THE INEXISTENT REDEMPTION IN LOCAL URBAN

PLANNING: THE CASE OF TAMANDUATEHY AXLE

PROJECT, 1997-2002, SANTO ANDR, SP, BRAIL!
ENIO MORO JUNIOR
Doctor and Master in Urban Planning (Universidade de So Paulo); Professor of Architecture (Centro
Universitrio Belas Artes de So Paulo); esearcher and Coordinator of !nstitute for Urban Studies
of So Paulo (iUB)" Address# Av" So $ui% &'() a*to +,B) e*-blica) So Paulo) SP) Brasil" . C/P
0102',000; *hone 3# 44511,6&4(,4+40 e 44511,++77,777+; e,8ail# eniomorojunior@ig.com.br

MORO JUNIOR, E. (2007). 9he !ne:istent ede8*tion !n $ocal Urban Planning# 9he Case
;f 9a8anduateh< A:le Pro=ect) 1++7,&00&) Santo Andr>) S*) Bra%il" The Tamanua!e"
#a$$e%, munici&a$ i'!ric! o( )an!o *nr+, ),o -au$o i' an im&or!an! .ra/i$ian inu'!ria$ 'i!e. In
01702', .ra/i$ian 3o4ernmen! ha' &romo!e a ee& !ran'(orma!ion o( !he e4e$o&men!a$ &a!!ern
b% !he inuc!ion o( inu'!ria$ e4e$o&men! !o o!her area' o( !he coun!r%. *(!er5ar', in !he 01106',
uner g$oba$i/a!ion !ime', !he 3o4ernmen! &romo!e !he im&$emen!a!ion o( manageria$
inno4a!ion' an an increa'e o( &rouc!i4i!% !hrough ne5 !echno$ogie'. The'e con'ecu!i4e
&o$icie' crea!e unem&$o%men!, urban 4io$ence an 'egrega!e !erri!orie' be!5een rich an &oor
&eo&$e. Thi' &a&er ana$%'e' !he re'u$!' o( an a$!erna!i4e 'o$u!ion, 9a8anduateh< A:le Pro=ect, a
$oca$ urban &$anning (or &ub$ic an &ri4a!e in4e'!men!'.
"#$ %&'(): )&a!ia$ -o$ic%, Urban )egrega!ion, 7oca$ -o5er, Urban -$anning, -ub$ic8-ri4a!e
-ar!ner'hi&9
BAC"GROUND
Re$a!ion' be!5een urbani/a!ion gro5!h a(!er
Inu'!ria$ Re4o$u!ion an ca&i!a$i'! 'ocie!%
e4o$u!ion ha4e &ro4e !ha! con!rar% in!ere'!' o(
&rouc!i4e (orce' are c$ear$% mani(e'!e 5hen i!
come' !o !he &rouc!ion o( '&ace. The )!a!e ro$e,
mean' an en o( ominan! c$a'' hegemon%, in
&romo!ion an a''e''ing urban e4e$o&men!,
guaran!ee' ma!eria$ coni!ion' !o !he breeing o(
ca&i!a$i'! re$a!ion'hi&' an i!' ac!ion'. :hen
im&$emen!ing &h%'ica$ in(ra'!ruc!ure, i! u&ho$' !he
a'cenanc% o( !he omina!ing c$a'' uner !he
&rimac% mar;e! uni(ica!ion * <norma$= re$a!ion o(
&o5er be!5een 'ocia$ c$a''e' an i!' '&a!ia$
e>&re''ion &re'en!' &ar!icu$ari!ie' in !he .ra/i$ian
ca'e. :herea' Euro&ean an Nor!h *merican
?a&i!a$i'm con'o$ia!e (rom !he @I@ cen!ur% on !he
re$a!ion' be!5een bourgeoi'ie an &ro$e!aria!, !he
omina!ing c$a'' increa'e' manu(ac!ure goo'
im&or! an e>&or!' !ro&ica$ &rouce mae b% '$a4e
$abor (orce $in;e !o (oreign ca&i!a$, in
con!ra&o'i!ion !o an au!onomou' inu'!ria$i/a!ion.
.ra/i$ian moe$ i no! genera!e a omina!ing
c$a'' a' Euro&ean or Nor!hA*mericanB I! ga4e bir!h
!o e$i!e !ha! &re'er4e' i!' in!erna$ ba'e' an
re$a!ion o( &o5er 5hich hiner in!erna$ ca&i!a$i'm
e4e$o&men! ()?CIDDER, 01E1).
1
)uch moe$, 5hich a$'o 'er4e' !he in!erna!iona$
ca&i!a$i'm nee' (or re&rouc!ion, b$oc;' 'oun
e4e$o&men! o( &rouc!i4e (orce' (or &ar! o( !he
'ur&$u' i' no! reincor&ora!e !o !he in!erna$
am&$i(ie re&rouc!ion. Thi' &roce'' i' name
hinere accumu$a!ion (FEGH, 01E1) an en'ure'
na!iona$ e$i!e hegemon%, re'!ric!' in!erna$ mar;e!
!o eman' 'o !ha! i! eman' i!' o5n
&re'er4a!ion !ha! &er&e!ua!e' .ra/i$ian
unere4e$o&men!. .ra/i$ian e$i!e 'ocie!%, con!rar%
!o <c$a''ica$= bourgeoi' 'ocie!%, nee' no! !o high
!en $abor'6 $e4e$ o( 'ub'i'!ence, an !hu' ju'!i(ie'
!he nee (or gi4ing minima$ coni!ion' !o 5or;(orce
re&rouc!ion. The (a'! an in!en'e .ra/i$ian
urbani/ing &roce'' un4ei$' !he unba$ance be!5een
'&ace' in !he $ogic' o( '&a!ia$ mani(e'!a!ion o( i!'
ca&i!a$i'! re$a!ion'B on !he one han one (in'
&$en!% in(ra'!ruc!ure an, on !he o!her han, !he
omi''ion o( !he '!a!e in nee% area'. I! &riori!i/e'
!he &rouc!ion o( '&ace !o !he e$i!e'6 con4enience,
5hich mean', (or in'!ance, roa '%'!em,
!ran'&or!' or o&&or!uni!ie' !o !he rea$ e'!a!e
mar;e!. The ru&!ure o( 'uch %namic' a' 5e$$ a'
!he enia$ o( our unere4e$o&men! i' '!a$$e b%
omina!ion '!ra!egie' u'e b% !he e$i!e' in
economic, in'!i!u!iona$ an ieo$ogica$ imen'ion'.
Recen! a!a !%&i(ie' !he moe$ o( .ra/i$ian
?a&i!a$i'! Fe4e$o&men!, 5hich rough$% &romo!e' in
hi'!orica$ 'erie' !he increa'e o( 3N-, e'&i!e no!
i'!ribu!ing income in a homogeneou' (a'hionB
!nsert 9able 1 here
Thi' %namic' in4igora!e' in !he e4er gro5ing
.ra/i$ian <g$oba$i/a!ion=. The &remi'e' !o
uner'!an !hi' &roce'' !a;e u' bac; !o !he
He%ne'ian )!a!e in !he 0170', 5hich in .ra/i$ 5a'
!ran'$a!e b% !he &u$$ing o5n o( !he e4e$o&men!
&o$ic% &romo!e b% !he )!a!e ao&!e (rom mi @@
cen!ur% an !he commi!men! 5i!h i!' (a$'e
in!en!ion' o( 'ocia$ &ro!ec!ion ne!5or;. Thi'
&o$ic%6' (inancing ha' 'u((ere i!' main 'e!bac;'
5hen (i>e !a>e' 5ere a$!ere in!o ($uc!ua!ion
!a>e' a' concern' !he &a%men! o( !he &rinci&a$
an .ra/i$ian E>!erna$ Feb! uring !he 0170' an
01E0'. The ru&!ure o( !hi' &a!!ern ha' boo'!e u&
an in!en'e !ran'(erring o( e>change re'er4e' an
.ra/i$ian !rae (un' !o rebui$ o( in!erna$ re'er4e'
o( in!erna!iona$ crei!or'. The &o''ib$e '!e& on
!hi' (inancing ha' ha&&ene mo'!$% !hrough !he
emi''ion o( coin' an ca&!ure o( in!erna$ mar;e!
(un' b% o((ering high in!ere'! !a>e'. Thi' re'ource
5a' one o( !he cau'e' o( !he ee& in($a!ionar%
&roce'' o( !he &erio an i!' c$aim b% !he e$i!e,
hi'!orica$$% a!!ache !o !he in!erna!iona$ ca&i!a$,
5ou$ ou!$ine !he economic &o$ic% (rom !he
a4ai$ab$e ca&i!a$ !o !he e>!erna$ eb! &a%men! an
no! !hrough a macroAeconomic &rojec! o( in!erna$
ca&i!a$i'm e4e$o&men!. :he!her !he $a'! ac!ion
5ou$ come !rue, i! 5ou$ 'igna$ a ru&!ure no! on$%
5i!h hinere accumu$a!ion, bu! a$'o 5i!h !he
in!ere'!' o( !he omina!ing c$a''. The &o$icie'
&oin!e ou! in !he emb$ema!ic :a'hing!on
?on'en'u' (01E1) ha4e coni!ione !he
in!erna!iona$ (inancia$ coo&era!ion !o !he o&ening
o( (inancia$ mar;e! an em&$o%men!, &ri4a!i/a!ion
o( '!a!eAo5ne com&anie' an &ub$ic 'er4ice',
commercia$ o&ening an in($a!ion con!ro$ a! an%
co'!, be !hi' !he increa'e o( 5age' an 'a$arie'
($a!!ening or a e(ini!i4e commi!men! 5i!h !he
.ra/i$ian e4e$o&men! moe$. (.*TI)T*, 011I).
Drom a 'eucing i'cour'e o( <amini'!ra!i4e
moerni!%= or <)!a!e ine((icienc%=, !hi' $ibera$ 'hoc;
A name NeoA$ibera$i'm A ha' guaran!ee !he
&re'er4a!ion o( !hi' e$i!e an o( !hi' moe$
a''ocia!e 5i!h !he in!erna!iona$ ca&i!a$ in a $o!
$e'' (a4orab$e ba'e' in !he in!erna$ mar;e!, bo!h
ue !o !he reuc!ion o( '!a!e an na!iona$ &ri4a!e
ca&i!a$ an ue !o !he meaning(u$ gro5!h o( (oreign
ca&i!a$ (3ORENFER, 2000). The ao&!ion o( neoA
$ibera$ &o$icie' ha' &rouce mi$eAo(A!heAroa
re'u$!' !o 'ocia$ e4e$o&men!, $i;e ee&ening
income concen!ra!ion, cr%'!a$$i/a!ion o( a ca'! o(
mi'erab$e an $e4e$' o( 'ocia$ !en'ion,
unem&$o%men!, crimina$i!% ne4er 'een be(ore.
NeoA$ibera$ urbani'm ha' ahere !o <ne5
conce&!'= !ha! incor&ora!e !he &ri4a!e $ogic' in !he
&ub$ic agena b% mean' o( !he urging cha$$enge o(
enab$ing !he ci!% in an ar!i(icia$ an 'cenogra&hic
(a'hion !o !he &$ain re&rouc!ion o( !he ca&i!a$ or
%e!, !he <g$oba$ ci!%=. -ub$ic manager' in !he 0110'
concen!ra!e &ub$ic in4e'!men!' in area' o(
in!ere'! o( &ri4a!e ca&i!a$ an a!!em&!e a! hiing
!he '&a!ia$ '!ri;ing o( 'ocia$ c$a''e'6 con($ic!'. The
<&araigm o( moerni!%= 5ou$ be !he o&ening o(
'&ace' !o !he mar;e!, economic %nami'm a' a
&reconi!ion !o $i(e Jua$i!% an 'ecuri!%, con'ume
an cu$!ure in4e'!men!' a' a!!rac!ion' !o ne5
economic en!er&ri'e'.
2
RESTRICT REACH OF MUNICIPAL PO%ER
The Deera$ ?on'!i!u!ion o( 0110 an !he 0110'6
neoA$ibera$i'm ha4e '!oo (or !he &ar!ia$ increa'e
o( munici&a$i!ie' au!onom% an broaca'!e !heir
i$$u'ion' o( 'o$4ing '!ruc!ura$ an conjec!ura$
ma!!er' b% !he a&&ro&ria!ion o( 5or' !ha! eri4e
(rom !he (ree !ran'$a!ion o( !echnica$ manua$' o(
in!erna!iona$ agencie' o( (omen!, $i;e, (or e>am&$e,
<$oca$ &o5er=, <ac!or'= or <'!ra!egic &$anning=. The
o&&o'i!ion !o !he )!a!e 5ea;ening, (acing a
&o''ib$e <minima$= )!a!e ha' !urne ou! a' !he
mi'!a;en o4er4a$ua!ion o( munici&a$ &o5er !hrough
re'!ric!e en' in $imi!' o( (eera!i4e arrangemen!'
an 'ome o( i!' con'eJuence', $i;e, (or e>am&$e
!he (i'ca$ 5ar, name$% !he 7a5 o( Di'ca$
Re'&on'ibi$i!% or ?i!% ecree. Thi' $a'! (eera!i4e
&ac! con'o$ia!e' an uneJua$ i4i'ion o( &o5er
among'! con(eera!e e$emen!', rea((irm'
regiona$ i'&ari!% an &ri4i$ege' !erri!oria$ region',
no! !a;ing in!o accoun! !he number o( inhabi!an!'
an i!' i'!ribu!ion in !he !erri!or%B
!nsert 9able & here
The (a;e au!onom% o( ci!ie'8munici&a$i!ie'
i'c$o'e' no! on$% in !he increa'e o( (eera$ an
'!a!e (un' !o munici&a$ i'!ric!' in in'u((icien!
4a$ue' !o !he !horough (u$(i$$men! o( !he
ecen!ra$i/a!ion o( re'&on'ibi$i!ie' an
com&e!ence' o( Union an )!a!e', bu! a$'o in !he
'!imu$i !o !he mu$!i&$ica!ion o( 'ma$$ ci!ie', 5hich
are (a4ore b% !he mana!or% !ran'(erence o(
(un' an con'eJuen!$% harm !o more com&$e>
eman' (rom !he mo'! en'e$% inhabi!e ci!ie'.
The o&en &rohibi!ion in !he Na!iona$ Ta> ?oe,
$ega$ &iece (rom !he mi 0100', abou! !he
munici&a$ com&e!ence 5hen crea!ing or
'u&&re''ing !a>e' 'im&$% con(irm' !he $ac; o(
au!onom%. )uch i'!or!ion' a$'o '!imu$a!e a
&rea!or% com&e!i!ion bo!h among'! '!a!e' an
munici&a$i!ie', 5here (i'ca$ conce''ion', crei!,
in(raA'!ruc!ure an '!a!e or ci!% $egi'$a!ion 5ou$
a!!rac! ne5 en!er&ri'e'. The &o$ic% o( !hi' 'oAca$$e
<(i'ca$ 5ar= (-I*N?*)TE77I, 200I) in 'hor!A!erm
ba'i' a!!rac!' ne5 in4e'!men!' !o '!a!e' an
munici&a$i!ie' !o 'u&&$% !he curren! eman' (rom
!he 'ame in4e'!men!'B Cou'ing !o 5or;er',
'choo$', hea$!h, !ran'&or!, 'ani!a!ion among'!
o!her'. The a&&ro4a$ o( Di'ca$ Re'&on'ibi$i!% 7a5
re'!ric!' e4en more munici&a$ au!onom%. The
objec! o( !hi' $a5 i' !he mana!or% 'e4ere ba$ance
be!5een re4enue an e>&en'e'. Thu' ci!% ha$$'
canno!, (or in'!ance, ha4e nonA&reic!ab$e
e>&en'e' !o minimi/e e((ec!' o( na!ura$ i'a'!er'
o( !a> a4ance' !o (u!ure recei&! a' a '!ra!eg%
aiming a! !he munici&a$ e4e$o&men!.
Thi' $a5 e!ermine' !he har'h com&o'i!ion o(
$ongA!erm munici&a$ buge! 5i!h mana!or%
e>&en'e' a&&ro4e b% !he 7egi'$a!i4e -o5er in a
&$uriannua$ &$an. )uch &$an, on i!' !urn, ha' a '!ric!
re$a!ion 5i!h !he ne5 moa$i!% o( !he irec!i4e &$an,
e'!ab$i'he b% !he ?i!% )!a!u!e, (or a$$ !he'e
&ro&o'e urban ac!ion' are (ore'een in !he
munici&a$ buge!. In '&i!e o( i!' im&or!ance a' a
munici&a$ &ub$ic !oo$ !o !he managemen! an
in!er4en!ion o( &ri4a!e &ro&er!%, !he ro$e o( !he ?i!%
)!a!u!e (E?) i' 4er% $imi!e a' in con!ra&o'i!ion !o
!he omina!ing in!ere'!. *mong'! !he &reic!e
!oo$' are !he &o''ibi$i!ie' o( increa'ing in &ro&er!%
re$a!e !a>e' !o !he 'ub u'e bui$ing', !he
ini4iua$i/a!ion be!5een !he e'!a!e an bui$ing'
or !he munici&a$ &ub$ic &o5er &re(erence !o
acJuire urban rea$ e'!a!e. Co5e4er !he ?i!%
)!a!u!e ha' no! (ore'een !he !ran'(erence o( e'!a!e
!o &ub$ic area' occu&ie b% !he nee% &o&u$a!ion,
or '!i$$, con!ro$$ing 5a%' !o &re4en! &ri4a!e
4a$ua!ion o( &ub$ic in(raA'!ruc!ure. I! ha' no!
i'cu''e !he com&$e>i!% o( in!ere'!' o( !he man%
agen!' in4o$4e in !he %namic' o( &ro(i!ing o4er
!he $an, $i;e (or e>am&$e, !he ci!% ha$$', !he
o5ner', !he bui$er', !he &romo!ing agen!' a' a
5ho$e, !he in4e'!or' e!c.

One o( !he main !oo$' i' !he Urban and
!nterconnected O&era!ion' an !heir <ca$$e (or=
&ar!ner'hi&' 5i!h !he &ub$ic &o5er an !he &ri4a!e
ini!ia!i4e. In 'hor!, !he% in!ene !o &ro4ie &ub$ic
in(ra'!ruc!ure !hrough &ri4a!e ini!ia!i4e b% re&$acing
!he $ega$i/a!ion o( $ibera$i!ie' in !he rea$ e'!a!e
mar;e!. The In!erconnec!e O&era!ion' 5ou$
a$$o5 a (e5 in!er4en!ion' in 'ome area' o( in!ere'!
o( !he rea$ e'!a!e mar;e! no! con'iering !heir
im&ac! o4er !he &re4iou'$% in'!a$$e in(ra'!ruc!ure.
Thi' 5i$$ genera!e grea! &ub$ic in4e'!men!' !o
com&o'e ne5 eman'. The Urban O&era!ion',
&ub$icA&ri4a!e &ar!ner'hi&' in &erime!er'
e!ermine b% !he rea$ e'!a!e %namic', e>&ane
!he &o''ibi$i!% o( change in !he /oning !hrough !he
'a$e' o( con'!ruc!ing &o!en!ia$ abo4e !he a$$o5e
in i!' &erime!er. There(ore !he% enab$e !he
3
(inancing o( 'uch &reic!e con!rac! job' an
'er4ice' or %e! !he !ran'(erring o( 'uch &o!en!ia$ !o
o!her area' o( !he ci!%. In orer !o enab$e !he'e
&ar!ner'hi&' !here mu'! be area' o( in!ere'! !o !he
rea$ e'!a!e mar;e! an 5i!h &re$iminar% &ub$ic
in4e'!men!' !o !he con'o$ia!ion o( 4a$ua!ion
&er'&ec!i4e'. Tha! i' !o 'a% !ha! in !hi' &ar!ner'hi&
ju'! !he &ub$ic &o5er $o'e' (DI@, 2000). The main
mo!!o o( !he e(ener' o( !he'e &ar!ner'hi&' 5ou$
be !heir 'e$(A(inancing, in o!her 5or', !he &ri4a!e
ca&i!a$ a$$o5' !he in4e'!men! in reorering or $arge
area' <(reeing= !he &ub$ic &o5er !o in4e'! in nee%
area', a '&eech !ha! ha' !ouche &rogre''i4e an
con'er4a!i4e go4ernmen!' (rom a$$ .ra/i$. Thi'
%namic' i' in (a4or o( !he <'!a!u' Juo= an
e4ia!e' (rom !he cen!ra$ &oin! o( !he i'cu''ion,
!he i''ue o( 'ocia$ c$a''e' in .ra/i$.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF
GREAT ABC FROM THE MID 1970S
The income an 5ea$!h con4er'ion in a (e5
geogra&hic area', re&re'en!e b% !he regiona$
concen!ra!ion o( .ra/i$ian inu'!ria$i/a!ion in )ao
-au$o )!a!e un!i$ mi 0170', !he economic an
'&a!ia$ ineJua$i!ie' concerning !he .ra/i$ian
&o&u$a!ion i'!ribu!ion, or %e!, !he main!enance o(
!he minima$ coni!ion' !o !he $abor (orce
re&rouc!ion are (ea!ure' o( .ra/i$ian ?a&i!a$i'!
Moe$. The i'moun!ing o( !hi' moe$, ca$$e
inu'!ria$ econcen!ra!ion, ha' regare )ao
-au$o a' an area o( ecom&re''ion or con!en!ion
o4er 5hich e((or!' 'hou$ be mae !o &re4en!
e>ce''i4e gro5!h (EM-7*)*, 011I). In !hi' con!e>!,
!he ro$e o( !he )!a!e in )ao -au$o6' Me!ro&o$i!an
Region inu'!ria$ econcen!ra!ion 5a' mo'!$%
e((icien!B The )!a!e &u! !oge!her (rom incen!i4e' !o
!he in'!a$$a!ion o( ne5 en!er&ri'e' in !he in$an o(
!he '!a!e an !a;ing !he re !a&e !o !he e>&an'ion
o( inu'!ria$ ac!i4i!%, $i;e en4ironmen!a$ i''ue' or
rigi /oning !o regiona$ in(ra'!ruc!ure
im&$emen!a!ion. Thi' 'e! o( ac!ion' &romo!e b%
!he .ra/i$ian )!a!e, 5hich ha' a$!ere !he
economic e4e$o&men! ma& o( !he grea!e'!
inu'!ria$ &ar; o( !he 'ou!h hemi'&here, ha' !urne
ou! a' no im&ro4emen! in !he coni!ion' o( $abor
(orce re&rouc!ion.
)e!!ing u& o( !he inu'!ria$ ca&i!a$ in !he 'ou!hea'!
'ubAregion o( )ao -au$o Me!ro&o$i!an Region,
;no5n a' 3rea! *.?, 5i!h aroun 2,K mi$$ion
inhabi!an!', charac!eri/e a' !he mo'! im&or!an!
)ou!h *merica6' inu'!ria$ &o$e, 5a' ee&$%
im&ac!ingB *&ar! (rom !he a(oremen!ione
re'!ric!ion', abou! LMN o( !he !erri!or% i' $oca!e in
an en4ironmen!a$$%A'en'i!i4e area an, !here(ore,
high$% re'!ric!i4e !o !he im&$emen!a!ion o( inu'!ria$
ac!i4i!%. One o( i!' ci!% i'!ric!', )an!o *nr+,
o((ere e>ce$$en! !erri!oria$ a4an!age' in !he
&erio be!5een 0120 an 0110 !o !he
im&$emen!a!ion an e4e$o&men! o( inu'!ria$
ac!i4i!%. There 5ere $arge em&!% area', !he rai$5a%
connec!ion 5i!h )an!o' -or!, one o( !he main
!raing &or! o( 7a!in *merica, abunan! e$ec!ric
energ%, c$o'ene'' !o )ao -au$o6' mar;e!',
Jua$i(ie 5or; (orce an '!i$$, &h%'ica$ con!inui!% o(
)ao -au$o ?i!% inu'!ria$ e>&an'ion. The'e
ac!i4i!ie' !a;e &$ace in Tamanua!eh% Ri4er #a$$e%,
5hich cro''e' no! on$% )an!o *nr+ bu! a$'o
MauO, )ao ?ae!ano o )u$ an )ao -au$o ci!ie'.
Inu'!ria$ econcen!ra!ion ha' brough! o(( !o !he
ci!% grea! uneru'e inu'!ria$ hangar' in area'
5i!h grea! in(ra'!ruc!ure, !he (a$$ o( !he $e4e$ an
em&$o%men! Jua$i!% a' 5e$$ a' !he e>&an'ion o(
area' !o $o5Aincome hou'ing, main$% in area' o(
en4ironmen!a$ &ro!ec!ion &ro!ec!e again'!
inu'!ria$ e>&an'ion, bu! no! con!ro$$e a' (or
i$$ega$ 'Jua!!ing. On !he o!her han, !he
re'!ruc!uring o( &rouc!i4i!% an !he ao&!ion o(
neoA$ibera$ &o$icie' in !he 0110', $i;e !he o&ening
!o im&or!' an !he ne5 ru$e' o( com&e!i!ion in !he
g$oba$ mar;e! ha' (o'!ere in inu'!ria$ ba'e o(
)an!o *nr+ a rama!ic increa'e o( &rouc!i4i!% in
!he remaining inu'!rie'. The% began !o &rouce
more 5i!h a reuce 5or; (orce. )!i$$ in !hi' &erio,
man% 'egmen!' o( !he inu'!ria$ 'ec!or ha4e
unergone aju'!men!' an re'!ruc!uring', 5hich
gro''$% '&ea;ing inc$ue o5n'i/ing, !he
ao&!ion o( ne5 &roce''e' an &rouc!ion
!echniJue'. Thi' &roce'', a $o! c$o'er !o !he
!ran'(orma!ion o( inu'!r% !han !he e>&ane
inu'!ria$ e4a'ion, i' !he ne5 &araigm !o !he
ee&ening o( accumu$a!ion &roce''.
The ecrea'e o( inu'!ria$ ba'e an !he change in
&rouc!i4e &roce''e' in !he 3rea! *.? ha4e
ecrea'e !he $e4e$ o( inu'!ria$ em&$o%men! in !he
&erio (rom 01EE !o 0111 aroun K0,LN, in o!her
5or', more !han 000,000 e>A(ac!or% (*N*U,
2000). Moreo4er, !he reuc!ion o( inu'!ria$ ac!i4i!%
re$a!i4e 5eigh! i no! mean an e>&an'ion o( !he
Jua$i(ie !er!iar% 'ec!or, $i;e (or e>am&$e, !he
4
com&an% comman', &$anning o( ne5 &rouc!' o(
(inancia$ managemen!. On !he con!rar%, !here 5a'
a gro5!h in !he number o( 'ec!or 'er4ice' o( $o5A
Jua$i(ica!ion in commerce an 'er4ice'. The
mi'(or!une' cau'e b% !he con'eJuence' o(
inu'!ria$ e4acua!ion ha4e ha !he a(!erma!h, !o
!he &ub$ic 'er4ice, o( igging ou! !he eman !o
hou'ing !o $o5Aincome c$a'', urban in(ra'!ruc!ure,
'ani!a!ion, raining, hea$!h, euca!ion, an %e!,
ha' increa'e !he high $e4e$' o( unem&$o%men!
an urban 4io$ence. In !he 3rea! *.?, !he &o$i!ica$
&o5er' are mi'$ea 5hen !he% 'earch (or
a$!erna!i4e' !o reuce !he ou!come' o( !hi' 5ic;e
moe$ in'!ea o( (acing u& i!' rea$ cau'e'.
TAMANDUATEHY AXLE PROJECT
Inu'!ria$ econcen!ra!ion' !oge!her 5i!h
&rouc!i4e re'!ruc!uring ha4e change !he
&rouc!ion &ro(i$e in Tamanua!eh% Ri4er *>$e.
The a!!em&! !o re4er'e !hi' &roce'' 5a' inuce
b% )an!o *nr+ ?i!% Ca$$ b% mean' o( !he crea!ion
o( a &rojec! on urban &reJua$i(ica!ion !ha! 5ou$
$ea u& !o !he economic recon4er'ion o( !he
munici&a$i!%. The &ro&o'a$ name
T*M*NFU*TECP *@7E -ROJE?T <-roje!o Ei>o
Tamanua!eh%= (-ET), o((icia$$% $aunche in 0117,
en4i'age !he im&$emen!a!ion o( 02 'Jm o( ne5
economic, cu$!ura$ an 'ocia$ en!er&ri'e' !hrough
in!egra!e ac!ion' among'! !he munici&a$ &ub$ic
&o5er, &ri4a!e ini!ia!i4e an 'oun in'!i!u!ion' (rom
!he ci4i$ 'ocie!%. I! hin!e !he ine>i'!ence o(
con($ic!' an con4ergence o( in!ere'!'. Thi' &o$ic%
5a' ba'e on !he 'e! o( &o$i!ica$ ac!ion' an &ub$ic
&o$icie' im&$emen!e in .arce$ona be!5een 01EK
an 011L, &erio in 5hich Jori .orja, one o( !he
con'u$!an!' hire b% )an!o *nr+ ?i!%, occu&ie
irec!i4e &o'i!ion' in !he To5n Ca$$ o( .arce$ona.
Thi' a!!em&! !o !ran'&o'e ien!ica$ iagno'i'
among'! i((eren! rea$i!ie' ha' $ea on !he
urbani'!ic -ET iea$i!% b% bringing !o !he 3rea!
*.? agena $o!' o( ne5' 'uch a' ci!% 5eb',
&ub$icA&ri4a!e &ar!ner'hi&, '!ra!egic &$anning,
ac!or', ci!% mar;e!ing, e4en!ua$$% !he i$$u'ion o(
munici&a$ au!onom% a' a 5a% o( 'o$4ing economic
an 'ocia$ &rob$em'.
Munici&a$ *mini'!ra!ion ha' hire (our urbani'!ic
'!uie', !hree o( 5hich 5ere coorina!e b%
Euro&ean archi!ec!' (Joan .u'Jue!', Euaro
7eira an ?hri'!ian e -or!/am&arc), con'or!e
5i!h .ra/i$ian !eam', an !he .ra/i$ian !eam
coorina!e b% !he urbani'! archi!ec! ?. M.
?am&o' Di$ho. The genera!e &rouc!', a grea!
Juan!i!% o( urban ra5ing, (ore'a5, among'! o!her
&ro&o'a$', !he 4a$ua!ion o( me!ro&o$i!an &o'i!ioning
o( Tamanua!eh% Ri4er, be!!er connec!ion' 5i!h
air&or!' an !he -or! o( )an!o', 4a$ua!ion o(
rai$5a% !ran'&or! !o cargo an &a''enger', ne5
agrarian arrangemen!', benchmar;', cu$!ure
cen!er', green area', incen!i4e !o ming$e o( 'ocia$
c$a''e', sti8uli !o ne5 economic ac!i4i!ie',
en!er!ainmen! an hou'ing. The 4a$ue !o !he
im&$emen!a!ion o( an% o( !he'e &rojec!' in !he
2000 5ou$ be a&&ro>ima!e$% 0.L bi$$ion o$$ar',
a$mo'! (our(o$ !he annua$ buge! re4enue in !he
&erio, accoring !o &o$$ mae b% )an!o *nr+
To5n Ca$$ Urban -rojec!' Fe&ar!men!
(F-U8-M)*).

:i!h !hi' i'!an! hori/on !he !echnica$ !eam o( -ET
ha' e4e$o&e a 'ummari/e &rojec! !ha! 5ou$
&ro&o'e a re4ie5 in e&!h o( !he roa '%'!em, a
'&ecia$ re$a!ion'hi& be!5een !he rai$5a% an !he
'urrouning area', be'ie !he ne5 &ub$ic an
&ri4a!e en!er&ri'e' '!ra!egica$$% i'!ribu!e in !he
4a$e !o inuce !he mo4emen! o( urban rene5ing b%
rea$ e'!a!e mar;e!. )uch re4i'ion ha' incor&ora!e
&ar!ner'hi&' !ha! ha been &re4iou'$% 5or;ing
!oge!her bu! ha' no! are''e urban ac!ion' !o
e>i'!ing (rai$!ie' in hou'ing, 'ani!a!ion, raining
an !ran'&or!.
In !he beginning o( 2002 a ne5 manageria$ !eam
ha' i'man!$e !he e>&ec!a!ion' a' i$$u'ion o(
<a4ance !er!iar%=, a curren! '&eech in a region
5here har inu'!r% re&roucer o( in!erna!iona$
!echno$ogie' or &re'um&!ion o( a ne5 <regiona$
cen!ra$i!%= !ha! i', a $o! c$o'er !o an iea$ moe$
!han i!' reach an &o''ibi$i!ie'. The mo!!o o( !hi'
re4i'ion 5a' !he conce&! o( <inc$uing an
&ar!ici&a!i4e= urbani'm, in o!her 5or', urban
reJua$i(ica!ion !hrough co$$ec!i4e &roce''e' an
i'cu''ion. Thi' '&eech ha' been $imi!e no! on$%
b% !he o&&o'ing in!erna$ 4ie5' o( amini'!ra!i4e
'egmen!', bu! a$'o b% !he har enab$ing o( &o&u$ar
&ar!ici&a!ion ei!her ue !he $ac; o( in!ere'! in
im&$emen!ing a manageria$ grou& an &o&u$ar
i'i$$u'ion becau'e genera!e (un' in !he
&ar!ner'hi&' ha4e no! me! &o&u$ar eman'. The
im&$emen!a!ion, e4en !o !he mo'! moe'! &ro&o'a$
!ha! !hi' re4i'ion ha ou!$ine, 5ou$ nee e>!erna$
5
(un'. Thi' re4i'ion ha' a$'o u&he$ !he
em%'!i(ica!ion o( munici&a$ au!onom% bo!h in !he
genera!ion o( job' an income, an i! ha'
emon'!ra!e !ha! a&ar! (rom a (e5 (i'ca$
a4an!age', !he ci!% cou$ o $i!!$e !o main!ain an
a!!rac! &rouc!i4e ac!i4i!ie'. The hou'ing &ro4i'ion,
!ran'&or! an &h%'ica$ in(ra'!ruc!ure are ac!ion'
!ha! mean a '!a!e &o$ic% an !he munici&a$i!%, on
i!' !urn, ha' $i!!$e 'co&e o( ac!ion. The (ai$ure o( a
boa'!(u$ a$!erna!i4e !o urban &o$ic% 5a' a mi'!a;e
!ha! 5ou$ come ou! in con($ic!' an re !a&e in
urban $egi'$a!ion, in'!i!u!iona$ a&&ara!u', (uning
an (un managemen!.
O4er !he (ragmen!a!ion in urbani'!ic $egi'$a!ion, !he
incom&a!ibi$i!%, u'e' an ine>e' o( neighboring
ci!ie' 5ou$ ham&er !he nece''ar% regiona$ (ocu'.
)an!o *nre6' Urban 7egi'$a!ion i' (orme b% a $i'!
o( coun!$e'' ecree' an $a5' unre$a!e !o !he
im&ro4emen! o( urban Jua$i!%. The regu$a!ion o( a
(e5 irregu$ar 'i!ua!ion' ha&&en' !hrough !he
urbani'!ic u'e' an ine>e' au!hori/e b% mean'
o( encumbering gran!', ge!!ing !o !he &oin! in
5hich a$$o!men!' ha4e &reci'e an i'!inc!i4e
ine>e' o( !heir 'urrouning area'. In !he 'ame
(a'hion, i! 5a' a&&ro4e be!5een 2000 an 2002
a 'e! o( $a5' !ha! au!hori/e inu'!ria$, commercia$
ac!i4i!ie', 'er4ice' renering or hou'ing o( 'ocia$
in!ere'! in a$$ !erri!or% o( !he munici&a$i!% (acing
encumbering gran!'. The ai$% con($ic!' among'!
!he munici&a$, '!a!e an (eera$ $egi'$a!ion' 5ou$
be e>&re''e no! on$% in !he re'!ric!i4e inu'!ria$
/oning o( !he me!ro&o$i!an area, 5hich '!an' (or
7LN o( -ET area an !he &ermi''i4e munici&a$
$egi'$a!ion, bu! a$'o in regu$a!ion o( &ub$ic recor'
e>change or ona!ion o( area' be!5een !he &ub$ic
&o5er an &ri4a!e ini!ia!i4e. Thi' $a'! &ain(u$ ri!ua$,
be(ore accom&$i'he, 5ou$ hiner !he aeJua!e
charge o( munici&a$ !a>e' an !he com&$e!e u'e o(
!he remaining area. .e'ie', re !a&e, (uning an
managemen! o( (un' 5ou$ a$'o &re'en! !heir
uniJuene'', (or !here ha' ne4er been a &ermanen!
'ource o( (un' or a '&ecia$ buge!ing. -ET u'e
'ca!!ere &ub$ic an &ri4a!e (un'. -ub$ic
in4e'!men!' 5ere concen!ra!e in !he &oor
reco4er% o( roa in(ra'!ruc!ure, microArainage,
&ub$ic $igh!ening, an reco4er% o( garen' an
'Juare'. On !o& o( !ha!, a (eera$ &rogram ha'
are''e 'can! (un' !o !he $o5Aincome hou'ing.
The main 'ource o( (un' 5a' !he encumbering
gran!' o( cer!ain change' in u'e' an ine>e' o(
urban $egi'$a!ion in (orce 'ince !he inu'!ria$ &ea;.
)uch change' 5ou$ mee! an emerging rea$ e'!a!e
mar;e! !o !he im&$emen!a!ion o( commercia$ an
'er4ice' ac!i4i!ie'. Moreo4er !he% 5ou$ e4ience
!he munici&a$ &ub$ic &o5er com&$ici!%, ab'en! !o
(inancia$$% (un rea$ e'!a!e 4a$ua!ion. O!her (rai$
&oin!' 5ere !he 4a$ua!ion o( ba$ancing i!em' an
!he e'!ina!ion o( (un' genera!e b% !he
encumbering gran!'9 !he ine>i'!ence o( a 'ing$e
me!hoo$og% !o be ao&!e !o !he in4e'!iga!ion o(
ba$ancing i!em' 4a$ue'9 ea$ine' !o urbani'!ic
$ibera$i!% or !o !he e>ecu!ion o( ba$ancing i!em' b%
!he en!re&reneur'.
In '&i!e o( a$$ !hi' an regar$e'' o( irregu$ari!ie' in
(uning ami''ion, (rom mi 011E' !hi' au>i$iar%
'ource ha' re&re'en!e, in a&&ro>ima!e 4a$ue',
aroun 2,LN o( !o!a$ buge!ar% re4enue. The
incon'i'!encie' o( managemen! an e'!ina!ion o(
genera!e (un' re4ea$ !ha! !he &ri4a!e (un'
in4e'!e in ne5 en!er&ri'e' i' (ar grea!er !han !he
4a$ue' o( ba$ancing i!em' in4e'!e in !he &ub$ic
res, !ha! 5ou$ har$% achie4e 7N o( !he !o!a$
4a$ue o( !he en!er&ri'e (F-U8-M)*). The
com&ari'on among'! !he genera!e (un' an
!heir '&eci(ic e'!ina!ion emon'!ra!e !ha! a
meaning(u$ &ar! o( !he (un' (17,LN) 5a'
rein4e'!e in !he 4er% enab$ing o( !he en!er&ri'e,
re&roucing !he c$a''ica$ 8odus o*erandi or
Urban O&era!ion' !ha! be$ong !o !he neoA$ibera$
.ra/i$. There 5a' no &ar!icu$ar munici&a$ &o$ic%
concerning !he 'ocia$ e'!ina!ion o( a! $ea'! &ar! o(
(un' genera!e in !he ba$ancing i!em'. Thi'
unba$ance !ran'$a!e' a ba'ic con($ic! 5hen i!
come' !o !he %namic' o( &ar!ner'hi&' be!5een
!he &ub$ic &o5er an !he &ri4a!e ini!ia!i4eB The
!ran'(erring o( &ri4a!e (un' !o &ub$ic ac!ion' i'
ee&$% roo!e !o !he 4er% enab$ing o( &ri4a!e
in4e'!men!. *roun 20N or -ET !erri!or% 5ou$
&re'en! accom&$i'he in!er4en!ion' or in &rogre'',
e4en 5i!h !he genera!ion o( $o5er Jua$i(ica!ion an
remunera!ion job' 5hen com&are !o inu'!ria$
em&$o%men! o( &a'! ecae' in commercia$ an
'er4ice' ac!i4i!ie'. The remaining inu'!ria$ ba'e
ha' u&a!e !echno$ogie' o( &rouc!ion an
managemen!, !hu' increa'ing &rouc!i4i!%.
There(ore !hi' (ir'! '!age i' no! a con'eJuence o(
i!' conce&!ion bu! a con'eJuence o( !he &rouc!i4e
re'!ruc!uring i!'e$(.
6
-ET moe$ o( urbani'!ic im&$emen!a!ion o&&o'e'
i!' in!erna!iona$ re(erence', (or !here 5a' no
&reci'e bounar% o( !he !erri!or%, 'ub'ii/e crei!
$ine' !o &ri4a!e in!er4en!ion, 'igni(ican! change' in
urban $egi'$a!ion or har in4e'!men! in
in(ra'!ruc!ure. Thi' con!ra&o'i!ion ha' no!
re&re'en!e an a$!erna!i4e moe$, a' !he
en!er&ri'e' 5hich 5ere im&$emen!e or in &roce''
o( im&$emen!a!ion 5ere '&eci(ic an ha4e
em&o5ere !he e>i'!ing in(ra'!ruc!ure coni!ion'
'ince !he beginning o( !he inu'!ria$ c%c$e.
Moreo4er !he en!er&ri'e' 5ou$ no! &re'en!
&h%'ica$ con!inui!%, &erennia$ re'ource' or a ba'ic
&rojec! o( urban e'ign. The rea$ e'!a!e %namic'
in !he (ir'! %ear' o( -ET an !he con'eJuen!
genera!ion o( (un' an ba$ancing i!em' 5ou$ no!
gran! con!inui!%. There ha' ne4er been a &ar!icu$ar
&rogram !ha! 5ou$ (o$$o5 !hrough !he im&ac! o(
ne5 in!er4en!ion' in !he immeia!e 'urrouning
area' or munici&a$i!%, ei!her b% moni!oring &o''ib$e
im&ac!' genera!e in rea$ e'!a!e mar;e!, or '!i$$, in
!he re$a!ion' o( a con'ierab$e commercia$
en!er&ri'e in !he microAeconom% o( !he i'!ric!.
Fue !o har'hi&' (ace b% !he To5n Ca$$, !he
a!!enance o( 5or;' an 'er4ice' in &ub$ic area'
5a' 'u&er(icia$$% one. E4en!ua$$%, i! 5a' a 4ic!im
o( rea$ e'!a!e mar;e! $ogic'.
CONCLUSIONS
The &o''ib$e %namic' o( -ET im&$emen!a!ion, !he
ini!ia$ e4a$ua!e re'u$!' &ro4e !ha! !he .ra/i$ian
munici&a$i!% oe' no! ha4e com&e!ence no! abi$i!%
!o im&$emen! urbani'!ic &$an' !o &ub$ic an &ri4a!e
in4e'!men! !ha! aim a! economic e4e$o&men! 5i!h
'ocia$ an en4ironmen!a$ eJui!%. Munici&a$
au!onom% !ha! can be 'een in -ET o&&o'e', in an
i$$u'or% (a'hion, !o re'!ric!ion' !o in!erna$ mar;e!
e>&an'ion, !o !he rai'e o( a na!iona$ bourgeoi'ie
an !he minima$ coni!ion' o( $abor (orce
re&rouc!ion, con'o$ia!e e$emen!' in !he
breeing &roce'' o( .ra/i$ian 'ocie!%. )uch
con!e>!ua$i/a!ion gi4e' rea'on (or i!' conce&!ua$
5ea;ne'' in !he &arao> re$a!ion be!5een an
o((icia$ '&eech Q a$!erna!i4e urban &o$i!ic' !ha!
aggrega!e im&ro4emen!' in $oca$ 'ocia$Aeconomic
inica!or' Q an !he &ro(i$e o( ac!ion' an
in!er4en!ion' mae, 5hich are bo!h 'uborina!e
!o &ri4a!e ini!ia!i4e 4inica!ion' incor&ora!e !o !he
&ub$ic agena an !he $ogic' o( a mar;e! $imi!e !o
!he eman' an ee&ening o( na!iona$ e$i!e6'
hegemon%. The oub$e genera!ing mo!!o o( -ET,
or %e!, !he o((icia$ re'&on'e !o im&ac!' cau'e b%
inu'!ria$ econcen!ra!ion an &rouc!i4e
re'!ruc!uring o( munici&a$ inu'!ria$ &ar;, !oo; a'
re(erence !he re&rouc!ion o( (oreign moe$' o( !he
01E0', 5hich 'ough! !o &romo!e urban
e4e$o&men! !o ca!a$%/e economic gro5!h an
'ocia$ 5e$(are. Thi' moe$, conemne in i!'
e''ence ue !o i!' 'im&$e !ran'&o'i!ion, 5ou$ no!
'&o! !ha! !he 'u&&$% o( &h%'ica$ in(ra'!ruc!ure o(
mo'! im&or!an! coun!rie' i' a ma!eria$ coni!ion !o
!he main!enance o( !he bourgeoi' '!a!e. In .ra/i$,
?a&i!a$i'm an bourgeoi'ie ha4e ne4er a''ume
!he c$a''ica$ (orm', 'o !here i' no in!ere'! (rom
na!iona$ e$i!e' !o &romo!e in(ra'!ruc!ure ac!ion'
!ha! &oin!' !o5ar' !he re'!ric!ion o( !heir status
?uo main!enance.
*no!her &arao> i' !he uncom(or!ab$e ao&!ion o(
urbani'!ic &rinci&$e' !ha! rein(orce .ra/i$ian NeoA
$ibera$i'm concea$e in '&eeche' !ha! 4a$ue
munici&a$ au!onom% 5hen 'o$4ing '!ruc!ura$ an
conjec!ura$ i''ue'. To !he .ra/i$ian munici&a$i!%,
!he one an on$% a$!erna!i4e !o !he e4er 'ocia$A
economic ee&ening in neoA$obera$i'm i' re'!ric!e
!o broaen a$$e4ia!ing mea'ure', 5hich are
ine((ec!i4e an buren'ome !o munici&a$ (inance',
$i;e a''i'!ance &rogram' in !he hou'ing area !ha!
carr% on !he $o5 $e4e$ o( 5or; (orce. Thi' a!!i!ue,
ine>i'!en! reem&!ion, oe' no! 'ub4er! .ra/i$ian
)!a!e ieo$og% an rea((irm' !he e>!reme$%
com(or!ab$e 'i!ua!ion o( .ra/i$ian omineering
e$i!e'. I! carrie' on !he re&rouc!ion o( !he moe$ in
5hich a 'igni(ican! &ar! o( !he 'ur&$u' i' con'!an!$%
!a;en, no! being incor&ora!e !o !he am&$i(ie
re&rouc!ion an !here(ore re'!ric!ing !he
e4e$o&men! o( in!erna$ &rouc!i4e (orce'. The
'!ri;ing o( neoA$ibera$ conce&!' in -ET i' e4ien!B
Urban mar;e!ing, !he &o''ibi$i!ie' o( 'a$e' an
!erri!oria$ a4an!age' !o !he rea$ e'!a!e mar;e!, !he
&ub$icA&ri4a!e &ar!ner'hi&', !he ao&!ion o(
bu'ine'' '!ra!egic &$anning, !he 'ocia$ armi'!ice in
!he con!e>! o( ?i!% ?om&an% an i!' 'uborina!ion
an in!er4en!ion in (a4or o( !he mar;e!. The
ou!come in !erm' o( accumu$a!ion are re($ec!e in
!he ambiguou' an (ragmen!e munici&a$
urbani'!ic $egi'$a!ion, in !he $imi!e (inancing in
&$ace' 5here !he rea$ e'!a!e %namic' a$$o5 i! or
in !he 'o&hi'!ica!e !oo$' an human managemen!
!echniJue' !ha! canno! o((er coni!ion' o( con!ra
&o'ing !he $ogic' o( na!iona$ e$i!e'. There(ore !he
7
)!a!e 'urrener' !o an uncom(or!ab$e an
concea$e &ar'imon%.
The )!a!e 'e!' u& &h%'ica$ in(ra'!ruc!ure !o en'ure
!he re&rouc!ion o( accumu$a!ion accoring !o !he
omina!ing e$i!e6' con4enience. The re'!ric!e
&o''ibi$i!ie' !he .ra/i$ian munici&a$i!% ha' 5hen
im&$emen!ing urbani'!ic &$an' ee&en' !he 'ocia$
economic i((erence' in'!ea o( &$acing a e'ire
con!ra&o'i!ion !o !he .ra/i$ian )!a!e e4e$o&ing
moe$. *ccoring !o !hi' e4ience, -ET oe' no!
re&re'en! a &o''ibi$i!% o( e>ecu!ion !o !hi'
e4e$o&ing moe$. There(ore !he neoA$ibera$
manageria$ managemen! ha' a''ume bu'ine''
$i;e beha4ior !o5ar' i!' economic e4e$o&men!
an a!!ainmen! o( &o'i!i4e goa$'. Urban
amini'!ra!ion ha' !a;en a' re(erence &rinci&$e' o(
&ri4a!e econom% an !heir &er(ormance' ha' been
mea'ure b% i!' ca&aci!% o( 5ea$!h genera!ion an
e'!ab$i'h com&e!ence' !o ob!ain goo' an
'er4ice'. Thu' i! ha' a''ume 'cenogra&hic
(ea!ure' !o a!!rac! ne5 en!er&ri'e' an hie
e>i'!ing con($ic!' in !he !erri!or%. The munici&a$i!ie'
com&e!e !o a!!rac! ne5 &ri4a!e in4e'!men! b%
&riori!i/ing regu$a!or% ac!ion', o((ering re5ar' an
&ub$ic (un' !o e4e$o&men! o( !he nece''ar%
in(ra'!ruc!ure. In !hi' 'en'e, !he &ar!ner'hi&'
be!5een !he &ub$ic an &ri4a!e &o5er are e''en!ia$
coni!ion' !o !he urban en!re&reneur'hi&. The
$ogic' o( &ro4iing in(ra'!ruc!ure !hough
&ar!ner'hi&' can on$% be mae !rue in ca'e i!
guaran!ee' &ro(i!abi$i!% !o &ri4a!e ini!ia!i4e a' 5e$$
a' !he &re'er4a!ion o( &o$i!ica$ 'u&remac%. )uch
e((ec!i4e &o''ibi$i!% in !he bourgeoi' '!a!e become'
&er4er'e in a con!e>! !ha! $imi!' e>&an'ion o(
&rouc!i4e (orce', 5hich i' com&o'e b%
e>!reme$% nee% &o&u$a!ion. Tha! being 'o, !he
&ub$icA&ri4a!e &ar!ner'hi& moe$ in a rea$i!% o(
re'!ric!i4e accumu$a!ion gi4e' groun !o !he
unremi!!ing re&rouc!ion o( ca&i!a$i'! re$a!ion' !ha!
remain.
To re($ec! o4er !he reach o( urban re4i!a$i/a!ion
munici&a$ &$an' a' inucer' o( urban gro5!h an
'ocia$ eJui!% mean' !o !hin; in a uni(ie na!iona$
mar;e! Q urbani'm i' one o( i!' (ace' Q !ha!
'u&&or!' an uno&&o'e accumu$a!ion &roce''
uner !he $igh! o( a '!a!e !ha! ma% in!er4ene in !he
organi/a!ion o( &rouc!ion an rener
in(ra'!ruc!ure. Thi' con!e>! o( (ree e4e$o&men! o(
&rouc!i4e (orce' !a;e' u' bac; !o !he nee o( an
increa'e in 5or; &rouc!i4i!% an in !he $e4e$ o(
'u'!ainabi$i!% o( i!' &o&u$a!ion. The &o''ib$e
ac!ion' !o !he .ra/i$ian munici&a$i!%, in &re'en!
coni!ion', o no! &re'en! &o$i!ica$ en'i!% !o
Jue'!ion !he re&rouc!ion o( ca&i!a$i'! re$a!ion' in
.ra/i$ a' 5e$$ a' i!' in(erence' concerning !he
&rouc!ion o( '&ace.
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T361# 1: B'3F21 3/ 3 :134B# - 011IA0I
Average growth per year G
3N- 2,0
3N- &er ca&i!a 0,E
-o&u$a!ion 0,2
-o&u$a!ion uner &o4er!% $ine (in &002) 22
Urban -o&u$a!ion ( in &002) EK
Source# Mro8 9he Dorld BanP Arou*) &004;
T361# 2: B'3F21: R#:2&431 (2)/'265/2&4, :#&:'3HA2B 3'#3, GNP, H&H513/2&4 924 G;
Region' Grea 3N- (011M) -o&u$a!ion
Nor!h I0,E L,0 M,K
Nor!hea'! 0E,L 0K,L 2E,1
)ou!hea'! 00,E LE,0 I2,7
)ou!h M,7 0L,E 0L,0
Mi$e Ea'! 22,2 7,K 7,0
Source# a*ud Abr-cio) Soares (&001);
1