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HighStrengthSteelPlateProduction,PropertiesandUse

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HomeHighStrengthSteelPlate

HIGHSTRENGTHSTEELPLATE
JULY16,2014BYDENISOAKLEY

WHYCHOOSEOAKLEYSTEEL?
LEAVEACOMMENT

Sincethefirstapplicationofsteelinsteelstructuresinthe19thcenturythedevelopmentofsteel
constructionhasbeencloselylinkedtothedevelopmentinmaterialpropertiesandproduction
methods.Significantachievementsconcerningstrength,economy,designversatility,fabrication
anderectiontechniquesandserviceperformancewouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthe
substantialimprovementsofhighstrengthsteelplate.Especiallywiththeapplicationofnew
productionprocessesforcarbonsteelssuchasthethermomechanicalrollingandthequenching
andtemperingprocess,highstrengthsteelplatewithgoodfabricationpropertiessuchas
weldabilitywasintroducedintotheconstructionmarket.

1.AwesomeService
2.ThickestPlates
3.BestAvailability
4.BestQualitySteel
5.SuperDelivery

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BENEFITSOFHIGHSTRENGTHSTEELPLATE

Today,theapplicationofhighstrengthsteelplateisdrivenbythefollowingmajorreasons:

Economy:Byincreasingthestrengthofsteel,thestructuralsectioncanbereduced
dependingonthestructuralproblem.Thismayreducefabricationanderectioncostsan
importanttaskinhighwageeconomies.
Architecture:Thesizeofstructuralelementscanbereduced,enablingspecialaestheticand
elegantstructures,whichembedintheenvironmentinanoutstandingmanner.
Environment:Constructionwithlesssteelmeansalsoareducedconsumptionofour
worldsscarceresources.
Safety:Modernhighstrengthsteelgradesexhibitnotonlyhighstrengthvalues.Special
gradescombinethisstrengthwithexcellenttoughnesssothatahighsafetybothin
fabricationandapplicationofthestructuresisensured.Inparticular,modernoffshoresteel
gradesperformingatsomeofthelowestservicetemperaturesareagoodexample.
Itshouldnotbeneglectedthatseveralotherbranchesstartedwiththeapplicationofhighstrength
steelplateearlier.Mobilecraneconstructionusestodaysteelgradesuptoayieldstressof1100
MPaintheoffshoreindustrythermomechanicallyrolledsteelsinhigherstrengthclassesare
likelytobethesteelgroupthemostoftenusedforcoldwaterapplications.

AncoferWaldramisoneofEuropes
leadingsteelstockholders.With40,000
metrictonnesofheavycarbonsteel
platesinstockAncoferisabletosupply
largequantitiesofheavyplateto
projectsthatneedfastdelivery.
AncoferisfullyownedbyDillinger
Hutte.OakleySteelisAncofer'sagent
inAsia

Eventheshipbuildingindustryhasstartedtodesignwithhighstrengthsteel.Nevertheless,this
articlefocusesonthehighstrengthsteelplategradeswhicharetodayusedinsteelconstruction
(bridges,buildings,hydraulicsteelwork)inEuropealthoughweknowthatengineersinthisfield
canprofitalotfromthegoodexperiencemadeinotherbranches.
THEPRODUCTIONPROCESSESFORHIGHSTRENGTHSTEELPLATE

Thedevelopmentofnewgradesofhighstrengthsteelplatewasalwaysdrivenbythedemandof
theuserswantingmaterialsexhibitinggoodmechanicalcharacteristicssuchasyieldstrengthand
toughnessaswellasexcellentfabricationpropertiesensuringanefficientfabricationtechnologyin
theworkshopandduringtheerectionofasteelstructure.Amongotherstherearetwomajorways
ofincreasingtheyieldstrengthofsteel:

DillingerHutteistheworld'sleading
heavyplatemill.AGermansteelmill
Dillingerspecialisesinproducing
heavycarbonsteelplatefor
construction,offshoreandprocess
equipment.

Alloying:Byalloyingelementssuchascarbonandmanganesethestrengthofsteel
productscanbeeasilyincreased.Butitisknownthatanadditionofalloyingelementsin
mostcasesalsoworsensthefabricationpropertiesofsteelproducts,inparticularthe
weldability.
Heattreatment:Heattreatmenthasaneffectonmicrostructureandgrainsize.Themain
advantageofthisprocessconsistsintheachievementofafinegrainedstructureresulting
inhigherstrengthaswellasbettertoughnessofthematerialcomparedtoacoarsegrained

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structure(HallPetchrelationship).
Forthisreasontheheattreatmentisofmajorimportanceinthedevelopmentofnewsteelgrades
andthehistoricalcontextisshowninFig.1.Until1950thesteelwhichistodayknownasS355J2
accordingtotheEuropeanstandardEN10025wasregardedashightensilesteel.
Asaplatethisgradeisusuallyproducedbyconventionalhotrolling(seeFig.2,processA)
followedbyanormalizingheattreatmentaheatingslightlyabovetheAotemperature
(temperaturewheretheferriticperliticstructurehastotallychangedtoaustenite)followedbya
slowcoolingresultinginafineandhomogeneousgrainstructure(seeFig.2,processB).This
processcanbereplacedbyanormalizingrollingwheresimplyexpressedthisheat
treatmentisincludedintherollingbutleadstoasimilarresult.
Duringthe1960stheapplicationofthe
quenchingandtemperingprocessfor
structuralsteelgradesbegan(processC).
Thisprocessconsistsofarollingfollowedby
heatingabovetheAotemperatureanda
rapidcooling,normallyinwater,plusa
subsequenttemperingbelowAr1
(temperaturewhereaustenitebeginsto
form.SeeFig.2processC).
Fig1:HistoricalDevelopmentofProductionProcessesfor
RolledSteelProducts

Roughlyspeakingduringthefirststepa
strongmartensiticorbaintiticgrain
structureisobtainedwhosetoughness
propertiesaresignificantlyimprovedduringthetemperingprocess.SeeFig.3.Besidesthisheat
treatmentthegoodbalancebetweenstrengthandtoughnessisbasedonthefactthatthese
steelsarealloyedbyaddingmicroalloyingelements(niobium,vanadium,titanium)precipitating
asfinelydistributedcarbonitrides.
Todaythisprocessgiveshighstrengthsteelplategradeswithyieldstrengthupto1100MPa,
althoughonlygradesupto960MPayieldstressarestandardised:Furthermore,classical
Europeansteelconstruction,i.e.buildingsandbridges,profitsonlyveryrarelyfromthisultra
highstrengthsteelandismostlylimitedtosteelgradesuptoS690.
TMCPROLLINGOFHIGHSTRENGTH
STEELPLATE

Fig2:Differenttypesofheattreatmentandrollingprocesses.
Temperatureontheverticalaxis.yrecrdenotesrecrystallized
austenite,ynotrecrdenotesnonrecrystallizedaustenite,a+y
thetemperaturerangeforaustenite+ferriteandathe
temperatureregionforferriteandpearliteinconventionalsteels.
MLEshowstheincreaseinthetemperatureforrecrystallization
duetomicroalloying.TNisthenormalizationtemperature.

CONTACTUSAT:

sales@oakleysteel.co.uk
+60123357743
+60193357743

Inthe1970sthermomechanicalrolling
processwasdevelopedandfirstappliedfor
linepipeplates,butthenquicklyfoundits
wayintothefieldsofshipbuildingandthe
constructionofoffshoreplatforms,bothfor
platesandforrolledsections.

TMrollingisdefinedasaprocessinwhich
finaldeformationiscarriedoutinacertain
temperaturerangeleadingtomaterial
propertieswhichcannotbeachievedbyheat
treatmentalone.Theresultingsteelgrade
hashighstrengthaswellashightoughnessandatthesametimeaminimumalloyingcontent
resultinginbestweldability.
Alsohereitisusualtoaddtothesteelsomemicroalloyingelementssuchasniobium,vanadium
or/andtitaniuminaverysmallamountinordertoachieveanadditionalstrengtheningeffectby
theformationoffinecarbonitridesandtoincreasetherecrystallisationtemperature.
Firstrollingpassesarecarriedoutattraditionalrollingtemperature.Furtherrollingpassesare
accuratelydefinedatatemperaturebelowtherecrystallisationtemperature(processD)and
sometimeseveninthetemperaturerangeofcoexistingausteniteandferrite/pearlite(process
E).Theprocessmaybefinishedbyanacceleratedcoolingespeciallyforthickerplates(process
F).

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AllthesevarietiesoftheTMprocessproduceaveryfinegrainedmicrostructureofferriteand
pearliteorpartlyalsobainiteasshowninFig.3,avoidinghighalloyingcontentand
thereforeprovidingverygoodtoughnesspropertiesandanexcellentweldability.Furthermore,
highyieldstrengthgradescanbeproducedbythesetechniques.Plateswithguaranteed
minimumyieldstrengthvalueupto500MPaareavailableinthicknessesupto80mmandare
alreadyusedinshipbuildingandoffshoreconstruction.Forconstructionalsteelworkevenplatesof
120mmhavebeenproducedandappliedsuccessfullyinparticularinbridges.
ProcessGshowsTMrollingfollowedbydirectquenchingandselftempering.Hereanouterlayer
ofthematerialisquenched.Theinterior,beingwarmer,subsequentlygivesatemperingofthe
quenchedmaterial.
Intheremainderofthisarticlequenchedand
temperedsteelswillbereferredtoasQT
andthermomechanicallyrolledsteelsasTM
sinceQandM(formaldeliveryconditions)
arealsoqualitydesignationsforimpact
toughness.
STANDARDSFORHIGHSTRENGTH
STEELPLATE

InNovember2004thenewstandardforhot
rolledsteelproductsforusageinsteel
constructionEN10025waspublished.This
standardhassixpartsanddefinesthemost
Fig3:Grainmicrostructureofquenchedandtemperedand
commonstructuralsteelgradeswhichwere
thermomechanicallyrolledsteelcomparedtonormalizedsteel
formerlytreatedintheindependent
standardsEN40113andEN10137.With
referencetothehigherstrengthgrades,whichareunderdiscussioninthisdocument,foreach
stateofdeliveryexplainedinchapter4.1.2,onepartofEN10025(2004)isnowreserved.
However,asfaraschemicalandmechanicalpropertiesofthedefinedsteelgradesare
concerned,thesepartsdonotshowbigchangesincomparisontotheformerstandardsEN
10113and10137.
RegardingHighPerformanceSteelsEN10025Part4(replacingEN101133)describesTM
steelswithminimumyieldstressof420and460MPaatthelowestproductthickness.Foreach
yieldstressgrade,twoqualitiesexistwithdifferentguaranteedtoughnesslevelsmeasuredbythe
CharpyVtestwiththespecimeninthelongitudinaldirection:anMqualitywith40Jat20Cand
anMLqualitywith27Jat50C.QTsteelgradesarenowstandardisedinEN10025Part6
(replacingEN101372)withyieldstressgradesfrom460MPaupto960MPa,whereas
constructionalsteelworkinEuropetodayislimitedtosteelgradesuptoS690.
Higherstrengthsteelplategradesarestillthedomainoftheconstructionequipmentindustry.
Here,foreachyieldstressgradeexceptS960threedifferentqualitiesexistCharpyVtestedinthe
longitudinaldirection:aQqualitywith30Jat20C,aQLqualitywith30Jat40CandaQL1
qualitywith30Jat60C.
Tables1,2and3summarisethemechanicalpropertiesofthesesteelgradesaccordingtothe
standard.Nevertheless,itmustberecognisedthatproductsfromactualproductionmostlyexceed
theseminimumvaluesbyfar.
Table1:StrengthrequirementsforstructuralsteelsEN100254,TMsteels

Grade

Nominalthickness(mm)
16

>1640

>4063

>6380

>80100

>100120

MinimumyieldstrengthReH,MPa
S420M

420

400

390

380

370

365

S460M

460

440

430

410

400

385

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TensilestrengthRm.MPa
S420M

520680

500660

480650

470630

460620

S460M

540720

530710

510690

500680

490660

Table2:StrengthrequirementsforstructuralsteelsEN100256,QTsteels

Grade

NominalThicknesst(mm)
3t50

50<t100

100<t150

MinimumyieldstrengthReH,MPa
S460Q

460

440

400

S500Q

500

480

440

S550Q

550

530

490

S620Q

620

580

560

S690Q

690

650

630

S890Q

890

830

S960Q

960
TensilestrengthRm,MPa

S460Q

550720

500670

S500Q

590770

540720

S550Q

640820

590770

S620Q

700890

650830

S690Q

770940

760930

S890Q

9401100

8801100

S960Q

9801150

710900

Table3:Minimumenergyvaluesforimpacttestsonlongitudinalspecimens.TMandQT
steels

Quality

TestTemperatureC
20

40

60

40J

ML
Q

50

27J
30J

QL

30J

QL1

30J

Energyrequirementsatthelowesttesttemperaturearegivenforeachquality.Transverseimpact
testingcanbeorderedasanoption.Forfurtherdetailsrefertotherelevantstandard
CHEMICALPROPERTIESOFHIGHSTRENGTHSTEELPLATE

Themaximumalloyingcontentsforhighstrengthsteelsasgiveninthestandardsareoften

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consideredtogiveveryconservativeupperlimits.Actualvaluesfortheproductsareusuallymuch
lower.Furthermore,itshouldbetakenintoaccountthatnotonlythesteelgradehasaninfluence
onthealloyingcontentinadditionthechemicalcompositionmayvarywiththethicknessrange.
Itisobviousthatdifferencesbetweenproductsofdifferentproducersarequitenormal.
Table4givesexamplesofthechemicalcompositionsofS460ML,S460QL,andS690QLin
comparisontothecommonEuropeanconstructionalsteelS355J2.Itcanbeseenthatforgrades
uptoS460TMrolledgradesshowaverycleanchemicalcompositionresultinginexcellent
weldability.Butalsothealloyingconceptsofthehigherstrengthgrade,inparticularS690,allow
forefficientfabricationprocesses,asdescribedbelow.
Table4:Chemicalcompositionsofhighstrengthsteel,50mmthick(weight%).S355J2is
givenforcomparison.Excerptfromthestandardrequirementsandexamplesofactual
values.

S355J2

S460ML

S460QL

S690QL

EN
10025
Part2

Typical
Analysis

EN
10025
Part4

Typical
Analysis

EN
10025
Part6

Typical
Analysis

EN
10025
Part6

Typical
Analysis

0.22

0.17

0.16

0.08

0.20

0.15

0.16

Si

0.55

0.45

0.60

0.45

0.80

0.45

0.80

0.30

Mn

1.60

1.50

1.70

1.65

1.70

1.50

1.70

1.30

0.025

0.015

0.025

0.011

0.020

0.012

0.020

0.012

0.025

0.015

0.020

0.002

0.010

0.005

0.010

0.005

Nb

0.05

<0.04

0.06

0.017

0.06

<0.04

0.12

0.12

0.12

Ti

0.05

0.05

0.05

Mo

0.20

0.70

Ni

0.80

0.19

0.55

0.17

Cu

0.55

Cr

0.30

B
CE

0.47

0.42

0.47

0.39

0.70

0.37

2.0

2.0

0.15

0.50

0.50

0.08

1.50

1.50

0.40

0.0050

0.0050

0.003

0.65

0.65

0.47

0.115

0.39

Pcm

0.26

0.19

0.19

0.29

CET

0.32

0.26

0.26

0.35

Widevariationofthecompositionispossibleduetoavarietyofpossibleproductionroutes.
Carbonequivalents:
CE=C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15
Pcm=C+Si/30+(Mn+Cu+Cr)/20+Ni/60+Mo/15+V/10+5B
CET=C+(Mn+Mo)/10+(Cr+Cu)/20+Ni/40
MECHANICALPROPERTIESOFHIGHSTRENGTHSTEELPLATE

Ithastobeclearlystatedthatthevaluesguaranteedbythestandardsareminimumvalues.The
usercannormallyexpectconsiderablybettervalues,inparticularfortoughness.Fig.4showsas
anexampletypicaltransitioncurvesfortheCharpyVenergyagainstthetesttemperatureforan
S460MLandanS690QLsteelandcomparesthemtoaconventionalsteel,S355J2.
ItcanbeseenthatthesehighstrengthsteelsshowsignificantlyhigherCharpyVvaluesatthe

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HighStrengthSteelPlateProduction,PropertiesandUse

testingtemperaturethangiveninthestandard(27Jat50Cand30Jat40Crespectively).
EvenatroomtemperaturethetoughnessbehaviourisbetterthanforaconventionalS355J2.
Thesehightoughnessvaluesalsoresultingoodweldingpropertiesasdescribedbelow.
FABRICATIONPROPERTIESOFHIGH
STRENGTHSTEELPLATE

Welding
GeneralrecommendationsforweldingofTM
andQTsteelsaregiveninEN10112,
WeldingRecommendationsforweldingof
metallicmaterialsPart2Arcweldingof
ferriticsteels.
Moststeelproducersgivedetailed
informationonweldingonrequest.Such
informationmayalsobefoundonthe
respectiveInternetwebsitesofthesteel
producers.Itisrecommendedtocontactthe
steelproducerfordetailedinformationsincethealloyingconceptsmaydifferbetweendifferent
producers.
Fig4:CharpyVtemperaturetransitioncurvesforS460MLand
S690QLwithS355J2forcomparison

Thesteelstreatedherehavelowcontentsofalloyingelementsandlowcarbonequivalents.They
canbeeasilyweldedtoallordinarystructuralsteelsusinganyconventionalarcweldingmethod.
ThisisespeciallytruefortheTMsteelssinceanS460Msteelhasalowercarbonequivalentthan
anordinarystructuralsteel.TheTMsteelshaveawiderwindowforheatinputandpreheating
thanQTsteels.EvenforthickerplatesofS460Mpreheatingcanbeomittedandthuswelding
costsreduced.
Themainpointstoavoidcoldcrackingare:

Preheatingtheparentmaterialwhenrecommended.Thisisalsomostimportantfortack
weldingandtherootpass.
Thejointsurfacesshouldbeperfectlycleananddry.
Minimisetheshrinkagestressbyensuringagoodfitandawellplannedsequenceofweld
runs.
Useafillermaterialwithlowhydrogencontent.
AnexampleofpreheatingrecommendationsfromoneproducerisgiveninTable5

SteelGrade

Maximumcombinedplatethickness,mm
30 40

50

60

S460M,S460ML

RoomTemperature,RT

S690Q,S690QL,
S690QL1

RT

75C

75C

70

80

90 100 110

120 130

75C
75C

75C

100C

150C

Combinedplatethicknessisthesumofthethicknessesoftheplatesjoined.Maximumhydrogen
contentofweldmetal5mg/100g.Heatinputapproximately1.7kJ/mm.
Theheatinputdeterminesthepropertiesoftheweld.Lowheatinputincreasesthemaximum
hardnessandtheriskforcoldcracking,whereashighheatinputdecreasesthetoughness.
Examplesofrecommendationsare:ForS420M,S460Mupto5.3kJ/mmforS690Qupto3.5
kJ/mm,dependinginbothcasesonthecombinedplatethickness.Forthinnercombined
thicknesses,below60to80mm,theheatinputmustbereduced.
Onthechoiceoffillermaterial:Chooseafillermaterialgivingahydrogencontent10ml/100g.
ForanS690platethickerthan20mm,5m1/100gisrecommended.RegardingS460Msteels
matchingorovermatchingmaterialcanbechosen,whileforS690Qmatchingorundermatchingis
appropriate.ForS690Qsteelitisadvisabletouseanundermatchingmaterialfortherootrun.
Forfilletweldsitisalwaysadvisabletoselectanundermatchingfillermaterial.Themajorbenefits
ofselectinglowerstrengthfillermaterialforQTsteelwithyieldstrength>500MPaare:higher

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toughnessoftheweldmetal,improvedductilityofthejoint,reducedsensitivitytocracking.
Onstressrelieving:EN100251hasthefollowinginformation.Stressrelievingatmorethan
580Cformorethan1hmayleadtoadeteriorationofthemechanicalpropertiesofthesteel
gradesasdefinedinparts2to5.(Comment:thiscorrespondstotheoldstandardsEN
10025+A1,EN101132,EN101133,EN10155).
FornormalizedornormalizedrolledgradeswithminimumRef460MPathemaximumstress
relieftemperatureshouldbe560C.FortheQTsteelgradesofEN100256(correspondingtoEN
101372)themaximumstressrelieftemperatureshouldbe30Kbelowthetempering
temperature.ForQTsteelsthepurchaserisrecommendedtocontactthesteelproducer.The
maximumtemperatureisnormallyintherange550Cto580C.
Ourgeneralpracticalexperienceisthatpostweldheattreatmentisnotnecessary.Thetoughness
andhardnessoftheweldmentnormallymeettherequirementsandisnotsubstantiallyimproved
bystressrelieving.Itshouldonlybecarriedoutifareductionoftheresidualstressesisneeded
forsomespecialpurposeorifspecifiedinthedesigncodes.
FlameStraighteningofHighStrengthSteelPlate
TMandQTsteelscanbeflamestraightened,butthisrequiresmorecarethanforconventional
normalizedorhotrolledsteels.Gasheatingand/orinductionheatingarerecommended.Theskill
oftheoperatorisessential.Thetemperatureshouldbemeasuredusingthermocouples.
Temperaturesnotexceeding600Cformorethantenminutesdonotaffectthematerial
propertiesdetrimentallyforQTsteelofthetypeS690QLandS960QL.
ForTMmaterialuptoS460Mitwasshownthatasuperficialheatingupto950Cdoesnot
influencethemechanicalpropertiessignificantly,whereasformoresevereheatingconditionsup
tothemiddleoftheplatesamaximumof700Cshouldbeobserved.Thematerialmanufacturer
shouldbecontactedifmoredetailedinformationisneeded.
ColdFormingofHighStrengthSteelPlate
Thematerialstandards(EN100254,6)haveaNote:Coldformingingeneralleadstoa
reductionoftheductility.Furthermoreitisnecessarytodrawattentiontotheriskofbrittlefracture
inconnectionwithhotdipzinccoating.
ForTMsteelsEN100254hasoptionsregardingflangeabilityformaterialwithanominal
thicknesst512mmandrollformingformaterialwitht5.8mm.ForthesteelgradesS420and
S460theminimumbendradiusis4timestwiththeaxisofthebendinthetransversedirection
and5timestinthelongitudinaldirection.
ForQTsteelsEN100256hasanoptionregardingflangeabilityformaterialwithanominal
thicknesst16mm.Forthe5690gradetheminimumbendradiusis3.0timestwiththeaxisofthe
bendinthetransversedirectionand4.0timestinthelongitudinaldirection.Transverseand
longitudinalrefertotherollingdirection.
However,alsointhisrespectthesteelsoftenhavefarbetterpropertiesthanspecifiedinthe
standards.AnexamplefromonemanufacturerisgiveninTable6.
Table6:Exampleofbendingrecommendationsfromonemanufacturer.Theyreferto
shotblastandshopprimedplate.Asdeliveredplatemaybebentsomewhatnarrower.

Grade

Thickness
(mm)

Transverse
R/t

Longitudinal
R/t

Springback
degrees

1.0

1.5

36

t<8

1.5

2.0

610

8t<20

2.0

3.0

t>20

3.0

4.0

S420M,MLS460M,
ML
S690Q,QL,QL1

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Rdenotesthepunchradiusandttheactualthickness
Mostmanufacturersgiverecommendationsforbendingandcanbecontactedformoredetailed
informationsuchasestimatesofthebendingforceneeded.
HotFormingofHighStrengthSteel
AccordingtoEN100254TMsteelsshallnotbehotformed.Ifdeemednecessarythe
manufacturershallbeconsulted.Oftenformingatamaximumtemperatureof580Cforshort
timesisallowed.QTsteelscanbehotformed.EN100256permitshotformingup,tothestress
reliefannealingtemperature,normallyintherange550Cto580C.Thisagreeswiththe
recommendationsofthesteelmanufacturers.Inpracticehotformingisrarelyusedduetothe
goodcoldformabilityofthesesteels.
HeatTreatmentofHighStrengthSteelPlate
Highstrengthsteelplategradesarenotintendedforheattreatmentafterdelivery.Theonly
exceptionisstressreliefannealingasdescribedabove.TMsteelsobtaintheirpropertiesduring
rolling,i.e.controlleddeformationatprecisetemperatures.Thiscannotberepeatedbyheat
treatment.QTsteelsareheattreated.However,thesteelmanufacturernormallyhasmuchmore
efficientquenchingequipmentthancanbefoundelsewhere.
Thesteelmanufactureradjuststhesteelcompositiontomatchthepropertiesofthequenching
andtemperingequipmenttoobtaintheintendedproperties.Thereforearenewedquenching
treatmentmaynotrestorethematerialpropertiesandmakestheinspectiondocumentsinvalid.In
rarecases,ifheattreatmentisdeemednecessarythesteelmanufacturermustbeconsulted.
ZincCoatingofHighStrengthSteelPlate
AllofthesteelsinEN10025exceptthoseofpart5haveoptionsfororderinggradessuitablefor
hotdipzinccoating.ReferenceismadetoENISO1461andENISO14713ortospecial
chemicalrequirementsinthestandards,seeTable7.Theselimitsconcernthethicknessand
appearanceofthezinclayer.
Table7:Classesforthesuitabilityforhotdipzinccoating(ladleanalysis)

Classes

Compositionwt%
Si

Si+2.5P

Class1

0.030

0.090

Class2

0.35

Class3

0.14Si.25

0.035

Class2appliesonlyforspecialzincalloys
Forclass2themaximumcarbonequivalentCEshallbeincreasedby0.02,forclass3by
0.01.Forthesteelstreatedhereclass2isthemostrelevantone.Galvanizingisacomplexissue
andonlygeneraladvicewillbegiven.Fordetailedinformationthesteelmanufactureror
companiesperforminggalvanizingortheirnationalassociationsshouldbeconsulted.The
outcomeforthehigheststrengthsteelsisgreatlyinfluencedbydetailsofthegalvanizingprocess
andtheapplication.Itisimportantthatthegalvanizingcompanyisinformedaboutthesteeltype.
Themainproblemforhighstrengthsteelsishydrogencrackingorzincpenetrationintothegrain
boundariesoftheparentmaterial.Localstressconcentrationsorresidualstressesfromwelding,
gascuttingorcoldformingwillincreasetherisk.Theseproblemsmayoccurevenforsteelsofthe
S355J2type.Stressrelievingandanabrasivewaterjetinsteadofflamecuttingmayreducethe
problem.
ThisarticleoriginallyappearedinHighPerformanceSteelsinEuropeandwaswrittenbyAnders
SamuelssonandFalkoSchroter,HeadofMarketingatDillingerHutte.Allimagesandtext
copyrightofDillingerHutte.

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