Aula Meteorologia Tropical

Balanço de energia na superfície,

fluxos turbulentos e camada de
mistura
Stull, 1988, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology
• http://www.masterantiga.iag.usp.br/
– ensino
• circulações locais
– CirculacoesLocais.pdf
Evolução diurna, camada de mistura e
circulações locais

QLEBalanço de energia em superfície Razão de

EF = Bowen
QH + QLE QR + QH + QLE +QG + ΔQA = 0
QH
=
QH QLE QR QLE

ΔQA
 O balanço é dado por

QR + QH + QLE +QG + ΔQA = 0

Onde todas as componentes são definidas

positivas quando o fluxo é para cima.
 Fluxes in interfaces
q+
S (wq) S (
= −U T q+ − q− )
q− UT is the transport velocity

Fluxes in the atmosphere

z
w´>0 q
q = q + q K theory
q’<0
w = w + w q
w´<0 qw = − K q
qw = q w + qw z
q’>0
q
 Fluxes at the surface
( )
Fu = wu S = −C DU u flux of u - momentum
F = (wv) = −C U v
v S D flux of v - momentum
F = (w ) = −C U ( −  )
 S H G heat flux
Q = c (w )
H p S sensible heat flux
F = (wq) = −C U (q − q (T , p
q S E Sat G G )) flux of moisture
Q = L (wq)
LE V S Latent heat flux (evaporati on)
F = (wc) = −C U (c − c )
C S C G flux of a trace gas
QH
= Bowen ratio
QLE
 Soil fluxes

 is soil moisture
S is saturation soil moisture
c is heat capacity of dry air in the soil

QH
CG
Wet soil has large heat capacity =
CG QLE
meaning: needs lots of energy  > 1 dry soil
to raise the temperature
  < 1 wet soil
 Soil Moisture Index
• Field Capacity FC (Capacitade de Campo)
– SMI=1
• Permanent Wilting Point PWP (Ponto de
murcha permanente)
– SMI=0
Stull, 1988, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology
Stull, pg. 56
 Evolução da camada de mistura
    1  QR   (u  )  (v  )  ( w )
+u +v +w =− L
 v E +  − − −
t x y z c p  z  x y z

onde E=e-c é a diferença entre evaporação e condensação.

No caso particular da camada limite planetária durante o dia onde a turbulência é

predominante, podemos desprezar a subsidência e a mudança de fase assim como a
variação vertical do saldo de radiação e considerar o caso homogêneo em x e y. Nesse caso
a equação se resume em

  ( w )
=−
t z
 (
z = 0 → w  )
S = FS
(
z = z I → w  I = FI )

zI zI

 ( z ) =  M = const.
O problema de previsão de zI

Dados , 𝑤,
ഥ Ɵഥ + (𝑧I ) ,F
S
Stull, 1988, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology
 E na presença de nuvens?
• Variáveis conservativas
Stull, 1988, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology
 Solar Input Large Scale Dynamics
all clouds
aerosol

Precipitating clouds
(snow)
Surface
Radiation BL - Clouds
Budget
SH
BL θ, q
LH

Vegetation
Stomatal closure

Soil Temperature
Soil Moisture TIME SCALES
Diurnal
Betts et al 1996 “The land surface Seasonal
atmosphere interaction: A review
based on observational and global Century
modeling perspectives” JGR, 101, D3,
Runoff 7209-7225
Top of the Atmosphere Radiation Budget
Large Scale and
Aerosol, Aerosol,
Clouds clouds, Mesoscale Dynamics
Diffuse greenhouse
gases
SW LW
Precipitating clouds
microphysics

Surface BL - Clouds
Radiation
BL
Budget
θ, q,
SH [CO2],[XY]I Atmospheric
albedo LH aerosol profiles of
NEE
emissions θ, q,
Land Use & [CO2],[[XY]i
Land Cover aerosol
Stomatal closure
[XY]I concentration of several
chemical species
Soil Temperature
Soil Moisture TIME SCALES
Deep roots
Betts et al revisited Diurnal
Betss and Silva Dias (2010)
Seasonal
Decadal
Runoff
The Amazonian
Boundary Layer
and Mesoscale
Circulations A.
K. Betts, G.
Fisch, C. von
Randow, M. A.
F. Silva Dias, J.
C. P. Cohen, R.
da Silva, and D.
R. Fitzjarrald

Amazonia and
Global Change.
Geophysical
Monographs
Series.1
ed.Boston :
American
Geophysical
Union, 2009,
v.186, p. 165-
http://alanbetts.com/workspace/uploads/2008gm000725-ke-bettsetal-
184.
1273793535.pdf
 Variáveis conservativas
• ɵE
• qT
• PLCL
• C...

• Betts, A. K., 1985: Mixing line analysis of

clouds and cloudy boundary layers. J. Atmos.
Sci., 42, 2751 2763.
• Conceito de mistura
• Linha de mistura
• Turbulência
• Fluxos turbulentos
• Camada de mistura
 h2<h1

h1 QH
QLE

QH QLE

q1 θ1 q2<c1 θ2> θ1
frio, úmido quente, seco
z

FRIO QUENTE

x
Cutrim et al, 1995, BAMS
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
11:22 12:26 13:31 14:36 15:40
12:25 13:30 14:35 15:39 16:44
UTC

Pasture

Pasture
(interface)
Forest

Forest
(interface)
 30

28 pasture (Ouro Preto) 7 Feb 1999

forest (Rebio Jaru)
Temperature (C)

26

24

p(surface)-p(LCL) (hPa)
100

22
80 rebio
abracos
60
20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
40
time (UTC)

20
rainfall (mm)

20 0
15 pasture 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
10 forest
5 (UTC)
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
time (UTC)
 Development of the CBL

PASTURE FOREST
LocalTime DRY WET DRY WET
8 62  31 (10) 94  29 (25) 75  28 (12) 124  50 (16)

11 517  241 (13) 475  99 (26) 267  114 (13) 491  133 (26)
14 1471  479 (13) 775 127 (28) 902  307 (13) 813  128 (19)
17 1641  595 (13) 927  166 (12) 1094  385 (13) 1002  195 (16)

Fisch et al, 2000

 Mixed layer evolution

1800

1600

1400

1200
pasture dry
Height (m)

1000 pasture wet

800 forest dry
forest wet
600

400

200

0
5 10 15 20 Fisch et al 2001
Local time
 h2<h1

h1 QH
QLE

QH QLE

c1 θ1 c2<c1 θ2> θ1
frio, úmido quente, seco
z

FRIO QUENTE

x
 Mixed layer evolution

1800

1600

1400

1200
pasture dry
Height (m)

1000 pasture wet

800 forest dry
forest wet
600

400

200

0
5 10 15 20 Fisch et al 2001
Local time