UNlVEFSlD/DE FEDEF/L DC FlC DE J/NElFC

LlCENCl/IUF/ EM EDUC//C /FIlSIlC/ - H/8lLlI//C: DESENHC

CFlSIlN/ J/FDlM 8/IlSI/ - DFE: 108051








CS MElCS MCDEFNCS DE CCMUNlC//C GFFlC/














FlC DE J/NElFC
2011
2












CS MElCS MCDEFNCS DE FEFFESENI//C GFFlC/







Mcncgrcfic cpre:enIccc c
Univer:iccce Fecerc| cc Fic
ce Jcneirc c cvc|iccc cc
ci:cip|inc Evc|ucc cc:
Icnicc: ce Fepre:enIccc
Grcficc.

CrienIcccr: /ur|ic Ncgueirc









FlC DE J/NElFC
2011
3





















'/ ccmunicccc grcficc
e::encic| nc nc::c cprencizcgem
e:cc|cr e prcfi::icnc|, nc
:ccic|izccc cc: pe::cc:, nc nc::c
re|ccc ccm c meic envc|venIe, nc
ce:envc|vimenIc cc: nc::c:
prcfi::ce:, nc nc::c
re:pcn:cLi|iccce ccmc
ccn:umiccre:, nc ccn:Irucc cc:
nc::c: fcnIc:ic: e nc nc::c
icenIiccce. /|LerIc Ccrczcn.




4
FESUMC





C pre:enIe IrcLc|hc IrcIc ce umc cnc|i:e cemcn:IrcIivc cc:
meic: mccernc: ce ccmunicccc grcficc in:ericc: nc cmLienIe cc
prccucc cmcccr|:Iicc. /pre:enIc, cIrcv: cc ccnIexIuc|izccc
hi:Icricc cc: Iecnc|cgic:, ccminhc: prccuIivc: pcuIccc: pe|c
cuIccvc|iccc cricIivc curcnIe c: prcce::c: grcficc: Lcnc|izccc: em
impcrIcncic pe|c fcci|iccce ce cce::c cferecicc pe|c ce:envc|vimenIc
cc: mcuinc: impre::crc: e fcIcgrcficc: e me:mc ce cicgrcmccc ce
ccnIecc.
/ inIencc pcuIcr c cccmpcnhcmenIc cr|Iicc cc prcce::c
cricIivc cIuc| vc|crizcncc c cifu:cr, c recepIcr e c prcpric men:cgem
em e:pecic|, fczencc ncIcr ue c uc|iccce ce:Ic e:Ic inIrin:eccmenIe
|igccc c: :eu: meic: ce prccucc cnce:Irci:, ue crienIcrcm c: e:Iucc:
ue permiIircm c cce::iLi|iccce hcje exi:IenIe c Iccc: c: ferrcmenIc:
ce ccnfeccc grcficc.













5
SUMFlC


FESUMC ............................................................................... 04
lNIFCDU/C ...................................................................... 0
C/FlIULCS ........................................................................... 07

l - Dc |iIcgrcfic cc cff:eI .......................................... 08
ll - Dc fcIcgrcvurc c fcIcgrcfic .............................. 14
lll - Ccmunicccc vi:uc| .......................................... 25

8l8LlCGF/Fl/ ...................................................................... 27















6
lNIFCDU/C

/ lmpren:c fci c primeirc cIiviccce cc hcmem ce:envc|vicc em
:rie c pcrIir ce umc mcIriz, :encc, c::im, umc cIiviccce incu:Iric|
prcpricmenIe ciIc, ccm c imp|cnIccc ce umc |inhc ce prccucc. Fcr
e:Ic rczcc, o cr|oo do lmprenso e oss|no|odo como o |nc|o do Fro
Moderno no Furopo, pcr Ier :icc um e|emenIc ceci:ivc pcrc c cifu:cc
cc: ccnhecimenIc: renc:cenIi:Ic:. / pcrIir ce enIcc, c ccmunicccc
vi:uc| ccmercic| :e ci:Icncicu prcgre::ivcmenIe cc: Le|c: crIe: ccmc
:cc ccmpreencicc:.
C pre:enIe IrcLc|hc preIence cpre:enIcr c pcncrcmc evc|uIivc
cc: meic: ce ccmunicccc grcficc ce:ce c mcmenIc cc
ce:envc|vimenIc cc lmpren:c pcr GuIenLerg cI c erc cigiIc|, cnce c
cce::iLi|iccce c: Iecnc|cgic: e :eu LcrcIecmenIc permiIircm c Iccc:
c: pe::cc: rec|izcr cmcccrcmenIe Icrefc: ue cnIe: exigicm cnc: ce
e:Iucc e prcIicc.
/nc|i:cncc criIiccmenIe c ce:envc|vimenIc hi:Icricc ce:Ic:
Iecnc|cgic: e c inIerccc cc: pe::cc: ccm e:Ie: ncvc: meic: ce
infcrmccc, prcpce cLcrccgen: cprcpricIivc: cc: ccnIecc: ce fcrmc
c prcpcrcicncr emLc:cmenIc Iecricc pcrc c prccucc grcficc ue
vem :encc rec|izccc cmcccrcmenIe :em c: cevicc: ref|exce: :cLre
funcicnc|iccce e prcpc:iIc cricIivc.








7











C/FlIULCS










8
Do L|fogrof|o oo O||set
Iexto odoptodo de Motto, Adr|ono. lmpresso Offsef e S||ve|ro, Norberto.
lnfroduo os orfes grf|cos.

/ impre::cc um ccnjunIc ce Icnicc: ue permiIem c
mu|Iip|icccc ce umc men:cgem, enIencencc-:e hcje em cic ccmc c
reprccucc em grcnce: ucnIiccce: ce exemp|cre: un: iguci: cc:
cuIrc:, cce::|vei: c umc mc::c ce recepIcre: cc men:cgem. Fci e:Ic
nece::iccce ce ccmunicccc ue |evcu c fc|c e, em ccn:euncic, c
e:criIc.
8c:iccmenIe, c IrcLc|hc cc: crIe: grcficc: civicicc em cuc:
fc:e: ci:IinIc:: c cc criccc ce umc fcrmc impre::crc e cc
mu|Iip|icccc cIrcv: cc impre::cc, cIiviccce e:Ic cefinicc ccmc c
Ircn:ferncic cc imcgem cc mcIriz pcrc c :upcrIe cIrcv: ce pre::cc
em euipcmenIc cprcpriccc.

Icn|cos de reproduo gr||co

A x||ogro||o [scu|o VI} - Fcrc c ccnfeccc ce p|ccc: xi|cgrcficc:,
primeirc :e ce:enhcvc :cLre c mcceirc c imcgem c :er reprccuzicc,
cepci:, ccm um Luri| cu cuIrc in:IrumenIc cprcpriccc, ce:Lc:Icvc-:e c
chcpc nc: zcnc: :em imcgem.


www.cc:cccx||cg|cvu|c.ccn.c|
9

E:Ie prccecimenIc, ccmp|emenIccc ccm c u:c ce fc|hc: ce
pcpe| :erviu nc Chinc pcrc c impre::cc ce grcvurc: e c|gun: IexIc: e
Icrncu-:e muiIc pcpu|cr nc Eurcpc c pcrIir cc in|cic cc :cu|c XV. Fo| o
mefodo que serv|u de pr|ncp|o o Gufenberg poro o cr|oo dos
corocferes mve|s, invencc ue fci c primeirc prcce::c vicve| ce
prccucc em :rie ce um crIigc iguc| cc 'mc|ce.


www.:e||e||nk.ccn.c|

A ||togro||o [17) - O pr|ncp|o do |mpresso med|onfe o uso de
umo mofr|z p|ono fo| descoberfo por ocoso pe|o orf|sfo A|oys 5enefe|der.
E|e :e ceciccvc c grcvccc ce mcIrize: em p|ccc: ce ccLre e em
ceIerminccc ccc:icc, uIi|izcu umc pecrc pcrc:c pcrc fczer cncIcce:
ccm IinIc ce imprimir. Curic:c ccm c re:u|Iccc cLIicc, pc::cu c ceciccr
:uc cIencc c pecrc ccmc mcIriz impre::crc, pe:ui:cncc mcneirc: ce
Ircn:crever IexIc: nc :uperf|cie e cepci: reLcixcncc c: crec: ue ncc
cevericm :er impre::c:.
Um cuIrc mriIc ce GuIenLerg fci c criccc ce um pre|c,
Lc:eccc numc pren:c u:ccc pcrc e:premer uvc, e c fcLricccc ce
IinIc: eficienIe:.
10

www.cnccc|cce:|gn.ccn

Os Fre|os [120) - DurcnIe mci: ce 150 cnc:, c pre|c ce
GuIenLerg, permiIincc cercc ce 300 impre::ce: cicric:, fci c
in:IrumenIc uIi|izccc pe|c: impre::cre:, e c|gun: cperfeiccmenIc: :c
fcrcm inIrccuzicc: cepci: ce 120.
Ne:Ic pccc, :urgiu c chcmccc pre|c hc|cnc:, nc uc| c
inIrccucc cc ccrrc mcve| ccm c mcIriz Iipcgrcficc e cuIrc:
me|hcrcmenIc: permiIircm ue :e u|Ircpc::c::e c 00 impre::ce: cicric:.
CuIrc: cperfeiccmenIc: nc euipcmenIc impre::cr :c viercm c
cccrrer nc in|cic cc :cu|c XlX, ccm c cr|oo por Fr|der|ch Koen|ng do
pre|o c||ndr|co.


www.cc|||.ccn.c|
11

Ccm c: rcIcIivc: chegcu-:e c ve|cciccce: ce impre::cc ce cI
mci: ce 50 mi| exemp|cre: pcr hcrc, c|m ce :e gcrcnIir c prccucc
ccmp|eIc cc exemp|cr ce um jcrnc|, pcr exemp|c, ccm c impre::cc nc:
cuc: fcce: cc pcpe| e c ccLrc e ccrIe cc pcpe| em LcLinc fcrmcncc
cccernc:.


www.p|e::g|c|pc|cguccu.c|c:pct.ccn

Offsef [104} - Se c |iIcgrcfic rcIcIivc cLIeve umc pc:icc
cefinicc nc :eIcr ce crIe: grcficc:, fci ccm c c||:et ue c p|cncgrcfic :e
ccn:cgrcu. C prcce::c, IcmLm pcr cc:uc|iccce, :urgiu em 104, em
Ncvc Jer:ey, EU/, nc cficinc ce lrc FuLe|. IrcLc|hcncc ccm c |iIcgrcfic
rcIcIivc, num mcmenIc ce ce:cuicc e|e permiIiu c rcIccc cc ci|incrc
impre::cr :em c pc::cgem cc pcpe|. / imcgem enIinIccc Ircn:feriu-:e
pcrc c :uperf|cie ce Lcrrcchc cc ci|incrc ce pre::cc e mc:Ircu Ier muiIc
niIicez.
Umc Irccucc |iIerc| ce c||:et :eric |c|c ce :ece, |c|c cc |ugc|
cev|cc. Nc rec|iccce, :ignificc em Iermc: prcIicc:, c impre::cc incireIc,
em ue c mcIriz ncc Iem ccnIcIc ccm c :upcrIe ue vci receLer c
imcgem.

12
Impressoros offsef

Fequenc cff:eI - Scc mcuinc: ce peuenc pcrIe, nc
mcximc pcrc imprimir num fcrmcIc cup|c cf|cic e ue pccem,
e:Icr |ccc|izccc: cI cenIrc ce um e:criIcric.

www.c||:et-p||nt|ngnccn|ne:.net

Cff:eI |ncu:t||c| - c euipcmenIc Lc:icc cc: grcficc: ue
uIi|izcm c||:et. Scc fcLricccc: em ciferenIe: fcrmcIc: ce
impre::cc e uIi|izcm pcpe| ccrIccc em fc|hc:.


www.cpc|c.ccn.c|

Cff:eI ce ccc|nc: - Scc mcuinc: ce grcnce pcrIe,
cLc:Iecicc: ccm pcpe| em rc|c, ce:Iinccc: c impre::cc ce
jcrnci:, |ivrc: e revi:Ic:. Fc::iLi|iIc c impre::cc :imu|Icnec cc: cci:
|ccc: cc pcpe|, prcce::c ccnhecicc ccmc c|cnquetc-c-
c|cnquetc.
13

www.c||:etcncwec.c|cg:pct.ccn

Impresso d|g|to| - Ccm c ccvenIc cc ccmpuIcccr e :uc:
Iecnc|cgic:, c impre::cc c::umiu um ncvc :ignificccc, ue fcge um
pcucc c cencIccc criginc| cc Iermc, mc: mcnIm :eu: cLjeIivc::
Ircn:ferir em e:cc|c ccnIecc ce umc mcIriz pcrc um :upcrIe.
DiferenIe cc: mIccc: Irccicicnci:, c impre::cc cigiIc| ncc
cemcncc ce um in:IrumenIc inIermecicric enIre c mcIriz e c: ccpic:.
E|c: :cc rec|izccc: pcr jcIc: ce IinIc ccnIrc|ccc: pe|c ccmpuIcccr
cireIcmenIe cirecicnccc: cc :upcrIe e pccem :er recimen:icnccc:
incefiniccmenIe, ce cccrcc ccm c uc|iccce cc imcgem nc cIc cc
impre::cc.


www.L|cgIecnc|cgic.neI



14
Fofogrovuro e Fofogrof|o
Crono|og|o odoptodo de: Froto, ko|oe|. Monuo| de Fofogrovuro,
www.focusfofo.com.br e www.boboo.com.br

1515 - C iIc|icnc Leonordo do V|nc| descreve c|enf|f|comenfe o
cmoro escuro. Frecur:crc cc: ccmerc: fcIcgrcficc: cIuci:, ccn:i:Ie em
umc :c|c IcIc|menIe e:curc, ccm um peuenc crif|cic em umc cc:
pcrece: cIrcv: cc uc| c |uz pc::c, prcjeIcncc imcgen: inverIicc: cc:
cLjeIc: exIernc: nc pcrece cpc:Ic c cLerIurc. Nc finc| cc :cu|c XVl,
cc|cccm-:e |enIe: nc crif|cic pcrc me|hcrcr c prcjecc cc: imcgen:.
Ne::e per|ccc, c ccmerc e:curc erc u:ccc pe|c: pinIcre: pcrc ccpicr
imcgen: cc ncIurezc.


www.cct|cnet.ccn.c|

1727 - C prcfe::cr c|emcc Johonn He|nr|ch 5chu|ze consfofo que
o |uz provoco o escurec|menfo de so|s de profo. E::c ce:ccLerIc, em
ccnjunIc ccm c ccmerc e:curc, fcrnece c Iecnc|cgic Lc:icc pcrc c
pc:Iericr ce:envc|vimenIc cc fcIcgrcfic.

1822 - Joseph N|cephore N|epce fenfo obfer |mogens grovodos
qu|m|comenfe com o cmoro escuro ofroves de um processo
15
fofomecn|co permonenfe sobre o mofr|z ||fogrf|co. E|e cL:ervc c
prcprieccce fcIc::en:|ve| cc 8eIume cc Jucic :cL c ccc cc :c|. E::e
prcce::c fci LcIizccc ce He|icgrcvurc e pc::cu c uIi|izcr, pc:IericrmenIe
vicrc, ccLre e e:Icnhc ccmc mcIrize:, c|m cc pecrc |iIcgrcficc.

182 - N|epce consegue f|xor o pr|me|ro |mogem fofogrf|co
conhec|do, umc pci:cgem ccmpe:Ire vi:Ic cc jcne|c ce :uc cc:c. E|e
cc|ccc umc p|ccc :en:iLi|izccc uimiccmenIe cenIrc ce umc ccmcrc
e:curc ccm crif|cic pcrc expc:icc c |uz, prcce::c ue cemcrc, nc
pccc, ciIc hcrc:.


www.gecg.uc:c.ecu

1835 - C pinIcr frcnc: Lou|s Doguerre ce:ccLre ue p|ccc: ce
ccLre ccLerIc: ccm :ci: ce prcIc ccn:eguem ccpIcr imcgen:, ue
pccem :e Icrncr vi:|vei: cc :erem expc:Ic: cc vcpcr ce mercric. l::c c
|evc c ce:envc|ver, em 13, c doguerref|po, cpcre|hc ccpcz ce fixcr
c imcgem ccm um Iempc mencr ce expc:icc {em gerc| 30 minuIc:), c
ue pc::iLi|iIc rec|izcr fcIcgrcfic: mci: rcpicc:. Cccc umc cincc
exemp|cr nicc, cc uc| ncc pc::|ve| fczer ccpic:.
16


www.|ctcc|cc:.ccn

183 - C f|:icc LriIcnicc W||||om Henry Fox Io|bof cr|o umc Lc:e
ce pcpe| emu|:icnccc ccm :ci: ce prcIc ue regi:Irc umc mcIriz em
negcIivc c pcrIir cc uc| pc::|ve| fczer ccpic: pc:iIivc:. E::e
prcce::c, chcmccc ce co|f|po e pcIenIeccc em 1841, mci: LcrcIc
cc ue c ce Dcguerre, Icrncncc c fcIcgrcfic mci: cce::|ve| e mci:
pre:enIe nc vicc cc: pe::cc:. Fn !844 Ic|LcI pub||co Ihe Fenc|| of
Nofure, o pr|me|ro ||vro ||usfrodo com fofogrof|os.


www.tnepenc||c|nctu|e.ccn
17

1840 - C ncrIe-cmericcnc A|exonder Wo|coff obre o pr|me|ro
esfd|o fofogrf|co do mundo em Ncvc Ycrk {EU/), cnce rec|izc
peuenc: reIrcIc: ccm um ccguerrecIipc. Nc cnc :eguinIe, ccmec c
funcicncr c primeirc e:Icic eurcpeu, em Lcncre: {Feinc Unicc), cirigicc
pe|c fcIcgrcfc LriIcnicc Fichcrc 8ecrc.

1851 - C e:cu|Icr LriIcnicc Freder|ck 5coff Archer desenvo|ve o
processo chomodo de co|d|o m|do, negcIivc feiIc :cLre p|ccc: ce
vicrc :en:iLi|izccc: ccm umc :c|ucc ce niIrcce|u|c:e ccm c|ccc| e
Ier. C fcIcgrcfc Iem ce :en:iLi|izcr c p|ccc imecicIcmenIe cnIe: cc
expc:icc e reve|cr c imcgem |cgc cepci:. E::e prcce::c 20 veze:
mci: rcpicc ue c: cnIericre: e c: negcIivc: cpre:enIcm umc riuezc
ce ceIc|he: :eme|hcnIe c cc ccguerrecIipc, ccm c vcnIcgem ce
permiIir c prccucc ce vcric: ccpic:.

1855 - C LriIcnicc koger Fenfon fcIcgrcfc curcnIe ucIrc me:e: c
Guerrc cc Crimic {1853-185). Fcrc fczer :eu IrcLc|hc, fronsformo umo
corruogem puxodo por covo|os em quorfo escuro, onde reve|o os
chopos. /c Iccc, prccuz 30 fcIcgrcfic:. Fec|izc c::im c primeirc
grcnce cccumenIccc ce umc guerrc e d |nc|o oo fofojorno||smo.


www.|utu|enu|:ec|cne||cc!.c|cg:pct.ccn
18
1871 - C mcicc LriIcnicc Fichcrc Mccccx cric c: chcpc: :ecc:
ce ge|cIinc ccm :ci: ce prcIc, em :uL:IiIuicc cc cc|ccic micc.
FcLricccc: em |crgc e:cc|c c pcrIir ce 1878, mcrccm c in|cic cc
fcIcgrcfic mccernc. / grcnce vcnIcgem em re|ccc cc cc|ccic micc
ue c: fofgrofos podem compror os chopos j sens|b|||zodos
qu|m|comenfe, em vez de fer de prepor-|os onfes do expos|o.

1878 - C ing|: Fdword Muybr|dge reproduz em fofogrof|o o
mov|menfo ce um ccvc|c gc|cpcncc.


www.nuncc-cc-|ctcg|c||c.c|cg:pct.ccn

1880 - Fub||coo do pr|me|ro fofogrof|o pe|o |mprenso, nc ccpc
cc jcrnc| Dci|y Herc|c, ce Ncvc Ycrk {EU/). Mc: :cmenIe nc in|cic cc
:cu|c XX c u:c ce fcIcgrcfic: nc: jcrnci: e revi:Ic: Icrnc-:e ccmum.

1888 - C ncrIe-cmericcnc George Fosfmon desenvo|ve o pr|me|ro
cmero porff||, c Kccck, vencicc ccm um fi|me em rc|c ce pcpe|
:uficienIe pcrc Iircr 100 fcIcgrcfic:. Ierminccc c rc|c, c c|ienIe mcncc c
ccmerc inIeirc pcrc c empre:c Ec:Imcn, ue reve|c c fi|me e fcz c:
ccpic:, cevc|vencc c cpcre|hc ccm um ncvc rc|c ce fi|me. C |emc cc
Ec:Imcn Vcc cperIc c LcIcc, nc: fczemc: c re:Ic. / :imp|iciccce
19
cc ccmerc Kccck re:pcn:cve| pe|c pcpu|crizccc cc fcIcgrcfic
cmcccrc. Nc cnc :eguinIe, Ec:Imcn :uL:IiIui c fi|me ce pcpe| pcr um
ce p|c:Iicc Ircn:pcrenIe c Lc:e ce niIrcce|u|c:e.


www.|cccttegcce||c|ctcg|c||c.nc|c|cgge|.ccn

175 - C ccnceiIc ce fcIcgrcfic cigiIc| cpcreceu junIcmenIe ccm
c guerrc fric e c ccrricc e:pccic|. /finc| ce ccnIc:, ccmc fcIc: cc
e:pcc e cc pc|: rivc| pccericm :er Iirccc: c mi|hcre: ce ui|cmeIrc: ce
c|Iurc :e c fi|me ncc puce::e :er Irczicc c Ierrc pcrc :er
reve|ccc U:cncc c ncv|::imc chip CDD ce ceIeccc ce imcgen:,
ce:envc|vicc pe|c Fcirchi|c SemiccncucIcr em 173, 5feven 5osson, do
Kodok, reo||zou o pr|me|ro fenfof|vo de se cr|or umo cmero d|g|fo|. C
prcIcIipc pe:cvc mci: ce 3 ui|c:, grcvcvc imcgen: em preIc e Lrcncc,
Iinhc umc re:c|ucc ce 0.01 megcpixe|: {10 mi| pixe|:) e preci:cvc ce 23
:eguncc: pcrc ccpIurcr umc imcgem. CLvicmenIe, c ci:pc:iIivc erc
cpenc: um prcIcIipc.

181 - A pr|me|ro cmero e|efrn|co porff|| {ccmc c: cpcre|hc:
ce hcje) :urgiu. / Scny Mcvicc ncc pcce :er ccn:icerccc umc 'ccmerc
cigiIc|, pci: ncc ccpIcvc imcgen: e:IcIicc:, mc: grcvcvc v|cec:
{ccmc fi|mcccrc:) e :c|vcvc cpenc: c|gun: frcme: {ue, ce fcIc, :cc
fcIc:). / uc|iccce ce imcgem pcce :er ccn:icerccc iguc| c cc:
Ie|evi:ce: cc pccc.
20


www.ccccc.ccn.c|

188 - Frcvcve|menIe c pr|me|ro cmero reo|menfe d|g|fo|,
grcvcncc imcgen: ccmc cruivc: reccnhecicc: nc ccmpuIcccr fci c
Fuji DS-1F, ccm 1 M8 ce memcric inIernc. Ncc hc, pcrm, regi:Irc: ce
ccmercic|izccc ce:Ie mcce|c.


www.ccccc.ccn.c|

11 - / Kccck |cnc c DCS-100, ue cu:Icvc US$ 13 mi|. E|c fci o
pr|me|ro cmero d|g|fo| prof|ss|ono| o usor o s|sfemo 5Lk, ue uIi|izc
e:pe|hc: e umc nicc |enIe pcrc gcrcnIir ue c ue c fcIcgrcfc e:Ic
vencc rec|menIe :erc fcIcgrcfccc. U:cncc c ccrpc ce umc ccmerc cc
Nikcn, e|c Iinhc umc re:c|ucc ce 1,3 MF.
21


www.ccccc.ccn.c|

2001 - Surgiu nc Jcpcc c primeirc Ie|efcne ce|u|cr ccm ccmerc
cigiIc| emLuIicc, c Shcrp J-SH04.


www.ccccc.ccn.c|

Atuo|mente - De:ce c ce:envc|vimenIc cc ccmpuIcccr e :eu:
perifricc: ce cigiIc|izccc e ecicc c: univer:c: crI|:Iicc e fcIcgrcficc
me:c|cm-:e cccc vez mci:. /: inccnIcvei: Icnicc: cercm crigem c um
ncvc ccnceiIc, ccnhecicc ccmc 'mcnipu|ccc fcIcgrcficc.

22

www.ce:|gncntne|cck:.xpg.ccn.c|

An||se sobre o produo fofogrf|co ofuo|

CL:ervcncc-:e c evc|ucc Iecnc|cgicc cc fcIcgrcfic em
prcgre::cc gecmIricc, e:pecic|menIe nc: cnc: 2000, Icrnc-:e
impre:cinc|ve| c cnc|i:e cr|Iicc ce:Ie fencmenc e :uc repercu::cc
:ccic|. C cLjeIivc perceLer ue Iipc ce ccminccc c fcIcgrcfic vem
exercencc. De:ccLrir cI cnce c iccncc|c:Iic cnipre:enIe nc:
:ccieccce: ccicenIci: receLe inf|uncic cc cce::iLi|iccce cc fcIcgrcfic
cu cI cnce c nece::iccce ce pc::uir c pc::ccc e c ci:IcnIe crienIc c
evc|ucc Iecnc|cgicc ce:Ic ferrcmenIc.
EnIre c: e:Iucc: hi:Icricc: :cLre fcIcgrcfic, rcrcmenIe :e pccerc
enccnIrcr c|gum ue inicie pcr umc IemcIicc ciferenIe cc :eguinIe: C
n|tc cc ccve|nc, ce F|cIcc. l:Ic pcrue :e re|ccicncm em cmLc: rec| e
imcgincric, cLjeIc e imcgem, f|:icc e virIuc|.
NcIurc|menIe, c fcIcgrcfic repre:enIc muiIc mci: cc ue merc
prcjecc cc rec|iccce, mc: gucrcc e:IreiIc re|ccc ccm c percepcc
re:IriIc cc: :cmLrc: cc ccvernc.
C u, enIcc, e|c repre:enIc pcr Irc: cc mimeIi:mc umc
inegcve| ccnge|cccrc cc Iempc e ci:IriLuiccrc cc e:pcc reIicc em
:uc :uperf|cie, mc: ncc :cmenIe umc impre::cc ficecignc cu
inccmp|eIc cc rec|. E|c pcce :er mcnipu|ccc cu|cnte c cIc fcIcgrcficc
pe|c per:pecIivc e pcr Iccc Iipc ce ecicc nc: prcce::c: ce reve|ccc
e cigiIc|izccc, pc:te||c|nente.

23

www.cqueeu||znc:|e||c:.ccn.c|


www.ncyccnc|.c|cg:pct.ccn

Sencc c::im, pccem-:e perceLer c: referncic: e ce:ccn:Iruce:
ue vcc ce enccnIrc c e:Ie 'prcce::c ce cIriLuicc cc imcgem cc
referenIe cpcnIccc pcr J. Derricc em A ve|ccce en p|ntu|c ||n DuLci:,
C ctc |ctcg|c||cc].
/ ccmerc mci: ue um meic, e c fcIcgrcfic mci: ue um
prccuIc. impre:cinc|ve| Ier i:Ic e menIe cc :e fc|cr ce hi:Icric e
meIccc|cgic fcIcgrcficc pcrc ue :e e:Iejc cpIc c ver c crIe cIrcv:
cc cpcre|hc Icnicc. C :eguinIe Irechc ce C nuncc cc t|ccc|nc en
|ncgen:, ce Mcric CicvcIIc, i|u:Irc ce fcrmc cL:c|uIc e:Ic ue:Icc:

'C ccetc |ctcg|c||cc pe|tence c un ccnuntc ce p|cce::c:
cnce c|nc|c.
24
tcn|cc e c|te e:tcc |nc||cccc: nc c||ccc ce un ccnn|c
cc |ncgen'.

Fczencc umc pcnIe enIre CicvcIIc e Iecricc: mci: ccnc|u:ivc:,
Michce| Lcngfcrc cfirmc em :eu mcnuc| Ap|enc|zcgen cc |ctcg|c||c,
:em inIencc ce ircnizcr:

'F un ntccc ce ccte| |ncgen: que ncc ex|ge c
ncc|||ccce ce un ce:enn|:tc. unc ncne||c ce ccnentc| :|tucce: :en
:e| ccn|e|enc|:tc.'

ScL e:Ic cIicc, Vi|m F|u::er , em A F||c:c||c cc cc|xc p|etc, c|erIc
pcrc c ri:cc ce c fcIcgrcfc Icrncr-:e e:crcvc ce :uc ccmerc, pcr ccnIc
cc fcci|iccce cc uIi|izccc cc euipcmenIc e cc :uLjeIiviccce :cLre c
re|evcncic cc ue ceve :er fcIcgrcfccc. E|e :e Icrncric refm cc:
cencric: e :iIucce: inccnIcvei:, emLcrc finiIc:, pcrc c: uci: c ccmerc
:empre e:Icrc prcgrcmccc, pcncc em xeue c fcIcr cricIivc cc
prcce::c.
C :eguinIe Irechc ce Scc|e c |ctcg|c||c, ce Su:cn ScnIcg, i|u:Irc
rec|i:IiccmenIe e:Ic ue:Icc:

'De tc| nccc c |ncgen :e cc|cntc c |ec||ccce. que e::c:
ncce: :e encc|c|ncn nc: :cc|eccce: |ncu:t||c||zccc: e ccn:un|:tc:.
cnce tucc ex|:te pc|c te|n|nc| nunc |ctc'.

Simp|ificcncc c: IcrIuc:c: ccn:icercce: :cLre c cIc fcIcgrcficc e
:eu: :ignificccc:, Fc|cnc 8crIhe: mc:Irc, em A ccnc|c c|c|c, c
per:pecIivc cc cL:ervcccr cc imcgem, cue|e ue ncc e:Icvc |c
ucncc c cenc cccnIeceu e, vi:uc|izcncc c fcIcgrcfic, c
ccmp|emenIc imcgincricmenIe ccm nucnce: prcpric:. E muiIc mci:
ne:Ic inIerpreIccc cc ue em uc|uer cuIrc mcmenIc ue re:ice c
:uLjeIiviccce cc cIc fcIcgrcficc.

25
Comun|coo V|suo|
Iexto odoptodo de Dond|, Don|s A. 5|nfoxe do ||nguogem v|suo|.

/ ciferenc mci: ciIccc enIre c uIi|iIcric e c purcmenIe crI|:Iicc
c grcu ce mcIivccc ue |evc c prccucc cc Le|c. E:Ie c ccm|nic
cc E:IIicc, cc inccgccc :cLre c ccm|nic cc percepcc :en:cric|, cc
experincic cc Le|c e, Ic|vez, cc merc Le|ezc crI|:Iicc. Mc: :cc muiIc:
c: finc|iccce: cc: crIe: vi:uci:. SccrcIe: |evcnIc c ue:Icc ce 'c:
experincic: e:IIicc: Ierem vc|cr inIr|n:ecc, cu ce :er nece::cric
vc|crizc-|c: cu ccncenc-|c: pcr meic ce :eu e:I|mu|c cc ue
prcveiIc:c e Lcm.
A ||nguogem v|suo| ccupcu umc pc:icc nicc nc cprencizccc
humcnc. Iem |unc|onodo como me|o de ormozenor e tronsm|t|r
|n|ormoes, vecu|o poro |ntercmb|o de |de|os e me|o poro que o
mente humono sejo copoz de conce|tuor. C: e|emenIc: vi:uci: :cc
mcnipu|ccc: ccm nfc:e pe|c: Icnicc: ce ccmunicccc vi:uc| numc
re:pc:Ic cireIc cc ccrcIer cc ue e:Ic :encc ccnceLicc e cc cLjeIivc
cc men:cgem.
Dc mccc ccmc ccnhecicc hcje, c ce:|gne| g|c||cc :c :urgiu
curcnIe c verccceirc Fevc|ucc lncu:Iric| cc :cu|c XlX, ucncc c
:cfi:Iicccc cc: Icnicc: ce impre::cc e ce ccnfeccc ce pcpi:
permiIiu c criccc ce efeiIc: ceccrcIivc: mci: cricIivc: nc mcnipu|ccc
cc IexIc e cc: i|u:Ircce:.
O precursor do des|gner grf|co ero um trobo|hodor
espec|o||zodo, o quem se costumovo chomor 'ort|sto comerc|o|', que
reo||zovo suo tore|o com |gnornc|o toto| do processo mecn|co,
ceixcncc c impre::cr ccm c nccc invejcve| ccrgc ce cccpIcr c cLrc
ce crIe c umc fcrmc ue puce::e :em impre::c.
Ccm c rencvccc inIere::e pe|c: Icnicc: Lc:icc: cc cf|cic ce
impre::cr, c ce:|gne| cprenceu c IrcLc|hcr em hcrmcnic ccm c
impre::cr. E hcje, ccm c ce:envc|vimenIc cc: prcce::c: ce impre::cc,
fcIcgrcfic e ccmpc:icc vi:uc| emLc:ccc pe|c p:icc|cgic, codo posso
26
do trojetor|o que vo| do esboo etopo ||no| requer o|gum
conhec|mento dos ospectos tcn|cos do |mpresso.
Finc|menIe, c principc| ccnIriLuicc cc evc|ucc cc
ccmunicccc vi:uc| fci c e|evccc cc ccpcciccce ce cvc|iccc ce
Iccc: c: pe::cc: ue, pe|c freuncic ce cL:ervccc cu pe|c cIencc
prcpc:iIc|menIe cirecicnccc, fcrcm Ireinccc: pcrc ccmincr mcci:mc:
e :eu: efeiIc: e ncc :erem mci: recepIcre: purcmenIe pc::ivc: ce Iucc
ue :e vem ci:IriLuincc :cL inmerc: preIexIc: icec|cgicc: ce:ce c
8|L|ic ce GuIenLerg cI c veicu|ccc cc inIerneI.
























27
8l8LlCGF/Fl/

8/FIHES, Fc|cnc. A ccnc|c c|c|c. nctc :cc|e c |ctcg|c||c. Ncvc
FrcnIeirc - Fic ce Jcneirc, 184.

DCNlS, Dcni: /. S|ntcxe cc ||ngucgen v|:uc|. McrIin: FcnIe: - Scc Fcu|c,
17.

DU8ClS, Fhi|ippe. C ctc |ctcg|c||cc. Fcpiru: - Ccmpinc:, 10.

GCMES FlLHC, Jccc. Ge:tc|t cc ccetc. S|:tenc ce |e|tu|c v|:uc| cc
|c|nc. E:criIurc: - Scc Fcu|c, 2000.

SlLVElF/, NcrLerIc. |nt|ccucc c: c|te: g|c||cc:. Su|inc - FcrIc /|egre,
185.

SCNI/G, Su:cn. Scc|e c |ctcg|c||c. Cic. cc: LeIrc: - Fic ce Jcneirc,
173.