Chap5 1

Fluid Mechanics I 1
UNIVERSITI INDUSTRI SELANGOR

Faculty of Engineering
Division of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics I
Lecture Notes
AMIR AL-FALAHI
Fluid Mechanics I 2
OBJECTIVES
Understand the use of Eulers
equation of motion of stream line

Understand the use and limitations
of the Bernoulli equation, and apply
it to solve a variety of fluid flow
problems
Fluid Mechanics I 3
INTRODUCTION
The three equations commonly used in fluid mechanics are: the
mass, Bernoulli, and energy equations.

The mass equation is an expression of the
conservation of mass principle.

The Bernoulli equation is concerned with the conservation of
kinetic, potential, and flow energies of a fluid stream and their
conversion to each other in regions of flow where net viscous
forces are negligible.
Fluid Mechanics I 4
Historically, the conservation laws
are first applied to a fixed quantity
of matter called a closed system or
just a system, and then extended
to regions in space called control
volumes. The conservation
relations are also called balance
equations since any conserved
quantity must balance during a
process.
Many fluid flow devices such as
this Pelton wheel hydraulic turbine
are analyzed by applying the
conservation of mass, momentum,
and energy principles.
INTRODUCTION
Elementary Mechanics of Fluids
ALFALAHI AMIR
UNISEL 2007
Fluids in Motion
Fluid Mechanics I 6
REVIEW: Fluid Motion
Two ways to describe
fluid motion
Lagrangian
Follow particles around
Eularian
Watch fluid pass by a
point or an entire region
Flow pattern
Streamlines velocity
is tangent to them
k j i V
dt
dz
dt
dy
dt
dx
+ + =
k j i V w v u + + =
Fluid Mechanics I 7
DESCRIPTION OF A FLOW FIELD
Fluid Mechanics I 8

Steady flow: the flow in which conditions at any
point do not change with time is called steady flow.
Then, etc.

Unsteady flow: the flow in which conditions at any
point change with time, is called unsteady flow.
Then, etc.
, 0 , 0 , 0 =
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
t t
V
t
P
, 0 , 0 , 0 =
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
t t
V
t
P
STEADY AND UNSTEADY
FLOW:
Fluid Mechanics I 9
UNIFORM AND NON-
UNIFORM:
The flow in which the conditions at
all points are the same at the same
instant is uniform flow.

The flow in which the conditions
navy from point to point at the
same instant is non-uniform flow.
, 0 , 0 , 0 =
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
s s
V
s
P
, 0 , 0 , 0 =
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
s s
V
s
P
Fluid Mechanics I 10
ACCELERATION
Acceleration = rate of change of
velocity
Components:
Normal changing direction
Tangential changing speed

dt
d
V
dt
dV
dt
d
t s V
t
t
t
e
e
V
a
e V
+ = =
= ) , (
n t
n
t
r
V
t
V
s
V
V
r
V
dt
d
t
V
s
V
V
dt
dV
e e a
e
e

2
) ( +
c
c
+
c
c
=
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
ACCELERATION
Cartesian coordinates

In steady flow u/t = 0 , local acceleration is zero.
In unsteady flow u/t 0 ; local acceleration Occurs.
Other terms u u/x, v u/y,.. are called convective
accelerations. Convective acceleration Occurs when the
velocity varies with position.
Uniform flow: convective acceleration = 0
Non-uniform flow: convective acceleration 0
k j i V

w v u + + =
Convective Local
t
w
w
z
w
v
y
w
u
x
w
t
w
dt
dz
z
w
dt
dy
y
w
dt
dx
x
w
dt
dw
a
t
v
w
z
v
v
y
v
u
x
v
t
v
dt
dz
z
v
dt
dy
y
v
dt
dx
x
v
dt
dv
a
t
u
w
z
u
v
y
u
u
x
u
t
u
dt
dz
z
u
dt
dy
y
u
dt
dx
x
u
dt
du
a
z
y
x
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= =
.
.
.
k j i a

z y x
a a a + + =
Example
Valve at C is opened
slowly
Classify the flow at B
while valve is opened
Classify the flow at A
Problem:
A. Water in the passage shown.
If the flow rate is decreasing
with time, the flow is classified
as:
i) steady,
ii) unsteady,
iii) uniform,
iv) nonuniform.

B. In the flow there is:
i) local acceleration,
ii) convective acceleration,
iii) no acceleration.
Laminar vs Turbulent Flow
Laminar
Turbulent
Mass and Volume Flow Rates
Flow Rate
Volume rate of flow
Constant velocity over
cross-section

Variable velocity

Mass flow rate
VA Q =
}
=
A
VdA Q
Q VdA VdA m
A A
=
}
=
}
=
Flow Rate
Only x-direction component of
velocity (u) contributes to flow
through cross-section
A V
V
=
}
=
} }
= =
}
=
Q
or
dA Q
or
dA V udA VdA Q
A
A A A
u cos
CV Inflow & Outflow
Area vector always points
outward from CV
A V

= Q
=
=
=
CS
in out
A V A V Q Q
A V
A V A V

1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
Examples
Prob. 4.17
Discharge in a 25-cm pipe is
0.03 m
3
/s. What is the average
velocity?
s m
d
Q
A
Q
V
VA Q
/ 611 . 0
) 25 . 0 (
4
03 . 0
4
2 2
= = = =
=
t t
Prob. 4.20
A pipe whose diameter is 8 cm
transports air with a temp. of
20
o
C and pressure of 200 kPa
abs. At 20 m/s. What is the
mass flow rate?
s kg
VA m
m kg
RT
p
/ 239 . 0 ) 08 . 0 (
4
* 20 * 378 . 2
/ 378 . 2
293 * 287
200000
2
3
= =
=
= = =
t
Example: The hypothetical velocity distribution in a circular
duct is , where r is the radial location in the
duct, R is the duct radius, and Vo is the velocity on the axis.
Find the ratio of the mean velocity to the velocity on the axis.
Find:
) 1 ( ) (
R
r
V r v
o
=
o
V
V
3
1
3
1
3
1
)
3 2
( 2 )
3 2
( 2
2 ) / 1 (
2
2
2
2 2
0
3 2
0
= = =
=
= =
= =
} }
o
o
o o
o
o
R
o
R
o
A
V R
R V
AV
Q
V
V
R V
R R
V
R
r r
V
rdr R r V VdA Q
t
t
t
t t
t
) 1 ( ) (
R
r
V r v
o
=
Example: Air ( =1.2 kg/m^3) enters the duct shown:
Find:
V/10=y/.5 V=20y
dA=1*dy
m V Q , ,
s kg Q m
s m
A
Q
V
s m
y
ydy VdA Q
/ 6 5 * 2 . 1
/ 5
1
5
/ 5
2
40
20 2 2
3
5 . 0
0
2
5 . 0
0
5 . 0
0
= = =
= = =
= =
}
=
}
=

HW1:
The rectangular channel shown is 2 m wide. What is the
discharge in the channel?
Example: In this flow passage the discharge is varying with time according t the
following expression: . At time t=0.5 s, it is known that at section A-
A the velocity gradient in the S direction is +2m/s per meter. Given that Qo, Q1,
and to are constants with values of 0.985 m^3/s, 0.5 m^3/s, and 1 s, respectively,
and assuming that one-dimensional flow, answer the following questions for time
t=0.5 s.
a. What is the velocity a A-A?
b. What is the local acceleration at A-A?
c. What is the convective acceleration at A-A?
2
2
2 2
1
2 2
1
1
/ 49 . 7 2 * 743 . 3
/ 55 . 2
) 1 ( ) 5 . 0 (
4
5 . 0
4
) / (
/ 4743 . 3
) 5 . 0 (
4
) 5 . 0 ( 5 . 0 985 . 0
4
/ 2
5 . 0 985 . 0
s m
s
V
V a
s m
t d
Q
t
A Q
t
V
a
s m
d
t
t
Q Q
A
Q
V
s m
s
V
t
t
t
Q Q Q
C
o
L
o
o
o
o
= =
c
c
=
=
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
=
= =
=
c
c
= =
t t
t t
o
o
t
t
Q Q Q
1
=
HW2
The nozzle in the figure is shaped such that the velocity of flow varies
linearly from the base of the nozzle to its tip. Assuming one-dimensional
flow what is the convective acceleration midway between the base and he
tip of the nozzle if the diameters D and d are 4 in, and 2 in. respectively,
the nozzle length is 18 in. and the discharge is 0.4 cfs? Also, what is the
local acceleration midway between the base and the tip?
Example
a
k j i V

on, Accelerati : Find
3 : Given
2
ty xz t + + =
k j i k j i a

) 2 ( ) 3 ( 3
2 2
y xyzt txy tz a a a
z y x
+ + + + = + + =
2
; ; 3 ty w xz v t u = = =
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 ) ( 0 ) ( 2 ) 3 ( 0
3 0 ) ( ) ( 0 ) 3 (
3 3 ) ( 0 ) ( 0 ) 3 ( 0
y xyzt y ty xz ty t
t
w
w
z
w
v
y
w
u
x
w
a
t xy zt ty x xz t z
t
v
w
z
v
v
y
v
u
x
v
a
ty xz t
t
u
w
z
u
v
y
u
u
x
u
a
z
y
x
+ = + + + =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
+ = + + + =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
= + + + =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
THE REYNOLDS TRANSPORT
THEOREM

Systems, Control Volume, and Control Surface
System (sys)
A fluid system is defined as a
continuous mass of fluid that
always contains the same fluid
particles. Mass does not cross
the system boundaries. Thus the
mass of the system is constant.
Control Volume (C.V)
A control volume is a selected
volumetric region in space. Its
shape and position may change
with time.
Control Surface (C.S)
The surface enclosing the
control volume is called
the control surface.
In thermodynamics and solid mechanics we often work with a system
(also called a closed system), defined as a quantity of matter of fixed
identity.

In fluid dynamics, it is more common to work with a control volume
(also called an open system), defined as a region in space chosen for
study.

The size and shape of a system may change during a process, but no
mass crosses its boundaries.

A control volume, on the other hand, allows mass to flow in or out
across its boundaries, which are called the control surface.

A control volume may also move and deform during a process, but
many real world applications involve fixed, nondeformable control
volumes.

Figure 452 illustrates both a
system and a control volume for
the case of deodorant being
sprayed from a spray can.
When analyzing the spraying
process, a natural choice for our
analysis is either the moving,
deforming fluid (a system) or the
volume bounded by the inner
surfaces of the can (a control
volume).
These two choices are identical
before the deodorant is sprayed.

When some contents of the can are
discharged, the system approach
considers the discharged mass as part
of the system and tracks it (a difficult
job indeed); thus the mass of the
system remains constant.
Conceptually, this is equivalent to
attaching a flat balloon to the nozzle
of the can and letting the spray inflate
the balloon. The inner surface of the
balloon now becomes part of the
boundary of the system.
The control volume approach,
however, is not concerned at all with
the deodorant that has escaped the
can (other than its properties at the
exit), and thus the mass of the control
volume decreases during this process
while its volume remains constant.
Therefore, the system approach treats
the spraying process as an expansion
of the systems volume, whereas the
control volume approach considers it
as a fluid discharge through the
control surface of the fixed control
volume.
Most principles of fluid mechanics are
adopted from solid mechanics, where the
physical laws dealing with the time rates of
change of extensive properties are expressed
for systems.
In fluid mechanics, it is usually more
convenient to work with control volumes,
and thus there is a need to relate the changes
in a control volume to the changes in a
system.
The relationship between the time rates of
change of an extensive property for a system
and for a control volume is expressed by the
Reynolds transport theorem (RTT), which
provides the link between the system and
control volume approaches (Fig. 453).
RTT is named after the English engineer,
Osborne Reynolds (18421912), who did
much to advance its application in fluid
mechanics.

Systems, Control Volume, and Control Surface (continued )
Consider the tank shown, assume:
the control volume is defined by the tank
walls and the top of the liquid.
The control surface that encloses the control
volume is designated by the dashed line.
The liquid in the tank at time t is elected as
the system and is indicated by the solid line.
At this instant in time, the system completely
occupies the control volume and is contained
by the control surface. Thus, at this time:

After a time some liquid
has flowed out of the control
volume to the right. The
amount that flowed out is:

During the same period
some liquid has entered the
control volume from the left,
the amount being:

) 1 .........( ) ( ) ( t M t M
cv sys
=
t A
t m M
out
out
A = A
.
t m M
in
in
A = A
.
Now the system has been deformed as shown in Fig. (b).
Part of the system is the liquid that has flowed out across
the control surface.
The system remaining in the control volume has been
deformed by the mass that has flowed in across the
control surface.
Also, the height of the control volume has changed to
accommodate the net flow into the tank.
The mass of the system at time t + t can be determined
by taking the mass in the control volume, subtracting the
mass that entered, and adding the mass that left.
) 2 ......( ) ( ) (
in out cv sys
M M t t M t t M A A + A + = A +
Subtracting (1) from (2), we have:
in out cv cv sys sys
M M t M t t M t M t t M A A + A + = A + ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
t m m t M t t M t M t t M in out
cv cv sys sys
A + A + = A + ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
. .
Dividing by t and taking the limit as t 0 yields
) 3 .......(
. .
in out
cv
sys
m m
dt
dM
dt
dM
+ =
The equation relates the rate of change of the mass of the
system to the rate of change of mass in the control volume
plus the net outflow (efflux) across the control surface
By definition, the mass of the system is constant
so

Lagrangian statement

And Eq. (3) becomes

The corresponding Eulerian statement and can be
written as:
0 =
dt
dM
sys
0
. .
= + in out
cv
m m
dt
dM
out in
cv
m m
dt
dM
. .
=
This equation states that there is an increasing mass in the
control volume if there is a net mass influx through the
control surface and decreasing mass if there is a net mass
efflux. This is identified as the continuity equation.
Systems
Laws of Mechanics
Written for systems
System = arbitrary quantity of
mass of fixed identity
Fixed quantity of mass, m
0 =
dt
dm
dt
m d ) ( V
F
=
dt
dW
dt
dQ
dt
dE
=
Conservation of Mass
Mass is conserved and
does not change
Momentum
If surroundings
exert force on
system, mass
will accelerate
Energy
If heat is added to
system or work is
done by system,
energy will change
Control Volumes
Solid Mechanics
Follow the system, determine
what happens to it
Fluid Mechanics
Consider the behavior in a
specific region or Control
Volume
Convert System approach to
CV approach
Look at specific regions, rather
than specific masses
Reynolds Transport Theorem
Relates time derivative of
system properties to rate of
change of property in CV
) (extensive energy momentum, mass, =
}
=
}
=
CV CV
d b bdm B
) (intensive mass unit per of amount B
dm
dB
b
=
=
CV Inflow & Outflow
= = =
CS CS
in out in out net
m b b m b m b B B B

A V
B m b

=
in out t t CV t t sys
in out t t CV t t sys
B B B B
M M M M
A A + =
A A + =
A + A +
A + A +
, ,
, ,
}
+ =
+ =
A
A A
+
A
=
A
A A +
=
A
=
A
A +
A
A +
A
A +
A
cs
cv
sys
net
CV
in out
t
t CV t t CV
t
t CV in out t t CV
t
t t t
t
sys
b d b
dt
d
dt
dB
B
dt
dB
t
B B
t
B B
t
B B B B
t
B B
dt
dB
A V

0
, ,
0
, ,
0
0
lim lim
lim
lim
In the derivation of This equation,
we first considered the rate of
change of the extensive property B
of the system, dBsys/dt; then we
showed that this could be expressed
as the sum of the rate of change of B
within the control volume plus the
net rate of flow of B out of the
control volume.
The left hand side is the rate of
change of the extensive property of
the system, the right-hand side
refers to conditions within the
control volume and to flow across
the control surface for the first and
second terms respectively.
}
+ =
cs
cv
sys
b d b
dt
d
dt
dB
A V

} }
+ =
cs cv
sys
d b d b
dt
d
dt
dB
A V

In the derivation of this equation,
one dimensional flow was assumed;
thus the rate of flow of B at each
section was given as b V.A.
However, when the velocity is
variable across a section, the more
general form for the rate of flow of
the extensive property, must be
used. Thus the control volume
equation is given as
Steady vs. Unsteady CV
}
+ =
cs
cv
sys
b d b
dt
d
dt
dB
A V

=
cs
sys
b
dt
dB
A V

Steady Flow
Unsteady Flow
Continuity Equation
In the case of the continuity equation, the extensive property in the control volume
equation is the mass of the system, Msys, and the corresponding intensive variable,
b, is the mass per unit mass, or

Substituting b equal to unity in the control volume equation yields the general
form of the continuity equation.

This is sometimes called the integral form of the continuity equation.
} }
+ =
cs cv
sys
d d
dt
d
dt
dM
A V

1 = =
sys
sys
M
M
b
The conservation of mass
equation is obtained by
replacing B in the Reynolds
transport theorem by mass
m, and b by 1 (m per unit
mass = m/m = 1).
Continuity Equation
The term on the left is the rate of change of the mass of the system. However, by
definition, the mass of a system is constant. Therefore the left-hand side of the
equation is zero, and the equation can be written as

This is the general form of the continuity equation. It states that the net rate of the
outflow of mass from the control volume is equal to the rate of decrease of mass
within the control volume.
The continuity equation involving flow streams having a uniform velocity across
the flow section is given as
} }
=
cv cs
d
dt
d
d A V

}
=
cv
cs
d
dt
d
A V

Example: at a certain time rate of
rising is 0.1 cm/s:
Continuity equation
s m V
g V x
A V A V
dt
dh
A
A V A V h A
dt
d
d
dt
d
in
in
out out in in tank
out out in in tank
CS
CV
/ 47 . 4
) 0025 . 0 ( 1 * 2 ) 0025 . 0 ( 10 1 . 0 * 1 . 0
) (
0
2
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
}

A V

0
. .
= + out in
cv
m m
dt
dM
Example: Both pistons are moving to the left, but piston A has a speed
twice as great as that of piston B. Then the water level in the tank is: a)
rising, b) not moving up or down, c) falling.
Select a CV that moves up
and down with the water
surface
Continuity Equation
CS
V
A
=2V
B
V
B
rising is surface 0
) ( 2 0
; 6 ; 3
2 0
0
2
1
4
1
4
1
2
4
2
4
> =
+ =
= = =
+
}
=
+
}
=
B B
B B B B
B A B A
B B A B
CV
CS
CV
A V
dt
dh
A
A V A V
dt
dh
A
A A A A
A V A V d
dt
d
d
dt
d
t t

A V

h
Elementary Mechanics of Fluids
AL-FALAHI AMIR
UNISEL 2007
Bernoulli
Equation
Bernoulli
(1667-1748)
Euler Equation
Fluid element accelerating in l
direction & acted on by pressure
and weight forces only (no friction)
Newtons 2
nd
Law

g
a
z
p
dl
d
g a
dl
dz
g
dl
dp
la l p p p
A l W
Aa l W A p p A p
Ma F
l
l
l
l
l l
= +
= =
A = A A +
A A = A
A A = A A A + A
=
) (
sin ) (
sin ) (
o
Euler
(1707-1783)
Example 1:
2 . 0
) 5 . 0 3 . 0 (
30 sin ) 3 . 0 (
) (
=
=
=
=
= +
dl
dp
g
g
dl
dz
a
g dl
dp
g
a
z
p
dl
d
o
l
l
Flow
30
o
l
Given: Steady flow. Liquid is
decelerating at a rate of 0.3g.
Find: Pressure gradient in flow direction
in terms of specific weight.
Example 2:
Given: = 10 kN/m
3
, p
B
-p
A
=12 kPa.
Find: Direction of fluid acceleration.
A
B
1 m
vertical
up) is ion (accelerat 0 ) 1 2 . 1 (
) 1
000 , 10
000 , 12
(
) 1 (
)
1
(
) (
> =
+
=
+
=
+ =
= +
g a
g a
p p
g a
dz
dz
dz
dp
g a
g
a
z
p
dz
d
z
z
B A
z
z
z
Example 3:
Given: Steady flow. Velocity varies
linearly with distance through the
nozzle.
Find: Pressure gradient -way
through the nozzle
ft ft lbf
ft s ft s ft ft slugs
dx
dV
V a
dx
dp
g
a
z
p
dx
d
x
x
/ / 355 , 5
) / / 50 ( * ) / 55 ( * ) / 94 . 1 (
) (
) (
2
3
=
=
= =
= +

V
1/2
=(80+30)/2 ft/s = 55 ft/s
dV/dx =

(80-30) ft/s /1 ft = 50 ft/s/ft
Bernoulli Equation
Consider steady flow
along streamline
s is along streamline,
and t is tangent to
streamline

Constant
2
0
2
2
1
1
) (
2
2
2
= + +
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= +
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
ds
d
g
V
ds
d
ds
dV
V
g
a
g
z
p
ds
d
t
head dynamic Velocity

g
V
head c Piezometri z
p
) (
2
2
=
= +
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
+ + = + +

The Bernoulli equation states that
the sum of the kinetic, potential, and
flow energies of a fluid particle is
constant along a streamline during
steady flow.
An alternative form of the Bernoulli
equation is expressed in terms of heads as:
The sum of the pressure, velocity, and
elevation heads is constant along a
streamline.
Example 4:
Given: Velocity in outlet pipe from
reservoir is 6 m/s and h = 15 m.
Find: Pressure at A.
Solution: Bernoulli equation
kPa p
g
V
h p
g
V p
g
h
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
A
A
A
A A
A
A
A
2 . 129
)
81 . 9
18
15 ( 9810 )
2
(
2
0
2
0 0
2 2
2
2
2 2
1
1
1
=
= =
+ + = + +
+ + = + +

Point 1
Point A
Example 5:
Given: D=30 in, d=1 in, h=4 ft
Find: V
A
Solution: Bernoulli equation
s ft
gh V
g
V
g
h
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
A
A
A
A
A
/ 16
2
2
0
0
2
0 0
2 2
2
2 2
1
1
1
=
=
+ + = + +
+ + = + +

Point A
Point 1
Static, Dynamic, & Stagnation Pressures

Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure: Bernoulli Equation
Static
Pressure
Dynamic
Pressure
Hydrostatic
Pressure
Static Pressure: moves along the fluid static to the motion.
Hydrostatic Pressure: potential energy due to elevation changes.
Dynamic Pressure: due to the mean flow going to forced stagnation.
Follow a Streamline from point 1 to 2
h p =
1
1
2
1 1 2
2
2 2
2
1
2
1
z V p z V p + + = + +
Following a streamline:
0 0, no elevation 0, no elevation
2
1 1 2
2
1
V p p + =
H p =
2
H > h
Note:
( ) h H V =
1
In this way we obtain a measurement of the centerline flow with piezometer tube.
Total Pressure = Dynamic Pressure + Static Pressure
The Bernoulli equation states that the sum of the flow,
kinetic, and potential energies of a fluid particle along a
streamline is constant.
Therefore, the kinetic and potential energies of the fluid
can be converted to flow energy (and vice versa) during
flow, causing the pressure to change.
This phenomenon can be made more visible by
multiplying the Bernoulli equation by the density r,

Each term in this equation has pressure units, and thus
each term represents some kind of pressure:

P is the static pressure (it does not incorporate any dynamic effects);
it represents the actual thermodynamic pressure of the fluid. This is the
same as the pressure used in thermodynamics and property tables.
rV^2/2 is the dynamic pressure; it represents the pressure rise when
the fluid in motion is brought to a stop isentropically.
rgz is the hydrostatic pressure, which is not pressure in a real sense
since its value depends on the reference level selected; it accounts for
the elevation effects, i.e., of fluid weight on pressure.
The sum of the static, dynamic, and hydrostatic pressures is called the
total pressure. Therefore, the Bernoulli equation states that the total
pressure along a streamline is constant.
The sum of the static and dynamic pressures is called the stagnation
pressure, and it is expressed as

The stagnation pressure represents the pressure at a point where the
fluid is brought to a complete stop isentropically.

The static, dynamic, and
stagnation pressures are
shown in Fig. 527.
When static and stagnation
pressures are measured at a
specified location, the fluid
velocity at that location can
be calculated from

Stagnation Tube
gl V
d d l
p p V
p
g
V p
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
2
) ) ( (
2
) (
2
2
2 2
1
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
=
+ =
=
= +
+ + = + +

Stagnation Tube in a Pipe
p
g
V
2
2
z
Flow
Pipe
0 = z
g
V
z
p
H
2
2
+ + =
1
2
Pitot Tube
) ( 2
) ( ) [( 2
2 2
2 2
2 1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
h h g V
z
p
z
p
g V
g
V p
g
V p
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
=
+ + =
+ = +
+ + = + +

Example Venturi Tube
Given: Water 20
o
C, V
1
=2 m/s, p
1
=50 kPa,
D=6 cm, d=3 cm
Find: p
2
and p
3
Solution: Continuity Eq.

Bernoulli Eq.
2
1
2
1
1 2
2 2 1 1
|
.
|
\
|
= =
=
d
D
V
A
A
V V
A V A V
D D
d
1
2
3
( )
( )
kPa p
Pa
V d D p
V V p p
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
120
2 ] 3 / 6 1 [
2
1000
000 , 150
] / 1 [
2
) (
2
2 2
2
2 4
2
1
4
1
2
2
2
1 1 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ + = + +

Similarly for 2 3, or 1 3
Pressure drop is fully recovered, since we
assumed no frictional losses
kPa p 150
3
=
Nozzle: velocity
increases, pressure
decreases
Diffuser: velocity
decreases, pressure
increases
( ) ] / 1 [
) ( 2
4
2 1
2
D d
p p
V
Knowing the pressure drop 1 2 and

d/D, we can calculate the velocity and
flow rate
Ex (5.48)
Given: Velocity in circular duct = 100
ft/s, air density = 0.075 lbm/ft3.
Find: Pressure change between
circular and square section.
Solution: Continuity equation

Bernoulli equation
) (
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
c s s c
s
s
s c
c
c
V V p p
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
=
+ + = + +

s ft V
D V D
A V A V
s
s
s s c c
/ 54 . 78 )
4
( 100
)
4
( 100
2 2
= =
=
=
t
t
2
2 2
3
/ 46 . 4
) 100 54 . 78 (
/ 2 . 32 * 2
/ 075 . 0
ft lbf
slug lbm
ft lbm
p p
s c
=
=
Air conditioning (~ 60
o
F)
Ex (5.49)
Given: = 0.0644 lbm/ft
3
V
1
= 100 ft/s,
and A
2
/A
1
=0.5,
m
=120 lbf/ft
3
Find: Ah
Solution: Continuity equation

Bernoulli equation
s ft
A
A
V V
A V A V
/ 200 2 * 100
2
1
1 2
2 2 1 1
= = =
=
) (
2
2 2
2
1
2
2 2 1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
V V p p
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
=
+ + = + +

Heating (~ 170
o
F)
2
2 2
3
2 1
/ 30
) 100 200 (
/ 2 . 32 * 2
/ 0644 . 0
ft lbf
slug lbm
ft lbm
p p
=
=
Manometer equation
ft h
s ft
slug lbm
ft lbm
h
h p p
air m
25 . 0
/ 2 . 32 *
/ 2 . 32
/ ) 0644 . 0 120 (
30
) (
2
3
2 1
= A
A =
A =
Pitot Tube Application (p.170)
1
2
V
y
l
z
1
-z
2
s f t gy V
y h h
y
z z
p p
z z y p p
p y l y l z z p
k Hg
k Hg
k
k Hg
k
k k Hg
k Hg k k
/ 3 . 24 ) 1 / ( 2
) 1 / (
) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1
= =
=
= +
+ =
= + +

THANK YOU

Chap5 1

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Chap5 1

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Fluid Mechanics I 1

UNIVERSITI INDUSTRI SELANGOR

head dynamic Velocity

Knowing the pressure drop 1 2 and

Você também pode gostar