1.22 DEEP FOUNDATIONS Dee foundations extend dow through unsuitable or nse to trarserbulding loads toa mae appropriate bean stratum of rock or dere sands and gravel abel the superstactre. The main ype of deep furans ae pe uations wick can be even (dplcemart) or bred. Aple foundations system of nd Yearng tion les pl caps andra beans fr trating bling ads down toa sitable bearing satan D) > Reinforced concrete grade or ring beam with integral ple caps Pes are usually driven in clusters of woo more, spaced ab 750-1000 mmcertes -Areinforced concrete ple cap ins the heads ofa cluster ofples Inorder to distibute the load from a column or rade beam equaly strong the ples arto provide lateral stability to te ple Ethel cape aces thls sal conto. te tetom oh pleco both se, apes xed 100~150 mnie plcapatd ae arin 150 0 cmc co aro > Plesmay bea timber pole athough this isnow unsualia mot of Ahak Europe twas popular during Roman tines: reatmentof theless recommended if sed recast, stor prestressed coneree ples sreroreconmoninlargebuidings + Exanples of plecap layouts hs, ™~ End bearing piles deped principally onthe bearing resistance of sll orrack beneath et et for support, Te surounding sll ass provides a degree of lateral stability forthe ong compression nets Friction is depen principal onthe Fictional resistance of surrounding earth mass or support. The sn Fiction developed between he sides oa ple andthe soln hic he pleisdrven is limited by te adhesion el tothe ple sides andthe shear strergth of he surrouncing sol ass + Driven gies reinserted int he ground witha mechanical drop amorer uth ‘et isreached These isrelaed tothe desired bearing capacity of he ple clelatedby knowing te force appleby ‘healing hammer and the distance the ples diver nt the ground Bearing stratum of sol orrack + Theallowable pile oad is the maximum axial ana latrallaads permittedona ple, as determin bya dynamic pile ormula,asttic load test ora geotechnical imestigation of te foundation sol EN Fuoco 7: Geotechnical Design, Par 1, Seton 7 File FoundationsPILE FOUNDATIONS ~ DRIVEN + Tinker ples ae lags drier usualy asa ction ple, Tey are often ited witha stel sho anda deveband ta preset — ‘thir staf rom splitting or shatterng H O° ° + Gonpsteplesareconscet we ates suchas timber ple having concrete upper section to prevent the porto ple aloe he water tate fo erating oO + HeplesarestelH-sectins, sometimes encased in concrete toa point below the water abet present corrosion. sections cn be weld gether inthe civng processto form any lngthaf ge Ripples arkeay sel pipes ven nth the loner end _ ther oper ceed abet ater onli. vith concrete. Anoper-etded pp ple eqs ispcton —| and exotica boeing fled ith concrete - + Precast enforced conte plleshae od square or lygonal cos sections Precast ls are often — prestressed ~ + Gastinsita concrete ples reconstructed ry pacing concent a shaft the round The concrete ples ay becasedoruncased + Cased ples reconstructed by dng steep orcas into the ground uit meets the requredresistance and her filing tit concrete. Te casing usualy condi see section, somerimes corugated or tapered ‘ovinceasdstitness, A mandrel consisting of aheary sted tubeor core maybe inserted inca thin-walled casing toprevetit fom clapsrg inthe dng process, ard then—__ thaws before concrete is placed in he casing * Unease ies are constructed yang a concrete plug intothe ground alongwith see casing ut itmests the requedresitane, and then ramming corre ia place 7/7 asthecaing is ithdrann j ‘A erred foot a concrete pile formed using aconree. plug forced out the ro th plo lng tal can increas the bearing capacity othe ple rr Ll + Mico pies ar tigh copay, smal diameter (125-305 mn) riled a grote lace ples tat ae ypcaly reorced. They ar often ued for foundations in urbanised _ areas orinlocations with rested access ~ EN Eurocade 7: Geotechnical Desig, Port I, Section 7 Pe Foundations,5.24 PILE FOUNDATIONS - BORED Bored ples can wari on a dleplcement or non displacement method, Tredisplacomet methad doesnot ring any earth vo ae surface but Instead forms aid by moving the esting sll ase placement piles wl compress the suroundng sla thes Increase fiction. 7 het age (4 aon en age ta continuous thread that cutsinta the ground As the age cls down te sii brought the surface Tre auger dis down to the desired depth. Wal driling the earth being baught the surface offers an opporturity tainspect the around conditions locally ofthe auger to form te pl Reinforcements placed whe he auger hasbeen ily ered _7 Methane cee angel dot sten - 77 Suitable bearing stratum oslo rock Coniuous Fight Auger __-* Rotary bucket del driven int te ground and cotated, collecting ard filing the bucket wih sol. The buckets bought to he surface ard cleared before dling reconmences —+ Thedrilieg oo can be opered out when the required depths reached a elp form an erlang toe increasing the earrg ‘capacity ofthe ple Once the widhas bee orned reinforcement is paced and concrete is cast nto thevold Bored in Sit Pla I | 1 | EN Euracode 7: Geotechicl Design Par 1, Secon 7 Pile FoundatansFOUNDATION CHOICE Foundation Type Load Type Notes Sap Union General used in domestic or other ightweight construction projec whee the bung loads are Trechfil ourdina uifor and ever mamer Rat Uniform Font Raft oudations ae used wh ofthe bearing capacity of lose othe surface. Thera aad oer a ide aca reducing sk of ieential setlemert, Where cur ose ta cach othe making up high proportion of he overall loading. rat mayb nay ver pad foundations rad Point Use for framed lingo wherloadsfrom the superstructre are raster seriesof columns Driven Pie fot ition or end bearing ples are used here the required clearing capaci sot avaltie close to the srface and deeper oudation are required to fia sitabe bearing lsare fen used on raed aeavyeigh bugs ra ass with undepiing of falig srctres Pie Paint Bored pes ane often usedin preference to diven les on congested urban sites where ols and bration ray anissue + Asinle bulingcanutlsea range of ‘oundationypes ramad factory structure with alums delivering pit lads to pad found Masonry bul administration section with unfornleads on stip trech fill foundations