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Please introduce yourself as per guidelines below: Name Qualification Professional Experience in years/months (if applicable) Name of the previous company (if applicable) Tenure in previous company (if applicable) Name of the Institute/University Year of passing What is your AIM in life Expectations from this company Expectations from this course
Decorum of the course to be maintained by: Keeping your mobiles in Switched-off or Silent mode. Doing one discussion at a time. Following the timings strictly as per schedule for Breaks. Making the course interactive by asking questions and by giving suggestions.
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
Designing a cellular system - particularly one that incorporates both Macro cellular and Microcellular networks is a delicate balancing exercise.
The goal is to achieve optimum use of resources and maximum revenue potential whilst maintaining a high level of system quality.
Full consideration must also be given to cost and spectrum allocation limitations.
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
A properly planned system should allow capacity to be added economically when traffic demand increases.
As every urban environment is different, so is every macro cell and micro cell network. Hence accurate planning is essential in order to ensure that the system will provide both the increased capacity and the improvement in network quality where required, especially when deploying Microcellular systems.
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
RF planning plays a critical role in the Cellular design process.
By doing a proper RF Planning by keeping the future growth plan in mind we can reduce a lot of problems that we may encounter in the future and also reduce substantially the cost of optimization.
On the other hand a poorly planned network not only leads to many Network problems but it also increases the optimization costs and still may not ensure the desired quality.
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
The high level life cycle of the RF network planning process can be summarised as follows : To help the operator to identify their RF design requirement Optional Discuss and agree RF design parameters, assumptions and objectives with the customer Coverage requirement Traffic requirement Various level of design (ROM to detail RF design) Comparative Analysis Issuing of search ring Cand. assessment Site survey, design, approval Drive test (optional)
Site Realization
RF Design requirement RF Design Implementation RF Design Frequency plan Neighbour list RF OMC data Optimisation
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
This is an optional step This is intended to : Help an existing operator in building/expanding their network Help a new operator in identifying their RF network requirement, e.g. where their network should be built For the comparative analysis, we would need to : Identify all network that are competitors to the customer Design drive routes that take in the high density traffic areas of interest Include areas where the customer has no or poor service and the competitors have service
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
The result of the analysis should include : For an existing operator All problems encountered in the customers network All areas where the customer has no service and a competitor does Recommendations for solving any coverage and quality problems For a new operator Strengths and weaknesses in the competitors network Problem encountered in the competitors network
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
The RF design inputs can be divided into : Coverage requirements Target coverage areas Service types for the target coverage areas. These should be marked geographically Coverage area probability Penetration Loss of buildings and in-cars Capacity requirements Erlang per subscriber during the busy hour Quality of service for the air interface, in terms GoS Network capacity Growth plan - Coverage and Capacity
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
Available spectrum and frequency usage restriction, if any List of available, existing and/or friendly sites that should be included in the RF design Limitation of the quantity of sites and radios, if any Quality of Network (C/I values) Related network features (FH, DTX, etc.)
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
RF Network Design
There are 2 parts to the RF network design to meet the : Capacity requirement Coverage requirement For the RF Coverage Design CW Drive Testing Digitized Databases Customer Requirements
Propagation Model
RF Coverage Design
Link Budget
CW Propagation Tool
INTRODUCTION
Drive test types
This is at beginning of design when no site has been built or even selected. All test sites are temporary.
Drive test is performed mostly for characterization of propagation and fading effects in the channel. The object is to collect field data to optimize and adjust the prediction model for preliminary simulations. Post design drive test for site verification / optimization
In field measurement we have to collect variations due to propagation and slow fading. The received signals are typically sampled and averaged over spatial windows called bins. There are several sampling issues to be considered like Sampling rate Averaging window Number of bins to be measured
The RF signal strength measurements must be taken over a radio path or mobile path distance interval of 40, where is the wavelength of the RF signal.
If the distance interval is too short, the short term variation cannot be smoothed out and will affect the local mean.
If the distance interval is too long, the averaged output cannot represent the local mean since it washes out the detailed signal changes due to the terrain variations.
The number of RF measurements taken within the 40 distance should be greater than 50. Depending on the speed of the vehicle during the drive test, the sampling interval in time is selected. Measurements have to be stopped whenever the vehicle is not moving.
The size of averaging window have to be small enough to capture slow variations due to shadowing and large enough to average out the fast variations due to multipath. A typical range is 20 to 1500 m. The bin size is typically selected in 40 to 1500m, i.e. all measurements in this size square are averaged to one value. Normally the post processing tool takes care of averaging the collected data over different bins.
The predicted and measured signal strengths for all bins within the drive route is compared and the best set of correction factors to minimize the prediction errors is determined. All the bins within the coverage area cannot be drive tested. So a large enough sample set should be considered. The more the number of bins, the larger the confidence level of results. Generally for acceptable confidence at least 300 to 400 bins have to be considered.
Transmitter
RECEIVER LAPTOP
TEST TRANSMITTER
Drive test sites should be selected to give a good representative sample of the system coverage area. The exact number of sites required will depend on the size of the system coverage area and the variability of the characteristics of the coverage area.
All terrain and clutter types in the area should be represented in the drive test data for proper prediction tuning.
Typical terrain types are: Flat, Rolling Hills, Large Hills, Mountains Typical clutter types are: Water, Open Land, Forest, Commercial / Industrial, Low Density Urban, Medium Density Urban, High Density Urban, City Center, Airport.
City maps, topographical maps and aerial photographs can be useful in determining the terrain and clutter types for an area. It may also be necessary to drive the area and observe building types and density.
Test sites must be available for use during the drive test.
The site owner/supervisor should approve access to the site for as long as needed to complete the testing. This may involve multiple visits to the site, possibly on short notice.
Test sites must also be physically accessible to allow setup of the transmitter equipment and mounting of the antenna. For this reason building top sites are preferred to tower sites.
Each site selected should be visited before testing to verify that is suitable for use.
The inspection should be done by the same people who will be doing the site setup for the actual drive test. Familiarity with the site should speed up the site setup during the drive test.
When inspecting a building site the rooftop should be checked for any obstructions that would interfere with signal propagation. This could include objects on the rooftop itself or other nearby buildings or structures. The antenna location should be selected and a sketch of the rooftop made to identify this location relative to other objects nearby. Photographs should be taken of the location where the antenna will be mounted and in all directions looking away from the site.
When inspecting a tower site the best location to mount the antenna to the tower must be deter-mined. This should be selected such that the tower doesnt interfere with the propagation pattern of the transmit antenna. This will usually require that the antenna be above the tower or on an arm extending from the side of the tower. The area around the tower should be checked for any obstructions that would interfere with signal propagation.
Generally cranes are used for temporary structure. When cranes are used power generators have to be arranged in advance. The location should be selected such that the antenna will be above any nearby obstacles.
These maps should be used during the actual drive for navigation of the test vehicle.
verification to check that the positioning information in the drive test file is correct.
Both line of site (LOS) and non-LOS points have to be included in the drive test.
The selection of drive test route should be based on the terrain variations, Major highways and throughfares, potential shadowing areas and handoff region.
It is important that all equipment used be tested and all setup information be recorded.
If any of the procedures are not followed or any of the data is not properly recorded then the drive test data will not be usable and the drive will have to be repeated.
Engineer should study the drive test plan ahead of time and highlight the intended drive test routes.
For each drive test a team of two people should get involved.
The measurement process should be stopped the car stops ( eg near traffic lights) or whenever the sampling and measurements look suspect.
The result of drive test is a collection of data files which has lat, long, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) at that point and the frequency. The location information ( lat, long ) is used by the post processing tools as a reference of correlation between the measured vs. predicted signal levels for measurement integration. This file has to be transferred onto the planning tool either by a floppy or by data transfer using LAN.
Model Tunning
Model Tunning
Model Tuning On Asset version 6.1
Model Tunning
Model Tunning
Models are used to predict path loss. Different models are used for different purpose. Eg:- Rural Macro-cell -Okumura hata model, Micro cells - Ray tracing Models have to be tuned using data collected by drive testing. Good propagation tool + Sound engineering ingenuity = Sound RF design. Some of the popular prediction models are Okumura hata, Walfisch Ikegemi, COST231, Ray tracing etc.
Model Tunning
Okumura Hata Model
This is used for Macro cell modeling.
It has become the most popular propagation model for mobile environments.
Model Tunning
Below a range of 1 km it becomes very unreliable since obstacles in the close vicinity of receiver and transmitter become the dominant scattering influences which are not taken into account in the formula.
Model Tunning
K1 - 1Km intercept value. Upto this point model assumes free space loss K2 - Slope value K3 - Effective height coefficient K4 - Coefficient for diffraction calculation K5 - Hata model multiplier K6 - Multiplier for mobile height K7 - factor for frequency
Model Tunning
model has four main parameters: Building separation (in meters) (b) : It is the distance between the centre of two buildings.
Average building height (h) : This is the average height of all buildings in the cells coverage area.
Model Tunning
d
h w b
Model Tunning
MODEL TUNING
Propagation models use clutter and terrain data to predict cell coverage at a site. However usually the terrain and clutter data available from the maps are not perfect.
This means that the actual cell coverage could be different from the predicted cell coverage. This could in turn result in wrong cell designing.
Model Tunning
In model tuning data collected from the propagation test is loaded on the planning tool.
The prediction for that cell is then done using the same conditions as were for the propagation tests (i.e. using the same antenna type, same height of the antenna at the site, same downtilts, same transmit power etc.
Model Tunning
MODEL TUNING
Ideally both the propagation test cell coverage and the predicted cell coverage should match.
If the models do not match then the certain parameters in the propagation model equation are altered so that they both match.
Model Tunning
Once both the cell coverage match the model is then said to be tuned.
Now the actual antenna type, height of antenna, transmit power are used and prediction done.
Model Tunning
MODEL TUNING
Ideally model tuning needs to be done for all the sites. However in many cases , the Network is divided into different clutter types (around 7 to 8) (e.g. urban, dense urban, semi urban, rural etc.) and models are tuned for each clutter types. The sites are then categorized in these clutter types and then fitted in the model tuned for that clutter type. This method though not perfect is widely accepted and saves lot of time and money for the operator.
You must have an existing project with map data and with CW sites. In the below mentioned slide there are total three sites for tuning.
Import the antenna file and see the pattern of Omni antenna.
Update the site database for antenna , model and feeder type
Propagation Model Window will pop up > click Add > select any reference model(Say standard Macrocell 3) > Click Add
Initial through clutter losses and clutter offsets will be 0. No need to fill the value in this tab
Importing the CW Drive test file From Tools > Click Measurements
Measurement toolbox will open > Click Add in cell associate measurement > Browse Header(.hd) file > click open
If header file and site database information are same then loading will ask for the association of drive data with cell > Click OK
Model Analysis Select the particular measurements>click Individual > Model Analysis Tool Box will pop up > In Model tab, Fill the required information > Select the Model
In filter tab > Give distance filtering > Rx Level Filtering > Clutter filtering > Polygon Filtering
For Polygon Filtering you must have measurement analysis > Check Measurement Signal > View the drive data in 2D view with sites > Click on Create new vector from 2D menu > Give vector name (Say 1900)> Select polygon shape > make polygon for the bad drive samples > Save all vectors
Now if you want to use polygon filtering > Check Use Exclusion Polygons box > Click Select polygons > check the specific polygon > click on Apply
Polygon Selected will show you the no of Exclusion polygons > click OK
Model Analysis box will pop up > Select all the measurement > click Composite. This will give combine values. You can also do the analysis for individual drive data
After the completion of composite analysis this will give you the values as slide is showing
You can also view the analysis report from here > Click View Report > Analysis will run
After the completion of analysis an option box will pop up > choose the desired options > Click OK
Analysis report will generate (See the below mentioned specimen) In this case You can see that mean error & Std. Dev is not matching with exact criteria.Actually mean value should be 0 and Std. Dev should be less or equal to 8
Analysis report will generate (See the below mentioned specimen) In this case You can see that mean error & Std. Dev is not matching with exact criteria. Actually mean value should be 0 and Std. Dev should be less or equal to 8. After tuning the value of K1, K2 and K7 we will get the exact report as given
Auto Tuning After Analysis you need to do the tuning for improved results. Select the measurements > Click Auto Tune
Model Calibration Utility box will pop up. This will show you the reference model K-value. Also at the moment Through clutter losses are 0. You can see the same from; Clutter > View/set Through clutter parameters
auto tuning you can fix or open the clutter losses values. In the below mentioned slide all clutter loss values are open.
Before going to Auto tuning you can also fix or open the K-values. For eg. In the below mentioned slide K2 is open while others are fix. For Auto Tuning Go to Tools> Auto Tune
Auto Tuning will give you new k and clutter values. If you want to apply the new values go to Tools > Apply New parameters
This will complete the Auto Tuning Process. Now From File > Click Exit
See the tuned values from Configuration >Propagation Model> Select Specific Model > View/Edit model Parameters > Path loss tab and then > Clutter tab
Antenna
ANTENNA INSTALLATION
Antenna installation configurations depend on the operators preferences. It is important to keep sufficient decoupling distances between antennas. If TX and RX direction use separated antennas, it is advisable to keep a horizontal separation between the antennas in order to reduce the TX signal power at the RX input stages.
(Technical Data)
B l a bh l a h b l a bh l a h
Electrical properties
Operation Frequency Band Input impedance VSWR Polarization Gain Radiation Pattern Horizontal/Vertical beamwidth Downtilt Front/back ratio Sidelobe suppression and null filling Power capability 3rd order Intermodulation Insulation
Mechanical properties
Size Weight Radome material Appearance and color Working temperature Storage termperature Windload Connector types Package Size Lightening
Electrical properties
Dipoles
Wavelength 1/4 Wavelength 1/2 Wavelength 1/4 Wavelength 1/2 Wavelength Dipole
1800MHz 900MHz
166mm 333mm
1 dipole
Antenna (Overlook
Gain=10log(8mW/1mW) = 9dBi
Frequency Range
GSM 900 : 890-960MHz GSM 1800 : 1710-1880MHz GSM dual band : 890-960MHz & 1710-1880MHz eg.824-960MHz 1710-1900MHz
at 890 MHz
Impedance
50
VSWR
Polarization
Vertical
Horizontal
+ 45degree slant
- 45degree slant
V/H (Vertical/Horizontal)
GAIN
dBi
eg: Dipole
0dBd = 2.15dBi
Pattern :-
Beamwidth
Down Tilt
Electronic downtilt
Mechanical downtilt
Front power
Side lobe
In (dB)
In (dB)
Mechanical properties
Mast
(Antenna Types)
By frequency band: GSM900, GSM1800, GSM900/1800 By polarization: Vertical, Horizontal, 45 linear polarization, circle polarization By pattern: By down-tilt: Omni-directional, directional Non, mechanical, electronic adjustment, remote control By function: Transmission, receiving, transceiving
870-960MHz and 1710-1880MHz Extended band option with 806-960MHz Dual slant 45 polarisation 65 horizontal beamwidth Band independent Teletilt control 17dBi gain in both bands Diplexed or Non-Diplexed versions Mechanical downtilt mounting option
Planning
The selection of site configurations, antennas and cables is the core of the coverage planning strategy. The right choice will provide cost savings and guarantees smooth network evolution.
3 5 1 2 3 5 1 2 7 4 2 3 5 1 2 7 4 2 7 6 5 1 4 7 3 6 6 5 1 4 2 7 7 3 6 5 1 4 4 2 7 3 6 6 5 1 4 3 6
Some typical configurations are: 3-sector sites for (sub) urban areas 2-sector sites for road coverage
These are not the ultimate solutions, decisions should be based on a careful analysis Cell Range and Coverage Area
For any site configuration, the cell ranges can be determined given the equipment losses and gains. The site coverage areas can be calculated then and these will lead to the required number of sites for a given coverage region. This makes it possible to estimate the cost, e.g. per km2, to be used for strategic decisions.
Network Planning Tool:Network Planning Tool: Planning tool is used to assist engineers in designing and optimizing wireless networks by providing an accurate and reliable prediction of coverage, doing frequency planning automatically, creating neighbor lists etc. With a database that takes into account data such as terrain, clutter, and antenna radiation patterns, as well as an intuitive graphical interface, the Planning tool gives RF engineers a state-of-the-art tool to: Design wireless networks Plan network expansions Optimize network performance Diagnose system problems
The major tools available in the market are Planet, Asset, Net-Act, Cell Cad.
Also many vendors have developed Planning tools of their own like Net plan by Motorola, TCPU by Ericsson and so on.
Test transmitter. Antenna ( generally Omni ). Receiver to scan the RSS (Received signal levels). The receiver scanning rate should be settable so that it satisfies Lees law. A laptop to collect data. A GPS to get latitude and longitude. Cables and accessories. Site Master to check VSWR.
A single frequency is transmitted a predetermined power level from the candidate site.
These transmitted power levels are then measured and collected by the Drive test kit. This data is then loaded on the Planning tool and used for tuning models.
RF Network Design
COVERAGE PLANNING
Frequency Bands
GSM-900
The term GSM-900 is used for any GSM system which operates in any 900 MHz band. P-GSM-900 P-GSM-900 band is the primary band for GSM-900 Frequency band for primary GSM-900 (P-GSM-900) : 2 x 25 MHz 890 915 MHz for MS to BTS (uplink) 935 960 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink) E-GSM-900 In some countries, GSM-900 is allowed to operate in part or in all of the following extension band. E-GSM-900 (Extended GSM900) band includes the primary band (P-GSM-900) and the extension band : 880 890 MHz for MS to BTS (uplink) 925 935 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink)
Frequency Bands
R-GSM-900
R-GSM-900 (Railway GSM-900) band includes the primary band (PGSM-900) and the following extension band: 876 890 MHz for MS to BTS (uplink) 921 935 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink)
GSM-1800
Frequency band: 2 x 75 MHz 1710 1785 MHz for MS to BTs (uplink) 1805 1880 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink)
FL (n) = 890 + 0.2 x n with 1 < n < 124 FL (n) = 890 + 0.2 x (n-1024) FU (n) = FL (n) + 45 with 975 < n < 1024
To guarantee a good quality in both uplink and downlink direction, the power levels of BTS and MS should be in balance at the edge of a cell. Main output results of the power link budgets are: Maximum path loss that can be tolerated between the MS and the BTS Maximum output power level of the BTS transmitter.
The traffic capacity requirements have to be combined with the coverage requirements, by allocating frequencies. This also may have impact on the cell range.
3-sector sites for (sub)urban areas 2-sector sites for road coverage omni sites for rural areas
Cell Range and Coverage Area For any site configuration, the cell ranges can be determined given the equipment losses and gains. The site coverage areas can be calculated then and these will lead to the required number of sites for a given coverage region. This makes it possible to estimate the cost, e.g. per km2, to be used for strategic decisions.
Methodology
Define design rules and parameters
Identify design rules to meet coverage and capacity targets efficiently Acquire software tools and databases Calibrate propagation models from measurements Clear statement of coverage requirements (roll out and quality) Forecast traffic demand and distribution Test business plan for different roll out scenarios and quality levels
Methodology
Design nominal plan
Use computer tool to place sites to meet coverage and capacity targets Verify feasibility of meeting service requirements Ensure a frequency plan can be made for the design Estimate equipment requirements and costs Develop implementation and resource plans (including personnel requirements) Radio plan will provide input to fixed network planning
Nominal RF Design
Link Budget Maximum path loss Site radius Typical site configuration
Transmit Power Antenna configuration (type, height, azimuth) Site type (sector, omni) Standard hexagon site layout Friendly, candidate sites Initial site survey inputs
Propagation model
Coverage requirements
Traffic requirements
Recalculate the site radius using the number of sites from the traffic requirement Repeat the nominal RF design
Coverage site count Traffic site count Traffic > Cov. Cov. > Traffic
Traffic requirements
Methodology
Implement cell plan
Identify physical site locations near to nominal or theoretical locations, using search areas. Modify nominal design as theoretical sites are replaced with physical sites Modify search areas in accordance with evolving network.
Fixed cluster configuration, can be done manually. Flexible, based on interference matrix using an automatic tool.
Methodology
Optimizing the network
In line with the roll out requirement In line with the forecasted traffic level Improve the coverage quality Maintain the blocking performance
Fade Margin
The concept of a fade margin is to reserve extra signal power to overcome potential fading. Assume :
The mobile radio system needs an signal level of Pr dBm at the receiver The maximum likely fade (loss) is calculated to be L(fade) dB
The a received signal level of Pr dBm can be ensured by transmitting enough power for a normal received signal level of (Pr + L(fade)) dBm
Fade Margin
The fade margin is normally equal to the maximum expected fade or to a smaller value. The value is chosen in such a way that the threshold value is undershot in only a low percentage of time.
For this purpose, it is necessary to know the probability density function of the fading.
In RF planning, the impact of Rayleigh fading is taken into account by implementing an extra fade margin of 8 dB.
Multipath Propagation
The radio wave may be reflected, from a hill, a building, a truck, an aeroplane or a discontinuity in the atmosphere. In some cases, the reflected signal is significantly attenuated, while in others almost all the radio energy is reflected and very little absorbed. The result is that not one but many different paths are followed between the transmitter and receiver. This is known as Multipath Propagation
Multipath Propagation
Building
Building Building
Multipath Propagation
Reflection and multipath propagation can cause positive and negative effects :-
Coverage extension Multipath propagation allows radio signal to reach behind hills and buildings and into tunnels The latter effect is known as ducting
Multipath Propagation
Constructive and destructive interference The interference due to multipath propagation manifest itself in the following 3 most important ways: Random phase shift creates rapid fluctuations in the signal strength known as Rayleigh fading A delay spread in the received signal causes each symbol to overlap with adjacent symbols : intersymbol interference Random frequency modulation due to different doppler shifts on different paths
Propagation Modeling
Statistical propagation models These calculate a median signal for each pixel. The level within this pixel varies about the median in a way that can only be analysed statistically. Local mean signal levels are distributed around the pixel median with a log-normal probability distribution. Formulas derived from measurements (e.g. Okumura-Hata). No obstacles assumed to be close to the BTS antenna. Deterministic propagation models Take into account individual buildings and use ray tracing techniques. Make use of high resolution map data (at least 10m).
Cellular Architecture
The essential principles of the cellular architectures are :-
Low power transmitters with antenna heights between 20 50 m Small coverage zones (cells), typical macro cell radius 3 30 km Frequency reuse (factor n = 3, 4, 7 ... ) Cell splitting to increase local capacity Micro and Pico cells act as patches for hot spots, tunnels and buildings
Cell Clustering
Frequency reuse is the core concept of the cellular mobile radio system, given the fact that the number of allowed frequencies is fixed. A frequency can be reused simultaneously in different cells, provided that the cells using the same frequency set are far enough separated so that co-channel interference is kept at an acceptable level most of the time.
The total frequency spectrum allocation can be divided into K frequency reuse patterns.
Cell Types
The 2 main cell types are :-
Omni cells : Coverage is in principle a circle, but in reality a rough pattern Sector cells : 2 sectors (e.g. for highways) 3 sectors Cell Coverage Area
Omni cell (Hexagon) = 2.6 R2 Sector cell (Hexagon) = 1.96 R2
Capacity Planning
Capacity Planning
Capacity Planning
Capacity can be understood in simplest terms as the number of mobile subscribers a BTS can cater for at a given time. Capacity planning is a very important process in the network rollout as it defines the number of base stations required and their respective capacities. When the sector utilization more then 100% then we will go for a new capacity site in the nearby area. Capacity plans are made in the preplanning phase for initial estimations, as well as later in a detailed manner. The number of base stations required in an area comes from the coverage planning, and the number of transceivers required is derived from capacity planning as it is directly associated with the frequency re-use factor.
Capacity Planning
There are three essential parameters required for capacity planning: estimated traffic, average antenna height, and frequency Re-use. Estimated Traffic:- Traffic in the network is dependent on the user communication rate and user movement in the network. Traffic estimation in the network is given in terms of erlangs. One erlang (1 Erl) is defined as the amount of traffic generated by the user when he or she uses one traffic channel for one hour (this one hour is usually the busy hour of the network) Average Antenna Height:-The concept of the average antenna height is the basis of the frequency re-use pattern determining capacity calculations in a cellular network. If Antenna Height is low then the covered area is small in an Urban Area, Exactly the opposite is the case in micro cellular environment. Frequency Re-use:-Frequency re-use basically means how often a frequency can be re-used in the network. If the average number of the transreceivers and the total number of frequencies are known, the frequency re-use factor can be calculated.
Extra Spectrum
Extended GSM (10 MHz) Dual Band/ Dual Mode
City Planning
City Planning
The whole land area is divided into three major classes urban, suburban and rural based on human-made structures and natural terrains City Is coming under Dense Urban, Urban & Suburban. City Planning requires from the planners is generally a network design that covers 100% of the area. Fulfilling this requirement is usually impossible, so efforts are made design a network that covers all the regions that may generate traffic and to have holes only in no-traffic zones. The cells (sites) that are constructed in these areas can be classified as outdoor and indoor cells. Outdoor cells can be further classified as macro-cellular, micro-cellular or pico-cellular. Macro Cells:- When the base station antennas are placed above the average roof-top level, the cell is a known as a macro-cell. A macro-cell range may vary from a couple of kilometers to 35 km So this concept is used for rural Environment. Micro Cells:- When the base station antennas are below the average rooftop level, then the cell is known as a micro-cell. The area that can be covered is small, so this concept is applied in Dense urban and urban areas. The range of micro-cells is from a few hundred meters to a couple of kilometers. Pico Cells:-Pico-cells are defined as the same layer as micro-cells and are usually used for indoor coverage.
Highway Planning
In Highway planning needs High gain antenna as well as more height. This site is coming under clutter type Rural area. This site is dedicated to highways & act as an backbone network for those Rural area nearby the highway.
Creating a Project
Add a new project from the Add Project Give a Project Name & Change the Following parameters as the Requirement: Coordinate System:-The information is vital to locate the mapping information on the earths surface. This information is obtained from the data provided. Map Projection Ellipsoid UTM Zone Then Click Save button and then press OK.
Creating a Project
Mapping data directory Information relating to the location in the directory structure of where the particular type of mapping data is held Line (vector) data Heights Clutter Text
Creating a Project
User data directory Directory for storage of the user data types
User Preference Prediction Directory Max Disk Space (Default space 5 GB) Colour Palette (C:\Program Files\AIRCOM International\Enterprise 6.0\Common) Coverage Array Directory User Line Vector (Data)
Creating a Project
Map data extents Defined the overall area that the user will be able to move around in the 2-D view Click on Calculate Button.
2D Views Window
For a new project, the user will need to firstly lay down MSCs and BSCs in hierarchical order.
Site Database
Site Database
To get all information regarding a site, Like GSM Antenna Height, type, power, Lat/Long.
Site Database
Site Database
Site Database
Analysis
Predictions for all sites to be analysed are required before any analysis is done
Create Array
Add site to coverage array Display coverag Add cell to e for a coverage cell array
Create/display Array Coverag e Statistic Display coverage for a site Cell signal difference
Use when there are predictions of different resolution, to interpolate and smooth all the different resolutions to the selected one to give a continuous resolution coverage array
Settings
Options - Carriers
Settings
Option - Group
Settings
Option - Carrier Layers
Settings
Option - Cell Layer
Settings
Option - Cell Layer
Settings
Coverage Thresholds and Types
Create Array
Select the filter in Create Array windows & Press OK. Then Processing for the Create Array.
Report
Export
The project can be exported to the following format : Coverage (MapInfo bitmap) Enterprise Coverage (Coversoft/GSM Association V6) Coverage (InterGraph) Coverage (MapInfo Mif) Coverage (MapInfo Tiff) Neptune NPS/10 NPS/X PlaNet/EET
Import
Asset can import data from :-