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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Matter Atoms and Ions Atomic and Molecular Mass Mole Concept Names of Chemical Compounds Chemical Formula Chemical Equation and Stoichiometry Volumetric Analysis
Matter
Matter can be described as anything that has mass and it must take up space.
Examples
States of Matter
Classification of Matter
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States of Matter
Depending on its temperature, matter can be solid, liquid or gas.
Classification of Matter
Pure Substances Mixtures
Heterogeneous
Atoms
Molecules
Ions
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Atom
An atom is the smallest particle differentiable as a certain chemical element.
Atoms
An atom consists of three sub-atomic particles which are electrons, protons and neutrons.
The atomic number ( Z ) is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element ( Z = p ).
In a neutral atom the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons ( p = e ).
The mass number ( A ) is the total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom of an element. In general the mass number is given by: Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons = atomic number + number of neutrons
The accepted way to denote the atomic number and mass of an atom of an element ( X ) is as
A Z
X
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Atom
(a) Sodium (Na), (b) Iron (Fe), (c) Gold (Au), (d) Oxygen (O), (e) Hydrogen (H), (f) Chlorine (Cl), (g) Carbon (C).
Example
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Molecules
A molecule is the smallest indivisible portion of a pure compound that retains a set of unique chemical properties. A molecule consists of two or more atoms bonded together.
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Molecules - examples (a) Oxygen (O 2 ), (b) Hydrogen (H 2 ), (c) Chlorine (Cl 2 ), (d) Ozone (O 3 ), (e) Water (H 2 O),
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IONIC COMPOUNDS
Sodium chloride (NaCl), Magnesium oxide (MgO) Sodium oxide (Na 2 O)
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Pure Substances
Any sample of matter can be classified as a pure substance or a mixture. A pure substance can be either an element or a compound. The composition of a pure substance is definite and fixed.
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Pure Substances
Example:
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A chemical element or simply element , is a substance that cannot substances by ordinary chemical methods. The smallest particle of such an element is an atom , which consists of electrons centered around a nucleus of protons and neutrons.
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Examples of elements
(a)Metals - Iron (Fe), Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Mercury (Hg).
(a)Gases - Oxygen (O 2 ), Nitrogen (N 2 ), Chlorine (Cl 2 ), Helium (He), Neon (Ne).
Compounds
A chemical compound is a chemical substance formed from two or more elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. For example, dihydrogen monoxide (water) is a compound composed of two hydrogen atoms for every oxygen atom, H 2 O.
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Mixtures
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances, often chemicals, in which the substances remain chemically distinct, retaining their particular composition and properties.
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Mixtures
There are two types of mixtures: heterogeneous mixtures and homogeneous mixtures.
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Heterogeneous Mixtures
A Heterogeneous Mixture does not have uniform properties throughout; the composition of one part (or phase) . Example: 1. A mixture of oil and water. 2. A mixture of nuts and cake.
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Homogeneous Mixtures
An Homogeneous Mixture is the same throughout. It has uniform composition and appearance throughout. Example: 1. A cup of hot coffee. 2. A mixture of alcohol and water. 3. A solution.
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Anion
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of the actual mass of carbon-12. Atomic mass is also called as relative atomic mass or atomic weight.
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Relative Atomic Mass is unitless. It is the atomic mass (amu) divided by the mass of one C-12 atom (amu).
Relative atomic mass = atomic mass (amu) x 12 mass of 12 C (12)
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Example 1
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Average Atomic Mass - Example 1 Bromine : 50.69% bromine - 79, mass = 78.9183 49.31% bromine - 81, mass = 80.9163 ? Average atomic mass of Br = (50.69% x 78.9183) + (49.31% x 80.9163) =79.9035 80
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Average Atomic Mass - Example 2 Magnesium : 78.99% magnesium-24, mass = 23.9850 10.00% magnesium-25, mass = 24.9858 11.01% magnesium-26, mass = 25.9826
? Average atomic mass of Mg = (78.99% x 23.9850) + (10.00% x 24.9858) + (11.01% x 25.9826) = 24.3050 24
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Carbon - 12
Carbon-12 is the most abundant (98.89%) of the two stable isotopes of the element carbon. It contains 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons. Carbon-12 is of particular importance as it is used as the standard from which all other isotopes' atomic weight is measured and thus the measurement of Avogadro's number.
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Molecular Mass
The molecular mass of a substance (less accurately called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW ) is
substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12).
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Molecular Mass
calculated as the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms of any one molecule. The molar mass of a substance is numerically equal to the molecular mass, but expressed in mass units per mole (e.g. grams per mole)
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Molecular Mass
For example: the atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.00784 u and that of oxygen is 15.9994 u; therefore, the molecular mass of water with formula H 2 O is (2 x 1.00784 u) + 15.9994 u = 18.01508 u.
Therefore, one molecule of water weighs 18.01508 u, and one mole of water weighs
18.01508 grams.
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Molecular Mass
Molecular mass or molar mass are used in stoichiometry calculations.
Since molecules are created by chemical reactions , not nuclear reactions , a molecule's molecular mass exactly equals the sum of the atomic masses of its constituent atoms.
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Mole Concept
The mole (symbol: mol) is one of the seven SI base units and is commonly used in chemistry.
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Mole Concept
It measures the amount of substance of a system and is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams carbon-12.
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Mole Concept
This quantity is known as Avogadro's number and is approximately 6.0221415 x 103.
N A = 6.022 x 10 23
or
6.02 x 10 23
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Acid
Salts
Hydrates
Polyatomic Ions
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Symbol
CCl 4
N2O
NH 3
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Symbol
K2S FeS
CaCl 2
Zn(NO 3 ) 2 Na 2 SO 4
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Names of Hydrates
Chemical Name
Chemical Name
Dichromate Perchlorate Hypochlorite Bicarbonate Sulfate
Symbol
Cr 2 O 72ClO 4ClO HCO 3SO 4246
Names of Acid
Chemical Name Hydroiodic acid Hydrosulfuric acid Phosphoric acid Phosphorus acid Chlorous acid Symbol HI H2S
H 3 PO 4 H 3 PO 3 HClO 2
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Symbol
NaF
Na 2 SO 3 NaHCO 3 Na 2 HPO 3
KClO 3
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(b) SO 3
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Names of Ionic Compounds What are the names for the compounds (a) K 2 S (b) FeS
(c) CaCl 2 (d) Zn(NO 3 ) 2 (e) Na 2 SO 4
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Names of Hydrates
1. Write formulas for the following hydrates. (a) Sodium carbonate decahydrate (washing soda) (b) Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (Epsom salt) (c) Calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) (d) Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax)
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Names of Hydrates
2. Write the chemical names for the following hydrates. (a) CoCl 2 .6H 2 O (b) CuSO 4 .5H 2 O (c) Na 2 S 2 O 3 .5H 2 O
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Names of Polyatomic Ions Write formulas for the following ions. (a) chromate (b) perchlorate (c) hypochlorite (d) bicarbonate (e) sulfate
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2-
Names of Acids
Write names for the following acids. (a) HF
(b) H 2 SO 3
(c) H 2 CO 3
Names of Acids
Write formulas for the following acids. (a) Hydroiodic acid (b) Hydrosulfuric acid (c) Phosphoric acid (d) Phosphorous acid (e) Chlorous acid
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Names of Salts Write names for the following typical salts. (a) NaF
(b) Na 2 SO 3
(c) NaHCO 3 (d) Na 2 HPO 3 (e) KClO 3
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Chemical Formula
There are two types of chemical formulas: (a) Empirical Formula, (b) Molecular Formula . Empirical formula and molecular formula are used for different purposes.
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Empirical Formula
The Empirical Formula gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound. Example: Acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) and benzene (C 6 H 6 ) - the simplest ratio C : H = 1 : 1 Empirical Formula = CH
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Molecular Formula
The Molecular Formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule.
Example:
a) Acetylene - C 2 H 2
b) Benzene - C 6 H 6 c) Glucose - C 6 H 6 O 6
d) Water - H 2 O
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Exercise 1
When analyzed, an unknown compound gave these experimental results: C, 54.0%; H, 6.00%; O, 40.0%. Four different students used these values to calculate the empirical formulas shown here. Which answer is correct? Why did some students not get the correct answer?
(a) C 4 H 5 O 2 (b) C 5 H 7 O 3 (c) C 7 H 10 O 4 (d) C 9 H 12 O 5
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A process in which one or more substances is changed into one or more new substances is a chemical reaction A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction 3 ways of representing the reaction of H 2 with O 2 to form H 2 O
reactants
products
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2 MgO
2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O 2 makes 2 formula units MgO 2 moles Mg + 1 mole O 2 makes 2 moles MgO 48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O 2 makes 80.6 g MgO
CO 2 + H 2 O
2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas ( coefficients ) to make the number of atoms of each element the same on both sides of the equation. Do not change the subscripts.
2C 2 H 6
NOT
C 4 H 12
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2 carbon on left
C2H6+O2
1 carbon on right
2CO 2 + H 2 O 2 hydrogen on right 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O
multiply CO 2 by 2
6 hydrogen on left
C2H6+O2
multiply H 2 O by 3
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2CO 2 + 3H 2 O
multiply O 2 by 7 2
2 oxygen on left
C2H6+7O2
2
2C 2 H 6 + 7O 2
2C 2 H 6 + 7O 2
4CO 2 + 6H 2 O
Reactants 4C
Products 4C 12 H 14 O
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12 H
14 O
1. Write balanced chemical equation 2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles 3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of the sought quantity 4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units
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Methanol burns in air according to the equation 2CO 2 + 4H 2 O If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, what mass of water is produced? grams CH 3 OH moles CH 3 OH moles H 2 O
2CH 3 OH + 3O 2
grams H 2 O
molar mass CH 3 OH
209 g CH 3 OH x
235 g H 2 O
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Chemical Equation and Stoichiometry (Exercise) 1. Write the balanced equation for the combustion of ethyl alcohol: C 2 H 5 OH (l) + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l)
Answer
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Answer
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Volumetric Analysis
Concentrations of Solutions Dilution Titration
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Concentrations of Solutions
Molarity ( M ) The most widely used to quantify the concentration of solutions.
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Concentrations of Solutions
Molarity ( M ) The molarity of a solution is defined as
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Molarity - Exercise 1
Calculate the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 23.4 g of sodium sulphate in enough water to form 125 mL of solution.
Answer
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Molarity - Exercise 2
How many grams of sodium sulphate, Na 2 SO 4 are required to make 0.350 L of 0.500 M Na 2 SO 4 ? Answer
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Dilution
Solutions that are used routinely in the laboratory are often purchased or prepared in concentrated form. They are called as stock solutions . Example: 12M HCl
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Dilution
Solutions of lower concentrations can be obtained by adding water. This process is called as dilution . Formula
( Initial molarity )( initial volume ) = ( final molarity )( final volume )
or M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2
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Exercise How many milliliters of 3.0 M H 2 SO 4 are required to make 450 mL of 0.10 M H 2 SO 4 ?
Answer
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Titration
How can we determine the concentration of a solution?
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Titration
One common way is to use a second solution of known concentration , called a standard solution , that undergoes a specific chemical reaction of known stoichiometry with the solution of unknown concentration .
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aA + bB
cC + dD
Formula
( molarity of solution A )( volume of solution A ) ( = molarity of solution B )( volume of solution B ) a b
or
MaVaMbVb
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Exercise
What is the molarity of an
automobile battery acid, H 2 SO 4
solution if 22.53 mL of the acid neutralizes 42.11 mL of 1.923 M sodium hydroxide, NaOH?
Answer
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