. Sugary, loose, poorly cemented. Visible porosity A. No visible pores w/ 10x B. Visible w/ 10x C. Visible w/ eye. D. Larger than 2 mm

7. Minor constituents

Oil Shows Description

A. In Normal Light
Percentage
No visible stain Poor stain Fair stain Good stain

40%

Oil Shows Description

A. In Normal Light
Distribution Uniform Spoty Shade V. Light Medium Very dark Hue Green Yellow Brown Black Scattered Streaked Light Dark

Oil Shows Description

B. Under UV Light
Intensity
No florescence Faint Dull bright

Oil Shows Description

B. Under UV light
Distribution Uniform Spoty Shade V. Light Medium Very dark Hue Blue white Yellow, Orange Gold Brown Scattered Streaked Light Dark

C. Cuts & D. Residual ring

Stream cut: Immediate Fast Slow Discoloration Very slow Slow Fast Crush cut Poor Fair Good

Allow the solvent to evaporate, describe the fluorescence of the ring as well as the color of the ring in the day light.