Electrolyte Solutions PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 8.1 The resistance of a 0.010 M NaCl solution is 172 2. If the equivalent conductance of the solution is 153 2! equiv-' cm”, what is the cell constant? Resistance is related to specific conductance by and specific conductance is related to molar (or equivalent) conductance by ‘Combining these two equations, we have an equation relating resistance and molar (or equivalent) ‘conductance: Rearranging this equation, we have an expression for the cell constant: 1 Gar IL 1000 em’ = (153 27 equiv-' em) (122%) (0,010 motL~!) (172 2) T mol = 0.263 em“ = 0.26 cm"! 8.2 Using the cell described in Problem 8.1, a student determined the resistance of a 0.086 M KCI solution to be 20.4 ®. Calculate the equivalent conductance of this solution. 187188 Chapters ‘Rearranging the relation between resistance and molar (or equivalent) conductance 1A eet obtained in Problem 8.1, the equivalent conductance is Rea 1 1mol 1000 cm? = 00963 pt) (Aol (G04 (6086 moIL= 63 em (= )( TL = 15 x 10? 2" equiv"! cm? —_— 8.3 The cell constant (I/A) of a conductance cell is 388.1 m~! At 25°C the resistance of a 4.8 x 10" mol dmv * aqueous solution of sodium chloride is 64x 10" $ and that ofa sample of water is 7.4 x 10° 2, Calculate the molar conductivity of the NaCl in solution at this concentration, The conductance of the NaCl solution is a sum ofthe conductance of NaCI and that of water. Thus, the conductance of NaCl, C, is " 1 1 C= C(nacl penn — CO as 1 1 Fe = SS KOS" 64x 102 74x 102 ‘The specific conductance of NaCl, x, is CL = (155% 10-9 2) (388.1 m-) = 6.02 x 10°? Qe! ‘The molar conductivity of NaCl is 3 x 10-7 2°! mol~! m? x (5 02 x 107? 9-! m 8.4 Given that the measurement of Ay for weak electrolytes is generally difficult to obtain, how ‘would you deduce the value of 4, for CH,COOH from the data listed in Table 8,1? (Hint: Consider CH,COONa, HCI, and NaCl) At infinite dilution, any electrolyte is completely dissociated. Therefore, Ay for CH,COOH can be Obtained from Aq for CH;COO™ and Ao for H, which in turn can be derived by combining A,'s for CH,COONa and HC! and subtracting Ap for NaC ‘Ao(CH,COOH) = Ag(CH,COONa) + Ag(HCH — Ag(NaCl) = (91.00 + 426.16 — 126.45) 9! equiv! em? = 390.71 2-! equiv! em?Electrolyte Solutions 189 SSMS 8.5 A simple way to determine the salinity of waters to measure its conductivity and assume that the conductivity is entirely due to sodium chloride. In a particular experiment, the resistance of ‘sample solution is found to be 254 2. The resistance of a 0.050 M KC] solution measured in the same cell is 467 £2 Estimate the concentration of NaCl inthe solution, (Hint: First derive an equation relating R to A and ¢ and then use Ag values for A.) According to the solution of Problem 8.1, a relation between the cell constant, c, A, and R is ‘The cell constant isthe same for both measurements. Therefore, (KCI) _ A(NaC) (NaCl) R(NaCl) ~ A(KCI) (KCI) R(KCD_ (KCI) (KCl) Gute R(NaCl)—A(NaCl) Since the KC! solution is dilute, A, * A. The NaCl solution is more conductive (less resistive) than the KCI solution, but not too much so. Thus, Ag approximates A for the NaCl solution also. 467 ae 85.927! equiv” zee) cowen = (555) | peas one =0.11M 8.6 A.conductance cell consists of two electrodes, each with an area of 4.2 x 10~* m?, separated by 0.020 m. The resistance of the cell when filled with a 6.3 x 10~* M KNO, solution is 26.7 2. What isthe molar conductivity ofthe solution? Rearranging the relation between resistance and molar conductivity ia RAT ‘obtained in Problem 8.1, the molar conductivity of the solution is 8.7 Referring to Figure 8.4, explain why the slope of conductance versus volume of NaOH added rises right at the start if the acid employed in the titration is weak.190 Chapters Before the equivalence point in a titration of a weak acid, for example acetic acid, the neutralization reaction has the effect of replacing a weak electrolyte, CH,COOH, with a strong clectrolyte, CH,COONa. The salt formed by the titration dissociates completely and increases the ‘number of ions present which leads to an increase in the conductance. Contrast this to the situation with the titration of a strong acid where the net effect is to replace highly mobile H* ions with less mobile Na* ions. 8.8 Calculate the solubility of BaSO, (in gL~!) in (a) water and (b) a6.5 x 10" M MgSO, solution. The solubility product of BaSO, is 1.1 x 10". Assume ideal behavior, ‘The equation for the dissolution of BaSO, is BaSO,(s) * Ba’*(aq) + SO}-(aq) (a) Ifthe solubility of BaSO, is x M, then there are x M of Ba* and x M SO? in the solution Ky = Ll x 107 Ba*}(SO-] = xx x = 1.05 x 10-5 Therefore, 233.4 The solubility of BaSO, = (1.05 x 10-8 rot.) ( ae ) =25 «107 ett (b) The MgSO, solution contains 6.5 x 10°$ M of SO3-. Ifthe solubility of BaSO, is x M, then there are x M of Ba** and x +6.5 x 10° M SO2” in the solution. K, .1 x 10"! = [Ba"*] (S03 x(x +65 x 10-4) 27465 x 10x — 1.1 x 10 =0 =165x 10% or x 6.67 x 1075 (nonphysical) ‘Therefore, shy B50, (145 10° wt) (BE) = 39 10-gh! Se 8.9 The thermodynamic solubility product of AgClis 1.6 x 10~"°. What is [Ag*] in (a) a 0.020 KNO, solution and (b) a 0.020 M KC! solution? (a) First calculate the ionic strength and the mean ionic activity coefficient of the KNO, solution. Since this solution is dilute, its molality has the same numerical value as its molarity. For this solution, 2, = 1,2. = —1,m, = m_ = 0.020m. [(.020m (1? + 0.020m9 (-1)7] = 0.020 m 0.509 |(1) (—1)| ¥0.030 = ~7.20 x 10? Y= 0.847Electrolyte Solutions 191 ‘The molalities of Ag* (m,,) and CI” (m_) are the same. m, is calculated from K, and y, KS, = 16x10" =a,a_=y,m,ym_ = vit = 0.847)? m2 1.5 x 10-5 Since the concentration of Ag is very small its molarity has the same numerical value as its molality, Thus, [Ag*] = 1.5 x 105 Mf (b) The ionic strength of the 0.020 M KCI (~ 0.020 m) solution is the same as the 0.020 M KNO,, solution in part (a). However, when AgCI dissolves in this solution, the molalities of Ag* (m,.) ‘and CI” (m_) are no longer the same, as KCI contributes extra CI”. In fact, m_= m., + 0.020 m. Ko, = 1.6% 107 =a,a_ = yymy_m_ =yimym_ = (0.847)? m, (m, + 0.020) im, (m,, +0.020) = 2.23 x 107" ‘Since m,, is expected to be much smaller than 0.020, m., + 0.020 ~ 0.020. Therefore, .23 x 107" m, (0.020) = m= 11x 10 Indeed, m., is insignificant compared with 0.020. Since the concentration of Ag* is very small, its molarity has the same numerical value as its molality. Thus, (Ag*}= 1.1 x 10" M 8.10 Referring to Problem 8.9, calculate AG" forthe process ‘AgCI(s) == Ag*(ag) + CI" (aa) to yield a saturated solution at 298 K. (Hint: Use the well-known equation AG® = —RT In K.) “The value of K for this reaction isthe thermodynamic solubility product, K;,, for AgCI from Problem 8.9. AG = —RT in K =~ (8.3143K"! mol”) (298 K) in 1.6 x 10! = 5.6 x 108 Jmol 8.11 The apparent solubility products of CdS and CaF, at 25°C are 3.8 x 10-% and 4.0 x 107", respectively. Calculate the solubility (g/100 g of solution) of these compounds.192 cas ‘The reaction corresponding tothe dissolution of CaS in water is CAS(s) = Ca" (aq) + S?-(ag) Let the solubility of CdS be x M. The concentrations of Cd* and S* are therefore also x M. K,, =3.8 x 10- = (Ca) [8 x= 6.16 x 10-5 Assuming the density of the solution to be 1 kgL~, Solaity of 08 = (6.16 « 10-1 mort“) (#458) (C7) = 8.90 x 10! g/1000 g of solution 8.9 x 10" /100 g of solution Car, ‘The reaction corresponding to the dissolution of CaF, in water is CaF, (s) = Ca** (ag) + 2F-(ag) Let the solubility of CaF, be x M. The concentrations of Ca’* and F™ are therefore x M and 2x M, respectively, Ky =4.0x 107 = [Ca] [FP = x xy? = 4x3 245 x 10- Assuming the density of the solution to be 1 kL, sty fa, = 215 10~ men.) (28) ( 2) 1.68 x 10°? g/1000 g of solution 1.7 x 109 g/100 g of solution ss 8.12 Oxalic acid, (COOH),, is a poisonous compound present in many plants and vegetables, including spinach. Calcium oxalate is only slightly soluble in water (K,, = 3.0 x 10-® at 25°C) and its ingestion can result in kidney stones. Calculate (a) the apparent and thermodynamic solubility of calcium oxalate in water, and (b) the concentrations of calcium and oxalate ions in & 0.010 M Ca(NO,), solution. Assume ideal behavior in (). (2) The reaction corresponding tothe dissolution of calcium oxalate, CaOxa, in water is CaOxa(s) = Ca** (aq) + Oxa?-(ag)Electrolyte Solutions 193 ‘The apparent solubility is readily calculated from the given (apparent) solubility product and the stoichiometry of the dissociation. Let the solubility of CaOxa be x M, then (Ca°*] = [Oxa?"] = x K,, = [Ca?* xa?" 3 7 3.0 x 10 x = 5.48 x 10M = 5.5 x 105M ‘Te thermodynamic solubily i determined from the thermodynamic solubility product K., = AK, whichis calculated from the apparent concentrations andthe mean ione activity oblained from the Debye-Hiikel limiting la. ‘Since this isa very dilute solution, the molarites ofthe ionic species are numerically equal tothe molalities required in determining the ionic strength snd = 36.48 «10° m) @? + (5.48 > 10° m) O] = 2.19 x 10 m ‘This is then used to determine the mean ionic activity log 74 = -0.509 e,2_| V7 0.509 |2)(~2)1 (2.19 x 104) = 3.01 x 10°? 74, = 0933 ‘Thus, the thermodynamic solu! ity constant and thermodynamic solubility, x°, are a)? Ke, = (0.933) (3.0 x 10°) = 2.61 x 10° = 2.6 x 10 x9 = V261 x10 = 5.1 x 10M (b) The solubility in the Ca(NO,), solution is decreased due to the presence of Ca”* ions. If the concentration of dissolved calcium oxalate is taken as x, then in the solution (Ca”*] = 0.010 + [Ca?*][Oxa?"] = 3.0 x 10° (0.010 +x) x = 3.0 x 107 0.010M +3.0 x 10-7 M= 0.010194 Chapters 8.13 Express mean activity, mean activity coefficient, and mean molality in terms ofthe individual ionic quantities (a,,.a_. y,, ¥_,m,, and m_) forthe following electrolytes: KI, SS0,, CaCl, Li,CO,, K,Fe(CN), and K,Fe(CN), KI 112 S180, 112 cacl, 10203 1i,co, 201 3 (da) KFC, 3 1 4 (ia) KCN, 4 1 5 (aha)! 8.14 Calculate the ionic strength and the mean activity coefficient for the following solutions at 298 K: (a) 0.10 m NaCl, (b) 0.010 m MgCl, and (¢) 0.10 m KFe(CN),. ‘The ionic strength can be obtained from the equation nad and subsequently the mean activity from the Debye-Hiickel limiting law log vy, = -0.509 |z,2_| V7 (@) 0.10 mNaCk: 2, =1,m, =0.10m,m_=0.10m 1 = 5 [010m (1)? + 0.10 m) (-1)"] = 0.10 m 0.509 |(1) (—1)| ¥0.10 = —0.161 69 =1,m, =0.010m, m_ = 0.020m 1 [(0.010 m) (2)? + (0.020 m) (-1)*] = 0.030 m 509 |(2) (—1)| 0030 = logy, = ¥%4 = 067 (©) 0.10 m K,Fe(CN),: 110m [10.40 m) (1)? + (0.10 m) (492) = 1.0m 0.509 |(1) (—4)| VT.0 = -2.04 M4 = 9.1 107 logy, =Electrolyte Solutions 195 eee 8.15 ‘The mean activity coefficient of a 0.010 m H,SO, solution is 0.544. What is its mean jon! activity? First calculate the mean molality. For the H,SO, solution, v, = 2, v_ = 1, v= 3,m, =0.020m, m_=0.0107m. 1 rm J = [(0.020 m? 0.010 my] = 1.59 x 10°? m ‘Therefore, the mean joni activity is ag = Yam = (0.544) (1.59 x 10-4) = 8.6 x 107? ee 8.16 A.0.20mMg(NO,), solution has a mean ionic activity coefficient of 0.13 at 25°C. Calculate the ‘mean molality, the mean ionic activity, and the activity of the compound. For the Mg(NO,), solution, v, v= veamy, molality is 0.20 m, m_ =0.40 m. The mean 0.20 m) (0.40 m2]! = 0.317 m = 032m yg, = (0.13) (0.317) = 0.0412 = 0.041 ‘The activity is 2 = (0.0412) = 7.0 x 10° 8.17 The Debye-Hiickel limiting law is more reliable for 1:1 electrolytes than for 2:2 electrolytes. Explain, ‘The Debye-Hiickel limiting law assumes a dilute solution in which the ions are on average far apart from each other and the influence of electrostatic forces is small. For ions carrying a higher charge, these forces are more significant. ee 8.18 In theory, the sizeof the ionic atmosphere is 1/x, called the Debye radius, and « is given by: en, \'" (aa) 7196 Chapters where e is the electronic charge, NV, Avogadro's constant, é the permittivity of vacuum (8.854 x 10-'? C?N~! m™), € the dielectric constant of the solvent, ky the Boltzmann constant, T the absolute temperature, and / the ionic strength (see the physical chemistry texts listed in Chapter 1). Calculate the Debye radius in a0.010 m aqueous Na,SO, solution at 25°C. Te ionic eng of «0.010 m Ne, toni 1 2 Lynd = $ [00.020 m) (1)? + 0.010 m) (-2)] = 0.030 m Since this is a dilute solution, the ionic strength in mol L~' can be taken as numerically equal to that in mot kg”, or 0.030 M. For water, € = 78.54. Thus, “(4 ya cocky? _ (1.602 x 10 ¢)? (6.022 x 10% mol~!) be © | (8545 10-7 CENA mr) (78.54) (1.381 x 10-7 TK) GIR) x {(0.030 motL-) (3) Tm = 4.025 x 10 m™ =248A 4 248 x 107 8.19 Explain why itis preferable to take the geometric mean rather than the arithmetic mean when defining mean activity, mean molality, and mean activity coefficient. In taking the logarithm of the geometric mean, defined as the square root ofthe product of two quantities (or more generally asthe n"* root of the product of n quantities), the individual terms separate out according to the laws of logarithms. Note that the logarithm of a geometric mean is the arithmetic mean of the logarithms. (CI ) EE hes This would not be possible if the arithmetic mean were used initially. 8.20 The freezing-point depression of a 0.010 m acetic acid solution is 0.0193 K. Caleulate the degree of dissociation for acetic acid at this concentration,Electrolyte Solutions 197 ‘The degree of dissociation is related to the van't Hoff factor, which can be obtained from the freezing point depression, ar. 0.0193 K 1.04 ‘The degree of dissociation of the acetic acid is int v1 a 0.04 = 4% 8.21 A.0.010 m aqueous solution ofthe ionic compound Co(NH,),Cly has a freezing point depression of 0.0558 K. What can you conclude about its structure? Assume the compound is a strong electrolyte. ‘The van't Hoff factor is i * Kym, — (1.86 Kmol™ kg) (0.010 mol kg~") ‘There are 3 particles inthe solution per 1 panicle before dissociation. Thus, the compound is probably [Co(NH, )CI}Cl,, which on dissolution, dissociates into [Co(NH,),CI}** and 2C1~ 8.22 The osmotic pressure of blood plasma is about 7.5 atm at 37°C. Estimate the total concentration Of dissolved species and the freezing point of blood plasma. ‘The total concentration of dissolved species is = 75.atm = 0.295 M = 0.30M RF ~ (008206 LaimK™ mol ) 10K) ‘Assuming that molality can be approximated by molarity, the freezing point depression caused by the dissolved species is aT =K, = (1.86 K mol“! kg) (0.295 molkg!) = 0.55 K ‘Therefore, blood plasma freezes at —0.55°C or 272.60 K. 8.23 Calculate the ionic strength of a 0.0020 m aqueous solution of MgCl, at 298 K. Use the Debye-Hiickel limiting law to estimate (a) the activity coefficients of the Mg”* and CI” ions in this solution and (b) the mean ionic activity coefficient of these ions.198 Chapters i hima (a) The activity coefficients of Mg** and CI can be evaluated using i [(0.0020 m) (2)? + (0.0040 m) (—1)*] = 0.0060 m log y, = ~0.509¢2 VT For Mg*+, log y,, = —0.509 (2)? 0.0060 = -0.158 4, = 0.695 = 0.70 Forel”, Jog y_ = —0.509 (—1)* ¥0.0060 = -3.94 x 10°? y= 0913 = 0.91 (b) The mean ionic activity coefficient is = [(0.695) 0.913)" = 0.83 8.24 Referring to Figure 8.13, calculate the osmotic pressure forthe following cases at 298 K: (2) The left compartment contains 200 g of hemoglobin in | liter of solution; the right ‘compartment contains pure water. (b) The left compartment contains the same hemoglobin solution asin part (a); the right compartment initially contains 6.0 g of NaCl in 1 liter of solution. Assume that the pH of the solution is such thatthe hemoglobin molecules are in the Na* Hb form. (The molar mass of hemoglobin is 65,000 g mol"), (@) To maintain electrical neutrality, all the Na* ions remain in the left compartment with the Hb anionic form of the protein. The total concentration is twice the hemoglobin concentration, 2 (zitt) = 2(3.077 x 107? M) = 6.154 x 10° M From the osmotic pressure equation, n=eRT = (6.154 10°? M) (0.08206 LatmK™! mol") (298 K) = 0.150atm () Na* and CI” will diffuse through the membrane from right to left, maintaining electrical neutrality, until the chemical potentials of NaCl on both sides of the membrane are equal.Electrolyte Solutions 199 ‘According to Equation 8.35, the concentration of the NaCl, x, that diffuses from right to left depends on the concentration of NaC! initially in the right compartment, b, and the concentration of the nondiffusible ion, . 0) Set gnal 1L ¢ = 3.077 x 10°? M (from above) ye (0.103 My” “E46 3077 x 10M 420.103 M) 0.103 Mf 0507 M ‘The osmotic pressure is determined by the difference between the number of particles in the left ‘compartment and that in the right compartment. (CHD) + [Na*} + (CI), — ((Ne*] + [Cr]), ((3.077 x 10-9 M-+3.077 x 107 M +0.0507 M + 0.0507 M) ~ {(0.103 M ~ 0.0507 af) + (0.103 M — 0.0507 MD}. = 2.95 x 107? M Using the osmotic pressure equation, n=eRT = (2.95 x 107? M) (0.08206 LatmK-! mot!) (298K) 072 atm 8.25 From the following data, calculate the heat of solution for KI: NaCl Nal KCL KI Lattice energy/k:mol“'! 787700716643 Heat of solutionkd-mol™! 3.8 © 5.1 17.1? Begin by using A,.i,H = Uy + AyygcH where Up is the lattice energy. Nat(e) + CI-(¢) —> Na*(ag) + CI" (ag) Bye! = 3.8 KI mol”! ~ 787 kJ mol“! = —783.2 I mor"? (625) Nat(g) +1-() —> Na*(aq) +1-(aq) 6.25.2) Ajyell = 5.1 KI mot™! — 700 KI mol™! = —705.1 ki mol? "> K*(@)+ C1") > K*(ag) + Cag) Awyeell = 17.1 mol"! — 716 ky mol”? = ~698.9 kJ mol”! oe Taking equations 8.25.2 plus 8.25.3 minus 8.25.1 results in K*(g) +(e) > K*(ag) +1 ag) AjyarH! = =705.1 KE mot! ~ 698.9 kJ mol? + 783.2 KI mol200 Chapters ‘Combine this last result with the given value of the lattice energy to arrive at the desired heat of solution, AaaigH = Uy + ByyacHl = 643 ki mol”! — 620.8 kJ mol”! =22.2kI mol! 8.26 The concentrations of K* and Na* ions in the intracellular ui of a nerve cell are approximately 400 mM and 50 mM, respectively, but inthe extracellular fluid the K* and Nat concentrations are 20 mM and 440 mM, respectively. Given that the electric potential inside the cell is ~70 mV relative tothe outside, calculate the Gibbs energy change for the transfer of 1 mole of each type of ion against the concentration gradient at 37°C. In each case the Gibbs energy change going against the concentration gradient is found using = AG = ering + eFay. Note that 1 V= 1071, For K*: IK"), ac = rin Ke 4 ray Oe = (6314 1K"! mot!) G10 Ky In LOM 41 (6500 C mol) (~0.070 V) 0.97 kJ mol"! For Nat: INe*4, AG = RT In + FAV [Na*),, 8.314 1K mol!) (310 K) In LOM 50 mM = 1.24 x 10° Jmgl"! = 12k mol"! + (1) (96500 C mo!“') (+0.070 V) Although the concentration gradients are similar, it is easier to transport K* ions into the cell, since they are going towards a negative electric potential, than to transport Na* ions outside the cell towards a positive potential 8.27 In this chapter (see Figures 8.2, and 8.11) and in Chapter 7 (see measurements in Figure 7.19) we extrapolated concentration-dependent values to zero solute concentration. Explain what these extrapolated values mean physically and why they differ from the value obtained for the pure solvent. Extrapolating a concentration-dependent quantity to zero solute concentration corresponds to the value the quantity would take inthe absence of solutesolute interactions. This infinitely diluteElectrolyte Solutions 201 solution is not the same as pure solvent, since the solute molecules are still there. The physical ‘quantities determined in such extrapolations correspond to those of an ideal solution. 8.28 (a) The root cells of plants contain a solution that is hypertonic in relation to water in the soil. ‘Thus water can move into the roots by osmosis. Explain why salts (NaCl and CaCl, spread on roads to melt ice can be harmful to nearby trees. (b) Just before urine leaves the human body, the collecting ducts in the kidney (which contain the urine) pass through a fluid whose salt concentration is considerably greater than is found in the blood and tissues. Explain how this action helps to conserve water in the body. (8) When the road salts get into the Soil water, the concentration there becomes greater than the ‘concentration in the plant root cells, making the solution in the cells hypotonic. Thus the osmotic pressure difference will be reversed, and water will flow out ofthe plant roots into the soil. This action is harmful and potentially fatal to the plant. Even if the effect is not as severe, there will be a reduction in the osmotic pressure, which will limit the height to which the water can rise in the plant, (b) The high-salt fluid is hypertonic relative to urine. Thus, some of the water in the urine flows into the fluid by osmosis. This action concentrates the waste products in the urine and helps to ‘conserve water in the body. 8.29 A very long pipe is capped at one end with a semipermeable membrane. How deep (in meters) ‘must the pipe be immersed into the sea for fresh water to begin passing through the membrane? ‘Assume seawater is at 20°C and treat it as a 0.70 M NaCl solution. The density of seawater is 1.03 gem’ ‘The desired process is for (fresh) water to move from a more concentrated solution (seawater) to ppure solvent. This is an example of reverse osmosis, and external pressure must be provided to ‘overcome the osmotic pressure of the sea water. The source of the pressure here is the water pressure, which increases with increasing depth. The osmotic pressure of the sea water is x =ckT = (0.70 M) (0.08206 LatmK~' mol") (293 K) = 16.8 atm fresh water sea water ‘Semiperméable membrane202 Chapters ‘The water pressure at the membrane depends on the height ofthe sea above it, ie. the depth, P = pgh, and fresh water will begin to pass through the membrane when P = 7 1325 x 108 Pa’ Tatm 8.30 (a) Using the Debye-Hiickel limiting law, calculate the value of y for a2.0 x 10-3 mNayPO, solution at 25°C. (b) Calculate the values of y, and y_ for the Na,PO, solution, and show that they give the same value for y, as that obtained in (a) For the Na,PO, solution, 2, = 1, 2. = —3,m, = 6.0 x 107% m, and m_ = 2.0 x 10° m. ‘The ionic strength of the solution is = 12107 m Dnd= $((6.0 x 10-2) 1)? + (2.0 « 107%) (3) @) 0,509 {(1) (—3)| V1.2 x 10 = -0.167 logy, = -0.509|z,z_| V7 = Y= 0.681 = 0.68 (b) The activity coefficients of Na* and PO}~ can be evaluated using logy, = -0.5092VT For Nat, logy, = —0.509 (1)? V1.2 x 107? = ~5.58 x 107? y= 0.879 = 0.88 For PO}, log y_ = —0.509 (-3)? V1.2 x 107 = -0.502 y= 0315 =0.32 ‘The mean ionic activity coefficient is n= (ir) which is the same as that obtained in (a). (0.879)° (0.315)]""* = 0.680