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Topics Included:
What is Intelligence? What is thought? Knowledge Pyramid What is Artificial Intelligence? What is Intelligent System? Task Domains of AI AI Techniques Level of Model Criteria for success Summary Review Questions
What is Intelligence?
The ability to reason, to trigger new thoughts , to perceive and learn is intelligence.
What is Thought?
Thiagarajan defines thought as A mechanism which a) Stimulates
i) ii) iii) iv) Action (speech and other motion functions) Further thought Information generation Knowledge generation External stimulus or Internal stimulus Present environment or Past memory Charged/discharged state of neurons Electromagnetic thought waves
b)
c) d)
Is triggered by
i) ii) i) ii) i) ii)
KNOWLEDGE PYRAMID
Wisdom Intelligence
Knowledge
Information Data Symbols
o Symbols form the means of representation o Data can be defined as a collection of symbols o When data are processed, one gets information
o Knowledge is organized information or knowledge can be defined as a piece of information that helps in decision making
o Intelligence can be stated as the ability to draw useful inferences from the available knowledge
o Wisdom is the maturity of mind that directs its intelligence to achieve desirable goals.
Big questions
Can machines think? And if so, how? And if not, why not? And what does this say about human beings? And what does this say about the mind?
Artificial Intelligence
The term artificial intelligence was coined by John McCarthy in 1956. Acc. to him AI is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence.
AI is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment people do better. AI can also be defined as Developing computer programs to solve complex problems by applications of processes that are analogous to human reasoning processes. Association of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) defines AI as the scientific understanding of the mechanisms, underlying thoughts and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines.
Task domains of AI
Mundane Tasks
Perception - vision, speech Natural Language - understanding, generation, translation Commonsense reasoning Robot Control
Formal Tasks
Games - Chess, Checkers Mathematics - Geometry, logic, integral calculus
Expert Tasks
Engineering - Design, Fault finding, Manufacturing planning Scientific Analysis Medical Diagnosis
C finds M
C leaves L
C buys M
C leaves L C takes M
Room A
Communication via telephone
Room B
Room C
Human Interrogator
Summary
Our goal in AI is to construct working programs that solve the problems we are interested in. As the amount of knowledge grows, it becomes harder to access the appropriate things when needed, so more knowledge must be added to help. When we set out to design an AI program, we should attempt to specify as well as possible the criteria for success for that particular program functioning in its restricted domain.
Review Questions
1. What are the differences between human brain and machines? 2. How would you define intelligence and Artificial Intelligence? 3. What is knowledge? What role does machine play in AI? 4. How can you say whether the machine is intelligent or not?