BINARY FISSION IN BACTERIA

Much faster than mitosis in eukaryotic cells Takes approx. 20 mins as opposed to several hours If resources were available one cell could become 16,000,000 in 8 hours!

BINARY FISSION IN BACTERIA

BINARY FISSION IN BACTERIA

BINARY FISSION IN BACTERIA

BINARY FISSION IN BACTERIA

BINARY FISSION IN BACTERIA

THE CELL CYCLE EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Final checkpoint at the end of metaphase

ANIMATIONS

Animation 1

Animation 2

THE CELL CYCLE G1

The first phase is a growth phase (G1) The new cell starts growing and replicating its organelles At the end of G1, the checkpoint is to gauge if it is a good time for cell to keep growing or dividing or if a delay is necessary. If the cell is under any sort of stress, it will pause at this stage.

THE CELL CYCLE - S

During the synthesis (S) phase, DNA replication occurs It is at this point that the diploid cell (2n) doubles to 4n, so that when it divides there will be two complete copies of the DNA DNA replication is semi-conservative every new molecule consists of one original strand and one new strand. DNA replication involves numerous enzymes

Helicase and gyrase unwind and unzip to strands of DNA DNA polymerase continuously adds nucleotides to the leading strand in a 5 to 3 direction RNA primase makes an RNA primer on the lagging strand DNA ligse sticks together prefabricated Okazaki fragments made by DNA polymerase to replace the RNA

THE CELL CYCLE G2

During the next growth phase (G2), the cell continues to grow in preparation for division The checkpoint during this phase is extremely important. If any errors have occurred during transcription, the cell must undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)

THE CELL CYCLE - M

During Mitosis (M), the single parent cell gives rise to two identical daughter cells. Another checkpoint occurs at the end of metaphase to ensure that chromosomes are aligned and that spindle fibres are attached corectly. A negative result at the checkpoint here will result in apoptosis.

THE CELL CYCLE - C

Cytokynesis (C) is actually the last part of Mitosis At this point the cell, which momentarily has twin nuclei, will divide in to two new cells (2n) and the process will begin again.

WHAT HAPPENS IF THE CHECKPOINTS DONT WORK?

If cell cycle checkpoints are operated by enzyme proteins. These enzymes can be prevented from carrying out normal function by inhibitors. These enzymes could also be stimulated to maintain an active state permanently. Either way can lead to uncontrolled and unmonitored cell division, this is commonly known as .

CANCER
Cells multiply uncontrollably and regardless of accumulating errors will never apoptose. Does not form useful cells as cells spend far more time in division rather than growth (a reversal of the normal situation).

MITOSIS

INTERPHASE THE CELL PREPARES FOR DIVISION

Animal & Plant Cells

Nucleus clearly defined Chromosomes not yet visible

DNA replicated Organelles replicated Cell increases in size

INTERPHASE
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

PROPHASE THE CELL PREPARES FOR NUCLEAR DIVISION

Animal & Plant Cells

DNA packaged in to chromosomes Nuclear envelope disappears

Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell

PROPHASE
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

METAPHASE THE CELL PREPARES CHROMOSOMES FOR DIVISION

Animal & Plant Cells

Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell Spindle fibres attach to centromeres on the chromosomes

Centrioles reach the opposite poles of the cell

METAPHASE
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

ANAPHASE THE CHROMOSOMES DIVIDE

Animal & Plant Cells

Spindle fibers contract and pull chromosomes apart of each chromosome (called a chromatid) moves to each hemisphere

Unattached spindle fibres push against each other or the sides of the cell, and it begins to elongate

ANAPHASE
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

TELOPHASE THE CYTOPLASM DIVIDES

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

DNA spreads out 2 nuclei form Contractile ring causes a cleavage furrow to form the 2 new daughter cells

DNA spreads out 2 nuclei form Cell plate forms new cell wall between the nuclei to form the 2 new daughter cells

TELOPHASE
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

MITOSIS ANIMATIONS

Mitosis.exe

Mitosis Animation

Animal Mitosis -- Review

Interphase Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Interphase

Plant Mitosis -- Review

Interphase Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Interphase

SUMMARY OF MITOSIS

Prophase:

Chromosomes condense Nuclear envelope disappears centrosomes move to opposite sides of the cell Spindle forms and attaches to centromeres on the chromosomes

Metaphase

Chromosomes lined up on equator of spindle centrosomes at opposite ends of cell Centromeres divide: each 2-chromatid chromosome becomes two 1-chromatid chromosomes Chromosomes pulled to opposite poles by the spindle Chromosomes de-condense Nuclear envelope reappears Cytokinesis: the cytoplasm is divided into 2 cells

Anaphase

Telophase

MEIOSIS

RECOMBINATION THROUGH MEIOSIS

DNA replicates

Crossing over

First division

Random assortment

Second random assortment

Second division

MITOSIS VS. MEIOSIS

GETTING THE NAMES RIGHT

Centromere

Spindle fibres / microtubules

Kinetochore

Sister chromatids

CENTRIOLES VS CENTROSOMES

CENTRIOLES VS CENTROSOMES

The centrosome, also called the "microtubule organizing center", is an area in the cell where microtubles are produced. Within an animal cell centrosome there is a pair of small organelles, the centrioles, each made up of a ring of nine groups of microtubules. PLANT CELL CENTROSOME: Plant cells have centrosomes that function much like animal cell centrosomes. However, unlike centrosomes in animal cells, they do not have centrioles.

RECOMBINATION = VARIATION
2 pairs of chromosomes = 4 possibilities 4 pairs of chromosomes = 8 possibilities What are the chances of identical offspring?

2n = 46 (not incl. twins)

1 / 16,777,216

DNA Replication

DNA is uncoiled and unzipped by helicase & gyrase The original strands are called the template strands The new strands are called the complementary strands The 3 to 5 template strand is the leading strand The 5 to 3 template strand is the lagging strand The complementary strand can only be written 5 to 3 DNAi ANIMATIONS x 2

The leading strand

An RNA primer is put down by RNA polymerase Complementary DNA is put down base-pair by base-pair by DNA polymerase

DIRECTION OF REPLICATION 3 5

Rp
5

Dp
3

The lagging strand

RNA polymerase puts down primers along the template strand of DNA DNA polymerase III builds short Okazaki fragments from each primer DNA polymerase I removes the RNA and replaces it with DNA DNA ligase sticks the fragments together

The lagging strand

RNA Polymerase DNA Polymerase III DNA Polymerase I DNA Ligase DIRECTION OF REPLICATION 5 3 3 5

ADDITIONAL INFO ON CELL REPRODUCTION

Our cells can be categorised in to two types

Somatic

cells (diploid) Germline cells (diploid but give rise to haploid gametes sperm & eggs)

Biozone Fun!

DNA replication

pp. 207-209 pp. 213-216, 263 pp. 287-289

Cell cycle, mitosis, apoptosis

Meiosis

Chapter review

Chromosomes, genes & alleles

Ch.9 Qs 1-6