შემდგ. ი.

გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 3

Tema 3. gadasaxadebi da sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi:

saxelmwifo da resursebis ganTavseba

Temis Seswavlis Semdgom Tqven SeZlebT:

• SeafasoT progresuli da proporciuli sagadasaxado sistemebi
• imsjeloT dabegvris principebis Sesaxeb
• SeafasoT gadasaxadis dakisrebiT gamowveuli danakargebi
• imsjeloT laferis mrudis, tiboutis (tibos) modelisa da `uxilavi fexis~ Sesaxeb

mniSvnelovania, ganvasxvavoT saxelmwifo danaxarji produqtebsa da momsaxurebaze (ga-

naTlebaze, Tavdacvaze, policiaze da sxva) saxelmwifo danaxarjisgan transfertul gadasax-
delebze (socialuri dazRveva da saxelmwifo pensiebi). danaxarjebi produqtebsa da momsa-
xurebaze moicavs sawarmoo faqtorebs, romlebic sxva garemoebebSi SeiZleba kerZo seqtors
gamoeyenebina. transfertuli gadasaxdelebi gadasaxadebis gadamxdeli momxmareblebis msyid-
velobiTunarianobas gadascemen momxmareblebs transfertuli gadasaxdelebis an dafinan-
sebis misaRebad.
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis zRvruli ganakveTi aris saxelmwifos mier aRebuli erovnuli
valutis bolo procenti, romelsac individi gamoimuSavebs. amis sapirispirod - saSualo
sagadasaxado norma aris mTliani Semosavlis procenti, rasac saxelmwifo iRebs saSemosavlo
gadasaxadSi.
progresul sagadasaxado struqturaSi saSualo sagadasaxado norma izrdeba individis
Semosavlis donesTan erTad. saxelmwifo proporciulad iRebs ufro mets mdidrebisgan,
vidre Raribebisgan. regresuli sagadasaxado norma mcirdeba, roca Semosavlis done izrdeba,
am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo proporciulad naklebs axdevinebs mdidrebs. naxazi 3.1 aRwers
progresul sagadasaxado struqturas.

G
Semosavali dabegvris Semdgom

H
•
B
•
B
• F
D

A
B
450
0 A Semosavali dabegvramde

nax. 3.1. progresuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi

sawyis Semosavals aRvniSnavT horizontalur RerZze da gadaxdisSemdgom Semosavals

vertikalur RerZze. 𝑂𝐺 wrfe 45-iani daxrilobiT ar Seesabameba gadasaxadebs. sawyisi Semosa-
vali 𝑂𝐴 daubegravia. individebi awydebian 𝑂𝐵𝐶 wrfes, Tu zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi
dasabegr SemosavalSi mudmivia. rac ufro maRalia zRvruli sagadasaxado norma, miT ufro
gadaxrilia 𝐵𝐶 wrfe dabegvramde arsebuli Semosavlis aRmniSvneli RerZisken.

1
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 3

proporciuli da progresuli gadasaxadebi, aseve saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTi moce-

mulia naxazze 3.2 `a~, `b~ da `g~1. naxazze 3.2 `a~ gadasaxadebi Semosavalze proporciulia, ase
rom, gadasaxadebis Sefardeba gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg, gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa Semo-
savlebze, Semosavlebis yvela donisTvis erTnairia.
naxazze 3.2 `b~ naCvenebia, rom 𝑌0 -ze naklebi Tanxa saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dabegvrisgan
Tavisufalia, da mudmivi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTis pirobebSi am doneze maRali Semo-
savlebisTvis gadasaxadi progresulia. SesaZlebelia, rom gadasaxadebis saSualo ganakveTi
gaizardos Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad, rogorc es naCvenebia naxazze 3.1 arsebuli 𝑂𝐵𝐷𝐹
texiliT.
naxazze 3.2 `g~ naCvenebia saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTebi, romlebic `a~ da `b~-s
Seesabameba.
Semosavali dabegvramde da Semdgom

Semosavali dabegvramde da Semdgom

saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTi

Semosavali
dabegvramde Semosavali progresuli
dabegvramde
gadasaxadebi
gadasaxadebi

proporciuli
Semosavali
Semosavali dabegvris
dabegvris Semdgom
450 Semdgom 450

Y0 Y0

Semosavali dabegvramde Semosavali dabegvramde Semosavali dabegvramde

`a~ proporciuli gadasaxadebi `b~ progresuli gadasaxadebi `g~ saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTi

nax. 3.2. `a~, `b~ da `g~ proporciuli da progresuli gadasaxadebi

istoriidan cnobilia, rom gaerTianebul samefoSi 1978-79 wlebSi milioneri 83% saga-
dasaxado ganakveTs ixdida yvela Semosavalze, garda pirveli 54000 girvanqisa, 1993-94 wleb-
Si ki - 40%-s. 1990 wels umaRlesi sagadasaxado ganakveTi holandiaSi iyo 60%, safrangeTSi –
57%, germaniaSi - 53%, italiasa da iaponiaSi - 50%. evropis qveynebSi dReisaTvis saSemosavlo
gadasaxadebi ZiriTadad progresulia, zogierTi qveynis minimaluri da maqsimaluri maCvene-
beli 2016 wlisTvis mocemulia cxrilSi 3.1.
dabegvra da saxelmwifo danaxarjebi. ismis SekiTxva, ratom Caeba saxelmwifo uSualod
Tavdacvis, skolebisa da samedicino momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi? rogori unda iyos
TiToeuli maTganis uzrunvelyofa? iqneb ufro sworia, rom es saqmianoba iseve uzrunvelyos
kerZo seqtorma, rogorc Tmis varcxnilobis mowesrigeba da manqanebis gamoSveba? sazogadod,
saxelmwifo danaxarjebis umetesoba dafinansebulia dabegvris saSualebiT. yvelaze mniSvne-
lovania saSemosavlo da damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (dRg). radgan pensiis saxelmwifo
asigneba Sedis transfertuli gadasaxdelebis danaxarjebSi, sapensio Senatanebi erovnuli
dazRvevis sistemaSi unda Sevides Semosavlis saxiT.

1
fiSeri s., dornbuSi r., Smalenzi S., ekonomika, t. II, Targmani ingl., Tb., 1997, gv. 483.

2
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 3

cxrili 3.1. daubegravi minimumi, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis maqsimaluri ganakveTi da

zRvruli Tanxebi evropis zogierT qveyanaSi 2017 wels2
# daubegravi minimumi (dm) an saSemosavlo gadasaxadis maqsimaluri ganakveTi
qveyana gadasaxadis minimaluri da zRvruli Tanxa
done (gmd)
avstria 11000€ 50% 90000€ -ze meti SemosavlisTvis, da 2020 wlis
bolomde 55% 1 mln evroze met Semosavalze
germania 8354 € (daubegr. minimumi) 45% 250731 € -ze meti SemosavlisTvis
niderlandebi 19882 € 33% (gad. min. done) 52% 57585 € -ze meti SemosavlisTvis
safrangeTi 5963 € (dm) 41% 70830 €-ze meti SemosavlisTvis
espaneTi 5150 € (dm) 45% €300,000.20-ze meti SemosavlisTvis
italia 15000 € - 23% (gmd) 43% 75000€ -ze meti SemosavlisTvis
gaerTianebuli samefo £11,500 (dm) 45% £150,000-ze meti SemosavlisTvis
fineTi 13000 € 25% (gad. min. done) 65% 127000 €-ze meti SemosavlisTvis

am fonze viwyebT saxelmwifo danaxarjebis mizezebis ganxilvas, Semdeg ki vikiTxavT, Tu -

rogor unda dafinansdes es danaxarji. es gadasaxadebi adamianTa keTildReobisTvisaa Tu ke-
TildReobis sazianod? pasuxi damokidebulia efeqianobisa da samarTlianobis kriteriu-
mebze.
erTi adamianis mier gamoyenebuli individualuri moxmarebis produqti (𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐆𝐨𝐨𝐝)3 ar
SeiZleba meore adamianma moixmaros. nayini aris individualuri moxmarebis produqti. Tu
Tqven nayins miirTmevT, sxva amave nayins ver daagemovnebs. nayinis nebismieri raodenobis
miwodebisas, Tqvengan misi gamoyeneba amcirebs sxvebisaTvis mosaxmar raodenobas. produq-
tebis umetesoba individualuri moxmarebisaa (individualuri produqti konkurentuli da
gamoricxvadia). fexburTis matCs bevri xalxi adevnebs Tvalyurs, gansakuTrebiT televiziiT,
nebismieri individis mier moxmarebuli raodenobis Seumcireblad; magram gamonaklisi
SesaZlebelia – stadioni itevs mayurebelTa garkveul raodenobas da klubma SeiZleba uari
Tqvas matCis translaciaze (aq am produqtis gamoricxa SeiZleba da es produqti konku-
rentulia stadionze adgilebis SezRudulobis gamo).
sazogadoebrivi produqti (𝐏𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐨𝐨𝐝)4 aris iseTi produqti, romelsac miuxedavad
imisa, rom erATi adamiani gamoiyenebs, SeiZleba sxvamac moixmaros.
sufTa haeri da Tavdacva sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis produqtia. Tu haeri sufTaa,
Tqvens mier haeris moxmareba xels ar uSlis sxvis mier mis sunTqvas. Tu Tqveni erovnuli
floti akontrolebs sanapiro wylebs, Tqveneuli moxmareba ar gviSlis xels Cvenma erovnulma
Tavdacvamac igive moimoqmedos. sinamdvileSi wminda sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisaTvis
yvelam cal-calke aucileblad unda movixmaroT mosaxmari produqtis mTliani raodenobis
nawili. GTu Cven yvelani erTsa da imave raodenobis produqts movixmarT, sargebeli mainc
gansxvavebuli odenobis iqneba Cveni gansxvavebuli gemovnebis mixedviT.
sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis mTavari aspeqtebia: pirveli, teqnikurad SesaZlebelia, rom
erTma adamianma es produqti moixmaros ise, rom ar Seamciros sxvisi kuTvnili raodenoba

2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax_in_European_countries#France
3
es termini sxvagan SeiZleba SegxvdeT, rogorc kerZo dovlaTi, mikroekonomika, xaraiSvili e., gagniZe i.,
CavleiSvili m., nacvliSvili i., nacvalaZe m., saxelmZRvanelo, mesame Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebuli gamocema,
Tb., 2014, gv. 420.
4
es termini SeiZleba SegxvdeT, rogorc sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi, magaliTad dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 419.

3
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 3

(arakonkurentulia), da meore, SeuZlebelia vinme gamoricxo moxmarebidan, Tu produqtis

moxmarebas maRali xarjebi ar axlavs (gamouricxavia). magaliTad, roca calkeuli pirovne-
bebis gamoricxva moxmarebidan SeuZlebelia, rogorc es iyo erovnuli Tavdacvis flotis
magaliTTan dakavSirebiT.
fri-raiderebi. Cven ukve ganvixileT fri-raiderebis problema, roca vkamaTobdiT imaze,
Tu ratom ar SeiZleba pirovnebis mosyidva da gare efeqtebis kompensacia. sazogadoebrivi ke-
TildReoba gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea fri-raiderebis problemebisadmi, Tu maT amaragebs
kerZo seqtori. radganac Tqvenc erovnuli Tavdacvis imave raodenobiT sargeblobT, riTac
sxvebi, fulic rom gadaixadoT, Tqven verasodes daisakuTrebT erovnul Tavdacvas TqvenTvis
e.i. kerZo seqtorSi.
sazogadoebrivi produqti Zlier waagavs gare efeqts. Tu moaxerxebT da Tavdacvas
piradad SeiZenT, amiT sxvebic isargebleben, radgan am pirobebSi zRvruli kerZo da zRvruli
sazogadoebrivi sargebeli gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. kerZo bazrebi ar awarmoeben Tavdac-
vis sazogadoebrivad efeqtian raodenobas, amitom am sferoSi saxelmwifos uCndeba SesaZ-
lebloba, Tavisi CareviT gaaTanabros zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarji da zRvruli sazo-
gadoebrivi sargebeli.
zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargebeli. davuSvaT, sazogadoebrivi produqti aris wylis
erToblivi maragis sisufTave. rac ufro inficirebulia wyali, miT ufro meti daavaddeba
qoleriT an sxva epidemiuri sneulebiT. naxazze 3.3. naCvenebia ori adamianis magaliTi. pir-
velisTvis sufTa wyalze moTxovnis mrudi aris D1 . moTxovnis mrudis TiToeuli wertili ga-
mosaxavs im Tanxas, Tu ramdens gadaixdida es pirovneba ufro sufTa wylis bolo erTeulSi. is
gviCvenebs zRvrul (kerZo) sargebels am pirovnebisaTvis. D2 gviCvenebs ufro sufTa wylis
zRvrul (kerZo) sargebels meore pirovnebisaTvis.
𝐷 mrudi ki ufro sufTa wylis zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblis gamomxatvelia. sazo-
gadoebrivi keTildReobisTvis gamoSvebis TiToeul doneze vertikalurad SevkrebT cal-
keuli pirovnebis zRvrul sargebels sazogadoebrivi zRvruli sargeblis misaRebad. amgva-
rad, 𝑄 gamoSvebis dros sazogadoebrivi zRvruli sargebeli aris 𝑃 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 . Cven vertikalu-
rad avTvliT mocemul raodenobas, radgan yvela moixmars sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis er-
Tsa da imave nawils.
naxazi 3.3 gviCvenebs sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis zRvrul danaxarjs. Tu ar iarsebebda
warmoebis gare efeqtebi, zRvruli kerZo sargebeli da zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi
erTmenTs daemTxvevoda. sazogadoebrivi produqtis efeqtiani gamoSveba iqneboda 𝑄 ∗ , sadac
sazogadoebrivi zRvruli sargebeli utoldeba sazogadoebis zRvrul danaxarjs (𝑃∗ = 𝑄 ∗ ).
ra moxdeboda es produqti kerZo firmebs rom ewarmoebina da gaeyida? pirvel pirovnebas
SeeZlo gadaexada 𝑃1 , konkurentuli mimwodeblis mier warmoebul 𝑄Q raodenobaSi zRvruli
danaxarjebiT. 𝑄 gamoSvebis dros 𝑃1 fasi udris zRvrul kerZo sargebels, rasac pirveli
pirovneba sazogadoberivi produqtis bolo erTeulidan iRebs. meore pirovneba gadaixdis Tu
ara sazogadoebrivi produqtis 𝑄-ze metad gazrdili gamoSvebis SesaZenad? ara, radgan esaa
sazogadoebrivi produqti. meore pirovneba ar SeiZleba gamoircxos 𝑄 gamoSvebis moxmare-
bidan, rac pirvelma pirovnebam ukve ganaxorciela. magram 𝑄 gamoSvebis dros meore pirovnebis
zRvruli kerZo sargebeli aris mxolod 𝑃2 , romelic 𝑃1 fasze naklebia. meore pirovneba ar ga-
daixdis ufro maRal fass imisTvis, rom waaqezos konkurentuli mimwodebeli, gaafarToos
warmoeba 𝑄-ze metad. meore pirovneba aris fri-raideri, romelic pirveli pirovnebis 𝑄 Ses-

4
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 3

yidviT sargeblobs. mTliani raodenoba kerZod warmoebul da moxmarebul konkurentul ba-

zarze aris sazogadoebrivad efeqtian 𝑄 ∗ raodenobaze naklebi.
MC

fasi
nax. 3.3. wminda sazogadoebrivi produqti
P=P1+P2
P*

P1 D

D1
P2
D2

Q Q* sazogadoebrivi produqtis raodenoba

‘
upiratesobis gamomJRavneba. sazogAadoebrivi zRvruli sargeblis 𝐷 mrudis agebiT sa-
xelmwifos SeuZLlia gadawyvitos ra raodenobis sazogadoebrivi produqtis warmoebaa efeqti-
ani. magram rogor gansazRvravs saxelmwifo individualuri moTxovnis mrudebs, romlebic
vertikalurad miemarTeba 𝐷 -sken? Tu produqtze xalxis gadasaxadebi dakavSirebulia maTi
individualuri moTxovnis mrudebTan, yvelas uCndeba survili icruos fri-raiderebis msgav-
sad. xalxi Seamcirebs produqtis Rirebulebas, raTa Seamciros Tavisi sakuTari gadasaxadebi
swored ise, rogorc kerZo bazarze.
saxelmwifo warmoeba. ekonomistis mier sazogadoebrivi produqtis gansazRvra eyrdnoba
mxolod im faqts, rom yvela erTsa da imave raodenobas moixmars. fri-raideris problema
moiTxovs, rom bazrebma awarmoos sazogadoebrivad efeqtiani done. gamarTlebulia mTavro-
bis Careva, riTac unda gadawydes _ ramdeni awarmoon. es ar niSnavs imas, rom TviT mTavrobam
unda awarmoos produqti. es aucilebeli ar aris.
erovnuli Tavdacva aris sazogadoebrivi produqti da iwarmoeba sazogadoebriv an sa-
xelmwifo seqtorSi. meore mxriv, quCis dasufTaveba, Tumca sazogadoebrivi produqtia, SeiZ-
leba kontraqtiT gadaeces kerZo mwarmoebels, maSinac ki, Tu adgilobrivi mmarTveloba gan-
sazRvravs mis raodenobas da gadaixdis misTvis adgilobrivi sagadasaxado Semosavlidan.
sazogadoebriv produqts sazogadoebrivma seqtorma unda mixedos. winaaRmdeg SemTxve-
vaSi is damokidebuli aRmoCndeba ara produqtis moxmarebis maxasiaTeblebze, rasac eyrdnoba
sazogadoebrivi produqtis Cveneuli gageba, aramed produqtis warmoebis maxasiaTeblebze.
araferia gansakuTrebuli quCis dasufTavebaSi, is SeiZleba erTnairad martivad awarmoon
sazogadoebrivma an kerZo seqtorebma. amis sapirispirod, armia da floti eyrdnoba discipli-
nasa da saidumlos Senaxvis princips. generlebsa da admiralebs sjeraT da savaraudod sazo-
gadoebac eTanxmeba, rom am wesebis darRveva imsaxurebs uCveulo sasjels, rac kerZo firmebSi
saerTod ar aris daSvebuli. albaT, cotas hgonia, rom daumorCilebloba didi danaSauli ar
aris damsufTaveblebisTvis maSin, roca samxedro pirebisaTvis aseTi ram TiTqmis dauSve-
belia. jariskacebisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania iyvnen sazogadoebriv seqtorSi, vidre quCis
damsufTaveblisaTvis.
transfertuli gadasaxdelebi da Semosavlis gadanawileba. saxelmwifo xarjavs Tanxebs
sazogadoebriv produqtze, radgan warmoiqmneba sirTuleebi, roca sazogadoebrivi produqti
kerZo bazrebis kuTvnilebad rCeba. mTavrobis am Carevis motivacia sazogadoebrivi efeqti-
anobaa. amis sapirispirod, saxelmwifo xarjebi transfertul gadasaxdelebze upirvelesad

5
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 3

exeba TANanasworobas da amis mixedviT Semosavlis ganawilebas. umuSevrebze, moxucebsa da Rari-

bebze fulis daxarjviT saxelmwifo cdilobs darwmundes, rom Semosavlisa da produqtis xe-
laxali ganawileba, rasac mTlianad Tavisufali bazari awarmoebda, Semcirebulia. aris cxov-
rebis donis minimumi, romlis qveviT moqalaqe ver dava. am standartis teqnikuri pirobebi
wminda RirebulebiTi Sefasebaa.
saidan modis fuli, romelic Raribebisa da gamouval mdgomareobaSi myofTaTvis unda
gadaixados saxelmwifom? upirvelesAADad imaTgan, visac es gardauvalad miaCnia. Semosavalze
mzardi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi garantias iZleva, rom yoveli individis saSualo
sagadasaxado norma gadasaxadebSi gadaxdili mTliani Semosavlis proporciulad izrdeba
SemosavalTan erTad. mTlianad sagadasaxado da transfertuli sistema fuls iRebs mdidre-
bisgan da aZlevs Raribebs. Raribebi iReben ara uSualod finansur transferts, transfer-
tuli gadasaxdelebis saxiT, rogoricaa damatebiTi sargebeli, aramed sazogadoebrivi saqon-
lis moxmarebiT, rac gadaxdil iqna mdidrebisagan aRebuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis saxiT.
Sesasrulebeli ganawilebis raodenoba mxolod wminda Rirebulebis Sefaseba ki ar aris,
rasac sxvadasxva individebi da politikuri partiebi ar eTanxmebian, aramed aris gardauvali
winaaRmdegoba efeqtianobisa da samarTlianobis konkretul amocanebs Soris. ufro metis
gasanawileblad saxelmwifos mouxdeba sagadasaxado ganakveTis gazrda, risTvisac unda gaav-
los ufro didi zRvari myidvelis mier gadaxdil fassa da gamyidvelis mier saqonelsa da mom-
saxurebaze miRebul fass Soris.
vargisi (𝐌𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐭 𝐆𝐨𝐨𝐝𝐬) (an dabalxarisxiani - 𝑩𝒂𝒅𝒔) produqti aris iseTi produqti, rome-
lic sazogadoebis azriT yvelas unda hqondes (an ar unda hqondes) imis miuxedavad, surs Tu
ara is TiToeul individs.
vargisi (normaluri) produqtis magaliTebia: ganaTleba da jandacva, uvargisi saqonlis
magaliTebia sigareti. radgan sazogadoeba sxva adgils aniWebs am saqonels, vidre individi,
individis arCevani Tavisufal bazarze ganapirobebs ufro gansxvavebul ganTavsebas, vidre es
sazogadoebis survilia.
vargisi produqtis Sesaxeb ori garkveuli mosazreba arsebobs. erTi aris gare efeqtis
argumentis versia, romelic wina TavSi ganvixileT. Tu meti codna aamaRlebs ara marto erTi
dasaqmebuli muSis, aramed yvela sxva aseTive muSis mwarmoeblurobas, maSin igi warmoebis gare
efeqtia. amas individi mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs imis arCevis dros, Tu ra codna unda SeiZinos.
Tu individebi kmayofildebian mwiri codniT, sazogadoebam unda waaxalisos codnis dagro-
vebis msurveli pirovnebebi. ufaso ganaTleba codnis, komunikaciisa da sazogadoebrivi urTi-
erTobis minimumis miRwevis erT-erTi saSualebaa.
vargisi produqtis meore problemuri aspeqtis safuZveli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sazo-
gadoeba mixvda - Tavad individebi Tavisive interesebisaTvis aRar moqmedeben: iReben narko-
tikebs, ewevian Tambaqos, misdeven azartul TamaSs. mTavrobis Careva gulisxmobs ufro imas,
rom uTxras xalxs, ra unda moewonoT, vidre imis uzrunvelyofa, rom ukeT miaRwion imas, rac
ukve moswonYT. amis saSualeba mTavrobas aqvs. amgvarad, mTavrobas SeuZlia daaxarjos fuli
aucilebel swavlaze an aucilebel acraze, raTa arc individs da arc TviT saxelmwifos sxvag-
varad moqceva momavalSi sananeblad ar gauxdes.
dabegvris principebi
daviwyoT faqtebiT, romlebic gadasaxadebs Seexeba. xelisuflebis organoebi SeerTebul
StatebSi - federaluri mTavroba, Statebis xelisufleba da adgilobrivi organoebi – gadasa-
xadebis saxiT krefen eep-is TiTqmis 1/3 Tanxas.

6
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 3

saxelmwifo Semosavlebis sami mTavari wyaroa: piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, social-

luri dazRvevis anaricxebi da aseve saaqcizo mosakreblebi da gayidvis gadasaxdeli.
saxelmwifo Semosavlebis 1/4-ze meti socialuri dazRvevis gadasaxdelebidan Semodis.
es gadasaxdelebi is anaricxebia, romlebic mis mwarmoeblebs uflebas aZlevs miiRon pensia da
Sromisuunarobis daxmareba. imis gamo, rom gadasaxdelebi socialuri dazRvevis sistemaSi ne-
bayoflobiTi araa, isini SeiZleba ufro metad gadasaxdebs mivakuTvnoT, vidre sadazRvevo
Senatanebs. socialuri dazRvevis sistemis savaldebuloba im garemoebiT sabuTdeba, rom zo-
gierTi adamiani windauxedavia da ar iTvaliswinebs, rom sakuTari saWiroebebi uzrunvelyos
moxucebulobis an Sromis uunarobis SemTxvevaSi.
gayidvis gadasaxdeli da saaqcizo mosakreblebi, romlebic Tavisi daniSnulebiT meore
adgilzea, gansazRvrul produqtTa gayidvidan amosaRebi gadasaxdelebia. federalur doneze
aqcizebi arsebobs alkoholur sasmelebze da Tambaqos nawarmze, aseve avtomanqanebze, tele-
foniT saubrebsa da aviabileTebze. Statebisa da adgilobrivi organoebis doneze Semosavle-
bis mniSvnelovani wyaroa gayidvis gadasaxdeli (amasTan zogierTi produqti amisagan Tavisuf-
ldeba).
damatebuli Rirebulis gadasaxadi. aSS-Si praqtikaSi ar aris damatebuli Rirebulebis
gadasaxadi (dRGg), rac saxelmwifo Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa bevr qveyanaSi, gansakuT-
rebiT evropulSi. dRg Cveulebrivi sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis eqvivalenturia, rac amoi-
Reba saerTo ganakveTiT, ekonomikaSi gayiduli yvela produqtidan. dRg amoiReba warmoebis
yvela stadiaze. gadasaxadiT dabegvras daqvemdebarebuli Tanxa gasayidi fasis toli araa da
mxolod mis damatebul Rirebulebas warmoadgens. e.i. gayidvis fasis tolia, warmoebis
faqtorTa SeZenis xarjebis gamoklebiT, amrigad, avtomanqanis mwarmoebeli, romelic iZens
folads da saburavebs sxva firmebisagan, ixdis damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxads, riTac
ibegreba gayiduli Aavtomanqanebis Rirebuleba, foladisa da saburavebis warmoebaSi gamoyene-
buli Rirebulebis gamoklebiT. avtomanqanebiT movaWre firma, Tavis mxriv ixdis gadasaxads
gayidvaTa Rirebulebidan, rac Semcirebulia am avtomanqanebis mwarmoeblebis mier gadaxdili
TanxiT. yovel stadiaze gadasaxadebis SekrebiT advilad SeiZleba davinaxoT, rom damatebuli
Rirebulebis jamuri Tanxa sxva araferia, Tu ara gadasaxdeli uSualod sacalo vaWrobaze.
gadasaxadiT dabegvris principebi. arsebuli da warmosaxviTi gadasaxadebidan romeli
unda SearCios saxelmwifom Tavis saWiroebaTa dasafinanseblad? pirveli kriteriumis saxiT
gamodis samarTlianoba, anu Tanasworoba, meoris saxiT - efeqtianoba. efeqtiania gadasaxa-
debi, romlebic minimumamde daiyvanen Tavisi funqcionirebis araxelsayrel Sedegebs resur-
sebis ganawilebis procesze. SevudgeT am kriteriumebis ganxilvas, Tumca, cxadia, samarTlia-
ni da efeqtiani gadasaxadebis ganxilvisas Cven ar vTvliT, rom realuri gadasaxadebi aseTia.
samarTliani dabegvra. saxelmwifo gadasaxadebi da Semosavlebi gavlenas axdenen Semo-
savlebis ganawilebaze, tvirTis, adamianTa erT nawilze dakisrebis da sxvebisaTvis sikeTis Se-
TavazebiT. ekonomistebs, rom araferi vTqvaT gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebze, didi xania awu-
xebT sakiTxi am tvirTisa da sikeTis samarTlianad ganawilebis Sesaxeb. sazogadod miURebulia
ori ZiriTadi eTikuri principi.
horizontaluri samarTlianobis principi gulisxmobs, rom Tanabar mdgomareobaSi myof-
ni sagadasaxado kanonebiT erTnairad unda ganixilebodnen. vertikaluri samarTlianobis
principi gulisxmobs, rom araTanabar pirobebSi myofni, erTnairad ar unda ganixilebodnen.
davuSvaT, restornis mesakuTris mogeba, zustad daqiravebuli momuSavis xelfasis to-
lia. horizontaluri samarTlianobis principi gulisxmobs, rom yvela adamianma unda gada-
ixados erTnairi sididis gadasaxadi. Tu sagadasaxado sistema mogebas erTi ganakveTiT beg-

7
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 3

ravs, xolo xelfass meoreTi, maSin horizontaluri samarTlianobis principis mixedviT - vinc
mets iRebs, meti unda gadaixados gadasaxadis saxiT, maSinac ki, Tu misi gamocxadebuli (e.i.
gadasaxadiT dabegrili) Semosavlebi raime mizeziT xelovnurad Semcirebulia.
saxelmwifo finansebis sistemis yvelaze ufro Zveli principi isaa, rom gadasaxadebi
ZiriTadSi gadaxdisunarianobas unda emyarebodes. sxva sityvebiT, amoRebuli gadasaxadebis
Tanxa emyareba Semosavlebis an simdidris sidides. alternatiuli midgoma esaa gadasaxadiT
dabegvris bazad saxelmwifos saqmianobidan miRebul sargeblobaTa (sikeTeTa) sididis gamoye-
neba. am principis ganxilvamde, unda avxsnaT, Tu rogor ganvsazRvroT uTanasworoba.
Tanasworobis gansazRvra. erTaderTi amosavali wertilia Semdegi azri: sagadasaxado
sistemis mier TanasworTa saxiT ganixileba, Tanabari mimdinare Semosavlis mflobelebi. mag-
ram mimdinare Semosavlebi sinamdvileSi ar warmoadgens imis Sesaferis maCvenebels, Tu ramde-
nad mdidaria adamiani. studenti-medikosi, romelsac igive Semosavali gaaCnia, rogorc mee-
zoves, mainc mdidaria ukanasknelze radganac meti Tanxa eqneba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze.
SesaZloa, Tanaswori individebi Cven unda ganvsazRvroT maTi mTeli sicocxlis manZilze
jamuri Semosavlebis mixedviT.
maSinac ki, Tu Cven SevZlebT jamuri Semosavlebis saimedo Sefasebas (garda sxva yve-
lafrisa, zogierTi studenti-medikosi institutidan iricxeba) rigi rTuli SekiTxvebi mainc
darCeba. ganvixiloT ori adamiani, romelTac erTnairi jamuri Semosavlebi gaaCniaT. axla
orive pensiazea. erTi axalagzrdobaSi danazogebs akeTebda da axla kargad cxovrobs. meore,
axalgazrdobaSi kargad atarebda dros da axla Zalze Raribad cxovrobs. Tanaswori arian isi-
ni? an ganvixiloT ori adamiani, romlebic erT qarxanaSi muSaoben, erTnair samuSaos asrule-
ben da Tanabar anazRaurebas iReben. erT-erTs kmayofaze xuTi Svili yavs. Tanaswori arian Tu
ara isini? es eYTikuri kiTxvebia da, samwuxAarod, horizontaluri samarTlianobis principi
msgavs SemTxvevebze konkretul pasuxs ar iZleva. praqtikaSi sakiTxi kanonmdebelTa mier wyde-
ba, romlebic gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb xmis micemisas horizontaluri samarTlianobis msgavs
principebs emyareba. magram, cxadia, mravali sxva politikuri Sexedulebebic gaaCniaT da, gar-
da amisa, maTze politikur zewolas axdenen.
gadaxdisunarianobis principi miRebuli sargeblobis principis sapirwoned. vertikalu-
ri samarTlianobis principi xvdeba iseT problemas, romelze Sexedulebac Zireulad Sordeba
erTmaneTs, saxeldobr: araTanabar pirobebSi myofni ranairad ganvixiloT erTnairad. gadax-
disunarianobis principi naTlad gamoxatavs Semosavlebis saxelmwifo ganawilebis aucileb-
lobis Tvalsazriss, ramdenadac es principi ambobs, rom saxelmwifos momsaxurebaTa anazRa-
ureba ufro meti unda iyos mdidrebisaTvis da naklebi RaribebisaTvis. miRebul sargeblo-
baTa principi ki, moiTxovs adamianis mier gadaxdilis Sesabamisobas mis mier miRebul sargeb-
lobasTan. gadasaxadiT dabegvrisadmi damokidebuleba mTlianad am principebs Seesabameba ori
TvalsazrisiT: erTni Tvlian, rom Semosavlebis mimdinare gadanawileba misaRebia, meoreni ki
fiqrobdnen, rom saxelmwifo ar unda cdilobdes Semosavlebis gadanawilebas.
samarTliania Tu ara miRebul sargeblobaTa principi, damokidebulia imaze, Tu raze
ixarjeba saxelmwifo saxsrebi. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, marTlwesrigis SenarCunebis xarjebis
anazRaureba. ramdenadac danaSaulobaTa done xSir SemTxvevaSi yvelaze ufro maRalia dAabali
Semosavlebis mqone adamianebiT dasaxlebul raionebSi, SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom Raribebi met
sargeblobas iReben wesrigis dacvisgan, vidre mdidrebi. gadaxdisunarianobis principi gveub-
neba, rom Raribebma miuxedavad amisa, unda gadaixadon ufro dabali gadasaxadebi. xolo miREBULEe-
bul sargeblobaTa principis Sesabamisad igulisxmeba, rom met sargeblobas iReben. am
SemTxvevaSi miRebul sargeblobaTa principi adamianTa umetesobisaTvis arasamarTliani iq-

8
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 3

neba. magram ganvixiloT meore magaliTi, saxeldobr, gzatkecilebis gamoyeneba. mravali ada-
miani Tanaxmaa rom Cqarosnuli gzebis mosargebleebma sxvebze meti unda gadaixadon mis mSeneb-
lobaze da normalur mdgomareobaSi SenarCunebaze. asec xdeba, Cqarosnuli gzebis sistema na-
wilobriv benzinze gadasaxadiT finansdeba.
miRebul sargeblobaTa principi ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes sazogadoebrivi sikeTee-
bis mimarT, ramdenadac Cven ar viciT rogor gavzomoT, sazogadoebrivi sikeTis sargebliano-
ba yoveli AadamianisaTvis da es principi SeuTavsebelia saxelmwifo transfertul gadasaxde-
lebTan. umuSevrobis daxmarebis mimRebma saxelmwifos unda gadauxados Tu ara amisTvis miRe-
buli sargeblis proporciulad? Tuki diax, maSin transfertebis mimReb adamianebs igi
saxelmwifosTvis unda daebrunebinaT, rac transfertebis ararsebobis tolfasi iqneboda.
gadasaxadebiT dabegvra, efeqtianoba da danakargebi. gadasaxadiT dabegvris meore kri-
teriumia efeqtianoba. is exeba im danakargebs, romelic warmoiSoba imis gamo, rom adamianebi
Tavs aridebdnen maT gadaxdas. sakiTxi SemdegSia: Tu ra zegavlena aqvs saSemosavlo gadasaxads
ekonomikaSi warmoebul samuSaoTa moculobaze? logikuria Tu ara vifiqroT, rom gadasa-
xadebis gadideba Seamcirebs muUSaobis survils, ramdenadac samUuSaosaTvis gadasaxadis da ga-
daxdis Semdgomi anazRaureba naklebia, adamianebi muSaobas dasvenebiT Secvlas amjobineben?
naxazze 3.4 𝐷 mrudi Sromaze erToblivi moTxovnaa, xolo 𝑆 Sromis miwodebis mrudia.
Sromis miwodebis mrudi mimarTulia zeviT da asaxavs im daSvebas, rom realuri xelfasi izr-
deba. aseT pirobebSi miwodebuli Sromis raodenoba matulobs imis Sdegad, rom dasaqmebuli
adamianebi mzad arian meti imuUSaon, da aseve imis gamoc, rom adre umuUSevar adamianebsac surT
samuUSaos moZebna. Tavdapirveli wonasworoba 𝐸 wertilSia.
axla davuSvaT, rom mTavrobas Semoaqvs xelfasis e.i. SromiTi Semosavlebis gadasaxadi.
yvela momuSavem axla saxelmwifos unda gadauxados yoveli dolaris 20%. es Sromis miwodebis
mruds zeviT gadaaadgilebs. Tu, Tavdapirvelad mewarmes magaliTad, mxolod 4$ xelfasis ga-
daxda sWirdeboda, momuSaveebisagan mocemuli moculobis Sromis misaRebad. axla gadasaxadis
SemoRebis Semdeg, saWiro gaxdeba 4,80$ xelfasi. gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde momuSaveebisaTvis
wminda 4 $ jamagirisaTvis e.i. im doneze SesanarCuneblad, rac aucilebelia maTgan imave mocu-
lobis Sromis misaRebad. analogiurad, vTqvaT, 8 $ wminda anazRaurebis misaRebad xelfasi
gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde, unda iyos 9,6$ doneze. amrigad, xelfasze, 20%-iani gadasaxadis
SemoReba Sromis miwodebis mruds gadaaadgilebs zeviT, 𝑆 ′ -sken ise, rom gadasaxadis gadaxdis
Semdgomi xelfasi Sromis miwodebis yoveli donisaTvis zustad Tavdapirvel mrudze arsebu-
li xelfasis toli darCes.
axali wonasworoba Sromis bazarze 𝐸 ′ wertilze damyardeba. gadasaxadis SemoRebam Seam-
cira gamomuSavebuli saaTebis raodenoba. man aamaRla gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde xelfasis do-
ne 𝑊-dan 𝑊 ′ -mde da Seamcira misi, gadasaxadis gadaxdis Sedgomi done 𝑊 ′′ -mde. manZili 𝐸 ′ da 𝐴′
Soris gadasaxad Tanxas anu sols warmoadgens, romelic gadasaxadiT Caesoba firmisaTvis
momUuSavis fassa da momuSavis mier erT damatebiT saaTSi miRebul Tanxas Soris.
gadasaxadis SemoRebis Semdeg momuSaveebi imdenive saaTs imuSaveben, Tuki maTi gadasaxa-
debis kompensireba moxdeba, ufro maRali xelfasis SeTavazebiT. magram Sromaze moTxovna
firmaTa mxridan xelfasis ukuproporciulia. Tu xelfasi gaizrdeba, firmebi ar isurveben
sawyisi raodenobis Sromis daqiravebas. axali wonasworoba miRweuli iqneba maSin, rodesac
dasaqmeba Semcirdeba im wertilamde, sadac Sromis zRvruli mwarmoebluroba imdenad gaizr-
deba, rom firmebi, Sromaze TavianTi moTxovnis mrudze arsebobiT, mzad iqnebian ufro maRali
xelfasi daaweson (𝑊 ′ ), vidre adre (𝑊), xolo momuSaveebi, gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg xel-

9
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 3

fasis (𝑊 ′′ ) sawyisze ufro dabali (𝑊) xelfasis dros naklebs imuSaveben, e.i. amjobineben dasas-
veneblad meti Tavisufali drois datovebas.

xelfasi
gadasaxadebi
S’

S
E’
W’ E nax. 3.4. xelfasze gadasaxadi
W
W”
A’

0 L’ L namuSevari saaTebis raodenoba

naxazze 3.4 arsebuli daStrixuli samkuTxedi 𝐸𝐸 ′ 𝐴′ warmoadgens gadasaxadiT dawesebuli

nametis danakargs, rogorc momxmareblebisaTvis ise, mwarmoeblebisaTvis. gadasaxadi moqme-
debs, rogorc Sromis uaryofiTi stimuli, vinaidan Sedegi Sesasrulebel samuSaoTa moculo-
bis Semcirebaa 𝐿-dan 𝐿′-mde. saerTo danakargebi 𝐸𝐸 ′ 𝐴′ samkuTxedis tolia. mTavroba gadasaxa-
dis saxiT amoiRebs Semosavals 𝑊 ′ 𝐸 ′ 𝐴′ 𝑊 ′′ , rac marTkuTxedis (𝑊 ′ − 𝑊 ′′ ) × 𝐿′ -is tolia, da namu-
Sevari 𝐿′ saaTebis 1 saaTis Sromis xelfasis sidideze namravlis tolia.
gadasaxadiT dabegvris bruto efeqti da efeqtiani dabegvra. naxazi 3.4 gviCvenebs, rom
saxelmwifo Semosavlebis gadideba ZviradRirebuli saqmea. garda momuUSaveebze danaxarjebisa,
romlebmac TavianTi xelfasi saxelmwifosTan unda gaiyon, gadasaxadiT dabegvras Sedegad
wminda danakargebi mosdevs, rac 𝐴′ 𝐸 ′ 𝐸 samkuTxedis farTobis tolia. saxelmwifo sagadasaxado
Semosavlebs saboloo angariSSi viRacisaTvis sargebeli moaqvT, SesaZloa, imave momUuSaveebis-
Tvisac, vinc am gadasaxads ixdis. magram samkuTxedi warmoadgens resursebis wminda danakar-
gebs araswori ganawilebis Sedegad.
gadasaxadiT dabegvris bruto efeqti _ danakargebia momxmarebelTa da mwarmoebelTa
nametis saxiT, rac warmoiSoba resursebis ganawilebis procesSi gadasaxadebis zegavleniT
momxmdari damaxinjebis gamo.
danakargebis arseboba mniSvnelovans xdis sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu sagadasaxado sistemis
romeli proeqti iqneba umciresi danakargebis momtani. martivi, magram imavdroulad mniSvne-
lovani kerZo SemTxvevis ganxilva dagvexmareba gadasaxadiT dabegvris bruto-efeqtis arsis
ukeT gagebaSi. davuSvaT Sromis miwodeba absoluturad araelastikuria xelfasis mixedviT. am
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc naxazidan 3.5 Cans, gadasaxadis SemoReba zegavlenas ar moaxdens miwode-
buli Sromis saaTebis raodenobaze da wonasworoba darCeba 𝐸 wertilze. gadasaxadisadmi Se-
guebis mTeli efeqti gamoixateba gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdgomi xelfasis gadacemaSi. magram,
imis gamo, rom Sromis miwodeba reagirebas axdens xelfasis sidideze, namuSevari saaTebis rao-
denoba srulebiT ar icvleba. am kerZo SemTxvevaSi danakargebi ar warmoiSoba, ramdenadac mo-
muSaveebi muSaobas ganagrZoben igive saaTebis ganmavlobaSi, xelfasis donis miuxedavad.
aucilebelia gavixsenoT, rom Sromis absoluturad araelastikuri miwodeba niSnavs unikalu-
ri resursis miwodebas, romlis Semcvlelis moZebna Zalian rTulia (TiTqmis SeuZlebelic ki)5.

5
gaixseneT: mikroekonomika, xaraiSvili e., gagniZe i., CavleiSvili m., nacvliSvili i., nacvalaZe m., saxelm-
ZRvanelo, mesame Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tb., 2014, gv. 345-346.

10
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 3

amrigad, SeiZleba CamovayaliboT Semdegi zogadi principi: nebismieri gadasaxadi nebis-

mier produqtze an faqtorze, romlis miwodebac (an moTxovnac) sruliad araelastikuria,
danakargebs ar qmnis, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadiT dasabegri saqmianobis sidide ar
Semcirdeba. am zogadi wesis Sesabamisad, gadasaxadebi koncentrirebul unda iqnes iq, sadac
isini produqtis gamoSvebis yvelaze nakleb Semcirebas iwveven.
sagadasaxado SemosulobaTa mocemuli sididis misaRebad saxelmwifom yvelaze ufro
efeqtianad unda moaxdinos gamoSvebis gadacemis minimizireba gadasaxadiT upiratesad im pro-
duqtTa dabegvriT, romelTa miwodeba da romlebze moTxovnac yvelaze naklebad elastikuria
(SedarebiT araelastikuria). sigaretebis da spirtiani sasmelebis mkacri dabegvra, romlebze
moTxovnac araelastikuria, am princips Seesabameba. es `codvebze gadasaxdelis~ magaliTia:
TviT codvebze moTxovna, albaT aseve araelastikuria6.
sinamdvileSi vin atarebs sagadasaxado tvirTs? zogadad gadasaxadis moqmedeba nawil-
deba bazris orive mxares - moTxovanasa da miwodebas Soris. gadasaxadis ufro didi nawili
tvirTad awveba im mxares, romelic ufro naklebad elastikuria7.
xelfasi

nax. 3.5 gadasaxadebis gavlena araelastikuri

miwodebis faqtorze
W E
sagadasaxado
Semosulobebi
W’ A’
D

0 L
namuSevari saaTebis raodenoba

laferis mrudi. vTqvaT, yvela samTavrobo sagadasaxado Semosavali gaizarda saSemosav-

lo gadasaxadis meSveobiT. naxazi 3.6 gviCvenebs, rom nulovani sagadasaxado ganakveTiT mTav-
roba gazrdis nulovan Semosavals. sruliad sawinaaRmdegod, 100%-iani saSemosavlo gadasa-
xadis ganakveTiT warmoeba ar imuSavebs da sagadasaxado Semosavali isev nuli iqneba. dawyebu-
li nulovaniT sagadasaxado ganakveTSi mcire zrda zogierT sagadasaxado Semosavals gazr-
dis. dasawyisSi Semosavali izrdeba sagadasaxado ganakveTTan erTad, magram 𝑡 ∗ sagadasaxado
ganakveTze zemoT ufro maRal gadasaxadebs aqvT ukuefeqti moculobaze da Semosavali Sem-
cirebas iwyebs.
laferis azriT `didmTavrobiani da didgadasaxadebiani~ qveynebi axla dganan 𝑡 ∗ sagadasa-
xado ganakveTze maRla. Tu asea, gadasaxadebis Semcireba saswaulmoqmed mkurnalad unda mi-
viCnioT. mTavroba sinamdvileSi aiRebs met Semosavals gadasaxadebis SemcirebiT. sagadasaxa-
do simaxinjeebis SemcirebiT, samuSaos raodenobis didad gazrdiT ufro dabali gadasaxadebi
kompensirebuli iqneba Warbi muSaobiT da SemosavliT, risTvisac sagadasaxado ganakveTi
SemoiRes.

6
ekonomika - s. fiSeri, r. dornbuSi, S. Smalenzi, t. II, Targmani ingl., Tb., 1997, gv.492.
7
gaixseneT: mikroekonomika, xaraiSvili e., gagniZe i., CavleiSvili m., nacvliSvili i., nacvalaZe m.,
saxelmZRvanelo, mesame Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tb., 2014, gv. 59-61.

11
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 3

saSemosavlo gadasaxadi
maqsimaluri ganakveTi

0 t* 100% sagadasaxado ganakveTi

nax. 3.6. laferis mrudi

adgilobrivi xelisufleba. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis danaxarjebi bevrismomcvelia -

quCis dasufTavebidan dawyebuli skolebiT damTavrebuli. Tavis mxriv es unda dafinansdes
gadasaxadebiT. dabolos, adgilobrivi xelisufleba pasuxs agebs regulirebis zogierT saxe-
obaze, magaliTad, miwaTsargeblobaze an zonalur kanonebze (mTis kanoni da sxva).
ekonomikuri principebi
ratom ar vaiZulebT centralur xelisuflebas, yvelaferze iyos pasuxismgebeli? jer
erTi, mniSvneloba aqvs sxvadasxvaobas. xalxi sxvadasxvanairia da xelisuflebas ar unda yve-
las erTnairad moeqces. aseT midgomaSi did rols TamaSobs moqalaqeobrivi siamaye. meore,
xalxi grZnobs, rom centraluri xelisufleba arc Tu gansakuTrebulad saWiroebs maTTan
siaxloves, maSinac ki, centralur xelisuflebas angariSi rom gaewia mosaxleobis Sexedule-
bebisTvis, efeqtiani pasuxismgebloba mainc gauZneldeboda.
ganvixiloT adgilobrivi xelisuflebis ori mniSvnelovani modeli. erTi maTgani emxro-
ba mcire adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebis arsebobas da maT Soris konkurencias, xolo meore -
adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebis gaerTianebas da SedarebiT didi biujetiT ufro mniSvnelovani
proeqtebis ganxorcielebas.
pirveli aris tiboutis (tibos8) modeli, romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebs sxvadasxvaoba-
ze. zogi uars ar ambobs adgilobriv danaxarjze produqtebisa da momsaxurebisaTvis da mzad
aris, gadaixados adgilobrivi maRali gadasaxadebi; zogs unda ufro dabali adgilobrivi
gadasaxadis gadaxda, es niSnavs dabal sazogadoebriv momsaxurebas. yvela mTavroba rom
erTnairi iyos, ukmayofilo aravin aRmoCndeboda am daTmobiT (tiboutis models zogjer
`uxilav fexs~ uwodeben) da xalxi mogrovdeboda erT adgilze maTTvis sasurveli xarjebis da
gadasaxdebis paketis uzrunvelsayofad. `uxilavi fexi~ konkurenciis meSveobiT axorcielebs
resursebis efeqtian ganTavsebas adgilobriv xelisufalTa Soris.
praqtikulad `uxilavi fexi~ zogjer stimulirebis Zalian arasrulyofili struqturaa.
jer erTi, Znelia adgilobriv administraciebs Soris manipulireba. magaliTad, Tu dabade-
buli xarT im axlomaxlo raionSi, SeiZleba ufleba mogeceT, upiratesi adgili daiWiroT
binis miRebis rigSi, romelsac adgilobrivi xelisufleba uzrunvelyofs. meorec, Tu adgi-
lobrivi administraciis Semosavlis didi wili modis centraluri xelisuflebidan, xarjebi
da gadasaxadebis done adgilobrivi mosaxleobis survilisadmi SeiZleba naklebadmgrZno-
biare gamodges.

8
zogierT saxelmZRvaneloSi SegxvdebaT tobos modelis saxelwodebiT (Semdgeneli).

12
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 3

am TavSi Cven ukve gavamaxvileT yuradReba efeqtianobasa da samarTlianobas Soris gan-

sxvavebaze Tu `uxilav fexs~ mivyavarT efeqtianobamde, mas SeuZlia usamarTlobamdec migvi-
yvanos. mdidrebi ukve Tavs iyrian gareubnebSi, Semdeg iReben zonalur kanons da isakuTreben
saxlisaTvis da baRisaTvis miwis garkveul odenobas. Raribebs ukve aRar SeuZliaT gadavidnen
im regionSi. qmnian ra Caketil klubebs, mdidrebi garantirebulni arian, rom maTi gadasaxdebi
ar moxmardeba Raribebis Senaxvas. Raribebi SfoTaven qalaqSi, romlis xelisuflebac awydeba
maT udides sazogadoebriv moTxovnas, magram mis aRsrulebas umciresi adgilobrivi sagada-
saxado baza aqvs.
tiboutis (tibos) modeli uSvebs, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba moixmars mxolod adgi-
lobrivi administraciis mier uzrunvelyofil sazogadoebriv momsaxurebas, magram roca am
xelisuflebis TiToeuli erTeuli pasuxismgebelia mcire geografiul garemoze. es SeiZleba
miuRebelic iyos, Tu Sida qalaqSi ewyoba xelovnebis ufaso galerea. romelic dafinansebulia
imave teritoriaze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis gadasaxadebidan, mdidrebi Semodian gareubnidan
gamofenis dasaTvaliereblad da piriqiT, Sidaqalaqis SeZlebuli mosaxleoba dasvenebis dRes
gadis soflad da iyenebs iqaur saSualebebs, romelsac uzrunvelyofs qalaqidan amoRebuli
gadasaxadebi, am SemTxvevebSi erT adgilze sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa
iZleva sasargeblo gare efeqts mimdebare regionSi. ekonomikuri Teoria iZleva am problemis
swor pasuxs. sanam gare efeqti Sefasdeba (xarjebis daricxva xdeba gareubnis momxmarebelze
da ara qalaqis mosaxleobaze xelisuflebisagan dafinansebul galereebsa da operis
TeatrebSi Sesasvlelad), yvelaze gonivruli gadawyveta aris TiToeuli adgilobrivi
xelisuflebis geografiuli arealis gafarToveba, vidre is ar moicavs im xalxis umravle-
sobas, vinc iyenebs mis mier uzrunvelyofil sazogadoebriv momsaxurebas. amgvarad, SeiZleba
swori iyos, rom gareubnis mosaxleobas hqondes erTiani sarkinigzo samsaxuri da metro,
romelsac daafinansebs mTavroba, raTa daicvan xalxi gadatvirTul quCebSi gadaadgilebis-
gan. magram mxolod adgilobriv xelisuflebas, romelic flobs gareubansac da Sida qalaqsac,
SeuZlia Seecados efeqtiani politikis ganxorcielebas.
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis es ori Teoria sxvadasxva mimarTulebisaa da swori pasuxi
maT Soris Zevs. tiboutis (tibos) modelis mosazrebebi xels uwyobs bevri mcire adgilobrivi
xelisuflis cal-calke iurisdiqcias (arsebobas) raTa moxdes arealebs Soris arCevanis da
konkurenciis maqsimizacia.
modeli, romelic xazs usvams geografiuli arealebis garSemo gare efetebs, gulisxmobs
ufro farTo iurisdiqcias (mcire mmarTvelobebis gaerTianebas), raTa moxdes im gare efeq-
tebis garkveulwilad daZleva, romlebsac SeiZleba adgili qondes bevri mcire mmarTvelobis
SemTxvevaSi. amJamad saqarTveloSi mimdinareobs qveynisTvis efeqtiani modelis Zieba.
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis mixedviT gadasaxadi aris savaldebulo, upirobo
fuladi Senatani biujetSi, romelsac ixdis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli, gadaxdis aucilebeli,
araekvivalenturi da usasyidlo xasiaTidan gamomdinare (muxli 6).
gadasaxadis saxeebia saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebi.
saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadebia am kodeqsiT dawesebuli gadasaxadebi, romelTa
gadaxdac savaldebuloa saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze.
adgilobrivi gadasaxadia am kodeqsiT dawesebuli da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
warmomadgenlobiTi organos normatiuli aqtiT SemoRebuli gadasaxadi (zRvruli
ganakveTebis farglebSi), romlis gadaxdac savaldebuloa Sesabamisi adgilobrivi TviTmmar-
Tveli erTeulis teritoriaze.
saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv gadasaxadebs miekuTvneba:

13
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 3

a) saSemosavlo gadasaxadi – 20%; daubegravi minimumi – 1800 lari

b) mogebis gadasaxadi – 15%;
g) damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (dRg) – 18%;
d) aqcizi – ganakveTi meryevia;
e) importis gadasaxadi (sabaJo gadasaxadi) - 0%, 5% an 12%;
- adgilobriv gadasaxads miekuTvneba qonebis gadasaxadi - qonebis TviTRirebulebis 1%.
(qonebis 40000 lari wliuri Semosavlis zeviT).

ZiriTadi terminebi:

progresuli sagadasaxado sistema individualuri moxmarebis produqti

proporciuli sagadasaxado sistema transfertuli gadasaxdelebi
regresuli sagadasaxado sistema laferis mrudi
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi tiboutis modeli da `uxilavi fexi~

SekiTxvebi gameorebisTvis:
1. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT progresuli da proporciuli sagadasaxado
sistemebi;
2. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT wminda sazogadoebrivi produqti;
3. ganixileT dabegvris principebi;
4. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT xelfasze gadasaxadis dawesebis Sedegebi;
5. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT gadasaxadebis gavlena araelastikuri miwodebis
faqtorze;
6. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT laferis mrudi;
7. isaubreT tiboutis (tibos) modelisa da `uxilavi fexis~ Sesaxeb.

gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. ekonomika – d. begi, s. fiSeri, r. dornbuSi, Targmani ing., Tb., 1999, gv. 231-241.
2. ekonomika - s. fiSeri, r. dornbuSi, S. Smalenzi, t. II, Targmani ingl., Tb., 1997, gv. 470-
514.
3. Economics, Begg D., Fisher S., Dornbusch R., Third Edition, McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, UK,
1991, p. 281-298.
4. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1043717
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax_in_European_countries#France

14