HVAC SYSTEM ONBOARD SHIPS

HVAC stands for

H- HEATING V-VENTILLATION AC- AIR CONDITIONING

WHY WE NEED HVAC?

MAINTAIN SUITABLE TEMPERATURE FOR COMFORT OF OPERATING PERSONNEL FOR SAFE WORKING OF TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE MACHINARIES PRESERVATION OF CARGO AND STORES COMFORT OF CREW AND PASSENGERS

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
MINIMUM WEIGHT AND SPACE REQUIREMENT
MINIMUM POWER CONSUMPTION UNINTERRUPTED OPERATION ALL YEAR ROUND MACHINE TO WITHSTAND SHOCK,EXTREME SHIP MOTIONS MUST MAINTAIN WATER TIGHT INTEGRIY OF SHIP STRUCTURE

WITHSTAND CORROSIVE EFFECTS OF SALT WATER

MINIMUM NOISE TO BE PRODUCED

SELECTION OF HVAC SYSTEM

NATURE OF SPACE TYPE OF SERVICE OF SHIP SIZE AND LAYOUT OF SPACE SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS COST OF INSTALLATION

VENTILATION
Ventilation is the changing of air in any space in order to remove moisture, odours, smoke, heat, and airborne bacteria.
Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air

VENTILATION SYSTEMS
NATURAL
AIR MOVEMENT BY DIFF. IN TEMPERATURE AND DENSITY OF INSIDE AND OUTSIDE AIR LARGE DUCTS ,LOW VELOCITY

VENTILATION SYSTEMS (contd)

MECHANICAL
CONSISTS OF ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN FANS MAIN DUCT DISTRIBUTION DUCTS

VENTILATION SYSTEMS (contd)

BASED ON PRINCIPLE OF AIR EXCHANGE

The Short Cut Principle

the make up air is withdrawn from the room before it has been mixed with the people in operating zones.

- LOW EFFICIENCY

VENTILATION SYSTEMS (contd)

BASED ON PRINCIPLE OF AIR EXCHANGE

The Mixed Principle

make up air is supplied to the room with high speed, and local fans are used to mix the air in the room to an homogenous mass

VENTILATION SYSTEMS (contd)

BASED ON PRINCIPLE OF AIR EXCHANGE

The Displacement Principle

Heat and pollution is transferred from the residence zone close to the floor, up to the ceiling where it's evacuated through the outlet system Make up air supplied at low velocity close to the floor. supply air is colder than the average air in the residence zone. evacuated air close to the ceiling is warmer than the average air in the residence zone.

VENTILATION SYSTEMS (contd)

BASED ON PRINCIPLE OF AIR EXCHANGE

The Piston Principle

the supply air moves through the rooms as a piston. used in special cases as clean rooms

SYSTEM DESIGN
1. LOAD CALCULATIONS
Calculate Heat and Cooling Loads including Sensible Heat and Latent Heat

a. b. c. d. e. f.

Solar Radiation Heat transmission through hull, decks, bulkheads Sensible and latent heat from persons Heat gain from lights Heat gain from motors, piping and electrical equipment Infiltration through weather doors

DESIGN TEMPERATURES
OUTSIDE WINTER TEMP. 0 F AND SUMMER TEMP. 95F SEAWATER TEMP. 88Fmax AND 28 F min

Sensible Heat - Heat, that when added or removed, causes a change in temperature

SYSTEM DESIGN (contd)

2.
3.

Calculate Air Shifts according the to Occupants or

any processes Calculate Air Supply Temperature

For heating, 38 - 50oC (100-120oF) may be suitable For cooling where the inlets 6 - 8oC (1015oF) below room temperature

SYSTEM DESIGN (contd)

4.

Calculate circulated mass of air

for heating, the needed air flow rate may be expressed as
qh = Hh / cp (ts - tr)

for cooling, the needed air flow rate may be expressed as

qc = Hc / cp (to - tr)

to humidify the indoor air, the amount of supply air needed may be calculated as qmh = Qh / (x2 - x1) to dehumidify the indoor air, the amount of supply air needed may be calculated as qmh = Qh / (x2 - x1)

SYSTEM DESIGN (contd)

5.

Temperature loss in ducts

The heat loss in the air flow can be expressed as: H = q cp (t1 - t2)

6. 7.

Selecting Heaters, Washers, Humidifiers and Coolers Calculate boiler or heater size

8.

Design and calculate the duct system

The designer has to see that ducts are running in nearly a straight line avoiding sharp bends ,abrupt changes in duct sizes or shapes. It is seldom possible to achieve an ideal duct system due to structural limitations ,interferences with piping and other systems.

Points to note in duct design

Division of main duct proportional division of air Branch takeoff at 30o creates losses in duct Elbows to provide smooth airflow

DUCT CONSTRUCTION
GALVANISED STEEL,ALUMINIUM -DUE TO CORROSION,LIGHT WEIGHT RECTANGULAR DUCT CONSTRUCTION -HEAD ROOM REQUIREMENT CIRCULAR DUCTS -WHEN PASSING THROUGH STRENGTH
MEMBERS

DUCTS OVER ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT TO BE WATER TIGHT ACCESS HOLES ,HANDHOLES -CLEANING ,PAINTING,INSPECTION

CARGO HOLD VENTILLATION

MECH. SUPPLY + NATURAL EXHAUST ONE AIR CHANGE IN 20 TO 30 min TO REDUCE HOLD TEMP. CONDENSATION OF MOISTURE ON HULLSTRUCTURE AND CARGO INTRODUCTION OF DRY AIR INTO THE

VENTILLATING SYSTEM EXHAUSTING EQUAL AMOUNT OF HUMID AIR OVERBOARD DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF CARGO AND ITS REQUIREMENT

POINTS TO NOTE IN VENTILATION

VENTILATION DUCTS FOR MACHINERY SPACES, GALLEY etc MUST BE DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF OTHERS IN CASE OF SMOKE IT MUST BE POSSIBLE TO LOOK INTO THE WORKING OF MACHINERY FANS FOR VENTILATION TO BE DESIGNED FOR MINIMUM SPARK GENERATION

HEATING SYSTEM
SIMILAR TO VENTILATION SYSTEM STEAM DUCT HEATERS ARE COMMONLY USED CONVECTORS USING HOT WATER OR ELECTRIC RESISTANCE ELEMENTS IN TANKERS FOR EASY PUMPING IN AND OUT OF CARGO OIL

STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS

FOR CARGO SHIPS GENERALLY FORE AND AFT LAYOUT PRESSURE GAUGES INSTALLED IN THE DUCTS BYPASS MINIMUM NOT ALLOWED TO RUN OVER ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

HOT WATER SYSTEMS

EFFICIENT PERMITS ELIMINATION OF

CONDENSATE RETURN PUMPS AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS CONDENSATE COOLING FACILITIES CORROSION OF CONDENSATE PIPING

FORCED CIRCULATION USED

AIR CONDITIONING
An air conditioning system provides heating, cooling, ventilation and humidity control Mainly used in living spaces and other public spaces Provides comfort to the people

AIR CONDITIONING
DESIGNED TO MAINTAIN
INSIDE AIR TEMP
76 F TO 85 F dry bulb

RELATIVE HUMIDITY 50%

FOR AN OUTSIDE TEMP.95 F (dry) AND 82 F (wet) IN SUMMER FOR INSIDE TEMP. 70 F (dry) ,OUTSIDE TEMP.0 F (dry) IN WINTER

AIR CONDITIONING
COOLING MEDIUM
CHILLED WATER FREON

HEATING MEDIUM
STEAM HOT WATER ELECTRICITY

AIR CONDITIONING
POPULAR A /C SYSTEMS USED
a. b. c. d. ZONE REHEAT SYSTEM TERMINAL REHEAT SYSTEM INDUCTION SYSTEM DUAL DUCT SYSTEM

ZONE REHEAT SYSTEM

FILTERING ,PREHEATING AND COOLING EQUIPMENT LOCATED IN FAN ROOM CONDITONED AIR DISTRIBUTED TO OVERHEADMOUNTED ZONE REHEATERS HEATERS SELECTED TO SATISFY TRANSMISSION LOSSES REHEATER CONTROLLED BY ROOM THERMOSTAT. VOLUME CONTROL DAMPERS TO VARY AIR VOLUME

ZONE REHEAT SYSTEM

CHARACTERISTICS
a. REQUIRES SEVERAL ZONES TO PROVIDE ACCEPTABLE INDIVIDUAL TEMP. b. BASIC INSTABILITY DUE TO THROTTLING OF INDIVIDUAL VOLUME CONTROL DAMPERS

TERMINAL REHEAT SYSTEM

SIMILAR TO ZONE REHEAT SYSTEM DUE TO HIGH VELOCITIES OF THE SYSTEM SOUND CONTROL BOX INSTALLED IN EACH SPACE PROVIDES INDIVIDUAL ROOM TEMP. CONTROL AND CONSTANT AIR VOLUME SUPPLY AIR MIXTURE OF OUTSIDE AIR AND RECIRCULATED AIR

INDUCTION SYSTEM
FILTERING, COOLING, REHEATING DEHUMIDIFYING, IN SUMMER AND INTERMEDIATE SEASONS FILTERING ,PREHEATING IN WINTER
FUNCTIONS ON INDUCTION PRINCIPLE

INDUCTION SYSTEM
HIGH PRESSURE CENTRIFUGAL FAN DELIVERS DE HUMIDIFIED AIR DURING COOLING SEASON AIR FROM FAN GOES TO HIGH PRESSURE DUCTS TO INDIVIDUAL CEILING PRIMARY AIR DISCHARGED AT HIGH VELOCITY,CREATING LOW PRESSURE BEHIND. INDUCES FIXED RATIO OF ROOM AIR TO FLOW OVER CHILLED WATER COIL .

INDUCTION SYSTEM
MIXTURE OF PRIMARY AND INDUCED ROOM AIR IS THEN DISCHARGED TO ROOM THROUGH SUPPLY GRILLs. ADDITIONAL COOLING TO MATCH VARIABLE LOADS BY REGULATED FLOW OF CHILLED WATER TO SECONDARY COIL IN INTERMEDIATE CONDITIONS PRIMARY AIR IS REHEATED TO BALANCE THE TRANSMISSION LOSSES

DUAL DUCT SYSTEM

BY CENTRALLY LOCATED DUCT COOLING COILS AND HEATERS. DISRIBUTION BY HIGH PRESSURE FAN DISCHARGING. PORTION OF AIR DUCTED ACROSS A REHEATER TO WARM AIR DUCT . COLD AND WARM AIR DUCTS ROUTED TO INDIVIDUAL SPACES,TERMINATING IN OVER HEAD MIXING BOX. DAMPER IN MIXING BOX REGULATED TO VARY COLD AND WARM AIR COLD AIR DUCTS SIZED FOR FULL COOLING REQ. HOT AIR DUCTS SIZED FOR 65% VOLUME IN COLD AIR DUCT

CONTROLS
PNEUMATIC
SELF CONTAINED

ELECTRIC

PNEUMATIC CONTROLS
USED IN AIRCONDITIONED SHIPS RELIABLE AND SENSITIVE USING CONTROL CENTRES, POSSIBLE TO MONITOR AND REGULATE TEMP.,HUMIDTY CONDITIONS THROUGH OUT SHIP FROM CENTRAL POINT OPEARTES ON 15 TO 20psi OBTAINED FROM SHIP SERVICE SYSTEM 100psi FILTER AND HEAT EXCHANGER TO BE USED IN CASE OF 100psi SYSTEM FOR MOISTURE REMOVAL

SELF CONTAINED CONTROLS

USED IN SHIPS WHICH DO NOT HAVE SUITABLE COMPRESSED AIR WHERE THE NUMBER OF CONTROL DEVICES IS LIMITED USED FOR CONTROL OF STEAM TO PREHEATERS AND REHEATERS

ELECTRIC CONTROLS
SELDOM USED IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FOR CONTROLLING DAMPERS IN MARINE INDUSTRY ONLY SOLID STATE ELECTONICS APPLIED
DUE TO ABILITY TO WITHSTAND SHOCK etc

COMPONENTS
1. FANS
AXIAL FLOW FANS
COMPACT HIGH EFFICIENCY VENTILLATION IN CARGO SPACES PRODUCES NOISE

COMPONENTS (contd)
CENTRIFUGAL FANS
QUIET OPERATION IN GALLEYS AND BATTERY ROOM AS MOTORS NEED NOT BE LOCATED IN THE AIR STREAM

PROPELLER FANS
IN BULKHEAD INSTALLATIONS IN COWL FOR MACHINERY SPACE EXHAUST SYSTEMS WHERE PRESSURE REQUIRED IS SMALL

COMPONENTS (contd)
FANS TO BE LOCATED FOR EASY ACCESSIBLITY TO MOTORS MOTORS WITH TWO SPEED CONTROLS FOR REDUCTION IN SUPPLY AIR IN COLD WEATHER O MOTORS SELECTED FOR 40 C AMBIENT TEMP. WATERPROOF ,TOTALLY ENCLOSED MOTORS FOR AXIAL AND PROPELLER FANS

COMPONENTS (contd)
WEATER TERMINAL OPENINGS
LOUVERS IN BULKHEADS COWLS GOOSENECKS MUSHROOMS

HOOD COWL

MUSHROOM

SINGLE GOOSENECK

AIR LIFT

DOUBLE GOOSENECK

COMPONENTS (contd)
INTERIOR TERMINALS
HIGH VELOCITY DIRECTIONAL TERMINALS USED IN GALLEYS AND OTHER HEAT PRODUCING AREAS WHERE SPOT COOLING IS REQUIRED SLOTTED OUTLETS USED IN FRONT OF SWITCH BOARDS WALL TYPE DIFFUSERS USED IN LIVING SPACES MOVING PARTS OF TERMINALS TO BE RUGGED AND RATTLEPROOF

COMPONENTS (contd)
AIR FILTERS
ESSENTIAL FOR AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS MADE OF BRONZE VISCOUS COATED FILTERS BANK OF BRONZE FILTERS PROVIDED WITH PERMANENTLY INSTALLED AIR FILTER GAGE FOR DIRT LOADING INDICATION

COMPONENTS (contd)
DAMPERS
CONTROLS VOLUME OF AIR DELIVERED AT TERMINAL RUGGED CONSTRUCTION AND RATTLEPROOF AUTOMATIC FIRE DAMPERS REQUIRED WHEN DUCTS PASS THROUGH VERTICAL ZONE BULKHEADS AND POTENTIAL SOURCES OF FIRE

COMPONENTS (contd)
THERMAL INSULATION
IN VENTILLATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS MUST BE VERMIN PROOF INCOMBUSTIBLE VAPOUR BARRIER TO PREVENT ACCUMULATION IN A/C SYSTEM

NOISE LEVELS
NOISE DUE TO VENTILATING AND A/C SYSTEM
NOISE TRANSMITTED THROUGH DUCTS NOISE TRANSMITTED THROUGH SHIP HULL

NOISE TRANSMITTED THROUGH DUCTS

FANS AND MOTORS DUCT WALLS INTO AIR STREAM DUCT WALL VIBRATIONS AIR CURRENTS (eddying noises) FROM GRILLES OR DIFFUSERS DAMPERS,AIR VALVES etc

NOISE TRANSMITTED THROUGH SHIP HULL

MACHINE MOUNTINGS AS
VIBRATION

EQUIPMENTS THROUGH SPACE

BULKHEAD SURFACES

STEPS TO PREDICT NOISE PERFROMANCE

1. DETERMINE TOTAL SOUND POWER OUTPUT OF VENTILATION FAN 2. CALCULATE SOUND ATTENUATION BETWEEN FAN AND TERMINALS

3. CALCULATE NOISE REDUCTION DUE TO SURFACE OF ROOM

4. CALCULATE FINAL ROOM NOISE LEVEL 5. COMPARE THE FINAL LEVEL WITH THE SPECIFIED LEVEL 6. IF LEVEL IS TOO HIGH SOUND ABSORBENT MATERIALS TO BE INSTALLED IN THE DUCT WORK

GOVERNING BODIES
CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY
REGARDING STRUCTURAL INSTALLTION FIRE CONTROL ETC

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR CONDITIONING ENGINEERS (ASHRAE)

REGARDING STDS OF EQUIPMENTS

THANK YOU