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Internet
IP Addressing
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Internet
Internet: IP Addressing
Internet Evolution
Ano
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Hosts (*)
562
1024
1961
2308
5089
28174
80000
290000
500000
727000
1200000
2217000
4852000
http://news.netcraft.com/archives/web_server_survey.html
Internet: IP Addressing
IP Addresses Assignment
1 Stanford Research Institute - Network Information Center (SRINIC)
2 SRI International Inc, Menlo Park, CA
3 InterNIC, Internet Network Information Center
4 Delegao por regies/continentes
Regional Internet Registries (RIR):
Internet: IP Addressing
TCP/IP - Fronteiras
Nvel
Fronteira
Aplicao
Software exterior ao Sistema Operativo
Software includo no Sistema Operativo
Transporte
Internet
Interface da rede
Hardware
INTERNET - Endereamento
RFC 1166
0 1 2 3 4
Classe A
Classe B
1 0
Classe C
1 1 0
Classe D
1 1 1 0
Classe E
1 1 1 1
16
Rede
24
31
Host
Rede
Host
Rede
Host
Endereo de multicast
Internet: IP Addressing
Endereamento na Internet
RFC 1166
Classe
Endereos
Estado
0.0.0.0
1.0.0.0 at 126.0.0.0
127.0.0.0
Reservado
128.0.0.0
128.1.0.0 at 191.254.0.0
191.255.0.0
Reservado
192.0.0.0
192.0.1.0 at 223.255.254.0
223.255.255.0
Reservado
224.0.0.0 at 239.255.255.255
Multicast
240.0.0.0 at 255.255.255.255
Reservado
Disponvel
Reservado, rede loopback *
Disponvel
Reservado
Disponvel
Reservado
INTERNET - Endereamento
Exemplo: consideremos o endereo 192.168.246.10
Classe C
192 x 223
16
24
31
1 1 0
Rede
todos os bits = 0
todos os bits = 1
Campo de hosts
Host
10
Internet: IP Addressing
IP Addresses Format
11
ifconfig
root@homer# /sbin/ifconfig -a
lo0: flags=1000849<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv4> mtu 8232 index 1
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask ff000000
ge0: flags=1000843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv4> mtu 1500 index 2
inet 194.117.24.1 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 194.117.24.255
ether 8:0:20:d1:d4:97
hme0: flags=1000843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv4> mtu 1500 index 3
inet 192.35.246.1 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 192.35.246.255
ether 8:0:20:d1:d4:97
lo0: flags=2000849<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv6> mtu 8252 index 1
inet6 ::1/128
hme0: flags=2000841<UP,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv6> mtu 1500 index 3
ether 8:0:20:d1:d4:97
inet6 fe80::a00:20ff:fed1:d497/10
12
Internet: IP Addressing
netstat
root@animal# /usr/bin/netstat -in
Name Mtu Net/Dest
Address
Ipkts Ierrs
lo0
8232 127.0.0.0
127.0.0.1
8286631
0
ge0
1500 194.117.24.0 194.117.24.1
6487926 178
hme0 1500 192.35.246.0 192.35.246.1 91261455
0
[...]
root@homer# /usr/bin/netstat -rn
Routing Table: IPv4
Destination
Gateway
Flags Ref
-------------------- -------------------- ----- ----194.117.24.0
194.117.24.1
U
1
192.35.246.0
192.35.246.1
U
1
224.0.0.0
192.35.246.1
U
1
default
192.35.246.254
UG
1
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
UH
5
[...]
Use
Interface
------ --------424815 ge0
7051 hme0
0 hme0
450384
16148 lo0
13
Uma sub-rede
14
Internet: IP Addressing
Sub-Endereamento
Mscaras para o sub-endereamento de uma rede classe C
Bits da
subrede
Bits para
hosts
0x80
128
0xC0
192
0xE0
224
0xF0
240
0xF8
248
0xFC
252
0xFE
254
0xFF
255
Mscara
Hex
Mscara
Decimal
15
Mscara Varivel
16
Internet: IP Addressing
Sub-Endereamento
Exemplo de sub-endereamento de uma rede classe C
Rede:
192.168.246.0
Mscara: 255.255.255.192
Rede:
172.20.26.0
Mscara: 255.255.240.0
172 . 20
26
. 0
255 . 255 .
240
. 0
17
Sub-Endereamento...
Como dividir uma rede classe C para enderear ligaes Ponto-a-Ponto?
192 . 168 . 246 .
Rede:
192.168.246.0
Mscara: 255.255.255.252
252 = 256 4
4 o tamanho do bloco!
18
Internet: IP Addressing
Sub-Endereamento...
Como dividir uma rede classe C para enderear ligaes Ponto-a-Ponto?
192 . 168 . 246 .
Rede:
192.168.246.0
Mscara: 255.255.255.252
Rede:
192.168.246.0
Mscara: 255.255.255.192
1 bloco
2 bloco
3 bloco
4 bloco
19
Problem
Dividir a rede 200.17.30.0 em sub-redes com 32 endereos.
1 Qual a mscara a aplicar?
2 Quantas sub-redes?
3 Quais so?
4 Qual o endereo de broadcast?
20
Internet: IP Addressing
Problem
Dividir a rede 200.17.30.0 em sub-redes com 32 endereos.
1 Qual a mscara a aplicar?
2 Quantas sub-redes? 8
3 Quais so?
4 Qual o endereo de broadcast?
21
Problem
Dividir a rede 200.17.30.0 em sub-redes com 32 endereos.
1 Qual a mscara a aplicar? 1110 0000 -> 255.255.255.224
2 Quantas sub-redes? 8
3 Quais so?
200.17.30.0
- 200.17.30.31
4 Qual o endereo de broadcast?
200.17.30.32 - 200.17.30.63
200.17.30.64
200.17.30.96
200.17.30.128
200.17.30.160
200.17.30.192
200.17.30.224
200.17.30.95
200.17.30.127
200.17.30.159
200.17.30.191
200.17.30.223
200.17.30.255
22
Internet: IP Addressing
Problem
Dividir a rede 200.17.30.0 em sub-redes com 32 endereos.
1 Qual a mscara a aplicar? 1110 0000 -> 255.255.255.224
2 Quantas sub-redes? 8
3 Quais so?
200.17.30.0
- 200.17.30.31
4 Qual o endereo de broadcast?
200.17.30.32 - 200.17.30.63
200.17.30.64
200.17.30.96
200.17.30.128
200.17.30.160
200.17.30.192
200.17.30.224
200.17.30.95
200.17.30.127
200.17.30.159
200.17.30.191
200.17.30.223
200.17.30.255
23
Problem
Dividir a rede 200.17.30.0 em sub-redes com 32 endereos.
1 Qual a mscara a aplicar? 1110 0000 -> 255.255.255.224
2 Quantas sub-redes? 8
3 Quais so?
200.17.30.0
- 200.17.30.31
4 Qual o endereo de broadcast?
200.17.30.32 - 200.17.30.63
200.17.30.64
200.17.30.96
200.17.30.128
200.17.30.160
200.17.30.192
200.17.30.224
200.17.30.95
200.17.30.127
200.17.30.159
200.17.30.191
200.17.30.223
200.17.30.255
24
Internet: IP Addressing
Problem
Dividir a rede 200.17.30.0 em sub-redes com 32 endereos.
1 Qual a mscara a aplicar? 1110 0000 -> 255.255.255.224
2 Quantas sub-redes? 8
3 Quais so?
200.17.30.0
- 200.17.30.31
4 Qual o endereo de broadcast?
200.17.30.32 - 200.17.30.63
200.17.30.64
-> 200.17.30.95
200.17.30.96
-> 200.17.30.127
0100
0101
0110
0111
1010
1011
1100
1101
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
200.17.30.64
200.17.30.96
200.17.30.128
200.17.30.160
200.17.30.192
200.17.30.224
200.17.30.95
200.17.30.127
200.17.30.159
200.17.30.191
200.17.30.223
200.17.30.255
25
Problem
Dividir a rede 200.17.30.0 em sub-redes com 32 endereos.
1 Qual a mscara a aplicar? 1110 0000 -> 255.255.255.224
2 Quantas sub-redes? 8
3 Quais so?
200.17.30.0
- 200.17.30.31
4 Qual o endereo de broadcast?
200.17.30.32 - 200.17.30.63
200.17.30.64
-> 200.17.30.95
200.17.30.96
-> 200.17.30.127
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1011
1010
1011
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
200.17.30.64 - 200.17.30.95
200.17.30.96 - 200.17.30.127
200.17.30.128 - 200.17.30.159
200.17.30.160 - 200.17.30.191
200.17.30.192 - 200.17.30.223
RESERVAR
SEMPRE
OS BLOCOS
200.17.30.224
- 200.17.30.255
MAIORES NO INCIO, PARA EVITAR
A SOBREPOSIO!
26
Internet: IP Addressing
Problem
What happens if we decide insist on mistake?..
200.17.30.191
200.17.30.161
200.17.30.0
200.17.30.194
200.17.30.32
200.17.30.64
200.17.30.96
200.17.30.128
200.17.30.160
200.17.30.192
200.17.30.224
200.17.30.31
200.17.30.63
200.17.30.95
200.17.30.127
200.17.30.159
200.17.30.191
200.17.30.223
200.17.30.255
27
Problem
What happens if we decide insist on mistake?..
200.17.30.191
200.17.30.161
200.17.30.0
200.17.30.194
200.17.30.32
200.17.30.64
200.17.30.96
200.17.30.128
200.17.30.160
200.17.30.192
200.17.30.224
200.17.30.31
200.17.30.63
200.17.30.95
200.17.30.127
200.17.30.159
200.17.30.191
200.17.30.223
200.17.30.255
28
Internet: IP Addressing
Problem
What happens if we decide insist on mistake?..
200.17.30.191
200.17.30.161
200.17.30.0
200.17.30.194
200.17.30.32
200.17.30.64
200.17.30.96
200.17.30.128
200.17.30.160
200.17.30.192
200.17.30.224
200.17.30.31
200.17.30.63
200.17.30.95
200.17.30.127
200.17.30.159
200.17.30.191
200.17.30.223
200.17.30.255
29
Supernetting, porqu?
RFC 1519 - Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR): an Address Assignment
and Aggregation Strategy
30
Internet: IP Addressing
MM/YY
Aumento
dos
anncios
....
ROUTES
ADVERTISED*
-----------------------Dec-92
8561
Nov-92
7854
Oct-92
7354
Sep-92
6640
Aug-92
6385
Jul-92
6031
Jun-92
5739
May-92
5515
Apr-92
5291
Mar-92
4976
Feb-92
4740
Jan-92
4526
Dec-91
4305
Nov-91
3751
Oct-91
3556
Sep-91
3389
Aug-91
3258
Jul-91
3086
Jun-91
2982
May-91
2763
Apr-91
2622
Mar-91
2501
Feb-91
2417
Jan-91
2338
Dec-90
2190
Nov-90
2125
Oct-90
2063
MM/YY
ROUTES
ADVERTISED*
----------------------Sep-90
1988
Aug-90
1894
Jul-90
1727
Jun-90
1639
May-90
1580
Apr-90
1525
Mar-90
1038
Feb-90
997
Jan-90
927
Dec-89
897
Nov-89
837
Oct-89
809
Sep-89
745
Aug-89
650
Jul-89
603
Jun-89
564
May-89
516
Apr-89
467
Mar-89
410
Feb-89
384
Jan-89
346
Dec-88
334
Nov-88
313
Oct-88
291
Sep-88
244
Aug-88
217
Jul-88
173
31
Notao CIDR
32
Internet: IP Addressing
Exemplo de Supernetting
194.117.25.0
194.117.26.0
194.117.27.0
194.117.24.0
194.117.28.0
Internet
194.117.29.0
194.117.31.0
194.117.30.0
33
Exemplo de Supernetting
Porque os endereos classe C so consecutivos poderemos agreg-los!
194.117.24.0 -> 1100 0010 . 0111 0010 . 0001 1000 . 0000 0000
194.117.25.0 -> 1100 0010 . 0111 0010 . 0001 1001 . 0000 0000
194.117.26.0 -> 1100 0010 . 0111 0010 . 0001 1010 . 0000 0000
194.117.27.0 -> 1100 0010 . 0111 0010 . 0001 1011 . 0000 0000
194.117.28.0 -> 1100 0010 . 0111 0010 . 0001 1100 . 0000 0000
194.117.29.0 -> 1100 0010 . 0111 0010 . 0001 1101 . 0000 0000
194.117.30.0 -> 1100 0010 . 0111 0010 . 0001 1110 . 0000 0000
194.117.31.0 -> 1100 0010 . 0111 0010 . 0001 1111 . 0000 0000
34
Internet: IP Addressing
Na Notao CIDR
194
117
24
0 / 21
35
Problema
Problema:
Usando o bloco 200.23.48/21 resolva
o problema de endereamento deste
grupo de empresas, usando o menor
nmero possvel de endereos do bloco
disponvel.
36
Internet: IP Addressing
Endereo
Rede
Endereo
Broadcast
Bits da
Mscara
200+Ro+R+B
150+Ro+R+B
110+Ro+R+B
60+Ro+R+B
56+Ro+R+B
20+Ro+R+B
256
256
128
64
64
32
8
8
7
6
6
5
200.23.48.0
200.23.49.0
200.23.50.0
200.23.50.128
200.23.50.192
200.23.51.0
200.23.48.255
200.23.49.255
200.23.50.127
200.23.50.191
200.23.50.255
200.23.51.31
24
24
25
26
26
27
20+Ro+R+B
3+R+B
2+R+B
32
8
4
5
3
2
200.23.51.32
200.23.51.64
200.23.51.72
200.23.51.63
200.23.51.71
200.23.51.75
27
29
30
37
Endereos Privados
RFC 1918, BCP 0005 - Address Allocation for Private Internets
10.0.0.0
172.16.0.0
192.168.0.0
10.255.255.255
172.31.255.255
192.168.255.255
(10/8)
(172.16/12)
(192.168/16)
38
Internet: IP Addressing
Endereos Privados
Rede Privada
Rede IP Pblica
Endereos Pblicos
Traduo de
Endereos
Endereos Privados
39
0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0
127.0.0.0
192.0.2.0
224.0.0.0
0.0.0.0
255.0.0.0
255.0.0.0
255.255.255.0
255.240.0.0
40
Internet: IP Addressing
41
Multicast
Site-local
Link-local
IPv4: 169.254/16
IPv6: FE80:0:0:0:<interface ID>
Loopback
IPv4: 127.0.0.1/8
IPv6: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1/128 (::1/128)
Joo Neves, 2010
42
Internet: IP Addressing
IPv4 Exhaustion
2010
http://ipv6.he.net/statistics/
43
Endereos e nomes...
192.168.246.104
192.168.246.46
44
Internet: IP Addressing
Bibliografia
Comer, Douglas E.
Internetworking with TCP/IP (VOL I)
Prentice Hall, 5th Edition (2006)
ISBN 0-13-187671-6
45