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PROTOCOLO DE NAGOIA
entre Brasil
e Unio Europeia
Dilogo sobre o
PROTOCOLO DE NAGOIA
entre Brasil
e Unio Europeia
Braslia
2013
Glossrio
ABS
ANVISA
CDB
CGEN
CNPq
CPF
DPG
EMBRAPA
IBAMA
ICMBio
IPHAN
MMA
TMA
Apresentao
7 7
Introduo
realizao
do
Europeia
do Protocolo de Nagoia.
possam
trazer
benefcios
valiosos
seus
patrimnio biolgico.
conhecimentos
sobre
outubro
de
2010,
ajudando
O Brasil e a biodiversidade
da
compreendendo,
dentre
outros,
os
ecossistemas
10
utilizao
dos
recursos
genticos,
mediante,
questes
esse
relativas
terceiro
estavam
entanto,
crescente
as
mais
negociao
da
e,
as
recursos,
difceis
na
entre
objetivo
eventualmente,
assumir
desenvolvidos
por
os
ou
civilizaes
em
Industrial.
obrigaes
de
conservao,
pr-modernas
disperso
de
recursos
fabricantes
industriais,
se a biotecnologia; 3- e o acesso,
adquiri-los
resultou
tangveis
material
no
desenvolvimento
em
muitos
para
as
benefcios
por
pela
via
comercial,
sociedades
biotecnolgico.
11
12 12
Artigo
15
da
estabelece
e
CDB
princpios
obrigaes
impostas
da
utilizao
dos
no
consentimento
fundamentado,
por
prvio
termos
mutuamente acordados.
Simplificando, a CDB estabelece
que um indivduo ou instituio
que busque o acesso aos recursos
genticos em um pas estrangeiro
deve obter o consentimento prvio
fundamentado do pas no qual
o recurso est localizado. Alm
disso, o indivduo ou instituio ter
tambm de negociar e concordar
com os termos e condies de
acesso e utilizao desse recurso
(termos mutuamente acordados).
Os termos mutuamente acordados
com
o
vistas
provedor,
repartio,
dos
com
benefcios
pases
graus,
e
so,
em
simultaneamente
provedores
de
diferentes
usurios
recursos
recursos
genticos,
criar
13
locais
fornecem
informaes
valiosas
para
os
inovaes
prticas
dos
povos
estimular
benefcios
repartio
decorrentes
da
equitativa
utilizao
desses
pas usurio.
provedor.
devem
ser
desenvolvidas
executadas
com
14
conhecimentos
tradicionais
associados:
tarifas
Diretrizes de Bonn
Acesso
e
aos
Recursos
Repartio
dos
Genticos
Benefcios
na
disposies
repartio
de
implementao
sobre
acesso
benefcios
da
medidas
administrativas,
exemplo,
elas
abordam
repartio
fornecendo
de
benefcios,
orientaes
quanto
15
biodiversidade
diversidade
cultural
esto
16
considerassem
devidamente
de
seus
que
recursos
no
estavam
no
desenvolvimento.
genticos
O
(biopirataria),
pesquisa,
processo
de
Conveno.
17
O Protocolo de Nagoia
omo resposta a estas perguntas, na Cpula Mundial sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentvel, em Joanesburgo,
em 2002, os chefes de governo clamaram por ao no mbito da CDB, para que se negociasse um regime
internacional que promovesse a repartio justa e equitativa dos benefcios decorrentes da utilizao
dos recursos genticos. Em 2004, a Conferncia das Partes da CDB iniciou o processo de negociao do regime
internacional. A oitava reunio da Conferncia das Partes, realizada em Curitiba, em 2006, estabeleceu como prazo
para a concluso das negociaes sua dcima reunio, que seria realizada em 2010. Aps seis anos de negociaes, o
Protocolo de Nagoia sobre Acesso a Recursos Genticos e Repartio Justa e Equitativa dos Benefcios Decorrentes
da sua Utilizao foi aprovado em Nagoia, no Japo, em 29 de outubro de 2010.
18
recursos genticos.
19
recursos genticos.
de
vinculantes.
Bonn,
tornando-as
juridicamente
bem compreendidos.
20
segurana jurdica.
terceiro
lugar,
essas
responsabilidades
genticos.
prvio
fundamentado
dessas
comunidades
aos
conhecimentos
tradicionais
associados
aos
incentivando
desenvolvimento
de
protocolos
recursos genticos.
acusao de biopirataria.
21
pela
incluso
do
terceiro
como
vrias
categorias
de
comunidades
tem
relevantes
programas
produtor de biocombustveis.
Como
22
nos
Decreto
3.945/2001
Decretos
subsequentes
vm
promovendo
Nacional.
assinado
repartio de benefcios.
pblicas ex situ.
autorizaes
respeito.
de
acesso,
aumentando
assim
sua
16 exigem:
autorizao do CGEN (Conselho de Gesto
tecnolgico.
genticos.
explorao
econmica
dos
com
os
provedores
23
consequncias
desse
enfoque
foi
de
que
tais
biodiversidade.
2012-2015.
de biodiversidade e ecossistemas.
de lei de ABS.
titulares?
federal ou estadual?
Nacional
24
para
ratificao,
como
uma
em
compreender
como
os
outros
pases
vigncia
estarem
domnio agrcola.
empenhando
esforos
para
documentar
soluo
Protocolo e clarear
at 2014.
processos
nacionais
para
analisar
medidas
de
destacam-se:
25
de
causar
Brasil e a UE.
conformidade
dos
usurios,
podem
seu controle.
26
As
pequenas
mdias
empresas
(PMEs)
encontra-se em declnio.
podem
criar
oportunidades
interessantes,
maior
CONCLUSO
e sustentabilidade. Com a adoo do Protocolo de Nagoia, o caminho est aberto para o Brasil
decidir qual o melhor marco regulatrio nacional de promoo do crescimento econmico com base
biolgica, ao mesmo tempo em que conserva e usa de forma sustentvel sua rica biodiversidade.
28
Esta publicao foi elaborada no mbito da ao Acesso aos recusos genticos e repartio de benefcios: rumo ao Protocolo de
Nagoia do projeto Dilogos Setoriais Unio Europeia - Brasil. Para maiores detalhes, acesse http://www.dialogossetoriais.org/
Fotos: Arquivo MMA/Eraldo Peres e Rui Faquini
29
ANOS
ANOS
This publication has been prepared as part of the European Union - Brazil Sector Dialogues project Access to Genetic
Resources and Benefit Sharing: towards the Nagoya Protocol. For further details see http:// www.dialogossetoriais.org/
Photos: MMAs Archives/Eraldo Peres e Rui Faquini
29
CONCLUSION
razil is one of the countries with the greatest biodiversity in the world. It can develop
economically based on this wealth, provided it can foster innovation, technological
development, products and processes centred on conservation and sustainability. With
the adoption of the Nagoya Protocol, the way is now clear for Brazil to decide the best national
framework to promote bio-based economic growth whilst conserving and sustainable using
its biodiversity wealth.
28
applicable rules.
occur.
27
pharmaceuticals
banks,
biotech,
overall declining.
communities
is
sensitive
issue
politically
and
26
to ratify by 2014.
committed
itself
to
ratification.
Before
ratifying
processes
for
analysing
implementing
measures.
25
complicated issues:
legal certainty.
state governments?
an ABS Bill.
Many
substantive
agreements
were
reached
24
for
Genetic
Heritage
Management
(CGEN)
has
pharmaceutical
Novartis
(a
multinational
research,
bioprospecting
and
technological
development.
Prior Informed Consent from indigenous and local
communities as a condition for accessing their genetic
resources and/or traditional knowledge associated with
genetic resources.
Benefit sharing with the providers when any
product or process that results from the access to
genetic resources or to the associated traditional
knowledge comes to market.
The signing of benefit sharing contracts and their
submission to CGEN.
Simultaneously Decree 3.945/2001 provided an
overall regulation of the legislation, and established
the Council for Genetic Heritage Management (CGEN)
and the Department of Genetic Heritage (DPG) within
the Ministry of the Environment. The DPG operates as
be followed.
The rationale of the system put in place twelve years
ago revolved largely around command and control
principles. This was understandable in light of Brazils
longstanding concern to forestall biopiracy in the
absence of any international benefit sharing framework.
However one of the consequences of this focus is that
the procedures may have acted as a disincentive to
applied research and development for both academic
researchers and industry.
But the experience accumulated over the past twelve
years and the adoption of a legally-binding global
regime on ABS in the form of the Nagoya Protocol now
mean that Brazil is able to refocus its domestic ABS
regime from command and control to encouraging
cooperation in scientific research, within Brazil and with
international partners, thereby generating more benefits
and reinforcing the conservation and sustainable use of
biodiversity.
23
ABS in Brazil
of the CBD. Over the first ten years of the life of the
Convention it repeatedly expressed the view that the
CBD should give the same weight to the implementation
of this objective as to the other two. It argued that the
adoption of the Bonn Guidelines was simply a first step
towards the full implementation of the Conventions
ABS provisions. Brazil played an active and energetic
role in the negotiations of the Nagoya Protocol, not
least in the final stages of the negotiation in Nagoya
that enabled agreement to be reached and the text of
the Protocol adopted.
This interest derives from Brazils position as a
megadiverse country of continental proportions
a terrestrial area of 8.5 million km2 and a marine
area of 4.5 million km2 with six continental biomes
(Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest,
Pampas), two-thirds of the country still coved by native
vegetation and containing 15 per cent of known species
(and possibly 25 per cent of all species).
Brazil is a culturally megadiverse country too. It
has a population of 190 million people, multi-ethnic
par excellence, including 220 indigenous peoples
speaking 180 different languages, as well as numerous
categories of nonindigenous traditional communities
whose livelihoods depend upon the sustainable use of
biodiversity. Overall the national population is made up
of Brazilians with ethnic backgrounds originating from
all continents.
natural assets.
and
biodiversity
has
significant
genomics
22
The
Nagoya
Protocol
addresses
traditional
genetic resources.
By
enhancing
legal
certainty
and
promoting
genetic resources.
benefit-sharing,
the
Nagoya
Protocol
encourages
21
Compliance.
compliance.
custodians.
resources.
20
genetic resources.
19
n response to these questions, in 2002 at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, heads
of government called for action under the CBD to negotiate an international regime to promote the fair and
equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. In 2004, the Conference of the Parties to
the CBD established a process to negotiate the international regime. The eighth meeting of the Conference of the
Parties, hosted by Brazil in Curitiba in 2006, set a deadline of concluding the negotiations by the time of its tenth
meeting to be held in 2010. After six years of negotiations, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources
and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization was adopted in Nagoya, Japan on 29
October 2010.
18
Convention.
17
production activities.
access regulations.
and
traditional
communities.
Such
knowledge,
diversity.
cultural survival.
16
Bonn Guidelines
In 2002, following five years
of discussions, the CBD adopted
the Bonn Guidelines on access to
genetic resources and the fair and
equitable sharing of the benefits
arising from their utilization. These
voluntary guidelines are designed
to
guide
both
providers
and
process,
by
providing
15
country.
Examples of benefit-sharing:
Provision
of
equipment,
improvement
of
knowledge.
provider country.
purchase medicine.
14
informed
consent
of
the
benefits
arising
from
simultaneously
users
and
13
12
the
most
difficult
in
wished
was
own,
made
prevailed.
demands
resources,
have
which
of
their
they
recognized
as
subject
Throughout
evident
in
human
pre-modern
to
The
dispersal
of
biological
and
biotechnology.
fibres
benefits
genetic
to
and
other
clothing,
areas.
cosmetics
However
the
11
genetic diversity.
10
Introduction
technologies.
razil
has
always
attached
great
administrative
designed
to
and
policy
implement
this
be met.
measures
Brazil.
indigenous
with
rich
population
of
09
08
Presentation
he response to the loss of biodiversity in Brazil
has been focused on the promotion of in situ, in
biodiversity conservation.
conservation.
to society.
its management.
Izabella Teixeira
07
Glossary
Agncia Nacional de Vigilncia Sanitria (National Health Surveillance Agency)
ANVISA
ABS
CNPq
CGEN
CBD
ICMBio
Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renovveis (Brazilian Institute
IBAMA
EMBRAPA
DPG
Biodiversity Conservation)
IPHAN
Instituto do Patrimnio Histrico e Artstico Nacional (National Institute for Artistic and
Natural Heritage)
PIC
MMA
MAT
06
05
Dialogue on the
NAGOYA PROTOCOL
between Brazil
and the European Union
Braslia
2013
Dialogue on the
NAGOYA PROTOCOL
between Brazil
and the European Union