>22 LH_NY ]DIDEQNY!

D-Mhhf 

EE
 NKH]N YDRN]NAH RH] ]DODEËÔDY0
INOÅ AN CNLGÉ | NJCHËH | JNLIGD AN QN]AD | @NLQN]
 ‚Djnmhrde dssd lhvh d-mhhf ihc h eltueth ad kuenr vhià, ihc
hpëôds ad rdidetns pdrodetns pnrn inan rdodeëéh ah sdu aen.

Nkhrn inrî cnes oîiej vhià pjnld`nr ns rdodeëôds, dsihjgdlah

ad nihrah ihc hs ghrîrehs.–
Lutreiehlestn I]L1 >2>2>2=2
 DYIHJGN ]DIDEQNY RN]N0

INOÅ AN CNLGÉ  =2 ]DIDEQNY

=2 ]DIDEQNY AD R]NQHY R]ELIERNEY

 NJCHËH
=2 ]DIDEQNY AD KTN]LEËÔDY

JNLIGD AN QN]AD =2 ]DIDEQNY

>22 ]DIDEQ
]DIDEQNY
NY ADJEIEHYNY,
 ADJEIEHYNY, @NLQN] =2 ]DIDEQNY
YNTAÎ_DEY D R]ÎQEINY RN]N YTKDYQÉH AD R]NQHY IHCRJDQHY
INAN ]DODEËÉH AH YDT AEN. RN]N  NJCHËH
 NJCHËH D @NLQN]!
INOÅ AN
CNLGÉ 
=2 HRËÔDY
]DIDEQNY
 Réh ouliehlnj ad orekeadern 
Elkrdaedltds0

• > Hvh
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad
ad ehkurtd lnturnj sdc snmhr
snmhr
• = Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad onrdjh ad nvden
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad ncnrnlth dc hihs lhs ( hu jelgnën)
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad nzdetd
nzdetd
• Retnan ad
ad snj
• > Ihjgdr ad inoå ad odrcdlth
odrcdlth quãceih
• Rnrn lnjeznr0 Kdrkdjec mrnlih d hråknlh

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Cesturd ihc uc knroh h hvh ihc h ehkurtd lnturnj ntå dspucnr.

dspucnr. Adphes nirdsidltd h onrdjh
ad nvden, h ncnrnlth, nzdetd d n petnan ad snj. Cesturd tuah cueth mdc ihc h knroh. phr
ðjtech nirdsidltd h odrcdlth d cesturd adjeinancdltd.

• Ihc h ohkh adsjeknah ultd ihc nzdetd ucn orekeadern mdc pdqudln (nqudjns ad = hvhs,
ihjhqud n cnssn d phr iecn h kdrkdjec d h hråknlh. Nsidlan h ohkh mdc mnexh d tncpd

Réh ouliehlnj  (sd n sun igncn ohr nelan ohrtd ihjhqud ucn krdjgn shmrd n hutrn pnrn aestílienr). ^unlah
tevdr ahurnah d cd ad uc jnah verd ihc ucn dspîtujn d adexd ahurnr h hutrh rnpeancdltd.

 ad orekeadern  Yukdstéh ad rdigdeh0

• ^ude`h
• Hvhs
• Inrld ad gncmðrkudr
• Mnlnln krdjgnan ihc qude`h
 Réh ad orekeadern jhwinrm
Elkrdaedltds0

• Ijnrn ad = hvhs
• = ihjgdrds ad shpn ad onrelgn ad hjdnkelhsns (ncàlahn, instnlgn, ihih)
• > Ihjgdr ad shmrdcdsn ad irdcd ad reihtn
• Retnan ad odrcdlth quãceih dc pù
• Ynj n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Cesturd tuah cueth mdc. Ihjhqud ln orekeadern ultnan d pdqudln ucn

pnrtd an cnssn d adphes onën n hutrn.

Yukdstéh ad rdigdeh0

Réh ad • ^ude`h
• Hvhs
• ]dqude`éh

 orekeadern jhwinrm • Inrld ad gncmðrkudr

• Qhcntd
Qhcntd ihc cnl`dreiéh
• Ornlkh adsnah ihc rdqude`éh
  Irdpd JhwInrm adjãien 

Elkrdaedltds0

• > Hvh
• > Oeh ad
ad cdj
• > Ihjgdr shpn igden ad rdqude`éh hu irdcd ad reihtn
• Retnan ad snj ( hpiehlnj)

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Cesturd thahs hs Elkrdaedltds ihc uc knroh ntå dspucnr.

dspucnr.
• Dc ohkh mnexh ihjhqud n orekeadern nltenadrdltd
nltenadrdltd jdvdcdltd ultnan ihc ùjdh ad ihih,
ihjhqud n cnssn d dspdrd ahurnr.

Yukdstéh ad rdigdeh0

 Irdpd JhwInrm • Kdjåen ad Mjudmdrry ihc ihttnkd.

 adjãien 
  Irdpezzn ad orekeadern 
Elkrdaedltds0

• = hvhs
• = ihjgdrds ad shpn rnsns ad tnpehin
• > ihjgdr ad shpn ad rdqude`éh
• > ihjgdr ad shpn ad îkun
• > ihjgdr ad inoå ad odrcdlth quãceih
quãceih dc pù
• Ynj n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Cesturd tuah cueth mdc, d phrðjtech adjeinancdltd h odrcdlth.

odrcdlth. Dc ucn orekeadern
orekeadern
nltenadrdltd ultnan ihjhqud n cnssn dc ohkh mnexh d ln sdquàlien aestremun
h rdigdeh, thcntd, qude`h d lnjezd ihc hråknlh. Qncpd d adexd dc ohkh mnexh
ntå ahurnr h oulah.

 Irdpezzn ad ]digdeh0

 orekeadern  • 1 rhadjns pdqudlns ad thcntd

• ^ude`h an sun prdodràlien
• Hråknlh
  Irdpd ad snlaueigdern rîpeah oet  
Elkrdaedltds0

• > hvh
• > ihjgdr ad shpn ad rdqude`éh
• 9 ihjgdrds ad shpn ad phjvejgh
phjvejgh ahid
• 9 ontens ad pdeth ad pdru peinah
• 9 ontens ad qude`h peinah
• > ihjgdr ad shpn ad cnltdekn adrrdtean
• Hråknlh
• Retnan ad snj
• Retnan ad odrcdlth
odrcdlth ad mhjh

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Lucn tekdjn cesturnr h hvh d rdqude`éh ihc uc knroh, adphes naeiehld h

phjvejgh d cesturd mdc.
• Naeiehld h prdsulth, qude`h, snj d hråknlh. Rhr ðjtech nirdsidltd h odrcdlth

 Irdpd ad snlaueigdern d cesturd adjeinancdltd.

• Ln snlaueigdern prå nqudiean ultdultd ihc cnltdekn.
• Aestremun n cnssn dc inan pnrtd. Odigd d dspdrd ahurnr.

 rîpeah oet   Hms0 Yd léh tevdr snlaueigdern, aevean n cnssn d onën dc pdqudlns phrëôds
dc ucn orekeadern ultnan d pdqudln.
 Mhjelgh ad cnié
, oet  
Elkrdaedltds0

• 9 Ijnrns d > hvh eltderh

eltderh
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad onrelgn ad nvden
nvden
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad onrelgn ad ihih
ihih
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad ininu dc pù
• Inldjn n khsth
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad nëðinr adcdrnrn
• Dssàlien ad mnulejgn n khsth
• > Cnëé sdc sdcdltds peinan
• > Ihjgdr ad igî ad odrcdlth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Mhjelgh ad • Cesturd qunsd tuah, adexd n cnëé d h odrcdlth phr ðjtech. Ihjhqud n cnssn
dc ohrcelgns ad sejeihld pnrn léh kruanr d jdvd nh ohrlh prå nqudieah phr
lh cîxech =2 celuths.

 cnié oet  
 Réh ad qude`h irhinltd ihc sdcdltds 
Elkrdaedltds0

• >/= phjvejgh nzdah

• >/= phjvejgh ahid
• > hvh
• = ihjgdr Yhpn ad rdqude`éh
• > ihjgdr shpn ad jelgnën ahurnan dc sdcdltds
• > ihjgdr igî ad igen dc sdcdltds
• = ihjgdr Yhpn ad qude`h rnjnah (Celns Rnaréh hu pnrcdséh)
• Retnan ad snj

Réh ad qude`h irhinltd Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Cesturnr tuah cueth mdc d ihjhinr dc ohrcelgns

ohrcelgns ad sejeihld.
• Ohrlh prå nqudieah tdcpdrnturn mnexn ntå ahurnr +hu - =2 celuths .
 ihc sdcdltds 
 Réh ad qude`h jdvelgh
Elkrdaedltds0

• > Hvh
• ³ Wãinrn ad tnpehin ( khcn trnaeiehlnj)
• = Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad pnrcdséh rnjnah
• = Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad ihttnkd hu rdqude`éh
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad nzdetd
nzdetd
• Retnan ad odrcdlth quãceih ( ad mhjh)

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Cesturnr hs elkrdaedltds sdihs (cdlhs h odrcdlth), adphes naeiehld h hvh, nzdetd

d phr ðjtech h odrcdlth.
odrcdlth.
• Ihjhqud dc ohrcelgns ad sejeihld hu ohrcelgns trnaeiehlnes
trnaeiehlnes ultnans ihc nzdetd.
• Ihjhqud ntå n cdtnad ans ohrcelgns ad cnssn phes
phes irdsid mnstnltd.
• Nssd ntå ahurnr jdvdcdltd
jdvdcdltd +- =2 celuths dc ohrlh prå nqudieah
nqudieah â >72 krnus
krnus

Réh ad qude`h jdvelgh

 Celknu ad Nvden ihc jdetd ad ihih d orutns 
Elkrdaedltds0

• 9 Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad onrdjh ad Nvden

• > Ihph ad jdetd ad ihih (sd prdiesnr ad cnes ihjhinr îkun)
• Tcn phrëéh ad Orutns n khsth (Du khsth cueth ad0 Chrnlkh, mjudmdrry,
nchrn, orncmhdsn d kh`emdrry)
• Ihih rnjnah n khsth (hpiehlnj)
• Cdj ad nmdjgns n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Cesturnr h onrdjh ad nvden ihc h jdetd ad ihih dc ucn pnldjn ihc ohkh
mnexh sdcprd. ^unlah ihcdënr n dlkrhssnr adsjeknr. Lh lnj ihjhinr h
Celknu ad Nvden ihc ihih rnjnah (hpiehlnj).

• Dspdrnr dsorenr uc phuih d dc sdkuean ihjhinr ns orutns d h cdj n khsth.

 jdetd ad ihih d orutns 
 Mhjh ad mnlnln ad orekeadern 
Elkrdaedltds0

• = Mnlnlns prntn cnaurns ( > pnrn n cnssn d n hutrn pnrn ontenr d ihjhinr phr iecn)
• > Hvh
• > Oeh ad cdj
• = Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad onrdjh ad nvden
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad ncnrnlth dc hihs lhs
• > Retnan ad odrcdlth quãceih
quãceih
• Inldjn dc pù n khsth
• Ùjdh ad ihih pnrn ultnr n orekeadern
orekeadern

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Ncnssnr > mnlnln mdc ihc uc knroh.

• Cesturnr ihc h hvh d h h ad cdj cueth mdc ntå dspucnr.
• Adphes nirdsidltnr `ulth h onrdjh ad nvden d h ncnrnlth.
• Rhr ðjtech
ðjtech n petnan ad odrcdlth.
odrcdlth.
• Ontenr n hutrn mnlnln
mnlnln ad ihcpreah hu dc rhadjns
rhadjns d rdsdrvnr.
• Orekeadern ad = hvhs ultnan ihc ùjdh ad ihih (léh prdiesn prå-nqudidr).

Mhjh ad mnlnln • Ihjhinr n cnssn, phr iecn n mnlnln ontenan ( prdssehlnr ad jdvd n mnlnln ontenan pnrn noulanr
uc phuih ln cnssn) d snjpeinr inldjn dc pù.
• Qncpnr, ohkh mnexh ( i hjhinr ucn krdjgn shmrd n hutrn pnrn aestnlienr an igncn).
• ^unlah inr rcd d ahurnah h oulah, vernr ihc ucn dspîtujn krnlad.

 ad orekeadern  • Dspdrnr ahurnr rnpeancdltd

rnpeancdltd h hutrh jnah

Hpiehlnj0 Mntdr lh jequeaeinahr > ihjgdrzelgn ad inoå ad nëðinr adcdrnrn ihc inldjn pnrn inr
mdc lelgh. Rhr c, phjvejgnr phr iecn h nëðinr adcdrnrn ihc n inldjn prn anr nqudjd khstelgh
  Irdpehin ad ighihjntd d mnlnln 

Elkrdaedltds0

• > Hvh
• > Mnlnln
• > Ihjgdr ad igî ad nëðinr ad ihih hu nëðinr cnsinvh
• = Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad phjvejgh ahid hu tnpehin
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad ininu dc pù

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Ihjhqud hs elkrdaedltds lh jequeaeinahr hu cexdr d mntn phr =-9

celuths d oretd dc orekeadern nltenadrdltd d rdigdeh n khsth.

 Irdpehin ad ighihjntd
 d mnlnln 
 [nojjd rîpeah oet  
Elkrdaedltds0

• > Hvh
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad ehkurtd ad krdkh hu rdqude`éh irdchsh
• = Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad phjvejgh ahid
• Ynj n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Dc ucn vnsejgn ihjhqud h hvh h ehkurtd krdkh, cesturd, naeiehld h

phjvejgh d snj n khsth, cesturd mdc, ihjhqud ucn ihjgdr ad shpn an
cnssn ln cnqueln ad wnod qudltd, nssnr phr 4 celuths d prhltelgh.

[nojjd rîpeah oet  

 Rnlqudin rîpean ad nvden ihc ighihjntd 
Elkrdaedltds0

• 9 Hvhs
• 9 Ihjgdrds (shpn) ad onrelgn ad nvden
• > Ihjgdr (shpn) ad ininu dc pù
• ³ Ihjgdr (igî) ad odrcdlth dc pù
• > Ihjgdr (shpn) ad nëðinr adcdrnrn

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Dc ucn tekdjn mntn hs hvhs, nirdsidltd, h nëðinr adcdrnrn n onrelgn

Rnlqudin rîpean ad ad nvdens, h ininu dc pù d h odrcdlth dc pù, oretd dc ucn orekeadern

ultnan ihc ùjdh ad ihih, ahurd ahs ahes jnahs d servn ihc orutns.

 nvden ihc ighihjntd 

 Rnlqudin ad cejgh rîpean 
Elkrdaedltds0

• > Hvh
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad ehkurtd lnturnj
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad hiéh ad cejgh
• ³ Ihjgdr ad igî ad igen
• Nahënltd n khsth hu ucn petnan ad nëðinr adcdrnrn

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Ihjhqud thahs hs elkrdaedltds dc ucn vnsejgn d cesturd mdc.

• Oretd dc orekeadern ultnan ihc ùjdh ad ihih dc ohkh mnexh, ahurd ahs
ahs

Rnlqudin ad ahes jnahs.

 cejgh rîpean 
 Réh ad nvden ad ceirh-hlans 
Elkrdaedltds0

• = hvhs ( > eltderh h hutrh sù n ijnrn)

Hms0 Qernr n pdjãiujn d h dcmreéh ahs hvhs( nqudjd ldkhielgh pdqudlh mrnlquelgh
• > i shpn ad îkun kdjnan
• > i shpn ad ehkurtd lnturnj sdc snmhr6
• > petnan ad nënoréh-an-tdrrn
• = i shpn ad onrdjh ad nvden
• > i shpn ad ncnrnlth hihs lhs
• Retnan ad snj
• Retnan ad odrcdlth quãceih
• Hråknlh n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Réh ad nvden ad • Cesturnr ihc uc knroh cueth mdc hs hvhs ihc n îkun, ehkurtd h nënoréh-an-tdrrn
d h snj.
• Ln sdquàlien ihjhinr hs adcnes elkrdaedltds cesturnlah sdcprd cueth mdc d phr
ðjtech h odrcdlth.
 ceirh-hlans  • Ihjhinr dc ucn rdorntîren pdqudln ad vearh lh ohrcnth qud qudern h péh. Rhr iecn
ihjhinr hråknlh. Ceirh-hlans phr 9 celuths.
• Adphes ihjhinr ln snlaueigdern ultnan ihc cnltdekn
cnltdekn hu nzdetd pnrn Qhstnr d ahu-
 [noojd ad qude`h oet  
Elkrdaedltds0

• > Hvh
• > Ihjgdr (shpn) ad ehkurtd lnturnj
• 9 Ihjgdrds (shpn) ad phjvejgh ahid hu nzdah
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad qude`h cuënrdjn rnjnah
• > Retnan ad snj

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Cesturd thahs hs elkrdaedltds ihc uc knroh d ihjhqud shmrd n

cîqueln ad wnod qudltd hu ln snlaueigdern.

[noojd ad qude`h oet  

 Mhjelgh ad chrnlkh ad orekeadern
Elkrdaedltds0

• = Hvhs
• > Hvh eltderh d > sù n ijnrn
ijnrn
• > Oeh ad cdj
• = Ihjgdrds ad shpn mdc igdens ad onrdjh
onrdjh ad nvden
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn rnsn ad ncnrnlth dc hihs lhs
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn igden ad ighihjntd
ighihjntd ;2%
• Khtelgns ad dssàlien ad mnulejgn ( hpiehlnj)
• 4 Chrnlkhs peinahs (chrnlkhs cnes rcds sdc dstnr chjd)
• > Retnan ad odrcdlth quãceih ( ad mhjh)
• Inldjn n khsth (hpiehlnj)
• Khtns ad Nahënltd n khsth Hpiehlnj

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Ceturnr mdc hs hvhs ihc uc h ad cdj ntå dspucnr.

Mhjelgh ad chrnlkh • Ihjhinr n nvden, h ncnrnlth, ighihjntd n dssàlien ad mnulejgnn d cesturnr tuah ihc uc
knroh (tdc q inr irdchsn n cnssn) d phr ðjtech h odrcdlth.
• Tltnr ihc ùjdh ad ihih ucn orekeadern
orekeadern RD^TDLN d nelan ihc h ohkh adsjeknah.
adsjeknah. Ihjhinr n
cnssn, phr iecn hs chrnlkhs peinahs d n inldjn dc pù n khsth, tncpnr.
• Ohkh mdc mnexh, ihjhinr ucn krdjgn ah ohkéh shmrd n hutrn pnrn aestnlienr n igncn.

 ad orekeadern • _ernr sù qunlah n cnssn dstevdr rcd d mdc ahurnan h oulah (in dsiurelgh cdsch) ihc
ucn dsiucnadern krnlad ( iueanah p léh qudmrnr).
 Réh ad nvden d jdetd dc pù 
Elkrdaedltds0

• = Hvhs
• 9 Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad ehkurtd lnturnj
• = Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad îkun
• ? Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad onrdjh ad nvden
• 7 Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad jdetd dc pù (qunjqudr cnrin)
• > Ihjgdr ad shmrdcdsn
shmrdcdsn ad odrcdlth quãceih
quãceih
• Ynj n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Mntn hs hvhs ihc h ehkurtd lh jequeaeinahr.

• Adphes nirdsidltd h rdstnltd ahs elkrdaedltds, cdlhs
cdlhs h odrcdlth, mntn mdc.
• Adphes cesturd ihc ucn
ucn ihjgdr h odrcdlth.

Réh ad nvden d _drséh ohrlh0

Ohrcn pdqudln d ultnan, ohrlh ln tdcpdrnturn >72 krnus adexnr ntå inr lh
phlth ad ihzeah lh idltrh (+-=2celuths).

 jdetd dc pù  _drséh orekeadern0

Onzdr ihc n cdtnad ahs elkrdaedltds, hu aeveaer dc = pnrtds. Orekeadern pdqudln
(ad hvh) d ultnad. Ihjhinr n cnssn dc ohkh mnexh, tncpnr. ^unlah inr rcd
vernr pnrn ahurnr ah hutrh jnah.
 Réh insderh eltdkrnj 
Elkrdaedltds0

• =42k ad onrelgn eltdkrnj

• =42k ad onrelgn ad trekh
• >22k ad cnltdekn adrrdtean
• >22k ad nëðinr adcdrnrn
• 42k ad odrcdlth ordsih
• =22 cj ad jdetd chrlh
• Tcn petnan ad snj
• = hvhs

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Rrecderh aesshjvn h odrcdlth lh jdetd chrlh d ihjhqud ln mntdadern d

nirdsidltd thahs hs elkrdaedltds d mntn mdc, adphes adexd adsinlsnr phr

Réh insderh eltdkrnj  12 celuths hu ntå n cnssn irdsidr,

irdsidr, onën mhjelgns d ihjhqud dc ucn ohrcn
ultnan d adexd adsinlsnr phr cnes 92 celuths, jdvd nh ohrlh cåaeh phr =4
celuths.
 Réh ad mnlnln oet  
Elkrdaedltds0

• 9 Hvhs
• = Mnlnlns prntns
• 9 Ihjgdrds ad ùjdh
ùjdh ad ihih
• ³ Wãinrn ad onrdjh ad nvden
• ³ Wãinrn ad onrelgn ad jelgnën
• > Wãinrn ad onrelgn ad nvden
• ³ Wãinrn ad jdetd ad ihih
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad odrcdlth dc pù
• 1 Ihjgdrds ad sdcdltds (sdcdltds ad kernshj, instnlgns, ancnsih ) sdcdltds
ad kdrkejec pnrn phjvejgnr dc iecn ah péh

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Lh jequeaeinahr mntn hs hvhs, n mnlnln, h ùjdh ad ihih, 2 jdetd ad ihih, cesturd

Réh ad mnlnln oet   ns onrelgns dc ucn vnsejgn, adspd`d n cnssn ah jequeaeinahr shmrd ns onrelgns
d cesturd, phr ðjtech naeiehld h odrcdlth d ns sdcdltds, cdxn, ihjhqud n cnssn
dc ucn ohrcn ultnan, snjpequd kdrkdjec d jdvd nh ohrlh cåaeh prå-nqudieah phr
94 celuths.
R]NQHY
R]ELIERNEY
=2 HRËÔDY
]DIDEQNY
 Oejå ad ornlkh â pnrcdkenln ad ohrlh 
Elkrdaedltds0

• ? Oejås ad pdeth ad ornlkh

ornlkh
• = Adltds ad njgh
• Ynj d pecdltn ah rdelh n khsth
• 9 Hvhs cesturnahs
cesturnahs ihc uc knroh ntå dspucnr
• = Wãinrns ad igî ad onrdjh ad nvden cesturnah ihc qude`h pnrcdséh rnjnah (ad snquelgh)
• 9 Ihligns ad chjgh ad thcntd
thcntd insderh
• =22 k ad cuënrdjn
• Nzdetd pnrn ultnr
• Hråknlh n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Ihjhqud hs jås dltrd = jcds pjîsteihs

• Mntn sunvdcdltd ihc h cnrtdjh ad inrld pnrn inrdc ihc n cdscn dspdssurn

Oejå ad ornlkh â •
•
•
•
Qdcpdrd-
Qdcpdrd- hs ihc h njgh, h snj d n pecdltn
Rnssd-hs lh hvh ad adphes lh onrdjh ad nvden ihc qude`h
Ihjhqud dc ucn nssnadern (nltenadrdltd) ultnan ihc nzdetd
Jdvd nh ohrlh cåaeh phr uls 92 celuths, verd hs jås sd ldidssîreh.

 pnrcdkenln ad ohrlh  • ]dterd ah ohrlh, iumrn ihc n cuënrdjn, h chjgh d h ùrdknlh d snjpequd qude`h pnrcdséh
rnjnah
• Jdvd nh ohrlh lhvncdltd sù pnrn
pnrn krntelnr
 Oreinsså ad ornlkh jhwinrm
Elkrdaedltds0

• ?22 krncns ad pdeth ad ornlkh

• >22 krncns
krncns ad mnihl
mnihl
• > Ihjgdr ad igî ad chstnran Ae`hl
• ³ Rhtd ad rdqude`éh trnaeiehlnj sdc nceah
• ³ Inexelgn ad irdcd adad jdetd
• > Iãinrn ad purà ad nmùmhrn (nmùmhrn chrnlkn, nqudjn ah Gnjjhwddl)
• 9 ]hadjns ad idmhjn
• = Ihjgdrds ad
ad shpn ad drvejgn
• 922 krncns ad qude`h rnjnah lh rnjh krhssh (cuënrdjn hu prnth)
• Hråknlh, snj d pecdltn rdelh chãan
chãan ln ghrn, n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Oreinsså ad ornlkh • ]dsdrvd h injah ad ornlkh ah ihzecdlth d adsd h rdstnltd

• Oretd h mnihl ln prùpren khraurn ntå inr mdc ahurnaelgh.
• Ihzelgd n nmùmhrn ihmdrtn ihc îkun d ihc snj d rhadjns ad idmhjn ntå inr mdc
chjd, dsihrrn n îkun ah ihzecdlth d pnssd lh prhidssnahr.
• Dc ucn pnldjn, cesturd h ornlkh adsnah, h purà ad nmùmhrn, n chstnran, h

 Jhw Inrm mnihl, n drvejgn (hu nzdethln), h irdcd ad jdetd, h qude`h rnjnah d h rdqud`éh.
• _î nirdsidltnlah ihc ucn ihlign h injah ah ihzecdlth ah ornlkh, pnrn ucn
tdxturn cnes jãquean.
• Qdcpdrd ihc snj, pecdltn ah rdelh chean
chean ln ghrn d hråknlh.
• Krnteld lh ohrlh n =22 krnus phr 92 celuths
 Ynjpeiéh ad kréh ad meih 
Elkrdaedltds0

• =42k ad kréh ad meih ihzeah (adexnr ad chjgh ln lhetd nltdrehr, adsprdznr n îkun d ihjhinr
ln pnldjn ad prdsséh.
• Iumrn ihc îkun d snj.
• Adexnr ihzelgnr phr >4celuths lh ohkh cåaeh. Yd hs kréhs dstevdrdc cniehs, ihjhqud ln
pdldern pnrn qud dsihrrn n îkun d adexd dsorenr.
• >/= fk ad pdeth ad ornlkh ihzeah adsnah
• > Idlhurn krnlad rnjnan
• > Njgh phrù peinah dc rhadjns lns
• >/= ]dphjgh rhxh peinah lh
• >/= Idmhjn pdqudln mdc peinan
• Ynjselgn n khsth

Chjgh0

• > Rhtd ad ehkurtd

ehkurtd sdc snmhr
• > Jecéh (injah)
• > Adltd ad njgh

Ynjpeiéh ad Kréh •
•
•
•
Nzdetd >/= xãinrn
Ynjselgn n khsth
Recdltn ah rdelh
rdelh d snj n khsth.
Mntdr tuah lh jequeaeinahr d rdsdrvnr.

 ad meih  Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Cesturnr thahs hs elkrdaedltds dc ucn

ucn vnsejgn krnlad.
 Unfesshmn ad jdkucds ihc inrld hu ornlkh 
Elkrdaedltds0

• >42 k ad meouc (cninrréh ad nrrhz) HT cninrréh Ypnkudtte eltdkrnj

• = jås ad ornlkh hu inrld (jå ) ihrtnahs dc terns
• = ihjgdrds ad shpn ad ùjdh ad kdrkdjec ( hu nzdetd)
• >42 k ad jdkucds ihrtnahs( mrùihjes, ihuvd-hr, rdphjgh, idlhurn d vnkdc)*
• > ihjgdr ad igî ad kdlkemrd rnjnah
• = ihjgdrds ad shpn ad idmhjelgn peinan
peinan
• >/9 ad xãinrn ad sghyu (chjgh ad sh`n)
• >/9 ad xãinrn ad îkun
• > ihjgdr ad igî ad nceah ad cejgh (cnesdln)

Rrdpnrnlah h meouc0  odrvn > jetrh ad îkun, adsjekud h ohkh d adexd h meouc cdrkujgnah phr >
celuth, irnvnah. Dsihrrn h meouc, `hknlah îkun oren phr iecn. Ln ghrn qud djd sneu ah ‚chjgh–
pnrn qud dstî cdeh aurh, cns djd tdrceln ad ihzelgnr sù lh injhrzelgh qud rdsthu. Dltéh qud
ad hjgh d sekn ns elstruëôds an dcmnjnkdc.
Rrdpnrh pnrn cninrréh trnaeiehlnj eltdkrnj0 adexd djd nj adltd (léh cueth chjd) ln ghrn ad ds-

Unfesshmn ad Jdkucds ihrrdr `hkud îkun kdjnan pnrn pnrnr h ihzecdlth.

Chah ad prdpnrh0

 ihc Inrld hu ornlkh  Dc ucn pnldjn krnlad, ahurd h ornlkh lh ùjdh, `ultd h kdlkemrd- adexnlah rdohknr uc phu-
ih. Nirdsidltd hs jdkucds d n idmhjelgn. ^unlah hs vdkdtnes dstevdrdc ihzeahs, cns nelan nj
adltd, `ultd h cninrréh d usd ahes knr ohs pnrn cesturnr. Cesturd h sghyu ihc n îkun d h nceah
ad cejgh, d ihjhqud ln pnldjn ah ynfeshmn. Cesturd cnes ucn vdz, ntå h chjgh dlkrhssnr ad
  Jnsnlgn ad Qnpehin 
Elkrdaedltds0

• = xãinrns ad tnpehin (trnaeiehlnj)

• = ihjgdrds ad shpn ad onrdjh ad nvden
• = ihjgdrds ad shpn ad qude`h pnrcdséh rnjnah
• 1 hvhs
• >/= ihph ad rdqude`éh
• snj n khsth
• ^ude`h pnrn lnjeznr phr iecn.

]digdeh0
• Chjgh ad thcntd insderh prhlth (mntn = thcntds vdrcdjghs ihc > ihjgdr ad shpn ad nzdetd,
> Adltd ad njgh d snj lh jequeaeinahr)
• 4 Ontens ad qude`h cussnrdjn
• 4 Ontens ad pdeth ad pdru (hu ornlkh adsnah d inrld chãan)
• Hråknlh

Chah ad prdpnrh0
Cnssn0 Cesturd n tnpehin, h onrdjh ad nvden, hs h vhs d h qude`h rnjnah cueth mdc. Qncpdrd ihc
snj n khsth. Tcn orekeadern nlte-nadrdltd ihjhqud uc phuih an cnssn (léh phad inr cueth

 Jnsnlgn ad ln ldc cueth krhssn, tdc q inr rcd), d onën essh ntå n cnssn ninmnr.

Chltnkdc0
Tltd uc rdorntîreh pdqudlh ihc nzdetd, ihjhqud chjgh ad thcntd d adphes ucn incnan ad

 Qnpehin  cnssn, dc sdkuean naeiehld h chjgh ad thcntd, h qude`h d h pdeth ad pdru (hu ornlkh d inrld
chãan). Dc sdkuean npjequd cnes ucn incnan ad cnssn, adphes h chjgh h rdigdeh d nssec
suidssevncdltd ntå ihcpjdtnr h rdiepedltd.
Ynjpequd qude`h pnrcdséh phr iecn.
 ]hjelghs ad ornlkh rdigdnah 

Elkrdaedltds0

• 1 ontens ad pdeth ad ornlkh 1 ontens ad qude`h

• 1 ontens ad pdeth ad pdru
• = thcntds peinahs dc rhadjns tdcpdrhs d snj n khsth
• = adltds ad njgh suih ad > jecéh

Chah ad prdpnrh0
• Qdcpdrd
Qdcpdrd ns ontens ad pdeth ad ornlkh ihc snj, njgh d jecéh.
• ]digden h pdeth ad ornlkh ihc qude`h d thcntd, dlrhjd h pdeth ad
ornlkh lh pdeth ad pdru, ihjhqud dc ucn ohrcn ultnan, iumrn ihc
]hjelghs ad pnpdj njucãleh
• Jdvd nh ohrlh prd- nqudieah î >72²I krnus phr =2 celuths, adphes
ad nssnah rdterd h pnpdj njucãleh, nssd phr >4 celuths.

Ornlkh rdigdnah 
 Krntelnah ad ornlkh jhwinrm
Elkrdaedltds0

• 4 Hvhs
• =22k ad pdeth ad ornlkh ihzeah adsnah > idmhjn peinan
• >2 thcntelghs peinahs >22k ad pnjceth peinah
• 1 ihjgdrds (shpn) ad rdqude`éh irdchsh jekgt snj d tdcpdrhs n khsth
• =22k ad ehkurtd lnturnj

Chah ad prdpnrh0

]dohkud h pdeth ad ornlkh, n idmhjn d hs thcntelghs peinah, h pnjceth d snj

Krntelnah ad n khsth, rdterd ah `hkh, nirdidltd h rdqude`éh irdchsh.

Ihjhqud dc ucn ohrcn hu rncdfel. Mntn hs hvhs ihc ehkurtd lnturnj, d

 ornlkh jhwinrm tdcpdrhs d adspd`d shmrd n ohrcn, adihrd ihc pnjceth peinah d thcntelghs
d jdvd nh ohrlh phr =4 celuths.
  Qhrtn ad ornlkh jhwinrm
Elkrdaedltds0

• ? Hvhs
• =42k ad pdeth ad ornlkh ihzeah d adsnah
• 7 Qhcntelghs peinah
• 42k ad qude`h rnjnah =22k ad irdnc igddsd
• ³ Idmhjn peinan
• ³ Recdltéh peinah snj d tdcpdrhs nkhsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

]dohkud h pdeth ad ornlkh, nirdsidltd n idmhjn h pecdltéh hs thcntelghs d snj n

 Qhrtn ad ornlkh khsth. Ihjhqud shmrd ucn ohrcn d rdsdrvd.

Lh jequeaeinahr mntn hs hvhs h irdnc igddsd d snj n khsth. Adspd`d dssn cnssn

 jhwinrm shmrd h ornlkh, snjpequd qude`h phr iecn, jdvd nh ohrlh phr 92 celuths.
 Gncmðrkudr ad ornlkh jhwinrm
Elkrdaedltds0

• = Hvhs
• 122k ad pdeth ad ornlkh iru
• > Nmhmrelgn rnjnan irun
• > Idlhurn rnjnan irun
• Qdcpdrhs d snj n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Ihjhqud h pdeth ad ornlkh lh prhidssnahr, hs hvhs, tdcpdrhs n

Gncmðrkudr ad khsth d mntn mdc, nirdsidltd n idlhurn d n nmhmrelgn d cesturd.

Onën h gncmðrkudr d ihjhqud dc ohrcn ultnan ihc nzdetd d jdvd

 ornlkh Jhwinrm nh ohrlh cåaeh phr =4 celuths hu onën krdjgnah ln orekeadern.

 Gncmðrkudr ad ornlkh ihc dspelnord 

Elkrdaedltds0

• =42 krncns ad pdeth ad ornlkh iru

• = Hvhs
• > Ihph ad dspelnord iru
• 9 Ihjgdrds (shpn) ad onrdjh ad nvden
• ³ Idmhjn
• Qdcpdrhs d snj n khsth

Gncmðrkudr ad Chah ad prdpnrh0

Ihjhqud thahs hs elkrdaedltds lh prhidssnahr d cesturd mdc,

ihjhqud hs gncmðrkudrds dc ucn orekeadern ultnan ihc nzdetd d

 ornlkh ihc dspelnord  krdjgn hs ahes jnahs, servn dc sdkuean.

 Esins ad pdexd irhinltd 
Elkrdaedltds0

• = Oejås ad Qejîpen tdcpdrnahs ihc njgh d snj

• = Hvhs
• 7 Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad onrelgn Rnlfh hu Ojhiéh ad Cejgh
• Nzdetd n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Ihrtnr hs jås ad Qejîpen `î tdcpdrnahs dc esins (+hu - = ic)

• Cesturnr mdc hs hvhs ihc uc knroh
knr oh ntå dspucnr.
• Ihjhinr dc uc prnth n onrelgn ad Rnlfh hu hiéh.
• Rnssnr ns esins lh hvh d adphes ln onrelgn, prdssehlnlah mdc pnrn
kruanr.

Esins ad pdexd • Adphes `hknr uc h ad nzdetd dc thans ns esins.

• Ihjhinr ns esins lh Ner orydr prå nqudieah dc tdcpdrnturn cîxecn
d adexnr ntå ahurnr mdc (+->4 celuths). Hu ihjhinr lh ohrlh prå
nqudieah dc uc rdorntîreh ultnah ihc nzdetd.
 irhinltd  • Adexnr ntå ahurnr d vernr qunlah ldidssîreh.
  Irhqudtd ad ornlkh ihc ihuvd-ojhr
Elkrdaedltds0

• 422kr ad pdeth ad ornlkh iru

• > xãinrn ad ihuvd hr irun treturnan idmhjelgn vdrad peinan
• > petnan ad snj

]digdeh0
• ^ude`h peinah

Rnrn dcpnlnr0
• > Hvh
• ?2kr ad qude`h pnrcdséh rnjnah

Chah ad prdpnrh0

 Irhqudtd ad ornlkh • Ihjhqud h ornlkh d n ihuvd-hr ihc h snj lh prhidssnahr d prhidssd

ntå vernr ucn cnssn, léh prdiesn mntdr cueth. Ihc n cnssn onën ns
mhjelgns lh ohrcnah ad irhqudtd, rdigden ihc qude`h.
 ihc ihuvd-ojhr • Dcpnld lh hvh d adphes lh qude`h pnrcdséh rnjnah. Ihjhqud hs
irhqudtds dc ucn ohrcn ultnan, jdvd nh ohrlh n >72° krnus d nssd
phr 92 celuths.
 Lukkdts ad ornlkh Oet  
Elkrdaedltds0

• > fk ad pdeth ad ornlkh iru peinah

• 7 ihjgdrds ad shpn ad nzdetd
• > petnan ad snj
• njgh dc pù n khsth

Rnrn dcpnlnr0
• Onrelgn ad jelgnën hu onrdjh ad nvden
• ^ude`h pnrcdséh rnjnah sdih

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Lh prhidssnahr ihjhqud thahs hs elkrdaedltds, prhidssd h pdeth ad ornlkh,

naeiehld h nzdetd, snj d njgh n khsth, onën mhjelgns dc ohrcnth ad lu kdtts,

Lukkdts ad ornlkh Oet   dcpnld ln onrelgn ad jelgnën cesturnan ihc qude`h pnrcdséh rnjnah,
ihjhqud hs lukkdtts dc ucn ohrcn ultnan ihc nzdetd, nssd phr =4 celuths
hu ihlkdjd.
 Krntelnah ad ntuc 
Elkrdaedltds0

Cnssn0
• 9 Hvhs
• > Inexn ad irdcd ad jdetd
• >42k ad cuënrdjn
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad odrcdlth

]digdeh0
• = Jntns ad Ntuc
• > Qhcntd peinah
• > Idmhjn peinan
• Idmhjelgn vdrad peinan

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Mntn thahs hs elkrdaedltds an cnssn lh jequeaeinahr. Nirdsidltd h

odrcdlth, cesturd ihc ucn ihjgdr, ultd uc rdorntîreh ihc cnltdekn,

Krntelnah ad Ntuc  ihjhqud cdtnad an cnssn lh rdorntîreh, aestremun h rdigdeh d iumrn

ihc n hutrn cdtnad an cnssn. Jdvd nh ohrlh prå nqudieah =22²I phr
nprhxecnancdltd 92 celuths.
 ^uemd ad ohrlh nssnah 
Elkrdaedltds0

Cnssn0
• 922 k ad trekh prn quemd
• 422 k ad inrld chãan
• 1 Adltds ad pdqudlhs
pdqudlhs ad njgh ncnssnahs
ncnssnahs
• > Idmhjn pdqudln rnjnan hu ihrtnan (ihch prdodrer)
• Ynj n khsth
khsth
• ? Ohjgns ad ghrtdjé peinans
• 9 Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad nzdetd
• 9 Ihphs teph rdqude`éh ad îkun

]digdeh0
• = ihphs ad rdqude`éh
• 42 k ad qude`h pnrcdséh rnjnah

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Ihjhqud n onrelgn pnrn quemd lucn vnsejgn. Odrvn hs 9 ihphs ad îkun d adspd`d nhs phuihs
ln onrelgn pnrn quemd d adexd adsinlsnr dlqunlth tdcpdrn n inrld. Cesturd h njgh, n idmhjn, h
ghrtdjé, d snj n khsth ln inrld chãan. @ultd n onrelgn prn Femd ihc n inrld ntå qud qud mdc
cesturnah. Cesturd thahs hs elkrdaedltds ah rdigdeh. Tltd ucn nssnadern cåaen ihc nzdetd.

^uemd ad ohrlh nssnah  Ihjhqud ucn incnan ln an cnssn lh oulah d lns jntdrnes. Adspd`d h rdigdeh d dspnjgd mdc
Iumrn ihc iueanah ihc h rdstnltd an cnssn, phes h rdigdeh léh inrî aurh. Adspd`d h rdstnlt d
ah nzdetd phr iecn. Jdvd nh ohrlh prdnqudieah ad =2 n =4 celuths
Léh adexd cueth tdcph lh ohrlh, phes phadrî inr cueth rdssdinah.
 Ytrhkhlhoo ad pdexd 
Elkrdaedltds0

• ?22kr ad phstn ad inëéh

• >/= Jntn ad irdcd ad jdetd
• > vearh ad jdetd ad ihih
ihih
• > _earh ad ihkucdjhs
ihkucdjhs dc ihlsdrvn
ihlsdrvn
• = Adltds ad njgh
• > Idmhjn peinaelgn
• > Qhcntd
Qhcntd dc iumhs
• > Jecéh
• Igderh vdrad
• Ynj n khsth
• Ùjdh ad ihih
ihih n khsth
khsth
• = Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad fdtigup hu chjgh
chjgh ad thcntd

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Jnvd h pdexd ihc jecéh, ihrtd dc iumhs, tdcpdrd ihc snj, njgh d igderh vdrad.
• Dc ucn pnldjn rdohkud hs tdcpdrhs lh hjdh ad ihih d nirdsidltd
nirdsidltd h pdexd d hs ihkucd-
jhs, adexnlah rdohknr phr 4 celuths.

Ytrhkhlhoo ad pdexd  • Nirdsidltd h fdtigup, h jdetd ad ihih d h irdcd

irdcd ad jdetd.
• ]dohkud cnes uc celuth d dstî prhlth! Dssn rdidetn rdlad pnrn auns pdsshns.
  Incnréh ihc iguigu 
Elkrdaedltds0

• 422 Krncns ad incnréh adsinsinah

• > Qnjh
Qnjh ad njgh-phrù
• > Idmhjn
• Njgh peinah
• 422 Cj ad velgh mrnlih sdih (hpiehlnj)
• 1 Iguigus
• > Qnjh ad neph (hpiehlnj)
• Recdltn-ah-rdelh
• Nzdetd ad hjevn dxtrn verkdc
• = Qhcntds peinahs
• Nzdetd
• Ihdltrh peinah
peinah n khth
• Ynj â khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Ihrtd h iguigu dc qunarnaelghs, dc sdkuean, ihzelg d-hs dc uc phuih ad îkun ihc snj
ntå inrdc cniehs . ]dsdrvd!
• Jnvd d dsihrrn hs incnrôds d tdcpdrd-hs ihc pecdltn ah rdelh, snj d nzdetd.
• Dc ucn pnldjn rdohkud h njgh, n idmhjn d adphes nirdsidltd h incnréh d h thcntd.
• Dc sdkuean, nirdsidltd h iguigu
iguigu ihzeah d hs adcnes elkrdaedltds.
elkrdaedltds.
• Adexd ihzelgnr ntå inr lh phlth d h injah cnes npurnah.

 Incnréh ihc iguigu  Hms0 Yd quesdr uc injah ihc cnes ihr, ihjhqud uc phuquelgh ad Ihjhrnu ln ghrn ad rdoh-
knr hs tdcpdrhs.
  Incnréh ihc jdkucds 
Elkrdaedltds0

• > xãinrn ad incnréh jecph6

• ³ jecéh dsprdceah6
• ³ pecdltéh peinah6
• > xãinrn ad idmhjelgn
idmhjelgn peinaelgn6
peinaelgn6
• > idmhjn
idmhjn peinan6
peinan6
• 9 adltds ad njgh ncnssnah6
ncnssnah6
• > ihjgdr ad shpn ad nzdetd6
• > xãinrn ad mrùihjes6
• 9 ihjgdrds ad shpn
shpn ad idlhurn rnjnan6
rnjnan6
• > xãinrn ad dspelnord.

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Rrecderh ihjhqud h suih ad jecéh d h njgh lh incnréh pnrn cnrelnr d rdsdrvd. Dc ucn
pnldjn rdohkud n idmhjn d h pecdltéh ihc uc h ad nzdetd ntå ahurnr.

Dc sdkuean naeiehld h incnréh d adexd ihzelgnr, qunlah djd tevdr naquereah ucn ihjhrn-
ëéh rhsnan cnes eltdlsn naeiehld hs vdkdtnes jestnahs ihch idlhurn, mrùihjes d dspelnord

 Incnréh ihc jdkucds  d tncpd n pnldjn. Adexd phr 4 celuths d adsjekud.

Naeiehld idmhjelgn d servn ihc ohjgns vdrads. Oein adjeiehsh!

  Inrld nssnan dspdienj 
Elkrdaedltds0

• > Rdanëh ad jnrknrth rdahlah ad 122k

• = Idmhjns
Idmhjns cåaens
• Qdcpdrhs
Qdcpdrhs n khsth
• 922k ad ihkucdjhs sgetnfd ordsihs (hpiehlnj)
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad onrelgn Nceln, hu nceah hu oåiujn aesshjveah dc uc phuih ad îkun
• _elnkrd

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Cnrelnr n inrld auns ghrns lh snj, pecdltn prdtn, idmhjn d velnkrd.

Adphes peinr ucn idmhjn cåaen d ahurnr lh nzdetd dc ucn pnldjn ad prdsséh6 ihjhqud n inrld
d sdjd ad thahs hs jnahs.

Nphs sdjnr, ihjhqud ahes ihphs ad îkun d tncpd pnrn anr n prdsséh6 nmnexd h ohkh d adexd
ihzelgnr phr cnes hu cdlhs 92 celuths. Adexd sner n prdsséh, nmrn d vd`n sd ihzelghu. Insh
ihltrîreh phad ontenr d rdthrlnr â pnldjn pnrn tdrcelnr ad ihzelgnr cnes rîpeah.

 Inrld nssnan dspdienj  Npùs ihzean onzdr uc chjgh ihc h prùpreh injah qud ihu ln pnldjn0 naeiehld ucn ihjgdr ad
onrelgn Nceln (hu nceah hu oåiujn) aesshjvean dc uc phuih ad îkun nmnexd h ohkh d adexd
ihzelgnr uc celuth nirdsidltd sgetnfd (hpiehlnj) ihrtnah. Ontenr n inrld d sdrver ihc h chjgh
phr iecn.
 Ornlkh â pezznehjh 
Elkrdaedltds0

• Oejås ad ornlkh
• >22 kr ad chjgh ad thcntd
• >22 kr ad qude`h cussnrdjn hu pnrcdséh
• > Qhcntd
• Cnl`dreiéh
• Ynj
• Recdltn ah rdelh

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Qdcpdrd
Qdcpdrd hs jås ad ornlkh ihc snj d pecdltn ah rdelh d adphes krdjgd ln
orekeadern.
• Ohrrd h rdorntîreh ihc h chjgh ad thcntd ntå ihmrer h oulah phr ihcpjdth.

Ornlkh â Rezznehjh  • Ihjhqud hs jås ad ornlkh, iumrn ihc h qude`h cussnrdjn hu pnrcdséh,
ihjhqud ns rhadjns ad thcntd phr iecn d ucns ohjgelgns ad cnl`dreiéh
pnrn h thqud lnj.
=2 HRËÔDY
KTN]LEËÉH
]DIDEQNY
  Irdcd ad ihuvd-ojhr Oet  
Elkrdaedltds0

Rnrn h irdcd0
• 922 kr ad ihuvd-hr
• 42 kr ad idmhjn
• Drvns adsearntnans
• Nzdetd
• Ynj

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Ihrtd, jnvd n ihuvd-hr d rdsdrvd

 Irdcd ad • Ahurd n idmhjn dc uc h ad nzdetd

• Naeiehld 422 cj ad îkun d n ihuvd-hr
• Ihzelgd phr =2 celuths
• Adsjekud d rdsdrvd

 ihuvd-ojhr Oet   • Ihjhqud lh jequeaeinahr d mntn ntå inr irdchsh

• Ynjpequd ns drvns adsearntnans d servn
  Irdcd ad dspelnord ihc elgncd 
Elkrdaedltds0

• 9 xãinrns ad igî ad dspelnord peinah

• = xãinrns ad igî ad elgncd dc iumhs
• 9 xãinrns ad îkun
• > adltd ad njgh
• >/= idmhjn
• = ihjgdrds ad nzdetd
• Recdltn d snj n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

 Irdcd ad dspelnord • Requd n idmhjn d h njgh d rdohkud. Naeiehld h elgncd, n îkun d

adexd ihzelgnr. Nirdsidltd h dspelnord, h snj d n pecdltn. Adexd
ihzelgn phr uc tdcph d adphes mntn lh jequeaeinahr.
jequeaeinahr.

 ihc elgncd  • Yd nignr qud h irdcd ihu cueth krhssh, ihjhqud cnes îkun d ih-
zelgd phr cnes uc tdcph.
ih-
  Qhrtn ad nmhmrelgn jhw inrm ihc pnjceth 
Elkrdaedltds0

• 1 ihjgdrds ad shpn ad cnltdekn6

• >/= idmhjn
idmhjn peinan6
peinan6
• 922k ad pnjceth6
• = nmhmrelgns krnlads dc rhadjns lns6
• > xãinrn ad
ad ihkucdjhs ontenahs6
• > ihjgdr ad shpn ad cnl`dreiéh sdih6
• > ihjgdr ad shpn
shpn ad hråknlh sdih6
sdih6
• >/= ihjgdr ad shpn ad snj6
• > >/= xãinrn ad
ad cussnrdjn rnjnan6
• 1 hvhs
hvhs mnteahs6
• qude`h pnrcdséh rnjnah pnrn krntelnr.

Chah ad prdpnrh0

 Qhrtn ad nmhmrelgn jhw Rrå-nqudën h ohrlh n =22²I. Nqudën n cnltdekn lucn pnldjn d naeiehld n idmhjn,
n nmhmrelgn d hs ihkucdjhs. Ynjtded phr njkuls celuths. Nirdsidltd h pnjceth d
cesturd mdc. Adexd ihzelgnr phr 4 celuths. ]dsdrvd ntå dsorenr.

 inrm ihc pnjceth  ]njd h qude`h d cesturd ihc h cnl`dreiéh, h hråknlh d hs hvhs mnteahs. Tltd n
ohrcn. Qrnlsrn tuah pnrn n ohrcn, nrrucnlah ns rhadjns ad nmhmrelgn phr iecn.
Ynjpequd pnrcdséh phr iecn d jdvd nh ohrlh phr =2 celuths hu ntå ahurnr. Dspdrd
nchrlnr phr >2 celuths d servn dc ontens.
 Mdrel`djn krntelnan jekgt â pnrcdkenln 
Elkrdaedltds0

• > Mdrel`djn cåaen ontenan6

• > Idmhjn cåaen ontenan6
• > Qhcntd
Qhcntd krnlad ontenah6
• Hråknlh n khsth6
• > Ihjgdr ad inoå
inoå ad snj6
• >/= xãinrn ad velnkrd6
velnkrd6
• =22k ad cussnrdjn jekgt rnjnan.
rnjnan.

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Dc uc rdorntîreh ihjhqud n idmhjn, dc sdkuean h thcntd, mdrel`djn ontenan d

lnjezd ihc ucn incnan ad cussnrdjn. Cesturd h velnkrd ihc h snj, hråknlh

Mdrel`djn krntelnan d hutrhs tdcpdrhs. Ihc uc knroh onën ourelghs d adspd`d dssn cesturn ad ve -
lnkrd (hpiehlnj).

Iumrn ihc pnpdj njucãleh d jdvd pnrn nssnr phr idrin ad 92 celuths. ]dterd h

 jekgt â pnrcdkenln  pnpdj d adexd cnes 4 celuths. Yervn.

 Ynjnan irdchsn ad rdphjgh nkreahid 
Elkrdaedltds0

• = Wãinrns ad igî ad nmninxe dc iumhs6

• = Rdrns cåaens peinans krhssderncdltd6
• = Rhtds ad ehkurtd sd snmhr
• ³ Jecéh
• Ynj d nzdetd n khsth
• > Adltd ad njgh pdqudlh mdc ncnssnah
• > ]dphjgh cåaeh peinah dc terns (lns hu cnes krhssns, hpiehlnj)

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Ynjnan irdchsn ad • Dc uc mhwj, cesturd h nmninxe d ns pdrns.

• Dc ucn tekdjn pdqudln,
pdq udln, cesturd h ehkurtd, snj, nzdetd, njgh ihc n

 rdphjgh nkreahid  rdphjgh peinah dc terns.

• @ultd ihc ns orutns d jdvd pnrn kdjnr phr ? ghrns. Yervn!
  Qhrtn ad mrùihjes jhwinrm
Elkrdaedltds0

• 4 Hvhs
• 422k ad mrùihjes iru peinah
• =42k ad irdcd ad reihtn
• >/= Idmhjn peinan
• >22k ad qude`h cuënrdjn rnjnah
• Ynj d tdcpdrhs n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Rrecderh rdohkud h mrùihjes ihc tdcpdrhs n khsth phr uls >2 celuths
dc ohkh mnexh d rdsdrvd. Lh jequeaeinahr mntn hs hvhs d h irdcd ad
reihtn.

 Qhrtn ad mrùihjes Chltnkdl0

Ihjhqud uc phuih adssn cnssn lh oulah ad ucn ohrcn ultnan, phr

iecn an cnssn ihjhqud h mrùihjes rdohknah d iumrn ihc h rdstnltd an

 jhwinrm cnssn, snjpequd qude`h rnjnah phr iecn d jdvd nh ohrlh cåaeh phr =4
celuths.
  Qhrtn ad vdkdtnes jhwinrm
Elkrdaedltds0

• Cnssn 4 hvhs
• =42k ad ehkurtd lnturnj
• ³ ihph ad onrdjh ad nvden
• Ynj d tdcpdrhs
tdcpdrhs n khsth
• > ihjgdr ad igî ad odrcdlth

]digdeh0

• >22k ad mrùihjes
mrùihjes iru peinah
• > Idmhjn peinan
• > Recdltéh peinah
• > Qhcntd peinah
• = Idlhurns pdqudlns rnjnans
• 4 _nkdls peinans
• Ynj n khsth

 Qhrtn ad vdkdtnes Chah ad prdpnrh0

]dohkud n idmhjn, h pecdltéh, h thcntd, h mrùihjes, n idlhurn, vnkdc d h snj n khsth,
ihjhqud dc ucn ohrcn ultnan, d rdsdrvd.

 Jhwinrm Lh jequeaeinahr mntn hs hvhs, naeiehld h ehkurtd h onrdjh ad nvden, snj h odrcdlth dc
pù, adspd`d n cnssn shmrd n ohrcn ihc jdkucds d jdvd nh oh rlh cåaeh phr 92 celuths.
  Qhcntd nssnah rdigdnah 
Elkrdaedltds0

• ?Qhcntds
• >22k ad mrùihjes iru peinah
• =22k ad pdeth ad ornlkh ihzeah
• > Idmhjn peinan
• 9 Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad rdqude`éh irdchsh
• Qdcpdrhs d snj n khsth
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad nzdetd
• ? Ontens ad qude`h

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Ihrtd n tncpn ahs thcntds, rdterd ns sdcdltds, ihrtnr ucn pdqudln tncpn
 Qhcntd nssnah tncmåc ah hutrh jnah d rdsdrvd, rdohkud n idmhjn ihc nzdetd, tdcpdrhs d
snj, nirdsidltd h pdeth ad ornlkh h mrùihjes, phr ujtech h rdqude`éh d cesturd
mdc, rdigded hs thcntds, iumrn ihc qude`h, nssd phr =2 celuths hu ntå h

 rdigdnah  qude`h ahurnr.

  Qhrtn krntelnan ad nmhmrelgn d idlhurn 
Elkrdaedltds0

• = Nmhmrelgns irun
• = Idlhurn irun
• ; Hvhs
• >22k ad qude`h cuënrdjn rnjnah
• >22k ad pdeth ad pdru peinah
• =42k ad irdcd ad reihtn
• Ynj d tdcpdrhs n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Ihrtd ns idlhurns d ns nmhmrelgns dc rhadjns, ihjhqud dc ucn ohrcn, onën in -

cnans ad nmhmrelgn d idlhurn, snjpequd pdeth ad pdru peinah d qude`h rnjnah

 Qhrtn Krntelnan ad d rdsdrvd.

Lh jequeaeinahr mntn hs hvhs, h irdcd ad reihtn d tdcpdrhs n khsth. Adspd`d

 nmhmrelgn d idlhurn  dssn cnssn shmrd n nmhmrelgn snjpequd qude`h rnjnah phr iecn d jdvd nh ohrlh
cåaeh phr 94 celuths.
 Ynjknaelgh ad mrùihjes jhwinrm nssnah 

Elkrdaedltds0

• 422k ad mrùihjes ihzeah d peinahs

• = Hvhs
• > xãinrn ad qude`h rnjnah
• >/9 xãinrn ad onrelgn ad ihih hu onrelgn ad ncàlahns
• Ynj d pecdltn n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Ynjknaelgh ad mrùihjes • Rrå-nqudën h ohrlh n =22°I. Tltd ucn ohrcn ihc uc phuih ad
nzdetd d rdsdrvd.
• Dc uc rdiepedltd cesturd thahs hs elkrdaedltds, cesturd mdc.

 Jhwinrm nssnah  • Onën mhjelgns ihc n cnssn d aestremun ln ohrcn ultnan.

• Jdvd nh ohrlh phr idrin ad =2 celuths hu ntå ahurnr.
ahurnr.
  Qhrtn krntelnan ad ihuvd ihc ornlkh 
Elkrdaedltds0

• =42k ad irdcd ad reihtn

• ³ Wãinrn ad onrelgn ad ncàlahns
• =22k ad irdnc igddsd
• >22cj ad jdetd
• 4 Hvhs
• Ynj d tdcpdrh n khsth
• 922k ad ihuvd peinan
• =42k ad pdeth ad ornlkh
• 42k ad qude`h rnjnah

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• ]dohkud h pdeth ad ornlkh, nirdsidltd n ihuvd, snj d rdsdrvd.

 Qhrtn Krntelnan ad • Mntn lh jequeaeinahr, hs hvhs, h irdcd ad reihtn, h irdnc igddsd, h jdetd n
onrelgn ad ncàlahns d snj n khsth.
• Adspd`d cdtnad adssn cnssn dc ucn ohrcn ultnan, rdigden ihc n ihuvd d

 ihuvd ihc ornlkh  h pdeth ad ornlkh iumrn ihc h rdstnltd an cnssn, snjpequd qude`h rnjnah, d
jdvd nh ohrlh cåaeh d nssd phr 92 celuths.
 Nmhmrelgn pezzn 

Elkrdaedltds0

• > Nmhmrelgn irun

• 1 Ihjgdrds (shpn) ad chjgh ad thcntd
• >22k ad cuënrdjn
• ? Qhcntelghs peinahs
• Hråknlh d snj n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Ihrtd n nmhmrelgn dc rhadjns ad +-> ic, ihjhqud dc ucn ohrcn

ultnan ihc nzdetd, iumrn ihc chjgh ad thcntd, qude`h cuënrdjn,
thcntelghs peinahs, snj d hråknlh n khsth, jdvd nh ohrlh =2 celuths.

Nmhmrelgn Rezzn 
 Recdltéh rdigdnah jhwinrm
Elkrdaedltds0

• 9 Recdltôds
• >/= Idmhjn
Idmhjn peinan
• > Adltd ad njgh
• >22k pntelgh
pntelgh chãah
• >/= xãinrn ad chjgh
chjgh ad thcntd
• 42k ad mrùihjes peinah
• > Ihjgdr ad
ad shpn ad nzdetd
• Ynj, pecdltn n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Dc pnldjn rdohkud n idmhjn lh nzdetd, naeiehlnr h njgh, h pntelgh chãah.

Npùs krdjgnr n inrld, naeiehlnr h mrùihjes peinah, h chjgh ad thcntd, cdxn dc ohkh mnexh d rdsdr vd.

]didetn ah chjgh mrnlih0

• >22k ad irdcd
irdcd ad reihtn

Recdltéh rdigdnah •
•
•
•
>22k ad qude`h rnjnah
> Hvh
Cnl`dreiéh n khsth
Dc ucn vnsejgn cesturd thahs hs elkrdaedltds ntå inr ghchkàleh d rdsdrvd.

 jhwinrm Chltnkdc0
Ihrtd ucn tncpn lhs pecdltôds, ihjhqud hs pecdltôds dc ucn trnvdssn, rdigden hs pecdltôds ihc
h chjgh ad inrld, nirdsidltd chjgh mrnlih, iumrn ihc qude`h rnjnah d jdvd nh ohrlh phr =4 celuths.
 Cuooels ad mrùihjes jhwinrm
Elkrdaedltds0

• 1 Hvhs
• 72 cj ad jdetd ad ncàlahns
• >22 k ad onrelgn ad ncàlahns
• >22 k ad mrùihjes iru peinah
• >22 k ad qude`h rnjnah
• > Ihjgdr ad inoå ad odrcdlth queceih
• Ynj d tdcpdrhs n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Cuooels ad mrùihjes • Dc ucn vnsejgn

v nsejgn ihjhqud hs hvhs d h jdetd, cesturd, nirdsidltd â onrelgn ad
ncàlahns, snj d tdcpdrhs n khsth.
• Cesturd mdc, naeiehld h mrùihjes, h qude`h rnjnah, h odrcdlth d cdxn.
• Ihjhqud n cnssn dc ohrcelgns ad cuols d jdvd nh phr =4 celuths.

 jhwinrm
 Cuooels ad qude`h rîpeah 
Elkrdaedltds0

• =22k ad qude`h ihttnkd

• ³ Wãinrn ad onrelgn ad ncàlahns
• > Ihjgdr ad igî ad odrcdlth dc pù
• ? Hvhs
• Qdcpdrhs d snj n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Lh jequeaeinahr mntn thahs hs elkrdaedltds,

Cuooels ad qude`h ihjhqud dc ohrcelgns ad sejeihld d nssd phr 92 celuths.

 rîpeah 
  Jdkucds snjtdnahs lh sghyu 
Elkrdaedltds0

• > Mnlad`elgn pdqudln ad vnkdc

• > Idlhurn krnlad
• > Nmhmrelgn
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad njgh peinaelgh
• = n 9 ihjgdrds ad shpn ad sghyu (ush h jekgt qud å cdlhs snjknah)
• > Rulgnah ad kdrkdjec
kdrkdjec n khsth
• Ùjdh ad kdrkdjec
kdrkdjec hu nzdetd

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Requd dc terns thahs hs jdkucds mdc jnvnahs d ihc insin. Luc orekeadern oulan,
ihjhqud uc phuih ad îkun d naeiehld shcdltd n vnkdc.
• ^unlah n îkun odrvdr adexd phr = celuths d dsihrrn n îkun, vhjtd n orekeadern pnrn

 Jdkucds snjtdnahs ohkh d nirdsidltd n nmhmrelgn d n idlhurn.

• Ihjhqud h ùjdh, njgh peinaelgh d adexd rdohknr uc phuih, adphes nirdsidltd h sghyu.
• Cdxn mdc snjtdnlah hs jdkucds, qud prdiesnc inr ihzeahs cnes irhinltds, phr essh,
hmsdrvd d dxpdrecdltd pnrn léh inrdc chjds.

 lh sghyu  • @hkud h kdrkdjec n khsth d cdxn cnes. Du léh ihjhih snj, cns sd vhià nignr qud
prdiesn, n`ustd h snj.
 Onrhon ad kréhs 
Elkrdaedltds0

• 9 ihjgdrds ad shpn ad ùjdh ad ihih

• 9 ihjgdrds ad shpn ad nvden dc hihs lhs
• > ihjgdr ad shpn ad jelgnën ahurnan
• > ihjgdr ad shpn ad igen
• Cden idmhjn peinaelgn
• > adltd ad njgh
• Ynj

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Dc ucn orekeadern naeiehld h ùjdh ad ihih, n idmhjn d h njgh.

• Npùs ahurnr n idmhjn d h njgh naeiehld hs kréhs d snj n khsth.
• ]dterd ah ohkh .Yervn dc sdkuean!

Onrhon ad kréhs 
  Anaelgh ad tnpehin nssnah 
Elkrdaedltds0

• =42 k ad tnpehin krnlujnan6

• 422 cj ad jdetd adslntnah6
• =22 k ad qude`h ihnjgh rnjnah.

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Dc ucn pnldjn, ihjhqud h jdetd pnrn nqudidr.

nqudidr. Nssec qud jdvnltnr odr vurn, adsjekud h ohkh.
Cesturd nhs phuihs n onrelgn ad tnpehin krnlujnan.

Dc sdkuean, `ultd h qude`h ihnjgh, cdxdlah sdc pnrnr.

Rnssd pnrn uc rdorntîreh, dspnjgnlah mdc n cnssn, adexd dsorenr d kunrad ln kdjnadern
phr auns ghrns. Rrå-nqudën h ohrlh n ==2°I phr >2 celuths. Tltd ucn nssnadern ihc uc

 Anaelgh ad tnpehin h ad nzdetd, aesphlgn hs anaelghs nelan ihlkdjnahs. Qdcpdrd-hs

pecdltn.
Qdcpdrd-hs ihc uc phuih ad snj d

Jdvd n nssnadern nh ohrlh phr nprhxecnancdltd >4 cel hu ntå ahurnr. Rrhltelgh!

 nssnah  Yd vhià quesdr, nelan phad ahurnr rnpeancdltd hs anaelghs dc ucn orekeadern ihc uc h
ad nzdetd d adphes tdcpdrd ihc snj d pecdltn n khsth.
 [rnps ad ihuvd 
Elkrdaedltds0

• 1 ohjgns ad ihuvd6
• ³ idmhjn peinan6
• 1 ontens ad pdeth pdru
pdru peinah6
• > ihjgdr (shpn) ad pecdltéh peinah6
• = ihjgdrds (shpn) ad drvejgns ordsins6
• = ihjgdrds (shpn) ad reihtn ordsin jekgt6
• > ihjgdr (shpn) ad cnl`dreiéh peinah6
• = ihjgdrds (shpn) ad pnjceth peinah6
• > h ad nzdetd6
• Ynj d pecdltn n khsth6
• Nzdetd mnjsíceih (hpiehlnj).

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Dc ucn pnldjn, rdohkud n idmhjn ihc h h ad nzdetd d h pecdltéh.

• @ultd n drvejgn, h pnjceth
pnjceth d h pdeth ad pdru, cdxdlah sdcprd.
• Adexd rdohknr tràs celuths.
• Adsjekud h ohkh d `ultd h cnl`dreiéh d n reihtn.

[rnps ad ihuvd  •
•
•
•
Qdcpdrd
Qdcpdrd ihc snj d pecdltn n khsth d rdsdrvd.
]dterd h tnjh
tnjh lh cdeh ans ohjgns ad ihuvd.
Ihjhqud ucn ihjgdr (shpn) ah rdigdeh lh jnah hpnih an ohjgn.
Dlrhjd ihc iueanah
iueanah d ahmrd pnrn adltrh lns jntdrnes.
  Qnmujd ad quelhn 
Elkrdaedltds0

• = xãinrns (172 cj) ad îkun

• > xãinrn (>;4 k) ad quelhn
• > petnan ad snj
• 1 ihjgdrds (shpn) ad nzdetd
• >/= ihjgdr (igî) ad snj
• 1 ihjgdrds (shpn) ad suih ad jecéh
• 9 thcntds, ihrtnahs dc iumhs
iumhs sdc sdcdltd
• > pdpelh, ihrtnah
ihrtnah dc iumhs
• = chjghs ad idmhjelgn,
idmhjelgn, peinahs
• = idlhurns,
idlhurns, rnjnans
• > xãinrn (?2 k ) ad snjsn ordsin peinan

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Ghrtdjé peinah n khsth.

Dc ucn pnldjn, phlgn îkun pnrn odrvdr. Adphes qud odrvdr, naeiehld n quelhn d ucn
petnan ad snj. Nmnexd h ohkh d ihzelgd-n aurnltd >4 celuths. Adexd-n dsorenlah dc
tdcpdrnturn ncmedltd. Adphes shjtd n quelhn ihc uc knroh.

 Qnmujd ad quelhn  Dlqunlth essh, dc ucn tekdjn, ihjhqud h nzdetd, h snj, h suih ad jecéh, h thcntd, h
pdpelh, n idmhjelgn, n idlhurn, snjsn d n ghrtdjé . Cesturd thahs hs elkrdaedltds ihc n
quelhn oren, d n`ustd lh snj d n zdetd sd adsd`nr.
adsd`nr.
JNLIGDY AN
QN]AD
=2 HRËÔDY
]DIDEQNY
  Inlnpås ad rnp >2
>2 ihc reihtn d jdkucds 
Elkrdaedltds0

• 4 Aesihs ad ]np >2 Eltdkrnj

• =22 krs ad reihtn ordsin ncnssnan
• 9 Ihjgdrds (shpn) ad rdqude`éh irdchsh jekgt
• > Nmhmrelgn ihrtnan dc terns lns
• > Idlhurn ihrtnan dc terns lns
• Ynj n khsth
• Nzdetd n khsth
• Cex ad tdcpdrhs (hråknlh, cnl`dreiéh, snjselgn, idmhjelgn)

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Jdvd ns nmhmrelgns dc mnlgh cnren phr 4 celuths. Adsjekud h ohkh d tdcpd -

rd-ns ihc snj, nzdetd d h cex ad tdcpdrhs. ]dsdrvd. Dc uc rdiepedltd, ihjhqud

 Inlnpås ad rnp >2>2 n reihtn, h rdqude`éh, snj, h cex ad tdcpdrhs d uc h ad nzdetd. ]dsdrvd.
• Rnrn n chltnkdc, aesphlgn lh idltrh ad inan aesih, ucn phrëéh an cesturn
ad reihtn, n idlhurn, d n nmhmrelgn.
• Dlrhjd iueanahsncdltd inan aesih, d dcmrujgd
dcmrujgd dc pnpdj njucãleh, pnrn ccnl-
nl-

 ihc reihtn d jdkucds  tdr h ohrcnth. Ln ghrn ad sdrver, ihrtd dc ontens aenkhlnes.
  Dcpnaelgn ad kréh ad meih 
Elkrdaedltds0

• 9 Wãinrns ad kréh ad meih ihzeah

• = Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad nzdetd dxtrn verkdc
verkdc
• 9 Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad ehkurtd adslntnah
adslntnah
• Retnan ad nënoréh an tdrrn
• Ynj n khsth

]digdeh0
Hpëéh >0 Ornlkh ihzeah mdc adsnah cesturnah ihc rdqude`éh d snjselgn.
Hpëéh =0 Rnjceth ihc rdqude`éh.
Hpëéh 90 Njgh phrù ihc incnréh

 Dcpnaelgn ad kréh Chah ad prdpnrh0

Mntn n cnssn lh prhidssnahr d ihjhqud lns ohrcelgns ultnans ihc nzdetd.

Ihjhqud h rdigdeh O]EH an sun prdodràlien lh idltrh d tncpd ihc cnes cnssn.

 ad meih  Rhr ðjtech pelidjd ucn kdcn (hpiehlnj) d snjpequd hråknlh.

Ohrlh prå nqudieah d mnexh phr 92 celuths.

 Cuooels ad ihih oîiej 
Elkrdaedltds0

• 9 Hvhs
• =22 cj ad jdetd ad ihih
• >22k ad ihih rnjnah
• 1 Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad onrelgn ad ihih
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad nëðinr adcdrnrn
• > Ihjgdr ad shmrdcdsn ad odrcdlth dc pù.

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Mntn thahs hs elkrdaedltds lh jequeaeinahr (cdlhs h odrcdlth).

• Rhr ðjtech cesturd adjeinancdltd h odrcdlth ln cnssn.
cnss n.

Cuooels ad ihih • Qrnlsrn n cnssn pnrn ohrcelgns ad iupinfds ultnans ad ùjdh ad ihih.
• Ynjpequd ihih rnjnah phr iecn, jdvd nh ohrlh prå nqudieah phr =2 celuths
dc ohkh mnexh.

 oîiej 
 Hcdjdtd ahid ihc ihih 
Elkrdaedltds0

• = Ijnrns
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad onrdjh ad nvden
• Ihih rnjnah
• 4 Khtns ad nahënltd Ytåven

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Mntn ihc uc knroh ns ijnrns ( sù pnrn dltrnr nr), adphes nirdsidltd

h onrdjh ad nvden, n dståven d h ihih rnjnah.
Hcdjdtd ahid Orekeadern ultnan ihc ùjdh ad ihih, adspd`d n cnssn, tncpd. Onën
lh Ohkh mnexh.
 ihc ihih 
 Rnlqudin ad mnlnln d inldjn ln orekeadern 
Elkrdaedltds0

• = Hvhs ( > eltderh h hutrh sù n ijnrn)

• > Oeh ad cdj
• = Mnlnlns - > mdc ncnssnan d n hutrn pnrn h lnj peinan dc rhadjns.
• = Ihjgdrds rnsns ad shpn ad Onrdjh ad Nvden
• Inldjn n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Rnlqudin ad mnlnln d • Cesturd mdc thahs hs elkrdaedltds ihc uc knroh ( cdlhs n mnlnln dc
rhadjns), ihjhqud dc ucn orekeadern ultnan ihc ùjdh ad ihih d ohkh mnexh.
• Rhr iecn an cnssn ihjhqud n mnlnln dc rhadjns. Qncpd.

 inldjn ln orekeadern 
orekeadern  • Dspdrd rcnr. Rhjvejgd inldjn phr iecn!
 Réh ad qude`h onfd 
Elkrdaedltds0

• > d >/= xãinrns ad cnlaehquelgn ihzean d ncnssnan (phad sdr mntntn ahid hu cnlaehin
hu mntntn elkjdsn veu cdlelns8!)
• > Wãinrn ad inoå ad ad nzdetd
• > Wãinrn ad inoå ad îkun
• > xãinrn ad igî ad phjvejgh ahid
• > Wãinrn ad igî ad phjvejgh nzdah
• > Ihjgdr ad shmrdcdsn
shmrdcdsn ad snj
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad igen

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Cesturd hs ahes precderhs elkrdaedltds d adphes n îkun.

• Dc sdkuean cesturd hs adcnes elkrdaedltds ntå hmtdr ucn cnssn ghchkàldn (du cesturde
ihc n céh cdsch, nigde cnes oîiej).
• Oein ucn cnssn cdsch. Jdvd â kdjnadern dcmrujgnan dc ucn pnpdj jcd phr >2 celuths.
• Adphes å sù chjanr ns mhjelgns
mhjelgns d jdvnr prh ohrlh prdnqudieah >72°,
>72°, h tdcph adpdlad ah

Réh ad qude`h onfd  ohrlh lå8 Lh cdu ohe supdr rîpeah, uls =2 celuths. Cns sd ohr ohrlh n kîs tnjvdz adchrd
ad 12/42 celuths, tdc qud inr ad hjgh.
 Rntà ad reihtn ihc njgh 
Elkrdaedltds0

• Îkun
• 1 ihjgdrds ad shpn
shpn
• Njgh adsearntnah hu > adltd ad njgh
• Nzdetd ad hjevn
• 4 ihjgdrds ad shpn
• ]eihtn, > uleanad
uleanad pdqudln

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Ncnssd n reihtn ad cnldern qud djn qud cnes oîiej ad sdr mntean lh jequeaeinahr6
Ihjhqud n reihtn ncnssnan lh jequeaeinahr ihc n îkun6

Mntn6 Nirdsidltd nhs phuihs h nzdetd, mntdlah ntå qud n reihtn sd adsonën d tuah sd

Rntà ad reihtn trnlsohrcd dc ucn pnstn6

Nirdsidltd h snj n khsth d h njgh, cns iueanah, ihjhqud h njgh nhs phuihs, prhvnl-
ah ntå qud h snmhr qud nh sdu nkrnah6

 ihc njgh  Adspd`d h pntà dc ucn vnsejgn, ihjhqud uc phuih ad nzdetd d njgh phr iecn pnrn
adihrnr d adexd ln kdjnadern6

Adphes å sù sdrver shmrd ns thrrnans.

 Réh pezzn ad ohrcn 
Elkrdaedltds0

• > Onten ad péh ad ohrcn eltdkrnj

• > Hvh
• ]hadjns ad thcntd
• ^ude`h peinah (Celns pnaréh, Cussnrdjn, celns)
• Hråknlh n khsth
• Nzdetd n khsth pnrn ultnr n pnldjn

Chah ad prdpnrh0

‚Oretnr– h hvh, ln pnldjn nltenadrdltd d rdsdrvnr. Ihjhinr uc h ad

ùjdh ln pnldjn, dc sdkuean h péh ad ohrcn d er ihjhinlah h rdstnltd
ahs elkrdaedltds, h hvh, thcntd, qude`h d hråknlh.

Nmnonr ihc ucn tncpn d adexnr lh ohkh mnexh ntå h qude`h adrrdtdr

Réh pezzn ad ohrcn  d h péh ahurnr.

HMY0 ITEANAH ihc h oulah ah péh pnrn LÉH ^TDECN].

 Ynlauãigd ihjhreah ad ornlkh 
Elkrdaedltds0

• 1 Ontens ad péh ad ohrcn (eltdkrnj hu cujtekréhs)

• > Wãinrn ad ornlkh adsnah
• ³ Wãinrn ad idlhurn rnjnan (ln pnrtd krhssn ah rnjnahr)
• ³ Wãinrn ad cejgh
• Ynjselgn n khsth
• = Ihjgdrds ad shpn igden ad irdnc igddsd insderh hu ehkurtd krdkh >22% lnturnj
• Ynj d pecdltn n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Dc ucn tekdjn naeiehld h ornlkh adsnah, n idlhurn, h cejgh, n snjselgn n khsth, tdcpdrd ihc
pecdltn d snj ihch adsd`nr.

Ynlauãigd ihjhreah • Naeiehld hutrhs tdcpdrhs ad sun prdodràlien, usd n ecnkelnëéh pnrn irenr suns vdrsôds.
• Adphes naeiehld h irdnc igddsd hu ehkurtd krdkh >22% lnturnj, nqudjd sdc nëðinr d ldlguc
teph ad naeëéh), cesturd mdc.

Chltd h sdu snlauãigd, naeiehld hutrhs etdls pnrn ihcpjdcdltnr sdu snlauãigd, ihch chstnran d

 ad ornlkh  njonid. Odigd h snlauãigd d dcmnjd pnrn venkdc! Yd zdr lh aen nltdrehr, cnltdlgn-h ln kdjnadern.
Nh jdvnr pnrn venkdc, léh dsqudën ah kunranlnph d mhc npdtetd!
 Ynlauãigd ad ntuc ihc péh sãreh 
Elkrdaedltds0

• = Ihjgdrds ad
ad shpn ad cejgh
• > Jntn ad ntuc dc îkun dsihrrean
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad reihtn hu ihttnkd
• Ynj, pecdltn-ah-rdelh
• = Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad igderh vdrad peinah
peinah
• Injah ad > jecéh

Elkrdaedltds ah rdigdeh
• = Réds sãrehs
• 1 Ohjgns ad njonid
njonid jnvnans d dsihrreans
• >/= Idlhurn adsinsinan d rnjnan
rnjnan
• >/= Mdtdrrnmn adsinsinan
adsinsinan d rnjnan
rnjnan
• > Idmhjn
• > Qhcntd

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Ynlauãigd ad Rnrn onzdr dssd jnligd snuaîvdj , ihcdid cesturnlah thahs hs elkrdaedltds ah pntà. Dc s dkuean,
ihrtd h péh sãreh nh cdeh d ihjhqud cdtnad ah pntà. Adphes aessh, onën auns incnans ihc h
rdstnltds ahs elkrdaedltds ah rdigdeh d iumrn ihc n hutrn cdtnad ah péh.

 ntuc ihc péh sãreh  Chltd h sdu snlauãigd, naeiehld hutrhs etdls pnrn ihcpjdcdltnr sdu snlauãigd, ihch chstnr-
chstnr-
an d njonid. Odigd h snlauãigd d dcmnjd pnrn venkdc! Yd zdr lh aen nltdrehr, cnltdlgn-h ln
kdjnadern. Nh jdvnr pnrn venkdc, léh dsqudën ah kunranlnph d mhc npdtetd!
  Qhrtelgn ad jdkucds ad jequeaeoeinahr
Elkrdaedltds0

• 9 Hvhs
• >22k ad mntntn ahid ihzean
• Jdkucds peinahs (vnkdc,thcntd d idmhjn)
• Ynj n khsth
• Idmhjelgn d snjselgn n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Mntdr lh jequeaeinahr hs hvhs ihc n mntntn ahid.

 Qhrtelgn ad jdkucds Dc ucn vnsejgn ihjhqud n cnssn mntean, nirdsidltd hs jdkucds pe-
inahs, hs tdcpdrhs d cesturd tuah cueth mdc (n cnssn in cnes

 ad jequeaeoeinahr jãquean cdsch).

Aestremun dc ohrcelgns ad sejeihld d jdvd pnrn nssnr dc ohrlh cåaeh

phr nprhx =2 celuths hu ntå ahurnr.
 _etnceln irdchsn 

Elkrdaedltds0

• =42 cj ad jdetd kdjnah6

• 9 Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad Mjudmdrry ihlkdjnan
• = Mnlnlns ihlkdjnans, adsinsinans d ihrtnans6
• >22 cj ad suih ad jnrnl`n6

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Mntn thahs hs elkrdaedltds dc uc jequeaeinahr d n rdidetn

dstnrî prhltn!

_etnceln irdchsn 
 Mesiheths snmhr pnihquelgn oet  
Elkrdaedltds0

• > xãi Onrdjh

Onrdjh ad nvden
nvden
• > Ihjgdr shpn Onrelgn
Onrelgn ad ihih
ihih
• = Ihjgdr shpnÙjdh ad ihih (sdc snmhr)
• = Ihjgdr shmrdcdsn
shmrdcdsn Rnstn ad ncdlahec
ncdlahec
• > Ihjgdr shmrdcdsn Cnin pdrunln (å ucn Onrelgn #supdrohha cns phad onzdr sdc)
• = Ihjgdr shmrdcdsn Nighihjntnah aedt (hu > ishmrdcdsn Ininu dc pù)
• > Ihjgdr shmrdcdsn Wyjethj/YhotYuknr (hu Nëðinr ad ihih/adcdrnrn)
• Retnan ad inldjn dc pù n khsth
• >/= iinoå Mnulejgn dc pù (hpiehlnj)
• Retnan ad Ynj
Ynj ]hsn n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Ohrlh prå nqudieah dc >72²

Mesiheths snmhr •
•
•
•
Cesturd thahs hs elkrdaedltds ihc n n`uan ad ihjgdr/céhs ntå hmtdr ucn cnssn ghchkàldn
Onën mhjelgns d ihjhqud lucn nssnadern ultnan ihc ùjdh ad ihih hu cnltdekn kgdd
Nigntd ns mhjelgns ihc n`uan ah knroh
Jdvd nh ohrlh phr nprhxecnancdltd >4-=2 celuths

 pnihquelgn oet   • ]dterd ah ohrlh d adexd adsinlsnlah phr cnes >2 celuths
celuths pnrn dsorenr - Dssd tdcph ad rdsoreh
å ecphrtnltd phes knrnltd n irhiílien ah mesiheth. Rrhltelgh!
 Mhjh ad idlhurn sdc jnithsd 
Elkrdaedltds0

• 9Hvhs
• > Ihjgdr shpn ad ùjdh ad ihih
• > Idlhurn krnlad
• = D cden Ihjgdr shpn ad phjvejgh ahid
• 9 Ihjgdr shpn ad onrelgn ad nrrhz eltdkrnj (phad sdr onrelgn ad nvden)
• 9 Ihjgdr shpn ad nahënltd ( nëðinr cnsinvh hu adcdrnrn)
• > Ihjgdr shpn ad odrcdlth dc pù

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Mhjh ad idlhurn Mntn lh jequeaeinahr hs hvhs, h ùjdh ad ihih d n idlhurn, adspd`d dc uc

rdiepedltd d naeiehld h rdstnltd ah elkrdaedltd adexnlah h odrcdlth pnrn
sdr elihrphrnah phr ujtech.
 sdc jnithsd  Ihjhqud d dc ucn ohrcn pdqudln ultnan ihc ùjdh ad ihih d onrelgn ad
nrrhz d jdvd nh ohrlh prå nqudieah n >72² ad 92 n 12 celuths (adpdlad ah
ohrlh).
 Mhjh ad inldin oet chrnlkh 
Elkrdaedltds0

• > Hvh
• = ishpn Onrelgn ad Nrrhz (hu Nvden)
• > ishpn Onrelgn ad Jelgnën
• > ishpn Jdetd (ad sun prdodràlien)
• > ishpn Cnltdekn kgdd adrrdtean (hu Ùjdh ad ihih)
• > ishmrdcdsn Nëðinr adcdrnrn (hu nahënltd)
• > iigî Odrcdlth dc pù
• >/= iinoå Dssàlien ad mnulejgn
• Chrnlkh peinah n khsth

Mhjh ad inldin Chah ad prdpnrh0

 oet chrnlkh  Cesturd tuah ln inldin d jdvd nh ceirhhlans phr >092 celuths!
Rrhltelgh!
 Mhjh ad inldin oet ighihjntd 
Elkrdaedltds0

• > Ijnrn
• = Ihjgdr ad shpn Onrelgn ad Ihih
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn Ininu
• > ihjgdr ad shpn Îkun
• 1 Khtns Ytåven (hu Nknvd n khsth)
• >/= ihjgdr ad inoå
• Odrcdlth dc pù

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Mhjh ad inldin oet Cesturd thahs hs elkrdaedltds dc uc inldin

Jdvn nh ceirhhlans phr >092 celuths
(Rhad vnrenr uc phuquelgh ad nihrah ihc h ceirhhlans)

 ighihjntd  Rrhltelgh!
 Mhjh ad orekeadern0 oumî ihc khenmnan 
Elkrdaedltds0

• > Hvh
• > ishpn Onrelgn ad Nvden
• > ishpn Oumî
• > ishmrdcdsn Onrelgn ad Jelgnën
• > ishpn Jdetd ad nrrhz (hu ad sun prdodràlien)
• > iigî Nëðinr Adcdrnrn (hu cnes sd prdodrer)
• > iigî Odrcdlth dc pù
• Rdanielghs ad >ic ad Khenmnan Aedt (teph Insiéh)

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Mhjh ad orekeadern0 •
•
•
Mntn h hvh d adphes nirdsidltd hs adcnes elkrdaedltds ln hradc niecn.
Adspd`d n cesturn ln orekeadern ultnan ihc uc phuih ad ùjdh ad ihih.
Cnltdlgn h ohkh mnexh. Qncpd.

 oumî ihc khenmnan  • Dspdrd ahurnr ad uc jnah d adphes verd. Rrhltelgh!

 Mhjh ad mnlnln d instnlgns 
Elkrdaedltds0

• 9 Mnlnlns pdqudlns
pdqudlns mdc cnaurns
• 1 Ihjgdr shpn ad ùjdh ad Ihih
• > Ihjgdr shpn ad inldjn dc pù
• 1 Hvhs
• > Ihjgdr shpn ad nëðinr cnsinvh
• > Wãinrn ad onrelgn ad ncàlahns
• > Wãinrn ad nvden dc hihs
• > Ihjgdr shpn ad odrcdlth dc pù
• >2 instnlgns
instnlgns ah pnrn
• =2 Tvn
Tvn pnssn
• ? Ancnsihs
• Cden xãinrn ad îkun

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Mhjh ad mnlnln d Lh jequeaeinahr vne mntdr adexnlah ad ohrn ns onrelgns, odrcdlth d ns sdcdltds.
Nã adphes ad mntdr nirdsidltnr d cdigdr ihc ihjgdr hu ohdt n onrelgn ad ncàlahn d nvden
d h cex ad sdcdltds ( z cnes hu cdlhs ihc 7 instnlgns ah pnrn ? ancnsihs =2 uvn
pnssns peinans) d phr ðjtech h odrcdlth.

 instnlgns  Ihjhinr dc ohrcn ultnan phr iecn snjpequde uc phuih sd nëðinr cnsinvh d `hkude ucns
instnlgns...jdvnr nh ohrlh phr 94 celuths n =22 krnus.
 Mhjh ad certejh d mnlnln 
Elkrdaedltds0

• >22 k ad ehkurtd lnturnj6

• > Mnlnln ncnssnan6
• > Ihjgdr (ad shpn rnsn) ad odrcdlth dc pù6
• =Hvhs6
• = Ihjgdrds (ad shpn) ad ùjdh ad ihih
• > Ihjgdr (ad inoå) ad dssàlien ad mnulejgn6
• > Wãinrn d cden ad onrelgn ad trekh6
• > Wãinrn ad nëðinr cnsinvh.

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Mhjh ad certejh d Mntn thahs hs elkrdaedltds ln mntdadern.

 mnlnln  Nssec qud n cnssn dstevdr ghchkàldn, naeiehld ucn xãinrn d cdeh
ad igî ad certejhs jnvnahs adltrh an cnssn d jdvd â ohrcn ultnan nh
ohrlh nqudieah n >72° phr 12 celuths.
 Mesiheth oet ad kdlkemrd d inldjn 
Elkrdaedltds0

• 922k ad onrelgn
onrelgn ad nrrhz
nrrhz
• = Hvhs
• 42k ad kdlkemrd rnjnah
• = Ihjgdrds (shpn) cdj
• >22k ad nëðinr cnsinvh
• >22k ad cnltdekn kgdd (hu ihcuc)
• = Ihjgdrds (shpn) ad inldjn
• > Ihjgdr (igî) odrcdlth dc pù

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Ihjhqud hs hvhs adltrh ad uc rdiepedltd, naeiehld h cdj (phad sdr rdternah n pdjãiujn sd prdodrer).
Mntn ntå qud sd cesturd, rdsdrvd. Adltrh ad hutrh rdiepedltd, ihjhqud h nëðinr cnsinvh pdldernah,
n onrelgn ad nrrhz, n inldjn d cesturd mdc.

Ihjhqud ncnltdekn `ulth ihc n cesturd rdsdrvnan d `ultd tuah ihc ns onrelgns.
Cesturd tuah ihcdënlah ihc ucn ihjgdr, adphes cesturd ihc ns céhs.

Mesiheth oet ad Naeiehld h odrcdlth d h kdlkemrd, cesturd cnes ntå qud djn léh kruad lns céhs.

Yd ohr prdiesh naeiehld cnes onrelgn ntå léh kruanr cnes. Dlonrelgd ucn supdr ied jesn ihc onrelgn,
pdkud uc pdanëh an cnssn d nmrn ihc uc rhjh (vhià tncmåc phad nmrer ihc ucn knrrnon ad
velgh). Adphes ad mdc nmdrtn, ihrtd ihc chjads ad sun prdodrdlien hu ihc n n`uan ad uc ihph.

 kdlkemrd d inldjn  Tltd ucn ohrcn hu ohrrd ihc pnpdj cnltdekn. Aestremun hs mesiheths adexnlah uc dspnëh dltrd
djds. Nssd dc ohrlh prdnqudieah phr >4 celuths hu ntå qud ahurd ns jntdrnes.
]dterd ah ohrlh, servn!
=2 HRËÔDY
@NLQN]
]DIDEQNY
 Orettntn ad nmhmrelgn 
Elkrdaedltds0

• = Nmhmrelgns cåaens (= xãinrns ad nmhmrelgn rnjnan )

• = Hvhs
• > Adltd ad njgh peinaelgh
peinaelgh
• = Ihjgdrds ad shpn
shpn ad idmhjelgn vdrad
vdrad peinan
• = Ihjgdrds ad shpn
shpn ad snjselgn peinan
• >/= Wãinrn ad igî ad onrelgn ad onrelgn ad nvden hu onrelgn ad trekh eltdkrnj lh hu onrelgn ad
nrrhz (?2k)
• = Ihjgdrds ad inoå ad odrcdlth
• Ynj d pecdltn ah rdelh â khsth
• Nzdetd pnrn ultnr

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• ]njd n nmhmrelgn d rdterd h dxidssh ad îkun, sdinlah mdc ihc h pnpdj thnjgn.
• Cesturd n nmhmrelgn ihc hs adcnes elkrdaedltds dc ucn tekdjn, ihc dxidëéh ah nzdetd.
• Rrå nqudën n orekeadern
orekeadern nltenadrdltd dc ohkh cåaeh d ultd ihc uc h ad nzdetd.

Orettntn ad • Adspd`d n cnssn shmrd n orekeadern, ohrcnlah uc aesih ad idrin ad > idltãcdtrh ad
dspdssurn.
• Adexd ahurnr phr
phr 9 celuths ad inan jnah. ]dpetn h prhidssh
prhidssh ihc h rdstnltd
rdstnltd an cnssn.
• ]dladc 1 orettntns, cns adpdlad ah tncnlgh an orekeadern d aî prn onzdr cdlhrzelgn tncmåc.

 nmhmrelgn 
 Hcdjdtd ad qude`h d njgh phrù 
Elkrdaedltds0

• = Hvhs ineperns
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad jdetd eltdkrnj (hpiehlnj)
• > Retnan ad snj
• > Retnan ad pù rhynj
• > Onten ad cussnrdjn hu hutrh qude`h ihrtnah dc terelgns lns
• Njgh phrù dc rhadjelgns lns

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Luc mhwj nirdsidltd thahs hs elkrdaedltds d mntn ihc h ohud hu

Hcdjdtd ad qude`h d uc knroh.

Ihjhqud uc h ad nzdetd ln orekeadern. Ohkh mnexh!

 njgh phrù  Nssd ahs ahes jnahs d servn

 Hcdjdtd ad snjcéh adoucnah, ihttnkd d thcntd
Hcdjdtd ad snjcéh
 adoucnah, ihttnkd d
 thcntd  djd nh cdeh , d verd (in mdc cnes oîiej).
 
Elkrdaedltds0
• > Mnlad`n ad snjcéh adoucnah
• = Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad ihttnkd
• >/= thcntd peinah pdqudlh
pdqudlh
• Qdcpdrhs
Qdcpdrhs vdrads n khsth
• Ynj n khsth
khsth
• ? Ijnrns
Chah ad prdpnrh0
• Dspdrd h snjcéh adsihlkdjnr phr ihcpjdth.
• Requd h snjcéh dc pdanëhs d `ultd ihc h ihttnkd, thcntd d tdcpdrhs vdrads.
• Cesturd ns ijnrns ihc tdcpdrhs
tdcpdrhs vdrads d h snj n khsth.
• Tltd d nqudën ucn orekeadern cåaen.
• ^unlah djn dstevdr qudltd, ihjhqud cdtnad ans ijnrns d dspdrd inr mrnlquelgh, phråc
nelan chjd.
• Ihjhqud h rdigdeh phr iecn, d ncnssd djd ihc uc knroh pnrn ‚nadrer– n precdern incnan.
• Iumrn ihc h rdstnltd ans ijnrns,
ijnrns, thah h rdigdeh advd dstnr ihmdrth.
Qncpd
Qncpd n orekeadern. Å ecphrtnltd adexnr h ohkh sdcprd mnexh pnrn léh qudecnr h hcdjdtd.
^unlah djd tevdr thah mrnlih/dlaurdieah, ihc ucn dspîtujn, verd h hcdjdtd pnrn ahurnr h
hutrh jnah. Insh vhià léh tdlgn cuetn gnmejeanad, hu h sdu hcdjdtd tdlgn inah chjd, ahmrd
Adphes å sù sdrver!
 Cuooels rîpeahs ad mrùihjes, qude`h d hvhs 
Elkrdaedltds0

• 1 Hvhs
• > Wãinrn ad mrùihjes iru mdc peinah
• ³ Wãinrn ad pnrcdséh hu hutrh qude`h
• Ynj d pecdltn ah rdelh n khsth
• Retnan ad odrcdlth quãceih

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Dc ucn vnsejgn cesturd ihc uc knroh thahs hs elkrdaedltds, cdlhs h

odrcdlth d tdcpdrh ihc snj d pecdltn n khsth.

Cuooels rîpeahs ad • Rhr ðjtech cesturd adjeinancdltd h odrcdlth.

• Ihjhqud lns ohrcelgns ad cuols ad sejeihld d jdvd nh ohrlh ad >= n >4
celuths, ntå qud h hvh dstd`n nssnah.

 mrùihjes, qude`h d hvhs 

 Rezzn ihc cnssn ad hcdjdtd 
Elkrdaedltds0

• ? hvhs
• = ihjgdrds ad shpn ad irdcd ad jdetd
• Ynj
• Recdltn ah rdelh
• 42k ad qude`h cuënrdjn rnjnah + =22k pnrn n ihmdrturn
• = ihjgdrds ad shpn ad chjgh ad thcntd
• > xãinrn ad cejgh
• ;2k ad mnihl dc iumhs
• ³ idmhjn dc terns
• > ihjgdr ad igî hråknlh

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Rezzn ihc cnssn ad •

•
•
Mntdr hs hvhs, h irdcd ad jdetd, h snj d n pecdltn.
Naeiehlnr h qude`h d aesphr n cesturn dc ucn ohrcn ad pezzn ultnan.
Nssnr dc ohrlh prdnqudieah n >72 krnus phr >2 celuths.

 hcdjdtd  •
•
]dohknr h mnihl d n idmhjn. ]dsdrvnr.
]dternr ah ohrlh, ihmrer ihc h chjgh, aesphr h qude`h, h cejgh, h mnihl
ihc n idmhjn d phjvejgnr ihc h hråknlh.
Jdvnr nh ohrlh pnrn krntelnr
  Injah ad mntntn ahid ihc inrld chãan 
Elkrdaedltds0

• >/= fk ad mntntn ahid6

• >/= fk ad pntelgh chãah6
• nzdetd ad hjevn6
• > Idmhjn cåaen peinan6
• 9 Adltds ad njgh ncnssnahs6
ncnssnahs6
• Igderh vdrad n khsth6
• Recdltn ah rdelh
rdelh n khsth6
• Ynj n khsth.

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Ihjhqud n mntntn-ahid pnrn ihzelgnr ntå inr mdc chjd, adsjekud d adexd dsorenr uc phuih.
• ]dohkud n inrld chãan lh nzdetd ihc h njgh d n idmhjn peinan, d adexd ihzelgnr.
ihzelgnr.
• Jdvd n mntntn ahid pnrn h jequeaeinahr ihc uc phuih ah injah d adexd mntdr mdc.

 Injah ad mntntn ahid •

•
•
•
Dc sdkuean, nirdsidltd n mntntn ahid mntean
Cesturnlah cueth
cueth mdc.
mntean ln pnldjn an inrld chãan rdohknan.

Ihjhqud îkun ah ihzecdlth sd ldidssîreh (léh phad inr cueth krhssh).

Rhr ðjtech snjpequd snjsn, nidrtd lh snj d lhs tdcpdrhs, servn!
rdohknan.

 ihc inrld chãan  • Jdvnr nh ohrlh pnrn krntelnr.

  Ihzeah ad jdkucds ihc hvhs 
Elkrdaedltds0

• > på ad mrùihjes ihrtnah

ihrtnah
• > på idlhurn rnjnan
• > njgh phrù ontenah
• = hvhs
hvhs krnlads
krnlads
• = ihkucdjhs sgeetnfd ontenahs (hpiehlnj)
• = ihjgdrds ad shpn ad nzdetd
• > ihjgdr ad shpn ad chjgh sghyu
• pecdltn chãan
chãan n khsth
• snj n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Cesturd dc ucn vnsejgn, hs jdkucds ihc hs ihkucdjhs (sd dstevdr usnlah), h nzdetd,
n pecdltn, h sghyu, h snj d h njgh phrù.

• Dc ucn pnldjn cnehr,

cnehr, ihjhqud hs elkrdaedltds qud ohrnc cesturnahs, nmrn ahes mu-

 Ihzeah ad jdkucds rnihs lh idltrh, ^udmrd uc hvh adltrh ad inan murnih, tdcpdrd ihc phuquelgh ad
pecdltn, snj d tncpd. Ohkh mnexh sdcprd!

• Nssec qud h hvh dstevdr ihzeahs d hs jdkucds nj adltds dstî prhlth!

 ihc hvhs  • ]dterd d servn mdc qudltelgh.

  Inlnpås ad rnp >2
>2 eltdkrnj ihc reihtn d jdkucds
 Inlnpås ad rnp >2>2
 eltdkrnj ihc reihtn d
 jdkucds  • Dlrhjd iueanahsncdltd inan aesih,
 
Elkrdaedltds0
• >2 Aesihs ad Rujjcnl
Rujjcnl ]np >2 Eltdkrnj
• =22 krs ad reihtn ordsin
ordsin ncnssnan
ncnssnan
• 9 Ihjgdrds (shpn) ad rdqude`éh irdchsh jekgt
• > Nmhmrelgn ihrtnan dc terns lns
• > Idlhurn ihrtnan dc terns lns
• Ynj n khsth
• Nzdetd n khsth
• Cex ad tdcpdrhs (hråknlh, cnl`dreiéh, snjselgn, idmhjelgn)
Chah ad prdpnrh0
• Jdvd ns nmhmrelgns dc mnlgh cnren phr 4 celuths. Adsjekud h ohkh d tdcpdrd-ns
ihc snj, nzdetd d h cex ad tdcpdrhs. ]dsdrvd.
• Dc uc rdiepedltd, ihjhqud n reihtn, h rdqude`éh, snj, h cex ad tdcpdrhs d uc h ad
nzdetd. ]dsdrvd.
• Rnrn n chltnkdc, aesphlgn
aesphlgn lh idltrh ad inan aesih, ucn phrëéh an cesturn ad
reihtn, n idlhurn, d n nmhmrelgn.
ohrcnth. Ln ghrn ad sdr ver,
aesih, d dcmrujgd dc pnpdj njucãleh, pnrn cnltdr h
ver, ihrtd dc ontens aenkhlnes.
 Hcdjdtéh ad jdkucds 
Elkrdaedltds0

• ³ idmhjn cåaen peinaelgn

peinaelgn
• ³ idlhurn cåaen rnjnan
• 7 vnkdls ihrtnan dc rhadjns lns
• 9 ontens ad cussnrdjn peinaelgn
peinaelgn
• > ihjgdr (shpn) ad qude`h pnrcdséh rnjnah
• snj n khsth
• pecdltn ah rdelh n khsth
khsth
• hråknlh n khsth
• igderh vdrad
vdrad n khsth
• 1 hvhs
hvhs krnlads
krnlads

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Dc ucn vnsejgn krnlad cesturd mdc hs hvhs ihc h qude`h pnrcdséh rnjnah.

Hcdjdtéh ad • Nqudën ucn orekeadern cåaen/krnlad dc ohkh cåaeh d ihjhqud uc h ad nzdetd . Yd quesdr
qud n hcdjdtd qud cnes njtn, usd ucn orekeadern cdlhr.
• Ihjhqud n idmhjn precderh dspdrd djn oretnr, adphes n idlhurn rnjnan d n vnkdc. Cesturd
mdc, qunlah ihcdënrdc n inr ihc ihr ihjhqud hs hvhs, h snj d pecdltn d phr ðjtech snj-
pequd h qude`h cussnrdjn peinah, mnexd h ohkh d tncpd.

 jdkucds  • Adexd nmnonah phr uls = celuths hu ntå qud n supdroãied qud rcd d ahurnan.
• Ihc n n`uan ad ucn dsiucnadern krnlad , verd h hcdjdtd. Qncpd d dspdrd cnes 9 celuths
pnrn ahurnr ah hutrh jnah.
• Ynjpequd hråknlh phr iecn, Yervn dc sdkuean!
 Rdexd dcpnlnah nssnah 
Elkrdaedltds0

• ? Oejås ad jelkunah hu pdsinan mrnlin hu jå ad tejîpen

• > Jecéh
• Ynj, njgh mdc peinah (hu ncnssnah) d pecdltn ah rdelh â khsth
• = Wãinrns ad onrelgn
onrelgn ad Rnlfh
Rnlfh
• 9 Hvhs jdvdcdltd mnteans
• 9 Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad ihdltrh mdc peinah
• Nzdetd

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Qdcpdrd hs jås ihc h jecéh, snj, njgh, pecdltn, ihdltrh peinah d rdsdrvd.dc uc rdie-
pedltd ihjhqud n onrelgn ad pnlfh d ucn petnan ad snj.
• Dc uc hutrh rdiepedltd, ihjhqud hs hvhs mnteahs ultd ucn nssnadern ad prdodràlien
nltenadrdltd ihc mnstnltd nzdetd pnssd inan jå, precderh lhs hvhs, adphes ln onrelgn
ad pnlfh (hu ohjiéh) d ihjhqud ln nssnadern.
• Npùs, ihjhinr hs jås ln nssnadern, ihjhqud cnes nzdetd phr iecn ad inan jå.
• Ohrlh prå nqudieah d njth, phr nprhxecnancdltd,
nprhxecnancdltd, =2 celuths, sdlah qud adphes ahs

Rdexd dcpnlnah precderhs >2 celuths å ldidssîreh nmrer h ohrlh d vernr hs jås qunlah dstevdrdc ahu-
rnahs.

 nssnah  Hms0 phad sdr odeth dc ohrcn ad esins hs pdexds, dcpnlnahs d ihjhinahs lh nerorydr dc
phtàlien njtn ntå ahurnr.
 ^ueigd ad njgh phrù 
Cnssn0
Elkrdaedltds0

• > xãinrn ad igî ad onrelgn ad trekh eltdkrnj6
• > xãinrn ad igî ad nvden dc hihs6
• > xãinrn ad igî ad quelhn dc hihs6
• > hvh6
• > ihjgdr ad shpn ad cnltdekn sdc snj6
• > phtd ad ehkurtd lnturnj6
• > ihjgdr ad inoå ad snj.
• > ihjgdr ad shpn ad nzdetd6
• > idmhjn pdqudln
pdqudln peinan6
• > adltd ad njgh peinah6
peinah6
• > tnjh ad njgh phrh ihrtnah dc rhadjns lns6
• 1 hvhs6
• = ihphs ad rdqude`éh jekgt6
• > ihjgdr ad inoå ad snj6
• Recdltn ah rdelh n khsth.

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Rnrn onzdr n cnssn, mnstn cesturnr thahs hs elkrdaedltds o nzdlah uc chltd. Dltéh nmrn uc
murnih lh cdeh, nirdsidltd hs hutrhs elkrdaedltds d ihcdid n ncnssnr ihc ns phltns ahs
adahs. Naeiehld n îkun pnrn n`uanr n shvnr, insh ldidssîreh.

^ueigd ad njgh Nmrn n cnssn ihc n`uan ad uc rhjh d ihjhqud lh oulah ad ucn ohrcn rdahlan ihc nrh
rdchvãvdj, ihmrelah oulah d jntdrnes d adexd adsinlsnr ln kdjnadern.

Rnrn prdpnrnr h rdigdeh. Jdvd h nzdetd dc ucn o rekeadern pnrn nqudidr.

nqudidr. Dltéh ahurd n idmhjn

 phrù  d h njgh, dc sdkuean ihjhqud h njgh phrù d adexd phr njkuls celuths. Adsjekud d adexd ds-
orenr. Mntn lh jequeaeinahr hs hvhs, snj, pecdltn d rdqude`éh. Elihrphrd dssd irdcd nh njgh
phrù oreh d aesphlgn phr iecn an cnssn. Jdvd pnrn nssnr dc ohrlh cåaeh prdnqudieah phr
12 celuths hu ntå ahurnr. Dspdrd dsorenr, adselohrcd d servn.
 Cele pezzn ad mdrel`djn jhwinrm
Elkrdaedltds0

• > Mdrel`djn
• Ynj
• Recdltn prdtn
• Nzdetd ad hjevn
• 72k ad qude`h cuënrdjn
• >22k ad thcntd idrd`n
• Cnl`dreiéh

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Ihrtnr n mdrel`djn dc rhadjns.

• Aesphr dc ucn ohrcn ultnan ihc nzdetd ad hjevn d tdcpdrnr ihc snj d
Cele pezzn ad pecdltn prdtn.
• Dc iecn ad inan onten, ihjhinr h qude`h cuënrdjn rnjnah, h thcntd idrd`n
ihrtnah nh cdeh, ucn ohjgn ad cnl`dreiéh d lnjeznr tdcpdrnlah ihc

 mdrel`djn jhwinrm snj, pecdltn prdtn d rdknr ihc nzdetd ad hjevn.

• Jdvnr nh ohrlh prdnqudieah n >72 krnus aurnltd =2 celuths hu ntå h
qude`h adrrdtdr.
 Ynjnan ad cninrréh ousejje eltdkrnj ihc ntuc 
Elkrdaedltds0

• >/= pnihtd ad cninrréh Ousejje Eltdkrnj ihzeah (nj adltd) d oreh.

• >/= rdphjgh rhxh
rhxh mdc peinah
• >/= jntn ad cejgh
• >/= vearh ad pnjceth peinah
peinah
• > Qhcntd
Qhcntd peinah sdc sdcdltd
• > Idlhurn pdqudln rnjnan
• >/= idmhjn rnjnan
rnjnan hu mdc peinan
peinan
• >/= cnëh ad ihdltrh peinah
• Rnssns prdtns n khsth (sd khstnr ad uc jdvd nahieinah)
• = jntns ad ntuc (dsihrrdr h ùjdh hu n îkun)

Chjgh0

Ynjnan ad cninrréh •
•
•
•
> Rhtd ad ehkurtd sdc snmhr
9 Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad nzdetd dxtrn verkdc
> Jecéh
> Adltd ad njgh

 ousejje eltdkrnj ihc •

•
Ynj n khsth.
Mntdr tuah lh jequeaeinahr d rdsdrvnr

Chah ad prdpnrh0
Dc ucn vnsejgn krnlad cesturnr thahs hs elkrdaedltds an precdern dtnpn d phr ðjtech h

 ntuc  chjgh ad ehkurtd.

N`ustnr lh snj n khsth.
 Nmhmrelgn â pnrcdkenln
Elkrdaedltds0

• > ]eihtn
• ohjgns ad ³ cnëh ad cnl`dreiéh
• 9 ihjgdrds ad shpn
shpn ad nzdetd ad hjevn
• Ynj
• 9 nmhmrelgns ihrtnan
ihrtnan lh sdlteah ah ihcprecdlth
ihcprecdlth
• Recdltn ah rdelh
• = Hvhs
Hvhs mnteahs
• > Wãinrn ad onrelgn ad
ad trekh
• >/=Wãinrn ad qude`h cuënrdjn rnjnah
• ³ Wãinrn ad qude`h pnrcdséh rnjnah
• 1 Wãinrns ad chjgh
chjgh ad thcntd

Chah ad prdpnrh0
• Lh prhidssnahr, treturnr n reihtn, h cnl`dreiéh d h nzdetd ad hjevn ntå hmtdr ucn pnstn.
• Qdcpdrnr ihc snj d rdsdrvnr.
rdsdr vnr.

Nmhmrelgn â •
•
•
•
@ultnr auns ontens ad nmhmrelgn, tdcpdrnr ihc pecdltn ah rdelh, pnssnr ln onrelgn d lh hvh.
Ydjnr dc ucn orekeadern mdc qudltd
qudltd ultnan ihc ùjdh.
Aesphr ucn phrëéh ad rdigdeh ln onten d dlrhjnr. ]dpdter ihc ns hutrns ontens.
Dc uc rdorntîreh, aesphr ns nmhmrelgns d phjvejgnr ihc qude`h cuënrdjn d ihc h qude`h pnr-
cdséh.

 pnrcdkenln • Jdvnr nh ohrlh prdnqudieah n >72 krnus phr, nprhxecnancdltd, =4 celuths hu ntå qud h
qude`h dstd`n krntelnah.
• Ydrver n nmhmrelgn shmrd ucn phrëéh ad chjgh ad thcntd.
  Injah vdrad jhwinrm
Elkrdaedltds0

• > Ihuvd hr eltdern krnlad

• 9 Ohjgns krnlads ad ihuvd peinan
• Jelkueën Injnmrdsn peinan n khsth ( +- 9 uleanads)
• Njgh peinah n khsth
• >/= idmhjn mdc peinan
• Nzdetd
• Ynj d pecdltn-ah-rdelh n khsth.

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Yhjtd n ihuvd-hr dc pnrtds ( léh prdiesn peinr) ihjhqud pnrn ihzelgnr ln îkun
ihc snj. Adphes ad cnien rdsdrvd (léh prdiesn adexnr cueth chjd).
• Mntdr lh jequeaeinahr ihc phuin îkun ah ihzecdlth ( h injah tdc qud inr ird -
chsh).
• Dc uc pnldjn oretd n jelkueën injnmrdsn ihc uc phuih ad nzdetd ntå ahurnr, ad-
phes rdohkud h njgh d n idmhjn.

 Injah vdrad jhwinrm • Adphes ad mdc rdohknah ihjhqud n ihuvd peinan d `î sdc sdkuean h irdcd ad
ihuvd-hr .

Cesturd tuah cueth mdc, n`ustd lh snj d ln pecdltn ah rdelh n khsth.

  Qhrtn ad nmhmrelgn jhw inrm ihc pnjceth 
Elkrdaedltds0

• 1 Ihjgdrds ad shpn ad cnltdekn6

• >/= Idmhjn
Idmhjn peinan6
peinan6
• 922k ad
ad pnjceth6
• = Nmhmrelgns krnlads dc rhadjns lns6
• > Wãinrn ad ihkucdjhs ontenahs6
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad cnl`dreiéh sdih6
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn
shpn ad hråknlh sdih6
sdih6
• >/= Ihjgdr ad shpn ad snj6
• > >/= Wãinrn ad
ad cussnrdjn rnjnan6
• 1 Hvhs
Hvhs mnteahs6
• ^ude`h pnrcdséh rnjnah pnrn krntelnr.
krntelnr.

Chah ad prdpnrh0

 Qhrtn ad nmhmrelgn jhw Rrå-nqudën h ohrlh n =22²I. Nqudën n cnltdekn lucn pnldjn d naeiehld n idmhjn, n nmhmrelgn
d hs ihkucdjhs. Ynjtded phr njkuls celuths. Nirdsidltd h pnjceth d cesturd mdc. Adexd ihzelgnr
phr 4 celuths. ]dsdr vd ntå dsorenr.

]njd h qude`h d cesturd ihc h cnl`dreiéh, h hråknlh d hs hvhs mnteahs. Tltd n ohrcn. Qrnlsrn

 inrm ihc pnjceth  tuah pnrn n ohrcn, nrrucnlah ns rhadjns ad nmhmrelgn phr iecn. Ynjpequd pnrcdséh phr iecn
d jdvd nh ohrlh phr =2 celuths hu ntå ahurnr. Dspdrd nchrlnr phr >2 celuths d s ervn dc ontens.
 Yhpn ad nmùmhrn ihc qude`h ihttnkd 
Elkrdaedltds0

• > uleanad ad nmùmhrn `nphldsn adsinsinan, sdc sdcdltds d ihrtnan dc iumhs krnlads
• > uleanad ad idmhjn cåaen, adsinsinan
adsinsinan d peinan
• 422 cejejetrhs ad Îkun
• > ihjgdr shpn
shpn ad cnltdekn
• >42 krncns ad qude`h ihttnkd
• > ihjgdr (shmrdcdsn) ad nzdetd ad hjevn
• Ynj n khsth

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Ihjhqud n nmùmhrn d n îkun dc ucn pnldjn, tncpd d adexd odrvdr ntå qud n nmùmhrn
dstd`n mdc cnien. Qdcpdrd ihc snj n khsth.

Yhpn ad nmùmhrn • Adexd dsorenr uc phuih d mntn lh jequeaeinahr.

jequeaeinahr.
• Ihjhqud precderh n nmùmhrn d nirdsidltd n îkun nhs phuihs, ntå n cesturn ohrcnr uc
purà.
• Dc ucn pnldjn, rdohkud n idmhjn ln cnltdekn. Nirdsidltd n nmùmhrn mntean d adexd

 ihc qude`h ihttnkd  odrvdr phr 9 celuths.

• Yervn n shpn dc prnth oulah d ihjhqud phr iecn h qude`h ihttnkd d uc h ad nzdetd
 Mhjh snjknah ad Ornlkh Oet  
Elkrdaedltds0

• > Idlhurn cåaen

cåaen irun
• 9 Hvhs
• > d >/= xãinrn ad
ad onrelgn ad nrrhz
• >/= xãinrn ad nzdetd
• > xãinrn ad îkun
• Ynj n khsth

]digdeh0

• 9 pdeths ad ornlkh ihzeahs, adsnahs d rdohknahs n khsth.

Chah ad prdpnrh0

• Mntdr thahs hs elkrdaedltds an cnssn lh jequeaeinahr ntå ohrcnr uc irdcd d lh

Mhjh snjknah ad lnj cesturnr > i. inoå ad Odrcdlth quãceih .

• Ihjhinr dc ucn rdorntîren ultnan ihc nzdetd ucn incnan an cnssn h rdigdeh ad
ornlkh adsnah ðceah cns sdc injah, phr iecn h rdstnltd an cnssn. Rhr iecn
phjvejgnr hråknlh d qude`h pnrcdséh (hpiehlnj).

Ornlkh Oet   Ohrlh prå nqudieah n =22krnus, adexnr ihzelgnr n cnssn d ahurnr jdvdcdltd.
 Cninrréh ad nmhmrelgn nh pdsth 
Elkrdaedltds0

• = Nmhmrelgns etnjenlns
• Ohjgns ad ³ cnëh ad cnl`dreiéh
• Ohjgns ad > cnëh ad dspelnord
• > Ihjgdr ad shpn ad suih ad jecéh
• > Adltd ad njgh
• > Wãinrn ad nzdetd
nzdetd ad hjevn
• Ynj n khsth
• ³ Wãinrn ad pnrcdséh rnjnah
• ³ Wãinrn ad lhzds peinans (hpiehlnj)

Cninrréh • > Wãinrn ad thcntelgh idrd`n ihrtnah nh cdeh

Chah ad prdpnrh0

 ad nmhmrelgn Onzdr h cninrréh ad nmhmrelgn usnlah uc dspernjeznahr ad njecdlths hu ihrtnr mdc
lelgh ihc n onin. ]dsdrvnr.

Lh jequeaeinahr,
jequeaeinahr, mntdr h cnl`dreiéh, h dspelnord, h suih ad jecéh, h njgh d h nzdetd.

 nh pdsth  Rnssnr pnrn hutrh rdiepedltd d naeiehlnr h snj, h pnrcdséh d ns lhzds peinans.
@ultnr h cninrréh, h pdsth d hs thcntelghs d cesturnr mdc.

Jdvnr n ucn orekeadern pnrn nqudidr,

nqudidr, ihrreker h snj d sdrver .
 Yhpn adthx nlte-elojncntùren 
Elkrdaedltds0

• > Elgncd pdqudlh

pdqudlh dc iumhs
• > Idlhurn adsinsinan
adsinsinan dc rhadjns
• = xãinrns ad igî ad nmùmhrn `nphldsn dc iumhs
• > thcntd etnjenlh
etnjenlh peinah
• > idmhjn rhxn peinan
• = adltds ad njgh ncnssnah
• = ihjgdrds ad igî ad kdlkemrd rnjnah
• > rnch ad njdirec
• > ihjgdr ad shpn ad nzdetd
• Ynj n khsth
khsth
• Îkun odrvdltd

Chah ad prdpnrh0

Yhpn adthx •
•
•
•
Dc ucn pnldjn ad prdsséh, rdohkud lh nzdetd n n idmhjn d h njgh.
Nirdsidltd h h elgncd, n nmùmhrn,
nmùmhrn, h thcntd d n idlhurn, rdohkud phr

Adexd n prdsséh sner lnturnjcdltd d adphes dspdrd nchrlnr.

phr cnes 9 celuths.
Ihjhqud n îkun odrvdltd ntå ihmrer hs elkrdaedltds, ihzelgd ln prdsséh phr =2 celuths.

 nlte-elojncntùren  •
•
•
Mntn lh jequeaeinahr.
Ihjhqud n cesturn lhvncdltd ln pnldjn d nqudën phr 4 celuths.
Nirdsidltd h njdirec, h kdlkemrd
kdlkemrd d h snj d adexd ihzelgnr phr cnes = celuths.
celuths. Yervn.
 D-Mhhf 

EE
QHAHY HY AE]DEQHY ]DYD]_NAHY.

Å R]HEMEAH ^TNJ^TD] QERH AD ]DR]HATËÉH RN]IENJ HT ELQDK]NJ ADYYD D-MHHF.