At kilometre zero From Campidoglio to piazza VeneziaRome for you Information series on the City of Rome Produced Editorial coordination: (Graphics and page et Translation editby Oh the cove, the equestrian: the backround the Palazzo 5 On this page a stanveof the Dec CCosmotim spa- Elo de Rosa, edtore ‘AloeroTaglafr,Velero Vaviale (Cultural Association Mrabila Urb) EmanuelaBes Marco C. Mactrolorensi Stephen Geoffrey Wheeler abottan,1,11,12, 17 bow, 20 abo ‘ation rg atthe top ofthe Cordonata CapitlineWalks in Rome + Campidogiio 8 1, Thesquere 9 2 Palazzo dei Corservateri BR 3 Palazzo Nuovo 7 4, Palazzo Senatoro and fabularium 18 5 Wiaking, walking mn 6 Santa Maria in reco 23 7. Waking, walking, 26 + Piazza Venezia 2 8 Monument to Vittorio Emanuele Il (Vittoriana) 2B 9, Vialking, walking 32 10. SanMarco 33 11. Waking, walking 35 12, Palazzo di Venezia 36 13. Waking, walking, 38 La Trinde Capitolina At kilometre zero From Campidogtio to piazza Venezia Sipe: CRAEIOAFONTINA arin on 8A del 98-0 16000)ofth eS etter ce Sate Ror eres0.92 ane wOTTY et npassing pocket! cay curious tourist may cary with them during their Taeuel D ning of Chi aE L Came into) De Cen mane So, Tourism Office jal CouncilAREA SACRA DILARGO ARGENTINA VIA DELLE BOTTEGHE OSCURE S.Carlo ai tinari os i S nt 2 PZA PAIROLI ei ij < = Te) Y y Ney Ke "Pre CAMPITELLI * + B - Pal: Hy > °o Pe} o o 2 12, Passed veneaa 13, Wing, walkingdey a ‘ eS ee LARGO fl Venez MAGNANAP( * oes bona, Traiana z = iwauu qj N. Vic JUGAA® TS PIAZZADELLA CONSOLAZIONE S. Giorgio & det Ineo <3 y senzi Arcoldi % GianoPOLLS begins... nig Canphigtobit represented Rome’ military, civil and religious sovereignty. Isrobuststsucture dominated the Tiber’ sford, rendering tableto maintain defences and in thisway become acentre of privileged pow: er Its inhabstantsimace treaties, negotiated, drempt, celebrated vic- tories and pronounced and carried the Tiber; between rayarie Forum, the wide plain of Campa. Boario, the hill wasa veriable fortress for theancient city, Maybe or iancaler te ga lion the geese defended the ciy? Theancient Campidoglio had two hill ops-the Caitlin the ‘Are These were separated bya slight depression, named the Asy- tum, socalled becauseat ihe time of ‘Romulas,he provided shelerto exilesand bandits ftom othercites ‘They became the nucleus ofthe first Romans. Arehiteeturalstudy Inasshoven that the hillwasinkeabit- cdatleastfrom the XIV century BC. On the wp ofthe Capitan Massimo, pa the iy. The temple wasactally ded cated toa triad of gods, Jupiter, Giunone and Minerva and wasthe_ reason the Campitogliowasconsl- cred the saered hill of the Cty until the endofthe imperialage. Accord. ing to legend itwas named Capitli- sumbecaietheskall (caput) ofan Euuscan wartior found atthe ee ple ofthe Tarquini during excnae tion forthe construction of the TempleoffupiterThename ofthe On the Ars thehillsothersummit, ro the Temple of Giunone Mondla,and since twasnearthe ‘int, the noun “moneta” (“coin”) fora pieceofmet- alta wasminted. The Campi- Aloglio was progressively aban oned at die end ofancient mes ‘un the point of loosing its orig ‘al name, which vassubsituted vith Mount Caprino. There fok Jowedaslow reawakening, which ‘peaked with the dawn of the XVI century ItisMichelangelo'sdesign that turned around Gampidogiioin ‘more than one sense. The Urban orientation of thesquareand the ‘monuments ured their backson ‘heancientand pagan forum and faced the new Papal Citysa goit 1. The square A 3 "oreach Campidoglio square Ticimststoniner donata (Great Stairway), stirs ead eh in noreaDyasronebea a wens cent Yon nce ‘Teatto di Marcello, in 1929. Atthe brtomattecrdratsor tne ancient Egyptian lions made of ohocpeeontesrenne Thee rae oars Campense, anancient Egyptian tere ery ‘Campo Marzio. Going up thesteps One f the socalled Trophies of Mario ofthe cordonataon your left you see the statue of Cola di Rienzo (1313-1358), the famous ill fated judge who governed Rome during the years the Popes’ exile in Avie ‘anon. The statue, abronze by Gio- lao Masini, was inaugurated on 20 September 1877. atthe topof the cordonatawe fnd abalustrade anda terrace with a panoramic view of the City Decorating the balustrade are two Dioscuri, the divine twins Castorard Pollux hold- ing their horses maybe recaling the ‘ime they spentin theancient Circo Famirio(Flarrinius Circus), now a Theother decorations around you cera emnateencee Oegncnmegardecaiaaenp Toe ee OD aOne ofthe best ons that frctonas.a fountain a the ootf the Campion (Triumphs of Marius). At one statue of Constantine and on the time, these were though lefts that of his son Costanzo I, represent the weapons both were recovered from the en fromthe Cimbri Quirinale where the baths were and the Teutons, Sik built by Constantine. Final, at the la'stamous rivals end of the balustrade, are two They are howev- ri/milestones, which er military came from the Appian Way. memorials con- They date from theera of structed on the the Emperors Flavi, Now Esquiline by we have come to piazza Emperor del Campicoglio. The piaz- Alessandra Severo za was entirey designed and thet ruins by Michelangelo, a com- arestil visble plete modification of the atthe centre encient medieval of Piazza Vit piazza. Today, ints toro centre isamodern Emanuele copy in synthetic Onthe right materia of the of the tro- Statue of Marcus Same of Costantino he Capitaine phesisthe jamuoate - Aureliusx97 ajoUio} The beeen slat of Marcas Aurelia mader copy) The originalstatue wes placed at is present location inside Palazzo dei Conservatorion 22 December 2005. Ithad previously been moved from the Laterano to the cenve of the square on the initiative of the seme Michelangelo. isthe cnly lequestian foman statue that has come downto us from imperial sir b CK ANRC ius only survived because it was wong tele fer centre tobe Emperor Constantine, who isdear Sr eNienny ania Un urabe Wl seeps majestically, the Emperor salutes wathsighttendestingh i aadesingvconous tops Hehas1twalk 2 a serene expression on his ace In ancient times asmallfigure of a Barbarian prisoner lay under the raised hoof of thehorse. A symbol of military victory against the pecple that menaced the Empres borders, The siatuerestsona base decorated by the coatsof arms of the people of Roman and Pope Paull. Aninseription records the ransfer of the statue from thea erano, while another imitating the Roman ere, praises the Emperor. The star design decorating the pavementof the square, starting under the statue of Marcus Aure- lus, was designed by Michelangelo in theXVi century, However, itwas only assembled in 1940 by thearchi fect Antonio Munoz. The brome tate of Colac Rieroin he nin thatflanks the crdonata Piazza del Compidolioat nighths iy 2 8 8 ° Qa 2, a ° a : S a. oxo anawioy fe eS eee Bi ‘Plano dei Conservator (Masie Sol building) nterighco!the plazaisthe _Theoldestinteral cms ere deco- : Opti (aedattebeginngotieT0s- re‘ponsbe forgoverringthe Sala Maggiore (Great Room), Log- people inthe "aac: thecelebated __—_—gledellaLupa (Loggia ofthe ‘She-wolf), Saladi Annibale (Hannibai’s room), Sala del Tono(The Throne Room), Sala delle Oche (The Geese Room) and Sala delle Aquile (The Eagles’ Room). lator ‘he Trionfi dei Capi- tani (Trophies of the She-wolf was placed on is facade Made of bronze it maybe work of the Mycenaean Greeks from Vcen- tury8C. Thewolf the Spinarioand the huge bronze head of Censtan- tine weredonated by Fope SistolVdellaRovereto the buidingin 1471 These pieces were the startofthe Capitoline Museum colection. In the 1500 Michetan- were added. Among gelodesigned the lay thesewho decorat- utof thepiazza, edihesercoms were beginning thenew theCavaier Felazzo dei Conservatori d'Arpino, lacopo in 1563. nwascompleted Ripands and ntoni- in 1568by Giaco- azzo Romeno, IroDelaPorta. —— HondofthegintstatueofCansenine THe ShewolardReb haing Marcas Aurelie while he performsc religios ceremony ‘the other bronzes donated by Sisto IV ‘were originaly kept in the porch that preceded thearcient medieval buld- ing. Contributions byinnocenzo Vil Cybo(1484-92)and Pio Ghisln (1566-72) increased the collection, ‘which wasfirst opened tothe public inthe fist haf of the 1700s by Fope Clemente XIOrsiri, making itthe oldest museumnin the word. nthe courtyard arethe remains of the huge statue of Constantine, whichin ancienttimeswasin the apse ofthe Basilica di Messercio Here you wil also find sculptures representing Provinces subjact to Rome. side “onthe staimay youcansee both relief of Marcus Aurelius (176 |AD,)and of Adriano. Aboveisthe statue of Carlo d’Angid, a work irom the xl centuy by Amatfodi Cambio. Inthe Sala dei Orezi and Curiaziaretwo splendid works, statue of nnocenzo x Pamphil)2 bronze by Algardi and asta of Urbano Vil Barberini by Bernini In ‘he Sala del Tonfis the so-called bust of Brutus, which was actualy sculpted atthe stat of thellertury 8. Further along thebronzesstat- | eof Camillus, a young assstantof the pagan priesthood, ant finaly ‘the so-called Spinario trom the late The ead ofthe hugestatue of Constantineouaz an SWOTY The Shewolf Bastof Commodore Head of te Medusa by Gian Loree BerniniHelenistic period which portrays an efferrinate young man carefully tak- ingathooutat his foot The famous She-wofs inthe room of thesame name Sala delLupa). The head ofthe Medusa attributedto Bernini can be found inthe Sala delle Octe (The Geese Room}. Among the other “must sees” s the bust of Commodore portrayed as Hercules The Pinacotece Capitolina (Capi toline ArtGallery) i housed in tis building twas founded by Pope Benedict XVLambertni (1740-58) after hebought te Pioand Sacchet: +i family collections, You can find paintings ty Veronese, Parma ilVec- ¢hio, Titan, Antonello da Messina, Tintoretto,lacopo Bassano, Rubens, La buona vetaraby Carasaggio Yan Dyck, Annibale Carracci, Petro daCortona, Domenichno andCar- avagaio, A new section ofthe Canitoline Muse- um inside the palazzo wasinauourat- edon22 December 2005. truns from the ateaalready covered by the Palaz- 208 Giardino Romeno (Roman Gar den) 0 thePalazzo's New Wing. largeglassedhalayoriginaly wsed rna.coverin the Romien Gerden is now usedin the finalplacement ofthe bronze equestrian stztue of Marcus Aulus. Theeriargement project was carted out by the architect Carlo Aymeninoard includes the nowy di played foundations ofthe recently restored TempiodiGiave Cagitaing Templeof lupiter Capicinus)3.11 Palazzo Nuovo oxo a1 PalazoNowo nfront of Palazzodei Conservatori_ greet interest are the archaeological is the identical Palazzo Nuovo artefacts from Eastern religions, (New Buling)thefinalpartof_whicharelocatedin rooms.on the Michelangelo’ projec. Constuc- und float, On the Noor above sa tion started 1603 but was nly com- __replicaof the Eres di Lisippo, the petedin 1654under Pope innocent predous mosaicof the doves from XPamphil The buidingwas italy the Hadranera the Venere Capi- used tohouse the statues that could —_tolina, the bustofa woman from rot bekeptin Paazcodei Conserve- theFlaven era, thestatue of the tori but attertheurchase of the ‘Armazons, thecelebrated dyi ‘Abbanicollection in 1734, Clement Gaul and aroom containing the XI Corsini inaugurated the building busts of emperors end philosophers. asamuseum. nits smallccuryerd you can fin the giantstatue ofthe plone Marforie alongwith the ‘emousPasquino, who among other personalities, is ne ofthe so-caled “talking statues" of Rome. In the ariumis the huge statue of Mars. Other pieces ae ancient Eayptian - andcome fom around theTemple LA i otlsdeatCampe Wario. Aso of ‘Thenauz the Does —$— |sa goit 4. Il Palazzo Senatorioand Tabularium The Senate)risesonthesite of _dessof Rome. In frortofthestatue the previousmedieval bulding fountain with two superimposed that housed thesenators ofthe ety basins Cesigned in 1588 by Matteo ofome. Theentie compexrests d9CitadiCasal,Tothesides axe onthe ancientstructure ofthe Tabu- WO greatstatues personfying frum, which dates rom silastime. ‘e's Theone onthe lftrepresents the Nile andthe one on right the Today itis the Mayor’ headquarters The dsigno' the main facade ofthe HBEY. They came fromthe Constan- buldinghas feturesthat are attrib ieateondyighioies uted to Giecoma Delafortaand which enciose thelarger windows Girolamo Rainaldibut theoriginal th iangulorympanums and project was by Michelangeloand the curved ines, above them are richly elegantstaicase desgnec by him framedsmaller windows. The bell with its double ampremains. The tower, builtin the 1580s by Marino starrway sdecorated by aniche, IN Longhiil Vecchio, replaced the \which sts anancientstatueof Min mediaval tower The towers 35 erva. Invite maible and porphyry metres high, has four flats and is Tx Pelarzo Senatorio _she isthe personification ofthe god- cShu of the Nie decorated in travertine around the XU century Youcanaso (Open arches te lankedby flat see theso-called portrait of Scip- ledgeswith Corinthian capitaisdec- one, accompanied bya female oratedwith cherubs faces. The eft head withan elephant-shaped side of the Palzzz0 is squeezed helmet epceserting Afica, There between two towers, the Torredi are othertabletson the wallsin Niccold V Parentucelli(147.55) __rremary of the Roman Republicand ontheForum side andthe Torredi the Capital Rome. Theentranceof Martino V Colonna (1417-31)on the buldingisfromthe te of Sisto the square sde. Onthe aade are 1. 8. door ashlars-work and above coats-of-arms and inscriptions from tare thecoats-of aims of tePope,Remains ofthe Temple of Veiace the Roman peopleand the Cardinal «'estoutevil The facade tothe side of Via de Campidogioreveasthe wal of the Tabularium, inwhichis foundthe main entrence. The tract of oman basal preserved here isallthat remainsofthe ClivsCapitoinus «crossing. The great facade looks on tothe Roman Forumand the tall arches ofthe Tabularium are clealy visbl, The building used tohold the public archives ofthe State of Rome hence its rame, whichis derved ‘rom the tabulae (ablets that docu- mented the reqisty of citizens’ births anddeaths and the payment of theirtanes twas but by Quinto Lutezio Cetuioin 78 8C andthe inauguration inscription of thebull- ingisstil visible. The Tabularium is in \century BC style with ahigh pod- um surmounted by arches framed by haif-columns. Similar works can be found at Palestina, Ferentino and Terracina ‘The space inside the Palazzo Sen- atorio houses in theatiumtwo Xi century naves that once faced the exteriorthrough adoonway. The interior of the Senate was once called the Lion's Placebecause of a group of sculptures from the Roman era. Here death sentences were read and ciminals plored. On alower level you can see the remains oftheOI-At kitometce cere Ingiese 20- apssis 16:53. Pagina 21 ‘the battle of Cortenuovaby Federico Hof Svevia in 1237. You can asofind ‘the Cappella della Misericordia (Mercy chapellwhere the con- demned waited priar to execution. ‘Then the'e s the Aula Consiliare (Counsel Hal), which s decorated with the coatsofaims, inscriptions and flagsotthe Cityanditsdistrets. Housed here are statues of ulus Caesar fom thel century AD and ‘one of the admiral of the imperial ‘eet from the century AD. Nextis Acoatafarm on the facade of Palas ‘the Sala delle Bandiere (Flag Se Room, in whichis denicted theuni- Repubiican era Temple of Veiove, cation of the Roman Republic of \whosedivintywas connectedtothe 4849, Crossing arecently construct ‘eluricrlicion. in theSaladlel Car- e4 passage, you each the Proto- rocdiothereisaninscipiion ecord- moteca (Bust Gallery), a oomdec- ing theft of standard-beering oratedby the bustsof important wagons (carroccio), which were tal people thatwere once on cisplayin enffom thepeopleof Mian during the Pantheon. out: Walking, Dae| i and 1877 by the German Pant ‘Turpea untolded. Tarpea, according Laspeires.Itis decorated with medal- 10 legend, betrayed Rome. She had tions depicting the portitof great shown the Sabines dhe secret pa Germanscholarsof Greek.atin cul thatallwed them wo breach the turesuch as Winckelnann. Campidogliofortrss, Once inside The uldingwasconstructedasthe _thesaldierskilled and buried ner premisesof the under their : Modal prestigious Ger _ shields Perkaps Tuantnscinte or CHE, asthey wanted 0 Archaeology, ‘make an example ‘which today can other or maybe be found on Via theyjust wanted Sardegna toshoxthey Continuing on, owed noloyaltyto afieran atched -3 Se ataitor, Howes passage, the Via et there isanothe Catia cerdetailto be descendsasa added tothisleg- ramp. Ontheleftat numbers nd, thevirgin Tarpea had bargained facing towards the Tiber ogg ‘or payment, She had desired what es OspedaleTeutonico (ex Teutonie the Subinesheldintheis lelthandsas Hospital) which wasdesigned by twastheir raion towear bracelets Julian Knapp. Today it sused asfur- and rings covered ith beauuifuljew. ther Capitoline Museum offices. AL elsan their left. Onthat occason they number 12 isthe socalled Casa ‘hed armsin place of heir jewelsthus ‘Tarpeaaloin theNeoChasicl theSchinexeavered herwith their style Elegant in itssimplictyitwas shields, Fromthat met this comsructedin 1835 following a acconing io taditon, uahorsor the design also concewved by Knapp. The homeland andassassinsare thrown tecracottardliel thatdecoratesthe fromthe Belvedere'Turpeo. From facade isofyariculsr interest. The Meeleval times until the 1800s this centralone, moulded by Emilio mount vasa called Capeing as olin 1837, represents Rome shepherdsbroughttheirgoatsto between Tarpes and the Tiber. [twas grazcherentevertheles ityasals here thatthe Friends ol Iperdorei,a called lorsiustidaeastne gallows clubofstudious Germansofantiqui- ere risedon thisspot. ‘y,gwelife thei Lasitutethrough Returning Pkizza Campidgio and archaeological correspondence. oingdown the cordonata (great Thes published theirstudiesin tal sairyay) on ourrightwe find the ian amconganised the tompleasan ——sealinatadelAracoct steps ofthe archive, libraryand conference Aracoeli) consirctedin L8by room, Itwasthis cultural foundation LorenzodiSimone Andreazz, The thatbecamethe German Archaeo- one hundredand tventyfoursteps logical Instinate in 1886, ‘weve builtat theexpense ofthe peo- Movingon youcometotheBekedere _pleof ome in gratitudetothe ‘Turpeo, where anothersplendid and Madonna who sved the Ciy from the plcwrequepanoramaofRome can plague, nho lsalo remembered by Deseen Itisthehighestpoincofthe Boccaccio inthe Decaneron Thestaits Campidoglioand wasknowntothe —__yere the onlypublc work curried oat 22) ssinnwasNountTapeoasitahere in RomewbiktthePopes wereld theybelieved thatthe trgiesoryaf wo Avignon, France $e6. Santa Maria in Aracoeli ‘S.Maria in Araceli, ceiralnave tthe top of thestaircase ofthe same name, where according legend the Naconne had shown herself to Augustus while holding the Baby Jesusin her airs, the Church of Santa Maria in Ara. oeli TheEmperor on seeing the vision knet and gave homage to Crist Inthe Vil century a coenabi- um was bulthere, whichin 944 became the Benedictine monastery (of S.Mariain Capitalio, Theorenta tion of the primitivechurch was the seme asthe current transept. The image of Mary was venerated on the Xcentury reat alter. In ths church dduringthe Xl century, the ambo (blong pulpit) of Lorenzo Jacopo CCosmati was paced In 1249 Pope Innocent V assigned itto the Francis ansandat theend ofthat century construction ofthe new Easlica began with its facade facing the Tiber Theconstructon of the stat ‘way was said to have been inaugurat- ced by Cola i ierzoin 1348, (Only a srallpart of the mosaic dece- ration in lterious brckson the church’ fagade is vible. is not known how much actualy remansot thisonce great decoration or fits nly the unfinished beginnings ofthe same. The churchhas threedoonways ‘and above each one there viasoncea rosewmndow. In frontof thechurch is the tombstone of the arest humanist Fiavioiondo. Theinteriorhes three raves with ancentwhitemarble columnsin pavorazzetto, cpallino ‘and grante. To the lefton agranite column crossed trarsversalybya hole, vwhich my once have been used io rmake astronomical observations is writing in Latinthat dentfies lumnascoming from acubicle ofthe August. The pavingstones areces- rratesco and there ere many tamb- stones fromthe XIVand XV century. 2 a e 2B»)Pintrichio, Funeral ofSt Bornarding Onyeurrightas sean as youhave enieredthe church yousee the Cap- pella Bufalini inside xe soverl works of art-the Story of St Bernard and St. Frances painted by Pinturichio in 1486, the Statue of Gregory Xilby PP. Olver sculpt ed 1476andthe Tombof Cecchino Bracei made by®. Amador in 1544 froma cesign by Michelangelo. In 2 Oil of tre Arcot cop) the transept onthe right you find ‘he Sepulchre of Luca Savelli attributedto Amolfo di Cambio in around 1287. On the highatteris he venereted image othe Madon- nawith Child from the Xcentury, nihich hasaleady been mentioned, in the transept onthe left, in front of the chapel of St Etena and under the current paving stones, you cansee through glass to aCosmatesco ater itshows the Apparition of the Vir gin to Augustus nthe Chapel of St-Elena aretherelicsof the Saint, ‘who wes the mother of Corstan tine nthe secon chapelon the eft 's2famous wooden manger from the 1700s, in which the mieculous Child of the Aracoelis placed cur ing Christmas. tis60 centimetres high and scuipted, according tothe Franciscan tradition, by Frendscan from Jerusalem from olive wood fromthe Garden of Gethsemane. The original of thecelebrated statue, anobjectof veneration for cen tries, was stolen in 1934Ancient colin thet have beenrensed in thecontralnave oft. Marian Araceli ox an SWOTY 5caving the church from fhesideyou finda column with a Biaglode Mereaelo, us cenuralarch comes from a Boccabella F wombandis decorated Corinthian capital and with a fresco depicting, ‘ross irecallsthe earthquake of ‘the Removal of Christ during 1703, The the ment of portico with smovel of Onis during the mourn ‘theMadonna, thelilies of area Paolo IL Far. designed by. Peetroda Melideand decorated with frescoes depicting the Storyof St Francis, Tinks the huevo the now defunct convent of the Aracoeli. Descending the XIV eentary sais ‘on yourrightyoucan se the ‘remains of aliule Romanesque eam- pani bell over) from the XI cen tury. fthas amallioned window, which cameFromthe chuceh of S DONA and St.John from the 1300s After thedestruc- sion of the church, remainsofa oftheficade and the ‘workshop. The ground floor ofthe insula, the only nonarisiocratic dwelling ‘remaining fromancient Rome, ix located nine metres under the pre ‘entlevelofthe road. Fromhereyoa valk along the leltside of the Vitori- ano and come to Prazra Veneria,Bares D MU uy aU es Pope with the nameofPaul IL (146471). Howeverinancient timesthe square was named St. Marks (S. Marco) asit was where the cardinalsof St, Mark once. tesided. I. When Pio IV conceded part of thesquare’s buildings the Serenissima for their embassy, thesquaretook the name thatit hhastothisday,Venedia, Piazza Venezia was once the fin- ishline foracelebrated horser= ‘ace. The jockey-lesshorses left ‘Piazza del Popolo and flew down ‘Via del Gorso, which takes its ‘name from thisrace, ending up ‘atapoint called Ripresa dei Bar- beri, where they were stopped usinglong sheets. The race was the main attraction of the famous Roman Carnivaland ‘remained sountil the XIX centu- ‘ry when itwas stopped because people along theway. ‘The present square results from the demolition work between 1885 and 1911 peeded to con- “dructthe Monumentto Vitiorio Emanuele. Tothisendseveral ‘ulldingwere destroyed includ ing the best partof the conventof the Aracocti, Paul II's Tower and Palazzo Torlonia. The hater being replaced by Palazzo delle Asieu- azioni Generali diVenczia (Gene eral Insurance Building), ‘The MonumenttoVittorio ‘Emanuele If which lies onan axis “with Via del Corsodominates the square’scurrent rectangular form of 130 metres by 75 metres. ‘Themonumentisironically ‘renamed by Romansas-thetype- writer’, Its flanked to the West by General: During the last century the square became famous jour the world becauseok ‘themeetingsheld there during ‘the twenty yearsoftascism. Many speeches were made by Massoini fiom the baleony of Palizzo di ‘Venezia. Massolinialo chose Piazza Venezia theppointof ‘departure fortwo grand arterial Nog vacinapes (oday ‘Via dei Fori Imperial) toward the Coliseum, and the Via del Mare. (today via del Teatro di Marcello) owards Foro Bario (Forum ‘Boario) and Bocca della Veta (hemouth oftruth).™ 8. The Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II (Vitioriano) ie architect Sacconi after win- of thekingin 1878became director of ‘was concevved, partly inspired by the yee 7 vith the door atthe top and an eques- ‘tian statue othe king Vittorio Emanuele I Father of the Nation, at ‘hecenve. Later the sepulchre of the Unknown Soldier wasadded to the reaalmonument, incorporating the remansof ananorymous soldier whosa goit y ; dedduring theFist Word iar. theoneontheletisbyE Rubinoand Themenumentis81 mates ich andthe oneontharightbyE.DeAboris.§ & Ino cbuldipatsomecy hat Onthesdesaretvo geatfounain hadsunivedfromthe enaisance _withfiguesdepicing the Trthen- aroundthne Canp.degio wore ian Soa‘ therightby® Canenca cestoyed,Tothesidesof inestarare andthe Adriatic Seato the ‘ty E agroupotscupturesingided bronze, Quatre The atherfour marble theyrepresent Pensiero (Thought) sculptures symbolise national virtues. by. Monteveide, and Azione To the sides of the terrace above the (Action) by Jere Halfway pare fountan onthelefts Forza ‘wolions, worksbyG.Tenniniandat (Strength) by A Riveta and Con- thetopare tuo Vittorigalate suros- cordia (Harmony). Pogizahi ‘ti(Winged Victorias on rostrum), Aboveon the otherterraceto the \” Night areSacrficio (Sacrifice) by L Bistolti and Diitto (Law) by E Ximenes Atthe top of thestaisisthe Altare della Patria (Alter of the Nation). workby A. Zanell thal isdecorated by a great statuerepresenting Rome. & majesticreief convergeson the statue a work by thesame sculptoy repre- senting themarch of Lavoro (Work) ‘and Amor diPotria (Love for the Nation) Insice thevotive capelisthe Toma del Nilite ignoto (Tomb of ‘the Unknown Soldier) which con- tains theremains of an anonymous soldier who fel during the Fst World War. The equestrian statue of Vitto- rioEmanuele isn brcnze ands by Envico Chiradie. Te bese ofthe stat ues decorated by epresetations of alan cies, ework by Maccagnan Onthe four columns fankngitsoar Vittorie alate (Winged Victories), ‘works from ft orig by. Cantar lamessa,A Apollon C.ZucchiandM. Ruel Onthe rid projections above ‘he doorway onthe eft are the repre sentatonsof Politics, Philosophy, Revolution and War # younowlook beneath the righ te Enrico Qhieradia, Bpustrian statu of Vittorio Emanuele itJoa, PAcione (Action), sexiptarein ‘sldel once racewith ts wo entrees tothe propylaeum you wilsee ght ates. The atersrecord Heciteslibercted uring the Fist World Wa’ and behind thems boulder rom Monte Grappa, scene ofan infamous bate. The bak cony’s72rretreslong anditssxteen column front ssightly concave The decoraiecpinth represents the regionsof tay. The upper tloris dec- rated bya fiers of eagles atemated bygreat shields. Uncerthe ponacs of the propyaeumare thesculpturesot Geni Talents) wth 2ach one core- spordingto. Fama (Distinction), In the tmpaniof tepronaos there ae Unity by. Button thelett ancLiber- ‘ybyE.Galleritothe right. At thetop ofthe propiel thee aretwo bronze works representing thestrategies used by the victorious ais onthe letis Unity by Calo Fentanaandon the oppostesice s Liberty by Paclo 20 f uO} Bartolini Fromthe Vtoriano' portico you can enjoyane of the mest pictur. esque panoremasofRome ‘ithinthe monumentare the head quate: othe Institute forthe his- ‘tory of talian Reunification ard ‘the Museum ofthe Flags ofthe ‘Armed Forces. Tne Central Muse- tum of Unification makes wseof another saries ofthe Vitotind's interne spaces where teresa colle~ tion of documents, sculptures, pnts andpantings onthe history ty at theend of the 1700s andthe Fst Word ar. Among the most interes ing pieces ae theprison relics of Spel bara, personal objects once owned by Ganedifrom the frstard second \was ofindependenceand pronagan- da from the ist World iar. Today the Monument has become sn mportant place for exhibtions oxo a1 AZandli,Remendescend- igthe stairsofthe ‘Vittoriano,tookto Your right near the flower Iedatthe foot ofthe monument and you willsee someancient ruins. These are the remnants of the Sepulchre of Gaio Poplicio Biouio, Which was construct ced dircetly onside eee eae ea ee these-alled Mura Serviane (walls). ‘The walls were ‘made from taf and travertine stone in the! century BC, The sepulchre hasa rectangularcell on ahigh ros: trumand thissurviving partis decorated by pillarsofthe Tuscan. onders.Taking the pedestrian crossing on yourleft, passing a large fenced flower bed decorated by the grace- ful Pinecone fountain, you come toasmall church with aloggia.10. San Marco "here is much to document the stil visiole today. In 1154 the craftsman who worked at S. Lorer itwas The acade StMerls Ouch oor fuori le Mura (st Lawrence outside thewals. In 1464 extensive mosif- cations were caried out by Paolo I The ich decorations cn the ceiling of the central nave wereftid, the ‘apse was estored and the present portico waserected with an over- hanging gallery. However, the cur rentfloor wasredaid in 1523 at the expense of the Venetian embassy, which in ancient times waslocated Inalazzo di Venezia, The Venevans ‘ako paid for new glass, plaster deco- ration and paintings. The church ‘00k on is final aspect in 1735 when the ancient granitecolumrs were replaced with those covered in Sici ian bricks. The high alter was also built atthistime. The Pope, who lived fora long tine inPalazzo di Venezia, blessed the‘The IX centurywell athe foyer (atrium) crowds gathered for formal events from the terrace of St. Marks. n the ‘oyerofthe baslica arethe rem- nantsof a century well and cn the walstoitsrightis a funeral inscrip- tion that testifies to therelationship ‘which bound Pope Alessandro VI Borgia to Vannozza Cattanei. She died in 1518 with four chidren armang whom were Cesar, the so- called Valentino, and the famous Lucretia, duchess of Ferrara. The interior isdividedinto threenaves and in the mide one theve are many frescoes and paintings between thewndovis,allof which date fromthe 1600sand 1700s. the chapel are some valuable works tyPaima iiGiovare, However, the mostacmired and precious works of the church are the Xcentury mosaics tat adn the apse. These ‘wo masterpieces shovr Christ with Pope St. Markand the Saints Agapitos, Agnes, Felicissimo, Mark the Evangelist and Grego- riolV andChrist and the Apostles Ina chanel designedby Petro da Cortona, near theside entrance, 2 funeral monument, a work by Anto- nig Canova, On the sacramental alter atthe endof the nave, is St. Mark, 2 work by Meiozz0 da Fort The body ofthe aint ispreservedin the presbyter in porphyry. You should try tos thesacrst, where youll find theremains of the orignel cborium, preciousfur nishings andrelicstogether with a fragment ofa Xl century Cruci ion anda workof St. Markthe Evangelist by Meiozz0 da For Amoseiin thease depicting Chris uth Pepest. Mark ad the Saint Agapito Agnse, Felicisimo, Mark the Evangeistand Gregorio Veavingthe Iaslica ofS. IMarkonthe square of thesame ‘nameon therightat No. 49 are the niingofa stanie that came froin Iseo Gampense, an Ancient Egyptian temple from the Imperal cra. which was found near Via di ‘Campo Marzio. The large marble bust of woman isprotably allthat remainsofa largestatueof the sgouldessIside, which was in there ‘untl 1400. The bust was renamed Madama Lucrezia and was among. thoselinked the famous Fasquino, one of scaled lking stanues of Rome. In past times the people placed satiriccommentson them making statements ageinstthegovernment ‘or high-ranking citizens ofthe City Thestatue is near Palazzettodi Venezia, a building that originally had alarge entranceandarches whichactedasan enclo- sure tthe viidarin, the Papalgarden, Due to the developmentofthe vari- ‘ousroadwaysbetween Rome andtheseathe building was completely destroyed in 1911 The reconstruction has ferent orientationand is sreatly modified in respect o the original being raised soreyaned with isarches dosed, “Today isa premises for sariousculturalassocia- tions. Fromthe door of Palazzo aiVeneriawe find ‘ourseheson Viadel Plebiscto, this ‘entrances used for the exhibitions that are periodically held in the building ‘Youemter by way ofa garden filled ‘with palm trees, in which you can finda fountain decorate with the liomofSt. Mark. From here you ‘an each the coariyardotthe adjacent building and see the reconstructed Papal virdarium.In the middle ofthe garden isawell sculptedin 1483with thearmsof cardinal Barbo, Returning to paz. zaVenczia with your backon the ‘Vittoriano,now look closetyat the buildingto yoarleft owe 712. Palazzo di Venezia ‘iginallythis was simplya and the Venetian Republic. They, O ieigfarvemiters udtasareienc ter nals from thebeastlica. In ambassadors, At theend of the 14l0thelandtitlewasownedby 1700s with the treaty of Campo- ‘the Venetian cardinal Pietro Barbo, __formio the building passed into the who later became Pope Paull. The handb of the HepsburgEmpire, that buildingwasthen transformed, fest except durnaNapoleonictimes. It atowerives annexed, whichonce became the property ofthe tian belonged to an Annibaidinamed _‘Statein 1924. Biscia.Thenwith thecrowningof Today the building hosts the Muse- thecardinalon the throneofPete, um ofthe Palazzo Veneziaandthe thebuiding underventsignticant _Bitlctecadelstuto Nazionale development Iwasenarged rom d'Archeologa ed Stora del Arte 700 metres squareto 11,600 plusa__\ubreryofthe Nationalinstiute of garden. A vast courtyard was built Archaeologyand Art Hsstory). From and thewindows ontothe square 19290 1943 twas thelastseat of ‘were altered.in 1564PONsetupa __ the Great Council of Fascism. The jor of condominium inthesquare _duldngircludes the Sala del Map- forthettleccerdnalstramthe __pamondo(Word busca ofSt. Mak Map20 Room), Musson’ study ‘The Salas named after the now rrissing map that was oncefound on the céling measuring 280 square rreties From the Sea's external ba- omy, whichyou can see from the square, "Duce" gave his famous speeches tothe coma assembled there, These included the declara- tion of war with Frence anc England. ‘The Palazzo di Venezia Museum \was opened to the public in 1921 The colection of the Odescalchitap- estrias and arms, bought by the State in 1953, ae loceted in the director sroom, where ambassadors waited before they werereceived by the Pope. Some of the tapestries from the 1500s areFlemsh and have anotablesiyleard artstic valve. Theres aso.a magnificent fireplace with the Barbo coat-of-arms. From this roomyou have access to cardi- 20-0: Ades windew at Palo di Vesa nal Barbo's apartments, the Sala det Pappagallo (Parrot Room), Sala degli Argenti silver Room) and Sala delle Ceramiche (Ceramic < Room). The Cybo Apartments are wed for emporaryexhibitors,io theextreme atatimeinside the right ofPalaz- covered balcony on rodiVenezia theso-alled you find the Chapetot “mignano” corner the Madoana of Grace. ‘rom wiere she watched datesfiom 1699 the people of and iscommon- Rome walking Iyknown asthe ‘below. On the Madonnellaof ‘opposiceside of Su Mark and is ParzaVeneria found in the cor ‘we ind the far ner of Piazza, ‘more recent, Marco. Daring Palazzo delle 191 the chapel Assicurazioni vas reconstruct: Generali (Gem ced when the ‘eral Insurance original Palaz. (RE eoee Building), which zottodi Venezia ene wasconsiructed wasdemolished in 1911 froma and moved. Atthe corner of Piazza Venezia and Via delCorso is Palar- 20 Bonaparte where you can find \works om the endofthe 1600sby GA De Rosi. The bulldingismost famous forheingthe listresidence ‘of Napoleon's mother Madama Letidia Ramolino Bonaparte, he spent her final yearsseated for days

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