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I.1 - SEMI-CONDUTOR INTRINSICO(Si): B.C. 0C Si
-+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+
27C
ELETRONS LIVRES(n)
BURACOS(p)
n = p CARACTERIZA S.C. INTRINSICO(PURO) n = p = ni = 1,5.1010 portadores/cm3 I.2 - SEMI-CONDUTOR EXTRINSICO(Si): GERAO ELETRONS LIVRES POR DOPAGEM(ND ):
B.V. n i = B.T3 eEc /kT B = 5,4.1031 /(K3 cm6 ) EC = 1,12.eV k = 8,62.105 eV/K ni = 1,5.1010 /cm3 300K
2
-+
B.C. 1,1elev.
27C ND Si
B.V. DE ND
-+
-+
-+
-+
27C NA Si
B.V. DE NA -+ + -+ + -+ + -+
1,1elev.
PORTADORES MINORITARIOS NA pp > np SILICIO TIPO P CATOMOS = 5,0.1022 /cm3 , ni = 1,5.1010 /cm3 n = 1300cm2 /V.S., p = 500cm2 /V.S 300K
EXERCCIOS:
2
I.3 - ESTRUTURA FSICA E PRINCPIO DE FUNCIONAMENTO DOS DIODOS S.C. :
CONTATO METLICO
SILICIO TIPO P
SILICIO TIPO N
CONTATO METLICO
Ij
TERMINAL DO ANODO pp > np
+ + + + +
nn > pn
TERMINAL DO CATODO
A
REGIO DE DEPLEO
Vj
ID = IS (
eVD/nVT
- 1)
+ VD
IZ
DIODO ZENNER
C
IT
+
VD
+
VR
C
LED EXERCCIOS:
A
FOTO-DIODO
+
VF
+
VD C ID
ID = IS ( eVD/nVT - 1)
1n2 VT =KT/q 25mV
IS =Aqni2 . Dp + Dn Lp . ND Ln . NA
ID
POLARIZAO REVERSA
POLARIZAO DIRETA
DIODO ZENNER
n i = B.T e B = 5,4.1031 /(K3 cm6 ) EC = 1,12.eV k = 8,62.105 eV/K ni = 1,5.1010 /cm3 300K ID = IS (K) IZ = IS
2 3 Ec /kT
VD (V) 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 +0,2 +0,4 +0,6 +0,8 +1,0
ID (mA) 1,0. 10-16 1,0. 10-16 1,0. 10-16 1,0. 10-16 1,0. 10-16 0,0 36,67. 10-13 1,35. 10-7 49,32. 10-4 182,25 6,6. 10+6
TIPO DE POLARIZAO REVERSA REVERSA REVERSA REVERSA REVERSA DIRETA DIRETA DIRETA DIRETA DIRETA IS = 10-19 A
4
I.5 ANLISE C.C. DE CIRCUITOS COM DIODO: MODLOS DE CIRCUITOS EQUIVALENTES DO DIODO: MODLO DE CIRCUITO IDEAL:
ID (mA)
16 12 8 4 16 12 8 4
ID (mA)
0,5
0,7
VD (V)
0,5
0,7
VD (V)
ID = IS ( eVD/nVT - 1)
1n2 VT =KT/q 25mV
ID
C
VD
ID (mA)
16 12 8 4 16 12 8 4
ID (mA)
0,5
0,7 VDO
VD (V)
0,5
0,7 VDO
ID
VD (V)
ID = IS ( eVD/nVT - 1)
1n2 VT =KT/q 25mV
+ VDO
A
+ VD
5
MODLO DE CIRCUITO COMPLETO:
ID (mA)
INCLINAO
ID (mA)
= 1/ rD 16 12
INCLINAO
16 12 8 4
= 1/ rD
8 4
0,5
0,7 VDO
VD (V)
0,5
0,7 VDO
VD (V)
ID = IS ( eVD/nVT - 1)
1n2 VT =KT/q 25mV EXERCCIOS:
ID
A
+ + VDO VD
rD
iD (mA)
INCLINAO
= 1/ rd
R + vd (t) + VD
iD (t)
D
+ vD (t)
6 4 ID 2
PONTO DE OPERAO
id (t)
Q T
0
VD
vD = vd + VD
iD
iD = IS ( evD/nVT - 1) 0
rd
0,8
vD (V)
A
+ + VDO vD
iD = id + ID
VDO
rd = ( iD / vD )1
EXERCCIOS:
rd = n.VT ID
vd (t)
t
6
I.7 - APLICAES DO DIODO RETIFICADOR: RETIFICADOR MONOFSICO: RETIFICADOR DE ONDA SEM FILTRO: VS
vs (t)
T/2 T
3T/2 2T t
TRANSFORMADOR
RETIFICADOR CARGA
vo (t)
VS-VD VOCC
vs (t) = VS V.sen260t
T/2
3T/2
2T
vs (t)
T/2 0
-VS
3T/2 T 2T t
TRANSFORMADOR
vo (t)
VOCC
Vr
vo (t)
vs (t) = VS V.sen260t
T/2
3T/2
2T
VOCC = VS VD 1/2. Vr
EXERCCIOS:
I.7 - APLICAES DO DIODO RETIFICADOR(CONTINUAO): RETIFICADOR MONOFSICO: RETIFICADOR DE ONDA COMPLETA SEM FILTRO:
vs (t)
D1 + 127V 60HZ VS
vs1 (t)
vs2 (t)
+
vs1 (t)
+
RL D2
RETIFICADOR CARGA
T/2 0
-VS
3T/2 T 2T t
vo (t)
vs2 (t)
vo (t)
VS-VD VOCC
TRANSFORMADOR
T/2
3T/2
2T
vs (t)
D1 + 127V 60HZ + vS1 (t) + vS2 (t) + C RL vO (t) VS
vs1 (t)
vs2 (t)
T/2 0
-VS
3T/2 T 2T t
D2
RETIFICADOR FILTRO CARGA
TRANSFORMADOR
vO (t) VOCC
vo (t)
Vr
VOCC = VS VD 1/2. Vr
EXERCCIOS:
I.7 - APLICAES DO DIODO RETIFICADOR(CONTINUAO): RETIFICADOR MONOFSICO: RETIFICADOR DE ONDA COMPLETA SEM FILTRO-PONTE:
vs (t)
VS
vs (t)
+ 127V 60HZ
D3
D1
+ RL vo (t) 0
-VS
T/2 T
3T/2 2T
vs (t)
D2
D4
TRANSFORMADOR
RETIFICADOR EM PONTE
CARGA
vo (t)
VS-2VD VOCC
vs (t) = VS V.sen260t
T/2
3T/2
2T
vs (t)
VS
vs (t)
3T/2 T 2T t
+ C RL vo (t)
-VS
vs (t)
D2
D4
vO (t)
RETIFICADOR EM PONTE
vo (t)
Vr
VOCC
FILTRO CARGA
TRANSFORMADOR
vs (t) = VS V.sen260t
T/2
3T/2
2T
+ vs1 (t) ~
D2
+ vs2 (t) ~
D3
+ vs3 (t) ~
+ vo (t)
vs1 (t) = vs2 (t) = vs3 (t) ) = VS V.sen260t vs2 (t) vs3 (t)
vs (t)
VS
vs1 (t)
VS 0
-VS
wt
vO (t) VOCC
vo (t)
D1 D2 0
6
D3 D1 13
6 2
D2 D3
D1
D2
VS wt
5
6
3 VS = 0,822 VS 2
VS 0
6 -IS
5
6
wt
10
I.8 APLICAO DO DIODO ZENER-COMO REGULADOR DE TENSO:
REGULADOR DE TENSO
D
R
C + VC
I + VZ IZ
IL
RL
+ 127V 60HZ
+ vs (t)
RETIFICADOR
+ vo (t)
TRANSFORMADOR
FILTRO
vs (t) = VS V.sen260t
REGULADOR DA TENSO
CARGA
VS 0 -VS
vs () T/2 T 3T/2 2T t
vo (t)
VOCC = VS VD 1/2. Vr
EXERCCIOS:
LIMITADORES DE SINAL:
LIMITADOR SIMPLES SEMI-CICLO POSITIVO:
vs (t)
1K + 127V 60HZ
+
vs (t)
+ VS
VD + VR
+ VO
VS VR +VD
T/2 0
-VS
3T/2 T 2T
vs (t) = VS V.sen260t
vo (t)
VS vs (t) VR + VD vo (t) = VR + VD vs (t) < VR + VD vo (t) = VS V.sen260t VR +VD
T/2
3T/2
2T
EXERCCIOS:
11
LIMITADOR SIMPLES-SEMICICLO NEGATIVO:
1K + 127V 60HZ + VS D
VR +
vs (t)
+ VO VS
vs (t)
T/2 0
(VR +VD ) -VS
3T/2 T 2T
vs (t) = VS V.sen260t
vo (t)
VS vs (t) ( VR + VD ) vo (t) = (VR + VD ) vs (t) >VR + VD vo (t) = VS V.sen260t VR +VD
0
(VR +VD ) -VS
T/2
3T/2
2T
EXERCCIOS:
vs (t)
VS VR +VD
vs (t)
VR1 +
T/2 0
(VR +VD ) -VS
3T/2 T 2T t
vs (t) = VS V.sen260t
vs (t) VR1 + VD1 vo (t) = VR1 + VD1 VS +(VR1 + VD1 )> vs (t) >(VR1 + VD1 ) vo (t) = VS V.sen260t VR +VD vs (t) ( VR + VD ) vo (t) = (VR + VD )
vo (t)
0
(VR +VD ) VS
T/2
3T/2
2T
12
vs (t)
GRAMPEANDO O PICO POSITIVO EM 0V: VS
vs (t)
C + 127V 60HZ + VS VC + + VD D + VO
T/2 0
-VS VC 0
3T/2 T 2T t
vs (t) = VS V.sen260t
VS
VO (t)
0
VS
T/2 vs (t)
3T/2
2T
-2VS
EXERCCIOS: vs (t)
GRAMPEANDO O PICO POSITIVO EM VD: VS
vs (t)
T/2 0
-VS VC 0
3T/2 T 2T t
vs (t) = VS V.sen260t
(VS 0,7V )
DIODO COM VD = 0,7V: vo (t) = vs (t) + VC VC = (VS VD ) vo (t) = VS V.sen260t (VS VD ) vo (t) = VS V(sen260t 1) + VD
VO (t) 0,7V
T/2
3T/2
2T
0
(VS 0,7V) (2VS 0,7V)
EXERCCIOS:
vs (t)
13 vs (t)
VS C + 127V 60HZ + + VC + VD vs (t) + VR D + VO
vs (t)
T/2 0
-VS VC 0
3T/2 T 2T t
vs (t) = VS V.sen260t
[VS ( VR +0,7V )]
VO (t)
VR +0,7V
0
[VS ( VR +0,7V )]
T/2
3T/2
2T
[2VS ( VR +0,7V )]
vs (t) vs (t)
EXERCCIOS: vs (t)
GRAMPEANDO O PICO NEGATIVO EM 0V: C + 127V 60HZ + VS VC + VD + D
VS
T/2 0
+ VO -VS VC VS
3T/2 T 2T t
vs (t) = VS V.sen260t
0 t
VO (t)
2VS
vs (t)
VS
0 EXERCCIOS:
T/2
3T/2
2T
14
vs (t)
vs (t)
T/2 0
-VS VC
3T/2 T 2T t
vs (t) = VS V.sen260t DIODO COM VD = 0,7V: vo (t) = vs (t) + VC VC = (VS VD ) vo (t) = VS V.sen260t +(VS VD ) vo (t) = VS V(sen260t + 1) VD
(VS 0,7V )
vs (t)
(VS 0,7V)
EXERCCIOS:
GRAMPEANDO O PICO NEGATIVO EM (VR + VD)
0
0,7V
3T/2
2T
T/2 0
-VS
3T/2 T 2T t
0 VO (t)
[2VS ( VR +0,7V )]
vs (t)
[VS ( VR +0,7V )]
0 EXERCCIOS:
(VR +0,7V)
T/2
3T/2
2T
vs (t)
+ C
VO (t)
vs (t)
VS
T/2 0 T
3T/2 2T t
vs (t) = VS V.sen260t
-VS Vo (t) VS
DIODO IDEAL
0 Vo (t) ( VS 0,7V ) t
EXERCICIOS:
PICO NEGATIVO: D + 127V 60HZ + Vo (t) + Vo (t) VS
vs (t)
vs (t)
T/2 0
-VS Vo (t)
3T/2 T 2T t
0 VS 0 Vo (t)
EXERCCIOS:
16
DOBRADORES DE TENSO:
TENSO POSITIVA: C1 + 127V 60HZ + D2 D1 + + C2
vs (t)
vo1(t)
vo (t)
vs (t) = VS V.sen260t
vs (t)
VS
vs (t)
T/2 0
-VS
3T/2 T 2T t
VO1(t)
2VS
vs (t)
VS
0 VO(t)
2VS
T/2
3T/2
2T
EXERCCIOS:
17
vs (t)
vo1(t)
vo(t)
vs (t)
T/2 0
-VS VO1(t)
3T/2 T 2T t
0
VS
T/2 vs (t)
3T/2
2T t
EXERCCIOS:
18 PORTAS LGICAS:
PORTA E(AND): VDD = +5V 1K VA VB D1 D2 + VO SIMBOLO VB VA VO
0 0
+5V +5V
0
+5V
0
+5V
0 0 0
+5V
0 0
+5V +5V
0
+5V
0
+5V +5V +5V
0
+5V
+
VD
+
VD
VD
R IT + VDD