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Sa/mone//a spp l - l0
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Sh/ge//a spp l - l0
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|//r/o cho/erae l0 - l0
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Crstes de C/ard/a sp l0
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Oecrstes de Cr,/osor/d/am spp l0
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Crstes de En/amoe/a h,s/o////ca l - l0
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Oves de helmrntes l0
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Vlrus l0
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Eficincia tipica de remee (|eg
I0
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Precesse de tratamente
Bacterras Vlrus Pretezearres Helmrntes
Decantaae prrmarra 0 - l 0 - l 0 - l 0 - l
Decantaae prrmarra qurmrcamente
assrstrda
l - 2 l - 2 l - 2 l - `
Precesses secundarres cenvencrenars +
decantaae secundarra
0 - 2 0 - 2 0 - l l - 2
Brefrltres aerades submerses 0,5 - 2 0 - l 0 - l 0,5 - 2
Reateres UASB 0,5 - l,5 0 - l 0 - l 0,5 - l
Lageas de estabrlrzaae, pelrmente e
maturaae
l - o l - 4 l - 4 l - `
Lageas aeradas + lageas de decantaae l - 2 l - 2 0 - l l - `
1erras umrdas censtruldas (wetlands) 0,5 - ` l - 2 0,5 - 2 l - `
Desrnfecae 2 - o l - 4 0 - ` 0 - l
Ceagulaae + fleculaae + frltraae
tercrarra
l - 2 l - 2 l - ` l - `
Ceagulaae + fleculaae + frltraae
tercrarra + desrnfecae
2 - o l - 4 l - 4 l - `
Frltraae em membranas ` - o ` - o o o
Vrus
Vrus
Paralclamcntc a csta tra]ctcria, cs sistcmas dc tratamcntc dc
csgctcs pcr lagcas tm prcscrvadc scu cspac, um pcucc a partc dcs
grandcs ccntrcs urbancs c dilundidcs ncs inccntavcis pcqucncs
municipics dc ncssc pais. Rcccnhccidamcntc um pcucc inlcricrcs acs
prcccsscs mccanizadcs cm tcrmcs dc rcmcc dc matcria crganica,
nitrcgnic c lcslcrc, prcspcraram cm lunc dc baixc custc dc implantac
c simplicidadc cpcracicnal. Atualmcntc, c cxccssc dc algas nc cllucntc
linal, cu mais prcpriamcntc c pctcncial dc prclilcrac dc ciancbactcrias,
asscciadc a ccnccntra6cs clcvadas dc clcrclila-o, nitrcgnic, lcslcrc c
sclidcs cm suspcnsc, tcm aguadc c rigcr dcs lcgisladcrcs ambicntais cm
rclac as lagcas.
Pcr cutrc ladc, cs sistcmas dc lagcas gczam dc invc]avcl capacidadc
dc rcmcc dc patcgcncs. Lspccialmcntc quandc sc inclucm as lagcas dc
maturac c dc pclimcntc, c pcssivcl rcduzir a dcnsidadc dc cclilcrmcs
3 -
tcrmctclcrantcs abaixc dc 0 crg 00 mI , nmcrc tcmadc pcr rclcrncia
pcr ccnstituir padrc dc classilicac dc ccrtas aguas naturais, inclusivc
as usadas para irrigac ,vcr capitulc 2). Alcm dissc, as lagcas prcduzcm
planctcn, alimcntc vivc dc rcccnhccidc valcr nutritivc c cccncmicc para a
piscicultura tccnilicada.
Lstc ccn]untc dc ccnstata6cs induz a ccnscrciac lagcas-rcsc, ]a
quc c prcccssc, a cxccc dc lagcas dc pclimcntc / maturac
cspccialmcntc rasas c a custa dc clcvadcs tcmpcs dc dctcnc, nc rcmcvc
nutricntcs ccm a mcsma clicincia clcvada dc dcsccntaminac.
Ccrtamcntc quc a pratica agriccla cxigc a ncccssidadc dc ccntrclc dc
cutrcs paramctrcs rclacicnadcs principalmcntc ccm cspccics icnicas, pcr
scus clcitcs cspcradcs scbrc a cstrutura lisica c quimica dc sclc. Mas a
prcmissa inicial c cnccra]adcra, alavancandc prc]ctcs dc pcsquisa cm
divcrscs paiscs. Scb c mctc bcm para c sclc, ruim para as aguas, cs
prcccsscs dc tratamcntc dc csgctc pcucc clicicntcs na rcmcc dc
nutricntcs sc candidatcs a dispcnibilizar scus cllucntcs para c usc
agriccla c, scb cssc scntidc, cs cb]ctivcs dc tratamcntc sc distintcs
daquclcs quc cb]ctivam c lanamcntc cm ccrpcs d`agua. Lm scntidc
analcgc sc cnccntra c prcblcma cspccilicc da rcmcc dc nitrcgnic, agcra
scb c mctc nutricntc para as plantas, tcxicc acs pcixcs.
Ccm a pratica dc rcsc busca-sc a dupla ccntribuic para cs sctcrcs
agriccla c dc sancamcntc. Dc ladc agrcncmicc, a ccntribuic ccm insumcs
Cap. | J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s Va|c6s C6oce||aa|s e |eqa|a|||6s ||
Captulo
impcrtantcs ccmc a agua c nutricntcs parccc scdutcra, mas a avaliac
prccisa dcs pcssivcis clcitcs advcrscs scbrc c sistcma sclc-planta c scbrc c
lcncl lrcaticc dcvc scr ccnsidcrada.
Os rcsultadcs dispcnivcis dcmcnstram indiscutivcl ganhc cm
prcdutividadc ccmparadc as culturas nc irrigadas, pratica ccmum nc
Brasil. Aprccura pcr culturas cxigcntcs cm nitrcgnic parccc scr tambcm
uma cstratcgia impcrtantc. Valc ainda rcssaltar quc c manc]c agrcncmicc
ncccssaric a irrigac ccm csgctc sanitaric, cm cssncia, nc dilcrc dc
manc]c na agricultura ccnvcncicnal, cu sc]a, c manc]c adcquadc dc
sistcma sclc-agua-planta. Dc mais a mais, sc a tccnclcgia agriccla avancu
a pcntc dc lacilitar a irrigac ccm agua salina, nc dcvcria cnccntrar
,ccmc nc cnccntra mundc alcra) maicrcs diliculdadcs cm lidar ccm a
,lcrti)irrigac ccm csgctcs. Pcr lim, cabc dcstacar quc raciccinic analcgc
cabc a piscicultura, uma atividadc dc crcsccntc impcrtancia cccncmica cm
tcdc c mundc c tambcm nc Brasil.
Dc ladc dc sancamcntc, a indagac principal c a dc quc a irrigac
ccm cllucntcs pcdc cxigir arcas dc cxtcnsc tais quc tcrncm dilicil
imaginar sistcmas ccm cllucntc zcrc, cu sc]a, quc sc climinc pcr
ccmplctc a dcscarga dircta cm ccrpcs rcccptcrcs. Ncstc scntidc, c prcvavcl
quc csta pratica, a principic, sc mcstrc mais viavcl cm pcqucnas
lccalidadcs, muitc cmbcra cxpcrincias cm varias partcs dc mundc
dcsmintam cstc pcstuladc. Mas istc nc c dcsmctivantc, pcis cxistcm
muitcs pcqucncs municipics, ]a pcssuidcrcs dc sistcma dc lagcas c ccm
vccac agriccla.
Outra limitac rclcrir-sc-ia as rcgi6cs dc clcvadcs indiccs
pluvicmctriccs, c quc rcstringiria a aplicac dc csgctcs cm sclcs
invariavclmcntc saturadcs. Lm tcsc, istc laria das rcgi6cs scmi-aridas dc
pais as principais candidatas a avaliar a adcc dc rcsc agriccla. Lm
rclac a piscicultura, ccmc a prcdutividadc c altamcntc dcpcndcntc dc
clima, cm rcgi6cs dc tcmpcraturas mais clcvadas c ccnstantcs, cm gcral
csta atividadc pcdc scr dcscnvclvida ccntinuamcntc, ac lcngc dc tcdc c
anc, mas cm cutras rcgi6cs as atividadcs rcntavcis limitam-sc ac vcrc.
Pcrccbc-sc, assim, quc a ccnccpc intcgrada dc sistcmas dc
tratamcntc c rcsc pcdcm dcmandar ccmplcxidadc c llcxibilidadc
ncccssarias para atcndcr a padr6cs dc qualidadc dc cllucntcs ccmpativcis
ccm a utilizac c, cu, c lanamcntc cm ccrpcs rcccptcrcs. Pcr cxcmplc,
|2 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
casc sc ncccssitc dc um tratamcntc tcrciaric para a rcmcc dc lcslcrc, cs
custcs cpcracicnais dcsta ctapa dc tratamcntc scriam limitadcs a cpccas
cspccilicas dc anc, scndc ccm issc drasticamcntc rcduzidcs a pcntc dc,
inclusivc, viabilizar c prcpric tratamcntc. Pcr cutrc ladc, sistcmas
intcgradcs dc tratamcntc c rcsc pcdcm muitc bcm incluir unidadcs dc
rcscrvac dc agua para c atcndimcntc dc dcmandas sazcnais, alias, csta c
uma pratica ccrrcntc na agricultura ccnvcncicnal c vcrilicada tambcm nc
casc dc rcsc, ccm cxcmplcs nctavcis cm Isracl c Mcxicc.
eleoc.as 3.o`.ogal.cas
ASANO, T., ILVINL, A.D. Wastcwatcr rcclamaticn, rccycling, and rcusc. an intrcducticn.
In. ASANO, T. ,cd.) Watcr quality managcmcnt library 0, wastcwatcr rcclamaticn and
rcusc. Iancastcr, Pcnnsylvania. Tcchncmic Publishing Ccmpany, Inc., 088. p. 50.
BASTOS R.K.X., BLVIIACQUA P.D., ANDRADL NLTO, C.O., vcn SPLRIINO, M.
Utilizac dc csgctcs tratadcs cm irrigac - aspcctcs sanitarics. In. BASTOS R. K. X.
,cccrd.) Utilizac dc csgctcs tratadcs cm lcrtirrigac, hidrcpcnia c piscicultura. Ric dc
Jancirc. ABLS, RiMa, 2003. p. 23-50 ,Prc]ctc PROSAB).
BIUMLNTHAI, U.J., PLASLY, A., RUIZ-PAIACIOS, O., MARA, D.D. Ouidclincs lcr
wastcwatcr rcusc in agriculturc and aquaculturc. rcccmmcndcd rcvisicns bascd cn ncw
rcscarch cvidcncc. Icndcn. WLII, 2000 ,WLIIStudy, Taskn. 08, Part I).
BRASII. Ici n. 0.433 - 8 ]an. 007. Institui a Pclitica Nacicnal dc Rccurscs Hidriccs, cria c
Sistcma Nacicnal dc Ocrcnciamcntc dc Rccurscs Hidriccs, rcgulamcnta c incisc XIX dc
art. 2 da Ccnstituic Fcdcral c altcra c art. da Ici n 8.00, dc 3 dc marc dc 000, quc
mcdiliccu a Ici n 7.000, dc 28 dc dczcmbrc dc 080. Diaric Olicial da Unic, Brasilia, Scc
, 0 ]an. 007.p.470.
BRASII. Ccnsclhc Nacicnal dc Mcic Ambicntc. Rcscluc n. 357 - 7 mar. 2005. Disp6c
scbrc a classilicac dcs ccrpcs dc agua c dirctrizcs ambicntais para c scu cnquadramcntc,
bcm ccmc cstabclccc as ccndi6cs c padr6cs dc lanamcntc dc cllucntcs, c da cutras
prcvidncias. Diaric Olicial da Unic, Brasilia, 8 mar. 2005a.
BRASII. Sccrctaria Nacicnal dc Sancamcntc Ambicntal. Prc]ctc dc Ici n. 5200/2005.
dirctrizcs para cs scrvics pbliccs dc sancamcntc basicc c pclitica nacicnal dc sancamcntc
basicc PNS. Brasilia. Ministcric das Cidadcs, 2005b. 270p.
BRASII. Ccnsclhc Nacicnal dc Rccurscs Hidriccs. Rcscluc n. 54 - 28 ncv. 2005.
Lstabclccc mcdalidadcs, dirctrizcs para a pratica dc rcsc dirctc nc pctavcl dc agua c da
cutras prcvidncias. Diaric Olicial da Unic, Brasilia, 0 mar. 2000.
BRLOA FIIHO, D., MANCUSO, P.C.S. O ccnccitc dc rcsc da agua. In. MANCUSO, P.C.
S. c SANTOS, H.F. ,Ld.). Rcsc da agua. Barucri. Manclc, 2003. Cap.2, p.2-30.
Cap. | J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s Va|c6s C6oce||aa|s e |eqa|a|||6s |3
o atendimento
CROOK, J. Hcalth aspccts cl watcr rcusc in Calilcrnia. Jcurnal cl ASCL Lnvircnmcntal
Lnginccring Divisicn, v.04 ,LL4), p.00-00, 078.
FLIIZATTO, M. R. LTL CAOIF - Prcccssc intcgradc dc tratamcntc c rcsc dc agua. In.
2c. Ccngrcssc Brasilcirc dc Lngcnharia Sanitaria c Ambicntal, 200, Jcc Pcssca -
Paraiba. Anais... CD-Rcm, 200.
IAVRADOR FIIHO, J. Ccntribuic para c cntcndimcntc dc rcsc planc]adc da agua c
algumas ccnsidcra6cs scbrc suas pcssibilidadcs nc Brasil. Sc Paulc. Lsccla Pclitccnica
dc Sc Paulc, Univcrsidadc dc Sc Paulc, 087 ,Disscrtac, Mcstradc) apud BRLOA
FIIHO, D. c MANCUSO, P.C.S. O ccnccitc dc rcsc da agua. In. MANCUSO, P.C. S. c
SANTOS, H.F. ,Ld.). Rcsc da agua. Barucri. Manclc, 2003. Cap.2, p.2-30.
Hcspanhcl, I. Lsgctcs ccmc rccurscs hidriccs. Partc I. dimcns6cs pcliticas, institucicnais,
lcgais, cccncmicc-linancciras c sccic-culturais. Lngcnharia, v.55, n.523, p.45-58, 007.
Hcspanhcl, I. gua c sancamcntc basicc- uma visc rcalista. In. RLBOUAS, A.C.,
BRAOA, B., TUNDISI, J.O. ,crg.). guas dcccs dc Brasil. capital ccclcgicc, usc c
ccnscrvac. Sc Paulc. Lscrituras, 000. p. 240-304.
MARA, D. D., CAIRNCROSS, S. Ouidclincs lcr thc salc usc cl wastcwatcr and cxcrcta in
agriculturc andaquaculturc. Ocncva. WcrldHcalth Organizaticn, 080. 87p.
STRAUSS, M. Rcusc cl wastcwatcr in urban agriculturc. In. BRUINSMA, W. &HLRTOO,
W. ,Lds.) Annctatcd biblicgraphy cn urban agriculturc. Thc Ncthcrlands. LTC Urban
Agriculturc Prcgrammc, 200. P.470-50.
STRAUSS, H., BIUMLNTHAI, U.J. Human wastc usc in agriculturc and aquaculturc.
Utilizaticn practiccs and hcalth pcrspcctivcs. Switzcrland. Intcrnaticnal Rclcrcncc
Ccntrc lcr Wastc Dispcsal, 080 ,Rcpcrt 8/80).
Tchcbancglcus, O., Burtcn, F., Stcnscl, D. ,2003), Wastcwatcr Lnginccring, Trcatmcnt
andRcusc. Mctcall andLddy 4 cdic. McOraw-Hill. Bcstcn, 2003. P.044
UNITLD STATLSLNVIRONMLNTAI PROTLCTION AOLNCY - USLPA. Ouidclincs lcr
watcr rcusc. Washingtcn DC. USLPA, 2004.
VAN DLR HOLK, W. A lramcwcrk lcr a glcbal asscssmcnt cl thc cxtcnt cl wastcwatcr
irrigaticn. thc nccd lcr a ccmmcn wastcwatcr typclcgy In. SCOT, C.A., FARUQUI, N.I.,
RASHID-SAIY, I. ,cd.) Wastcwatcr usc in irrigatcd agriculturc. cccrdinating thc
livclihccd and cnvircnmcntal rcalitics. Wallinglcrd. CAB Intcrnaticnal, IWMI, IDRC,
2004. P.0-33.
WORID HLAITH OROANIZATION - WHO. Rcusc cl clllucnts. mcthcds cl wastcwatcr
trcatmcnt and hcalth salcguards. Iccr/ c[ o hHO Mcc/|ng c[ Ixcr/s. Ocncva. WHO,
073 ,Tcchnical Rcpcrt Scrics, 57).
WORID HLAITH OROANIZATION - WHO. Hcalth guidclincs lcr thc usc cl wastcwatcr
in agriculturc andaquaculturc. Ocncva. WHO, 080 ,Tcchnical Rcpcrt Scrics, 778).
|4 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
WORID HLAITH OROANIZATION - WHO. Ouidclincs lcr thc salc usc cl wastcwatcr,
cxcrcta and grcywatcr. Vclumc 2. Wastcwatcr usc in agriculturc. Ocncva. WHO. 2000a.
23p.
WORID HLAITH OROANIZATION - WHO. Ouidclincs lcr thc salc usc cl wastcwatcr,
cxcrcta and grcywatcr. Vclumc 3. Wastcwatcr and cxcrcta usc in aquaculturc. Ocncva.
WHO. 2000b. 40p.
Cap. | J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s Va|c6s C6oce||aa|s e |eqa|a|||6s |5
Cap'tu`o 2
No~as e C.t.os Je ua`.JaJe
paa euso Ja gua
|a|ae| |6psc|||z Xa.|e| 8as|6s e |aa|a ||as 8e.||acqaa
`otoJuao
O ccntcdc dcstc capitulc c dcscnvclvidc ccm basc nas prcmissas dc
quc sc ccnvcncicncu dcncminar rcsc ccntrcladc. a utilizac scgura dc
pcntc dc vista sanitaric, sustcntavcl dc pcntc dc vista ambicntal c viavcl
dc pcntc dc vista dc prcduc. Ou sc]a, na discussc dcs critcrics dc
qualidadc da agua, sc ccnsidcradcs cs divcrscs paramctrcs lisiccs,
quimiccs c biclcgiccs dc intcrcssc para as distintas mcdalidadcs dc rcsc,
mais cspccilicamcntc, aquclas invcstigadas nc ambitc dc PROSAB. rcsc
urbanc, industrial, agriccla c para a prcduc animal. Ccmc cs aspcctcs dc
sadc intcrcssam a tcdas as mcdalidadcs, cstc tcpicc scra dcscnvclvidc
primcirc, cm suas bascs ccnccituais.
Aspectos Je SauJe
.sco SauJe Aspectos Cooce.tua.s
Os csgctcs sanitarics pcdcm ccntcr cs mais variadcs crganismcs
patcgniccs c cm ccnccntra6cs clcvadas. Pcrtantc, nc rcstam dvidas
scbrc a pcssibilidadc dc transmissc dc patcgcncs cm qualqucr
mcdalidadc dc rcsc da agua, cclccandc cm riscc dilcrcntcs grupcs
pcpulacicnais.
Dcpcndcndc dc sua crigcm cs csgctcs pcdcm tambcm ccntcr agcntcs
quimiccs, alguns dc tcxicidadc rclcvantc c cutrcs dc padrc dc cccrrncia c
signilicadc a sadc ainda pcucc ccnhccidc ,cs chamadcs quimiccs
cmcrgcntcs, tais ccmc cs disruptcrcs cndccrincs c cs rcsiducs
larmacuticcs). Lmbcra c riscc a sadc asscciadc a substancias quimicas
nc pcssa scr ncgligcnciadc ,CHANO., 2002, WHO, 2000a), bcm aqui sc
aplicam cs pcstuladcs dclcndidcs pcla Organizac Mundial da Sadc
,OMS) cm rclac ac ccnsumc humanc dc agua. cs risccs micrcbiclcgiccs
dc transmissc dc dccnas ,dc curtc prazc, inqucsticnavcis), sc, cm gcral,
dc maicr impactc quc cs risccs a sadc impcstcs pclas substancias
quimicas ,dc lcngc prazc, pcr vczcs nc muitc bcm lundamcntadcs dc
pcntc dc vista tcxicclcgicc c cpidcmiclcgicc) ,WHO, 2004).
Lntrctantc, mcsmc cm rclac acs risccs micrcbiclcgiccs, muita
ccntrcvcrsia pcrdura na dclinic dc padrc dc qualidadc dc cllucntcs c,
pcr ccnscguintc, dc grau dc tratamcntc dcs csgctcs quc garantam a
scgurana sanitaria. Ncstc scntidc, prcvalcccm hc]c nc ccnaric tccnicc-
cicntilicc intcrnacicnal abcrdagcns bastantc distintas, as quais tm ccmc
panc dc lundc a ccnccituac dc riscc.
Dc inicic, c impcrtantc distinguir riscc pctcncial dc riscc rcal, tcrmcs
dc cmprcgc ccrrcntc na Lngcnharia Sanitaria ,mais cspccilicamcntc nc
tcma rcsc da agua) c ccrrcspcndcntcs acs ccnccitcs dc pcrigc c riscc na
arca da Lpidcmiclcgia. Pcrigc c uma caractcristica intrinscca dc uma
situac quc, pcdcndc cstar asscciada a dctcrminadc agcntc ,quimicc,
lisicc cu biclcgicc) ccm prcpricdadcs tcxicas cu inlcccicsas, pcdc vir a
causar clcitcs advcrscs a sadc. O ccnccitc dc riscc, cm sua pcrspcctiva
quantitativa, csta rclacicnadc a idcntilicac c, cu, caractcrizac dc
rcla6cs cntrc a cxpcsic a dctcrminadcs agcntcs c cs pctcnciais dancs
causadcs a sadc humana, c sua traduc cm um valcr numcricc, quc,
anccrada na tccria das prcbabilidadcs, pcssibilita a quantilicac cu
prcvisc dc cvcntcs cm sadc cm uma pcpulac cxpcsta.
Ncstc scntidc, a utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics ccnstituiu um pcrigc
,riscc pctcncial), pcrcm a passagcm dc pcrigc ac riscc ,riscc rcal,
caractcrizadc pcla cccrrncia dc dccna cu agravc a sadc) dcpcndc da
ccmbinac dc uma scric dc latcrcs rclativcs. ,i) ac agcntc nc casc dc
agcntcs micrcbiancs, ciclc biclcgicc ,cx.. pcricdc dc latncia nc ambicntc,
cxistncia dc hcspcdcircs intcrmcdiarics, cxistncia dc rcscrvatcric
animal), rcsistncia acs prcccsscs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs, scbrcvivncia
nc ambicntc, dcsc inlcctantc, patcgcnicidadc, virulncia, nc casc dc
agcntcs quimiccs, rcmcc pcr mcic dc prcccsscs dc tratamcntc dc
csgctcs, cstabilidadc c pcrsistncia nc ambicntc, bicacumulac c, cu,
bicmagnilicac na cadcia trclicc-alimcntar, tcxicccinctica c
tcxiccdinamica, ,ii) a cxpcsic durac c intcnsidadc, ,iii) as pcpula6cs
cxpcstas suscctibilidadc, cstadc imunclcgicc, dcntrc cutrcs.
|8 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Assim, para quc um crganismc patcgnicc prcscntc cm um cllucntc
chcguc a prcvccar dccna, c mcsmc tcria quc. ,i) rcsistir acs prcccsscs dc
tratamcntc dc csgctcs, ,ii) scbrcvivcr nc ambicntc cm nmcrc sulicicntc,
cu sc multiplicar nc mcic ambicntc c atingir a dcsc inlcctantc, para
inlcctar um individuc suscctivcl ccm qucm vcnha a tcr ccntatc ,lavcrccidc
cu nc pclc tipc dc cxpcsic), ,d) a inlccc rcsultar cm dccna cu
cndc.
P = prcbabilidadc dc inlccc para uma nica cxpcsic
I
d = nmcrc dc crganismcs ingcridcs pcr cxpcsic ,dcsc)
DI = dcsc inlcctantc mcdia
50
c r = paramctrcs caractcristiccs da intcrac agcntc-hcspcdcirc
,HAASc/ o/., 000)
A partir das cqua6cs 2. c 2.2 pcdc-sc cstimar c riscc para pcricdcs
dc tcmpc maicrcs ,pcr cxcmplc, anual) cu sc]a, para mltiplas cxpcsi6cs a
mcsma dcsc.
Equao 2.3
cndc.
P = prcbabilidadc anual dc inlccc dcccrrcntc dc
I ,A)
n cxpcsi6cs a mcsma dcsc ,d)
n = nmcrc dc cxpcsi6cs pcr anc
Assim, ccnhccida a ccnccntrac dc um dctcrminadc crganismc na
agua c cstimada a ingcstc dc dctcrminadc vclumc dc liquidc, pcdc-sc
cstimar c riscc anual dc inlccc. Invcrsamcntc, cstabclccidc c riscc
accitavcl ,tclcravcl, na tcrminclcgia utilizada pcla OMS) pcdc-sc cstimar
a ccnccntrac admissivcl dc crganismcs patcgniccs nc cllucntc tratadc
c, pcr ccnscguintc, c grau dc tratamcntc rcqucridc ,usualmcntc cxprcssc
cm tcrmcs dc unidadcs lcgaritmicas dc rcmcc).
Pcrtantc, uma dccisc lundamcntal c incrcntc ac prcccssc dc AQRM
c a dclinic dc quc sc]a riscc accitavcl. Huntcr c Fcwtrcll ,200) sugcrcm
quc um riscc c accitavcl quandc. ,i) csta abaixc dc um limitc dclinidc
arbitrariamcntc, ,ii) csta abaixc dc um nivcl ]a tclcradc, ,iii) csta abaixc dc
uma lrac dc tctal da carga dc dccna na ccmunidadc, ,iv) c custc dc
rcduc dc riscc cxccdcria c valcr cccncmizadc, ,vi) c custc dc
cpcrtunidadc da prcvcnc dc riscc scria mais bcm gastc cm cutras a6cs
dc prcmcc da sadc pblica, ,vii) cs prclissicnais dc sadc dizcm quc c
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 23
P
l (A)
(d) l l - P
l
(d)]
n
P
l
(d) l - (l + d/Dl
50
) (2
l/
- l)])
-
P
l
(d) l - exp (r- d)
accitavcl c ,viii) c pblicc cm gcral diz quc c accitavcl ,cu nc diz quc c
-4 ,3)
inaccitavcl). Ncs LUA admitc-sc um riscc anual dc inlccc dc 0 para
cs divcrscs crganismcs patcgniccs transmissivcis via abastccimcntc dc
agua para ccnsumc humanc, ccnsidcrandc um padrc dc ccnsumc dc
-
2 Id ,HAASc/ o/., 000).
Lntrctantc, a mctcdclcgia dc Avaliac dc Riscc nc c dc lacil
aplicac ac latcr dc riscc utilizac dc csgctcs, dada a ccmplcxidadc
dcsta cxpcsic. Nc cbstantc, alguns cstudcs sugcrcm quc c ccnsumc dc
-
hcrtalias irrigadas ccm cllucntcs ccntcndc - 40 virus 40 I rcdundaria
-0 -4
cm riscc anual cntrc 0 c 0 ,ASANO, SAKAJI, 000, ASANO c/ o/,
002), cutrcs trabalhcs sugcrcm quc a irrigac ccm cllucntcs ccntcndc
3 4
0 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs ,CTcr) pcr 00 mI rcsultaria cm riscc
-5 -7 -0
anual dc inlcc6cs virais dc 0 a 0 c dc cclcra dc 0 ,SHUVAI c/ o/,
007). Asanc c/ o/ ,002) cstimaram tambcm quc a pratica dc gcllc, duas
vczcs pcr scmana durantc tcdc c anc cm campcs irrigadcs ccm cllucntc
- -5 -2
ccntcndc - 00 virus 00 I , rcsultaria cm riscc da crdcm dc 0 a 0 .
-
Ncstcs cstudcs a ingcstc dc cllucntc tratadc lci cstimada cm 0 mI dia
-
nc casc dc ccnsumc dc hcrtalias c mI dia nc casc da manipulac dc
bclas dc gcllc. Dcstcs cxcmplcs pcrccbc-sc a diliculdadc da aplicac da
AQRMcm dilcrcntcs praticas dc rcsc, tais ccmc a irrigac dc parqucs c
]ardins, a limpcza dc lcgradcurcs, c rcsc dc agua para dcscarga dc vascs
sanitarics, ctc.
Lm cstudcs mais rcccntcs dc Mara c/ o/. ,2005) citadcs cm WHO
,2000a), lcram cstimadcs risccs dc inlcc6cs virais c bactcrianas cm
dilcrcntcs ccnarics dc cxpcsic via irrigac rcstrita c irrcstrita ,Tabcla
2.). Ncta-sc quc a irrigac ccm csgctc brutc cu apcnas parcialmcntc
tratadc pcdcria implicar risccs rclativamcntc clcvadcs, principalmcntc
3
para inlcc6cs virais, mas a irrigac ccm cllucntcs ccntcndc 0 I.cc/|
-
00 mI , mcsmc ccnsidcrandc a irrigac irrcstrita c simulandc situa6cs
bastantc dcslavcravcis cm tcrmcs dc ccnarics dc cxpcsic, rcsultaria cm
E S
E S
As dirctrizcs da OMS pcucc sc dcdicam acs uscs urbancs, rclcrindc-
sc apcnas a irrigac dc parqucs c ]ardins c para c quc sugcrc um padrc
-
dc 200 CTcr 00 mI ,WHO, 080).
Para uscs industriais a USLPA rcccmcnda csscncialmcntc cs
mcsmc critcrics dc qualidadc dcs uscs urbancs rcstritcs ,Tabcla 2.), ccm
a cbscrvac dc quc uscs cspcciliccs pcdcm rcqucrcr tratamcntc tcrciaric
adicicnal para a prcvcnc dc ccrrcsc ,rcduc da ccndutividadc clctrica,
Tabela 2.II Dirctrizcs da USLPA para uscs urbancs dc csgctcs sanitarics
Fcntc. Adaptadc dc USLPA ,2004a)
52 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
2. Vcr Capitulc 4 dcsta publicac para rclcrncias a ncrmas vigcntcs cm cutrcs paiscs para
dcscarga dc tcalctcs c a rcspcctiva discussc cm tcrmcs dc risccs asscciadcs.
E S
clcrctcs, sclidcs tctais) c incrustac ,rcmcc dc calcic, magncsic, silica,
alcalinidadc, sullatcs, lcslatcs c llucrctcs), lcrmac dc biclilmcs ,rcmcc
dc nutricntcs c dc carbcnc prcntamcntc assimilavcl) c lcrmac dc
cspumas. Lm gcral, cstar-sc-ia rclcrindc a prcccsscs dc cstabilizac
quimica c biclcgica da agua ,vcr Capitulc 4).
Suos'J.os egu`a~eotaao Jo euso Ja gua
22
oo 3as.` - Jt.`.zaao Jesgotos Sao.ta.os TataJos
Ccm basc nc cstadc da artc dc ccnhccimcntc ,cm partc aprcscntada
ncstc livrc) adiantam-sc a scguir sugcst6cs dc critcrics dc qualidadc para
a utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics para as scguintcs mcdalidadcs dc rcsc
da agua. usc agriccla, uscs urbancs c cm piscicultura. As sugcst6cs
aprcscntadas limitam-sc, csscncialmcntc, a critcrics dc prctcc a sadc
,qualidadc micrcbiclcgica). Dcmais paramctrcs dcvcm scr cb]ctc, nc
minimc, dc cbscrvac critcrics dc bcas praticas aplicavcis a cada tipc dc
usc da agua.
Os critcrics sugcridcs cnccntram ccnsistncia ccm cs padr6cs
tccnclcgiccs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs dc amplc cmprcgc nc pais,
accmcdandc tccnicas dc tratamcntc simplilicadas, mas scm cmitir a
pcssibilidadc dc cmprcgc dc tccnicas dc maicr ccmplcxidadc. Alcm dissc, c
ccnhccimcntc acumuladc, inclusivc ac lcngc dc dcz ancs dc pcsquisas nc
ambitc dc PROSAB, asscgura quc c atcndimcntc acs padr6cs dc qualidadc
micrcbiclcgica dc cllucntcs sugcridcs c lactivcl.
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 53
22. Alcm dcs autcrcs dcstc capitulc, a lcrmulac dcs critcrics aprcscntadcs ccntcu ccm a participac
dcs scguintcs pcsquisadcrcs. Ashcr Kipcrshcl ,UFBA), Carlcs Augustc dc Icmcs Chcrnicharc c
Marccs vcn Spcrling ,UFMO), Icurdinha Flcrcncic ,UFPL), Iuis Olintc Mcntcggia ,UFROS), Migucl
Mansur Aissc ,PUC-PR) c Rcquc Passcs Pivcli ,USP).
observao de critrios
Tabela 2.I2 Dirctrizcs dc PROSAB para c usc agriccla dc csgctcs sanitarics
54 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 55
Justificativas para os critrios apresentados
,i) ccnsistncia ccm cs bcm lundamcntadcs cstudcs dc avaliac dc riscc
ccnduzidcs scb cs auspicics da Organizac Mundial da Sadc ,WHO,
2000a).
,ii) ccnsistncia ccm c cstadc da artc dc ccnhccimcntc scbrc rcmcc dc
patcgcncs pcr mcic dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs c scbrc c alcancc c limita6cs dc
cmprcgc dc indicadcrcs para a avaliac da clicincia dc rcmcc dc
crganismcs patcgniccs.
,iii) c ccnhccimcntc acumuladc pcrmitc inlcrir quc cllucntcs dc sistcmas dc
3 -
tratamcntc pcr lagcas ccntcndc 0 CTcr 00mI cstc]am livrcs dc
bactcrias patcgnicas c virus. Lstudcs dc Bastcs c/ o/. ncstc cdital dc
PROSABdcmcnstraram c rapidc dccaimcntc dc 8omcnc//o sp. cm lagcas dc
pclimcntc. Lm sistcmas dc lagcas a rcmcc dc ,cc)cistcs dc prctczcarics c
indicada pcla rcmcc dc cvcs dc hclmintcs. Lstudcs ccnduzidcs ncstc cdital
dc PROSAB ,BASTOS c/ o/.) c cm cditais antcricrcs ,vcn SPLRIINO, c/ o/.,
2003) ccnlirmam a sulicincia dc TDH dc 8 -0 dias para a rcmcc dc cvcs dc
hclmintcs. Para cutrcs prcccsscs dc tratamcntc nc ha indicadcrcs
micrcbiclcgiccs aplicavcis para a rcmcc dc parasitas. Nc casc dc liltrac
tcrciaria a turbidcz dcvc scr utilizada utilizada ccmc paramctrc indicadcr da
rcmcc dc prctczcaricsc , pcr ccnscguintc dc cvcs dc hclmintcs. Lm
sistcmas quc incluam a dcsinlccc dcvc-sc rcccrrcr acs paramctrcs dc
ccntrclc da dcsinlccc ,rcsidual dcsinlctantc c tcmpc dc ccntatc)
ncccssarics ac alcancc dc padrc cstipuladc para cclilcrmcs
tcrmctclcrantcs.
,iv) cs critcrics sugcridcs para a irrigac irrcstrita tm pcr cb]ctivc a
prctcc da sadc dcs ccnsumidcrcs, dcs trabalhadcrcs c dc pblicc ccm
accssc cu vizinhc a arcas cndc a irrigac c praticada.
3 -
,v) c padrc gcncricc dc 0 CTcr 00mI para a irrigac irrcstrita
aprcscnta margcm dc scgurana sc ccmparadc ccm as dirctrizcs da OMS
,mais rcstritivc). Dc tcda lcrma cnccntra-sc amparadc tambcm cm cstudcs
ccnduzidcs nc ambitc dc PROSAB. Bastcs c/ o/ ,2003a) dcmcnstraram quc a
irrigac ccm cllucntcs ccm cstc padrc dc qualidadc rcsulta cm qualidadc
dc hcrtalias accitavcl para ccnsumc, dc accrdc ccm cs critcrics da lcgislac
sanitaria brasilcira ,BRASII, 200). As hcrtalias irrigadas aprcscntaram
qualidadc micrcbiclcgica supcricr a dc allaccs ccmcrcializadas cm lciras
livrcs lccais.
,vi) a llcxibilizac assumida para c casc dc irrigac irrcstrita pcr
gctc]amcntc dc culturas quc sc dcscnvclvcm distantcs dc nivcl dc sclc
tambcm aprcscnta margcm dc scgurana sc ccmparada ccm as dirctrizcs da
OMS ,mais rcstritivc) c visa a prctcac da sadc dcs trabalhadcrcs. Bastcs
c/ o/ ,2003a) dcmcnstraram quc a irrigac supcrlicial ccm cllucntcs ccm
4 5 -
0 -0 I.cc/| 00mI rcsultcu cm qualidadc accitavcl para ccnsumc dc
,
56 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
hcrtalias quc sc dcscnvclvcm distanciadas dc nivcl dc sclc, dc accrdc ccm cs
critcrics da lcgislac sanitaria brasilcira ,BRASII, 200). Lm cstudcs
ccnduzidcs ncstc cdital dc PROSAB. Mcta ct al, dcmcnstraram quc
a irrigac pcr micrcaspcrsc dc mamc ccm cllucntcs ccntcndc
5 - 2 -
0 -0 I.cc/| 00mI ,mcdia gccmctrica dc 7,0 x 0 I.cc/| 00mI ) rcsultcu
cm nivcis nc dctcctavcis dc I.cc/| ncs lrutcs ,vcr capitulc 0 dcsta
publicac).
,vii) a inclusc dc tccnicas hidrcpcnicas na catcgcria dc irrigac irrcstrita
cnccntra rcspaldc c margcm dc scgurana cm cstudcs ccnduzidcs pcr Kcllcr
c/ o/ ncstc Ldital dc PROSAB. c cultivc hidrcpcnicc dc allaccs ccm cllucntcs
3 -
ccntcndc >0 I.cc/| 00mI rcsultcu cm qualidadc accitavcl para ccnsumc
das hcrtalias, dc accrdc ccm cs critcrics da lcgislac sanitaria brasilcira
,BRASII, 200) ,vcr capitulc 7 dcsta publicac).
,viii) cs critcrics sugcridcs para a irrigac rcstrita tm pcr cb]ctivc a
prctcc da sadc dcs trabalhadcrcs c dc pblicc ccm accssc cu vizinhc a
arcas cndc a irrigac c praticada.
,ix) c padrc sugcridc para a irrigac dc pastagcns c lcrragciras para
alimcntac animal cnccntra rcspaldc c margcm dc scgurana cm cstudcs
ccnduzidcs pcr Bcvilacqua c/ o/. ncstc Ldital dc PROSAB c Bcvilacqua c/ o/.
,2003) cm cditais antcricrcs. c cultivc dc lcrragcira ccm cllucntc dc
0 -
UASBBF,ccntcndc 0 I.cc/| 00mI c incculada ccm clcvadas pcpula6cs
dc salmcncla) nc rcsultcu cm riscc a sadc dc animais alimcntadcs ccm a
lcrragcira irrigada cu nc ccmprcmctimcntc da qualidadc sanitaria dc lcitc
dc caprincs c da carcaa dc bcvincs nc abatc ,vcr capitulc 8 dcsta publicac).
C
Captulo
Captulo
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 57
Justificativas para os critrios apresentados
,i) ccnsistncia ccm cs bcm lundamcntadcs cstudcs dc avaliac dc riscc
ccnduzidcs scb cs auspicics da Organizac Mundial da Sadc ,WHO,
2000a).
,ii) ccnsistncia ccm c cstadc da artc dc ccnhccimcntc scbrc rcmcc dc
patcgcncs pcr mcic dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs c scbrc c alcancc c limita6cs dc
cmprcgc dc indicadcrcs para a avaliac da clicincia dc rcmcc dc
crganismcs patcgniccs.
,iii) cs critcrics sugcridcs para cs uscs rcstritcs c irrcstritcs tm pcr cb]ctivc a
prctcc da sadc dcs usuarics c transcuntcs cm arcas c instala6cs ccm
aplicac dc cllucntcs, trabalhadcrcs cm ccntatc dirctc ccm a agua dc rcsc,
sclc, matcrial c instala6cs cndc c csgctc c aplicadc cu utilizadc.
2 -
,iv) c padrc dc 0 CT 00mI sugcridc para uscs urbancs irrcstritcs c
cr
bascadc cm sugcst6cs da OMS para a irrigac dc campcs dc cspcrtcs,
parqucs c ]ardins ccm accssc irrcstritc dc pblicc, incluindc a cxpcsic dc
grupcs mais scnsivcis ccmc crianas c idcscs. Accdita-sc quc c critcric pcssa
scr cccrcntcmcntc cxtrapcladc para cutrcs uscs ccm caractcristicas dc
cxpcsic similar.
4 -
,v) c padrc dc 0 CT 00mI para uscs urbancs rcstritcs c assumidc
cr
ccmc cccrcntc ccm c padrc mais cxigcntc rcccmcndadc pcla OMS para a
irrigac rcstrita, assumindc para as duas situa6cs caractcristicas
similarcs dc cxpcsic.
,) ,2)
Tabela 2.I3 Dirctrizcs dc PROSAB para uscs urbancs dc csgctcs sanitarics
58 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
3 -
,vi) c padrc dc 0 CT 00mI para usc cm dcscarga dc tcalctcs cnccntra
cr
rcspaldc c margcm dc scgurana cm cstudcs dc avaliac dc riscc dispcnivcis
na litcratura c cm cstudcs ccnduzidcs pcr Kipcrstck ct al. ncstc Ldital dc
PROSAB scbrc a qualidadc micrcbiclcgica dc sclcs hidriccs dc vascs
sanitarics cm prcdics pbliccs ,vcr capitulc 4 dcsta publicac).
Justificativas para os critrios apresentados
,i) ccnsistncia ccm cs bcm lundamcntadcs cstudcs dc avaliac dc riscc
ccnduzidcs scb cs auspicics da Organizac Mundial da Sadc ,WHO,
2000b).
,ii) ccnsistncia ccm c cstadc da artc dc ccnhccimcntc scbrc rcmcc dc
patcgcncs pcr mcic dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs c scbrc c alcancc c limita6cs dc
cmprcgc dc indicadcrcs para a avaliac da clicincia dc rcmcc dc
crganismcs patcgniccs.
,iii) ccnsistncia ccm c cstadc da artc dc ccnhccimcntc scbrc a qualidadc
sanitaria dc pcixcs cultivadcs ccm csgctcs sanitarics.
,iv) Bastcs ct al ,2003b) dcmcnstraram quc c cultivc dc tilapias ccm cllucntcs
3 -
dc lagcas dc pclimcntc ccm 0 I.cc/| 00mI rcsultcu cm qualidadc
accitavcl para ccnsumc dc pcixc lrcscc ,ausncia dc I.cc/| nc msculc dcs
pcixcs) c supcricr a dc pcixcs cultivadcs cm pcsquc-pagucs lccais.
,)
Tabela 2.I4 Dirctrizcs dc PROSAB para uscs dc csgctcs sanitarics cm piscicultura
Captulo
eleoc.as 3.o`.ogal.cas
BRASII. Agncia Nacicnal dc Vigilancia Sanitaria. Rcscluc - RDC n 2, dc 2 dc ]ancirc
dc 200. Aprcva c rcgulamcntc tccnicc scbrc padr6cs micrcbiclcgiccs para alimcntcs.
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<http.//www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hccs-scsc/watcr/pdl/part..pdl >. Accssc cm. 0 Sct. 2004.
HUBBARD, A. statistical unccrtainty in burdcn cl discasc cstimatcs. In. KAY, D., PRUSS,
A., CORVAIN, C. ,Org.) Mcthcdclcgy lcr asscssmcnt cl cnvircnmcntal burdcn cl discasc.
Ocncva. WHO, 2000. 03p.
HUNTLR, P. R., FLWTRLII, I. Acccptablc risk. In. FLWTRLII, I, Bartram J. ,Ld.)
Watcr quality guidclincs, standards and hcalth. asscssmcnt cl risk and risk managcmcnt
lcr watcr rclatcdinlccticus discasc. p. 207-227. Ocncva. WHO, 200.
MARA, D,D., CAIRNCROSS, S. Ouidclincs lcr thc salc usc cl wastcwatcr and cxcrcta in
agriculturc andaquaculturc. Ocncva. WHO, 080. 87p.
PLTTLRSON, S. A., ASHBOIT, N.J. WHO Ouidclincs lcr thc salc usc cl wastcwatcr and
cxcrcta in agriculturc. micrcbial risk asscssmcnt sccticn, 2002. 30p. Dispcnivcl cm.
<http.//www.whc.int/watcr_sanitaticn_hcalth/wastcwatcr/mrarcvicw.pdl>. Accssc cm 23
agc. 2005.
RHOADLS, J.D., KANDIAH, A., MASHAII, A.M. Usc dc aguas salinas para prcduc
agriccla. Traduc dc OHLYI,H.R., .SOUSA J.R, QULIROZ, J.L.. Campina Orandc.
UFPB, 2000. 7p. ,FAO. Lstudcs dc Irrigac c Drcnagcm, 48)
69 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
SHUVAI, H.I., IAMPLRT, Y., FATTAI, B. Dcvclcpmcnt cl a riskasscssmcnt apprcach lcr
cvaluating wastcwatcr rcusc standards lcr agriculturc. Watcr Scicncc and Tcchnclcgy, v.
35, n. -2, p. 5-20. 007.
USLPA - UNITLD STATLS LNVIRONMLNTAI PROTLCTION AOLNCY. OFFICL OF
PLSTICIDL PROORAMS. LPA`s` risk asscssmcnt prcccss lcr tclcrancc rcasscssmcnt.
Washingtcn D.C.. USLPA, 000 ,Stall Papcr, 44)
USLPA - UNITLD STATLS LNVIRONMLNTAI PROTLCTION AOLNCY. Naticnal
primary drinking watcr rcgulaticns. Washingtcn DC. USLPA, 200 ,LPA-80-F-0-
007).dispcnivcl cm <http.//www.cpa.gcv/salcwatcr> Accssc cm. 2 Mar. 2005.
USLPA- UNITLD STATLSLNVIRONMLNTAI PROTLCTION AOLNCY. Ouidclincs lcr
watcr rcusc. Washingtcn DC. USLPA, 2004a.
USLPA - UNITLD STATLS LNVIRONMLNTAI PROTLCTION AOLNCY. OFFICL OF
WATLRDrinking watcr standards and hcalth adviscrics. Washingtcn, DC. USLPA, 2004b
,USLPA-822-R-04-005).
WHO - WORID HLAITH OROANIZATION. Hcalth guidclincs lcr usc cl wastcwatcr in
agriculturc andaquaculturc. Ocncva. WHO, 080 ,Tcchnical Rcpcrt Scrics, 778).
vcn SPLRIINO, M., JORDO, L. P., KATO, M. T., AIMSOBRINHO, P., BASTOS, R. K.
X., PIVLIII, R. P. Iagcas dc cstabilizac. In. FRANCI, R.O. ,Cccrd.). Dcsinlccc dc
cllucntcs sanitarics. Ric dc Jancirc. ABLS, RiMa, 2003, p. 275-330 ,Prc]ctc PROSAB).
WHO - WORID HLAITH OROANIZATION. Ouidclincs lcr drinking - watcr quality, 3rd
cd. Ocncva. WHO, 2004. 55p.
WHO - WORID HLAITH OROANIZATION. Ouidclincs lcr thc salc usc cl wastcwatcr,
cxcrcta and grcywatcr. Vclumc 2. Wastcwatcr usc in agriculturc. Ocncva. WHO. 2000a.
23p.
WHO - WORID HLAITH OROANIZATION. Ouidclincs lcr thc salc usc cl wastcwatcr,
cxcrcta and grcywatcr. Vclumc 3. Wastcwatcr and cxcrcta usc in aquaculturc. Ocncva.
WHO. 2000b. 40p.
WORID BANK. Wcrld dcvclcpmcnt rcpcrt 003. invcsting in hcalth wcrld dcvclcpmcnt
indicatcrs. Ncw Ycrk. OxlcrdUnivcrsity Prcss, 003.
WPCF - WATLR POIIUTION CONTROI FLDLRATION. Watcr rcusc. Manual cl
Practicc. 2ndcd. Alcxandria. WPCF, 080, 243p,Manual cl Practicc SM-3).
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 6|
Cap'tu`o 3
Tata~eoto Je sgotos e oJuao Je l`ueotes
AJequaJos a 0.vesas VoJa`.JaJes Je
euso Ja gua
Ca||6s Aaqas|6 Je |em6s C|e|o|c|a|6, |6a|J|o|a ||6|eoc|6, |a|ae| |6psc|||z Xa.|e| 8as|6s,
|6qae |ass6s ||.e||, Va|c6s .6o Spe|||oq e |a|z 0||o|6 V6o|eqq|a
Tecoo`og.as Je Tata~eoto Je sgotos
O cb]ctivc dcstc capitulc c aprcscntar as principais tccnclcgias dc
tratamcntc dc csgctcs, atualmcntc utilizadas nc Brasil, scm aprclundar
ncs rcspcctivcs aspcctcs ccnccituais, dcscritivcs c dc dimcnsicnamcntc,
mas apcnas cm suas vantagcns c dcsvantagcns, uma vcz quc cstas
inlcrma6cs cnccntram-sc dispcnivcis cm divcrsas publica6cs da arca,
inclusivc ncs livrcs dc PROSAB ,CHLRNICHARO, 007, CAMPOS, 000,
CHLRNICHARO, 200, vcn SPLRIINO,2005).
Ncssc scntidc, para cada tccnclcgia c aprcscntada uma dcscric
sucinta, um lluxcgrama tipicc c a qualidadc cspcrada para c cllucntc cm
tcrmcs dc dcmanda bicquimica dc cxignic ,DBO), dcmanda quimica dc
cxignic ,DQO), sclidcs scdimcntavcis ,SS), amcnia, nitrcgnic tctal ,N
tctal), lcslcrc tctal ,P tctal), cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs ,CTcr) c cvcs dc
hclmintcs ,Tabcla 3.). As tcnclcgias dc tratamcntc sc aprcscntadas dc
accrdc ccm cs scguintcs grupamcntcs, partindc das mais simplcs as mais
mccanizadas.
Iagcas dc cstabilizac
Dispcsic dc cllucntcs nc sclc
Rcatcrcs anacrcbics
Rcatcrcs anacrcbics pcs-tratamcntc
Cabc salicntar quc nc sc abcrdadas tcdas as tccnclcgias dc
tratamcntc atualmcntc dispcnivcis c praticadas nc Brasil, ncm tcdas as
ccmbina6cs pcssivcis, uma vcz quc issc lugiria ac cb]ctivc principal dcstc
capitulc. Ncssc scntidc, c tcxtc a scguir lci cstruturadc dc lcrma a
aprcscntar, dcntrc dcs grupamcntcs antcricrcs, cxcmplcs dc sistcmas dc
tratamcntc dc csgctcs dc amplc cm cmprcgc nc pais c cm ccnscnancia ccm
cs prcccitcs dc PROSABdc privilcgiar as altcrnativas mais simplilicadas,
dc mcncrcs custcs c dc maicr sustcntabilidadc. Dcssa lcrma, cs sistcmas
mccanizadcs ccnvcncicnais ,a cxcmplc dc lcdcs ativadcs, bicliltrcs
acradcs submcrscs, ctc.) lcram citadcs c dcscritcs apcnas cm ccmbinac
ccm cs rcatcrcs anacrcbics, uma vcz quc a qualidadc cspcrada dc cllucntc
c bastantc scmclhantc nas duas situa6cs, ccmc sistcmas iscladcs cu ccmc
sistcmas ccmbinadcs.
.agoas Je estao.`.zaao
Ncsta scc c aprcscntada uma dcscric sucinta das principais
tccnicas dc tratamcntc pcr sistcmas dc lagcas. ,i) lagcas lacultativas
primarias c ccmbinadas ccm lagcas anacrcbias ,ii) lagcas acradas ,iii)
lagcas dc maturac. As duas primciras sc as quc clctivamcntc
ccnsistcm cm lagcas dc cstabilizac, cntcndidc cstc tcrmc ccmc a
translcrmac da matcria crganica carbcnacca ,DBO) cm prcdutcs
mincralizadcs ,cstabilizac da matcria crganica carbcnacca). As lagcas
dc maturac nc tm mais csta lunc, mas sim a dc rcmcc dc
patcgcncs. Lnccntram-sc ainda as lagcas dc pclimcntc, dcscritas nc itcm
scbrc Beatores UABB + ps-tratanento. Uma das principais
caractcristicas dcsscs sistcmas sc cs clcvadcs tcmpcs dc dctcnc
hidraulica ,TDH) c as grandcs arcas ,cspclhc d`agua) cxpcstas a aac da
luz sclar, c quc lavcrccc mccanismcs quc pcdcm lcvar a clcvada prcduac
dc planctcn ,alimcntc para cs pcixcs) c a clcvadas clicincias dc rcmcc
dc patcgcncs c mcsmc dc nutricntcs. Dcstaca-sc, pcrtantc, a impcrtancia
dcs sistcmas dc tratamcntc pcr lagcas tcndc cm vista sua capacidadc dc
prcduzir cllucntcs tratadcs ccm pcssibilidadc dc utilizac para
dilcrcntcs lins.
.agoa acu`tat.va
O tcrmc lacultativa advcm dc latc dc quc ncstc sistcma prcdcminam
as |oc/ r|os [oca//o/|tos, ccm capacidadc dc adaptac acs dcis ambicntcs
lcrmadcs. acrcbics ,mais a supcrlicic) c anacrcbics ,nc lundc das lagcas).
A DBO sclvcl c a DBO linamcntc particulada sc cstabilizadas
acrcbiamcntc pcr bactcrias dispcrsas nc mcic liquidc, ac passc quc a DBO
suspcnsa tcndc a scdimcntar, scndc ccnvcrtida anacrcbiamcntc pcr
bactcrias nc lundc da lagca. O cxignic rcqucridc pclas bactcrias acrcbias
c lcrnccidc pclas algas, atravcs da lctcssintcsc. Lsta altcrnativa
64 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
. Inlcrma6cs mais dctalhadas dcsta tccnclcgia dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs pcdcm scr cnccntradas cm
varics livrcs, a cxcmplc dc vcn Spcrling ,2005).
praticamcntc limita-sc ac tratamcntc dc pcqucnas vaz6cs, pcis casc,
ccntraric, a dcmanda dc arca scria cxagcrada, dc lcrma a mantcr cs
limitcs dc carga crganica ,kg DBO/ha.d) c a ncccssaria cxigcnac dc
sistcma. O lluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma ccm lagca lacultativa
primaria c aprcscntadc na Figura 3..
.agoa Aoaeoo.a - .agoa acu`tat.va
A rcmcc dc DBO na lagca anacrcbia ,mais prclunda c ccm mcncr
vclumc) c da crdcm dc 50 a 05 ,ccnvcrtida a liquidcs c gascs), cnquantc a
DBO rcmancsccntc c rcmcvida na lagca lacultativa. O sistcma ccupa uma
arca inlcricr ac dc uma lagca lacultativa nica ,Figura 3.2).
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 65
Iigura 3.I Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc lagca lacultativa primaria.
Fcntc. Vcn Spcrling, 2005.
Iigura 3.2 Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc lagca anacrcbia scguida pcr lagca
lacultativa. Fcntc. vcn Spcrling, 2005.
.agoa AeaJa acu`tat.va
Lsta altcrnativa ganha lugar, csscncialmcntc, quandc nc ha arca
sulicntc para as altcrnativas antcricrcs, quc dcpcndcm dc lcrnccimcntc
dc cxignic unicamcntc pcr lctcssintcsc. Os mccanismcs dc rcmcc da
DBO sc similarcs acs dc uma lagca lacultativa.
Nc cntantc, grandc partc dc cxignic c lcrnccidc pcr acradcrcs
mccaniccs. Uma grandc partc dcs sclidcs dc csgctc c da bicmassa
bactcriana ,lcrmada cm dcccrrncia da acrac) scdimcnta, scndc
dcccmpcsta anacrcbiamcntc nc lundc ,Figura 3.3).
.agoa AeaJa JeV.stua Co~p`eta- .agoa Je0ecaotaao
Ccm c intuitc ,cu na ncccssidadc) dc sc rcduzir ainda mais a arca
acupada, pcdc-sc rcccrrcr a maicr intcnsidadc dc acrac ,cncrgia
intrcduzida pcr unidadc dc vclumc da lagca), c quc lcva a prcduc c
atividadc tambcm mais intcnsas dc bicmassa bactcriana.
Assim, a bicmassa pcrmanccc dispcrsa nc mcic liquidc ,cmmistura
ccmplcta) cm clcvada ccnccntrac, c quc aumcnta a clicincia dc
rcmcc da DBO. Nc cntantc, cs clcvadcs tccrcs dc sclidcs ,bactcrias),
ncccssitam scr rcmcvidcs antcs dc lanamcntc nc ccrpc rcccptcr, cm
lagcas dc dccantac ,Figura 3.4).
.agoas Je Vatuaao
Ccmc a carga crganica ]a bastantc rcduzida, a lctcssintcsc
prcdcmina scbrc a rcspirac ,bactcriana c das algas, cstas a ncitc),
66 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 3.3 Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc lagca acrada lacultativa.
Fcntc. Vcn Spcrling, 2005.
Iigura 3.4 Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc lagca acrada dc mistura ccmplcta
scguida dc lagca dc dccantac. Fcntc. vcn Spcrling, 2005.
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 67
cstabclcccndc assim um ambicntc ccm clcvadcs tccrcs dc OD ,ccnsumc dc
CO2) c pH, cstcs dcis latcrcs ccntribucm para accntuar cs clcitcs
bactcricida c viricida da irradiac UV ,raics sclarcs). Lstas mcsmas
ccndi6cs pcdcm lcvar a clicincia rclativamcntc clcvada dc rcmcc dc
nitrcgnic ,vclatilizac da amcnia) c parcialmcntc dc lcslcrc
,prccipitac dc lcslatcs).
Aclicincia na rcmcc dc cclilcrmcs ,ccmc indicadcr da rcmcac dc
bactcrias patcgnicas c virus) c clcvadissima, ccmplcmcntandc c quc ]a sc
tcnha alcanadc nas unidadcs antcricrcs. A rcmcc dc prctczcarics c
hclmintcs sc da pcr scdimcntac c ccmc dcpcndc scmcntc dc TDH, pcdc
tambcm scr alcanada nas unidadcs antcricrcs. As lagcas dc maturac
sc usualmcntc prc]ctadas cm scric ,Figura 3.5), cu ccm divis6cs pcr
chicanas.
0.spos.aoJel`ueotes oo So`o
Ncsta scc, sc dcscritas apcnas as altcrnativas dc csccamcntc
supcrlicial c dc tcrras midas ,c//onJs), uma vcz quc cstas cnccntram,
2
atualmcntc, maicr aplicabilidadc nc Brasil . Lstas duas tccnicas dc
tratamcntc aprcscntam clcvada capacidadc dc rcmcc dc DBO c,
adicicnalmcntc, dc nutricntcs, principalmcntc dc nitrcgnic ,pcr
intcra6cs quimicas nc sclc c abcsrc pcla bicmassa vcgctal) c dc
parasitas ,pcr mccanismcs lisiccs dc rctcnc). A rcmcc dc bactcrias c
virus c mais limitada. Acrcsccntc-sc quc sc ccnscguida a ccmpatibilizac
cntrc cs cb]ctivcs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs c dc irrigac, as duas
altcrnativas pcdcm ccnsituir, cm si, altcrnativas dc rcsc, ha]a vista a
pcssibilidadc dc prcduc dc bicmassa para alimcntac animal ,vcr
capitulc 8 dcstc livrc).
Iigura 3.5 Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc lagcas dc cstabilizac scguidas pcr
lagcas dc maturac cm scric. Fcntc. vcn Spcrling, 2005.
2. Adcmais, as cutras altcrnativas dc dispcsic nc sclc sc usualmcntc aplicadas a pcqucncs
sistcmas dc tratamcntc, uma vcz quc sc limitadas pcla capacidadc dc inliltrac dc sclc. Lm
dcccrrncia da inliltrac, nc ha a gcrac dc cllucntcs quc pcssamscr utilizadcs para cutrcs lins quc
nc a rccargadc lcncl lrcaticc ,mcdalidadc dc rcsc nc abcrdada ncsc livrc).
2
Captulo 8).
68 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
scoa~eoto Supel.c.a`
Os csgctcs sc distribuidcs na partc supcricr dc tcrrcncs ccm uma
ccrta dcclividadc, atravcs dc qual csccam, atc scrcm cclctadcs pcr valas na
partc inlcricr. A aplicac c intcrmitcntc. Os tipcs dc aplicac sc.
aspcrscrcs dc alta prcssc, aspcrscrcs dc baixa prcssc c tubula6cs cu
canais dc distribuic ccm abcrturas dcvidamcntc cspaadas ,Figura 3.0).
Teas J~.Jas Coostu'Jas
Os sistcmas ccnsistcm dc canais rascs, quc abrigam plantas
aquaticas. O sistcma pcdc scr dc lluxc supcrlicial ,nivcl d`agua acima dc
nivcl dc sclc) cu subsupcrlicial ,nivcl d`agua abaixc dc nivcl dc sclc)
,Figura 3.7). Mccanismcs biclcgiccs, quimiccs c lisiccs nc sistcma sclc-
agua-planta atuam nc tratamcntc dcs csgctcs, scndc a clicincia dc
rcmcc dc DBO, nutricntcs c patcgcncs similar a dcs sistcmas pcr
dispcsic nc sclc.
Iigura 3.0 Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc csccamcntc supcrlicial. O csgctc pcdc
rcccbcr tratamcntc prcvic ,primaric cu cm rcatcrcs anacrcbics).
Iigura 3.7 Fluxcgramas tipiccs dc sistcma dc tcrras midas ,rcatcrcs anacrcbics
pcdcm substituir c tratamcntc primaric) rcccbcr tratamcntc prcvic ,primaric cu cm
rcatcrcs anacrcbics). Fcntc. vcn Spcrling, 2005.
VE0'0OR
0E VAZO
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 69
S.ste~as Aoaeoo.os
Hc]c cm dia, pcdc-sc alirmar quc a tccnclcgia anacrcbia aplicada ac
3
tratamcntc dc csgctcs dcmcsticcs cnccntra-sc ccnsclidada cm ncssc pais ,
scndc quc praticamcntc tcdas as analiscs dc altcrnativas dc tratamcntc
inclucm cs rcatcrcs anacrcbics ccmc uma das principais cp6cs, pcr istc
rcprcscntar, dcntrc cutras vantagcns, cm grandc cccncmia dc arca.
Lntrctantc, cstcs sistcmas aprcscntam capacidadc mais limitada dc
rcmcc dc matcria crganica c pcqucna ,sc alguma) clicincia dc rcmcc
dc nutricntcs c patcgcncs, dcmandandc, cm gcral, pcs-tratamcntc, sc]a
para c lanamcntc cm ccrpcs rcccptcrcs, sc]a para c rcsc. Na prcscntc
scc sc dcscritas apcnas algumas das altcrnativas tccnclcgicas
dispcnivcis, a cxcmplc dcs sistcmas quc inccrpcram tanqucs scpticcs,
liltrcs anacrcbics c rcatcrcs UASB, incluindc as principais ccmbina6cs dc
pcs-tratamcntc.
S.ste~a TaoqueSpt.co- .`to Aoaeoo.co,TS-Ao}
O sistcma TSFAn ,tambcm chamadc dc sistcma lcssa-liltrc)
,Figura 3.8) tcm sidc amplamcntc utilizadc nc mcic rural, cm
ccmunidadcs dc pcqucnc pcrtc c mcsmc ncs grandcs ccntrcs urbancs,
carcntcs dc sistcma pblicc dc csgctamcntc sanitaric. O tanquc scpticc
3. Scm dvida, uma grandc ccntribuic para a ccnsclidac c dilusc da tccnclcgia anacrcbia nc
Brasil dcvc-sc acs trabalhcs dc PROSAB, incluindc cs varics livrcs publicadcs.
Iigura 3.8 Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc tanquc scpticc liltrc anacrcbic.
Fcntc. vcn Spcrling, 2005.
79 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
rcmcvc a maicr partc dcs sclidcs cm suspcnsc, cs quais scdimcntam c
sclrcm c prcccssc dc digcstc anacrcbia nc lundc dc tanquc. O liltrc
anacrcbic clctua uma rcmcc ccmplcmcntar dc DBO, cspccialmcntc a
lrac sclvcl dc csgctc.
4
eato Aoaeoo.oJe`uxo AsceoJeoteeVaota Je.oJo ,JAS3}
A DBO c ccnvcrtida anacrcbiamcntc pcr um ccnscrcic dc bactcrias
prcscntcs nc mantc dc lcdc dc rcatcr. O lluxc dc liquidc c asccndcntc. A
partc supcricr dc rcatcr c dividida nas zcnas dc scdimcntac c dc cclcta
dc gas. A zcna dc scdimcntac pcrmitc a saida dc cllucntc clarilicadc c c
rctcrnc dcs sclidcs ,bicmassa) ac sistcma, aumcntandc a sua ccnccntrac
nc rcatcr ,Figura 3.0). Lntrc cs gascs lcrmadcs inclui-sc c mctanc. O
sistcma dispcnsa dccantac primaria, a prcduc dc lcdc c baixa c cstc ]a
sai adcnsadc c cstabilizadc. O rcatcr UASB pcdc scr utilizadc nas
scguintcs ccnligura6cs. ,a) dc lcrma isclada, quandc clicincias dc
rcmcc dc DBO, ccrca dc 70, sc accitavcis, cu numa primcira ctapa dc
uma implantac gradual dc tratamcntc, cu ,b) scguidc dc alguma lcrma
dc pcs-tratamcntc, cb]ctivandc clcvar a clicincia glcbal dc sistcma cm
tcrmcs dc rcmcc dc matcria crganica cu inccrpcrar a rcmcc adicicnal
dc cutrcs ccnstituintcs.
4. Lstc rcatcr tcm rcccbidc cutras dcncmina6cs ,DAFA, RAFA, RAMAI, RAFAI, RAIF). A sigla
UASB advcm dc |[/c Anocrc||c 8/aJgc B/on/c/, dc cmprcgc intcrnacicnal, tcm sidc
prclcrcncialmcntc adctada tambcm nc Brasil, apcs c inicic dcs trabalhcs dc PROSAB. Inlcrma6cs
mais dctalhadas dcsta tccnclcgia dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs pcdcm scr cnccntradas cm varics livrcs, a
cxcmplc dc Chcrnicharc ,007) c Campcs ,000).
Iigura 3.0 Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs pcr rcatcrcs
UASB. Fcntc. vcn Spcrling, 2005.
eatoes JAS3- os`ata~eoto
Praticamcntc tcdcs cs prcccsscs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs pcdcm scr
usadcs ccmc pcs-tratamcntc dcs cllucntcs dc rcatcr UASB ,biclcgiccs,
acrcbics cu anacrcbics, cu lisicc-quimiccs, ccm adic dc ccagulantcs). A
clicincia glcbal dc sistcma c usualmcntc similar a quc scria alcanada sc
c prcccssc dc pcs-tratamcntc lcssc aplicadc ac csgctc brutc. Nc cntantc, cs
rcquisitcs dc arca, vclumc c cncrgia, bcm ccmc a prcduc dc lcdc, sc bcm
mcncrcs.
eatoes JAS3- .`to 3.o`og.coeco`aJo
Nc Brasil, cs liltrcs biclcgiccs pcrccladcrcs tm rcccntcmcntc
cnccntradc aplicac ccmc pcs-tratamcntc dc cllucntcs dc rcatcrcs
anacrcbics, cs quais, ncstc casc, substitucm, ccm vantagcns, c dccantadcr
primaric. O lcdc acrcbic gcradc nc liltrc biclcgicc pcrccladcr, ainda nc
cstabilizadc, c cnviadc ac rcatcr UASB, cndc sclrc adcnsamcntc c
digcstc, ]untamcntc ccm c lcdc anacrcbic ,Figura 3.0). Ccmc csta vazc
dc rctcrnc dc lcdc acrcbic c bcm baixa, ccmparada ccm a vazc allucntc,
nc ha distrbics cpcracicnais intrcduzidcs nc rcatcr UASB. O
tratamcntc dc lcdc c grandcmcntc simplilicadc. nc ha ncccssidadc dc
adcnsadcrcs c digcstcrcs, havcndc apcnas a ctapa dc dcsidratac. O lcdc
mistc rctiradc dc rcatcr anacrcbic, digcridc c ccm ccnccntra6cs similarcs
as dc um lcdc cllucntc dc adcnsadcrcs, pcssui ainda ctimas caractcristicas
dc dcsidratabilidadc.
eatoes JAS3- .oJos At.vaJos
Lsta c uma altcrnativa bastantc prcmisscra cm rcgi6cs dc clima
qucntc, lccc dc varias pcsquisas rcccntcs c quc ccmca a scr implantada
cm cscala rca. A ccnccpc c as vantagcns sc as mcsmas listadas para c
pcs-tratamcntc ccm liltrcs biclcgiccs pcrccladcrcs. O lcdc sccundaric,
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 7|
Iigura 3.I0 Fluxcgrama dc um sistcma ccmpcstc pcr rcatcr UASB c liltrc biclcgicc
pcrccladcr. Fcntc. vcn Spcrling, 2005.
em escala real.
criginadc dc sistcma dc lcdcs ativadcs, c rctcrnadc ac rcatcr UASB, cndc
sclrc adcnsamcntc c digcstc, ccn]untamcntc ccm c lcdc anacrcbic. O lcdc
mistc rcsultantc ncccssita apcnas dc dcsidratac. AFigura 3. ilustra c
lluxcgrama dcsta ccnccpc.
eatoes JAS3- 3.ol.`toAeaJo Suo~eso
Nc Brasil a maicr aplicac dcs bicliltrcs acradcs submcrscs tcm
sidc ccmc pcs-tratamcntc dc cllucntcs dc rcatcrcs UASB. Tcm-sc aqui c
mcsmc ccnccitc c as mcsmas vantagcns ]a discutidas para cs sistcmas dc
lcdcs ativadcs c dc liltrcs biclcgiccs atuandc ccmc pcs-tratamcntc dc
cllucntcs dc rcatcrcs anacrcbics. O dccantadcr primaric c substituidc pclc
rcatcr UASB. Ha grandc cccncmia dc cncrgia ncs bicliltrcs, advinda da
maicr clicincia dc rcmcc dc DBO ncs rcatcrcs UASB. O lcdc cm
cxccssc, rcmcvidc pcla lavagcm dcs liltrcs, c rctcrnadc ac rcatcr UASB,
cndc sclrc adcnsamcntc c digcstc, ccn]untamcntc ccm c lcdc anacrcbic.
O lcdc mistc rcsultantc ncccssita apcnas dcsidratac. A Figura 3.2
ilustra c lluxcgrama dcsta ccnccpc.
72 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 3.II Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc tratamcntc ccm rcatcrcs UASB
scguidcs pcr lcdcs ativadcs. Fcntc. vcn Spcrling, 2005.
Iigura 3.I2 Fluxcgrama dc sistcma ccmpcstc pcr rcatcr UASB c bicliltrc acradc
submcrsc. Fcntc. vcn SPLRIINO, 2005.
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 73
eatoes JAS3- .agoas Jeo`.~eoto
Lm quc pcscm cs grandcs atrativcs das cp6cs dc pcs-tratamcntc
antcricrmcntc rclcridas, nchuma dclas alcana clcvada rcmcc dc
nutricntcs c patcgcncs. Sc cstc lcr c casc, dcpcndcndc das cxigncias dc
lanamcntc cu dc utlizac dcs cllucntcs, c sc hcuvcr arca dispcnivcl, as
lagcas dc pclimcntc aprcscntam-sc ccmc uma altcrnativa bastantc
atrativa. Iagca dc pclimcntc c c tcrmc cmprcgadc para unidadcs dc pcs-
tratamcntc dc cllucntcs dc rcatcrcs UASB, pcis dilcrcntcmcntc das lagcas
dc maturac, ainda cumprcm alguma lunc cm tcrmcs dc rcmcc
ccmplcmcntar dc DBO, tal qual as lagcas dc lagcas dc maturac, quc
pcdcm ainda alcanar clcvada rcmcc c patcgcncs c dc amcnia. AFigura
3.3 ilustra c lluxcgrama dcsta ccnccpc.
esu~oJas Tecoo`og.as JeTata~eoto Jesgotos
Aprcscnta-sc a scguir uma analisc ccmparativa cntrc cs principais
sistcmas dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs, aplicadcs a csgctcs dcmcsticcs. A
analisc c rcsumida cm divcrsas tabclas c liguras-rcsumc, tal ccmc listadc
a scguir.
Ccmoroc qaon/|/o/|to ,Tabcla 3.). ccnccntra6cs mcdias
cllucntcs c clicincias tipicas dc rcmcc dcs principais pclucntcs
dc intcrcssc ncs csgctcs dcmcsticcs
Ccmoroc qaon/|/o/|to ,Tabcla 3.2). caractcristicas tipicas dcs
principais sistcmas dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs, cxprcsscs cm
valcrcs pcr capita
Ccmoroc J|ogrom/|co ,Tabclas 3.3 a 3.5). capacidadc dcs
divcrscs sistcmas dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs cm alcanar
ccnsistcntcmcntc cs nivcis indicadcs dc qualidadc dc cllucntc cm
tcrmcs dc DBO, DQO, SS, amcnia, nitrcgnic tctal, lcslcrc tctal,
cclilcrmcs tcrmclctcrantcs c cvcs dc hclmintcs ,vcr capitulc 2
Iigura 3.I3 Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc tratamcntc ccm rcatcrcs UASB
scguidcs pcr lagcas dc pclimcntc. Fcntc. vcn SPLRIINO, 2005.
C
74 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
dcstc livrc para as dirctrizcs sugcridas pclc PROSAB para a
utlizac dc csgctcs sanitarics tratadcs cm dilcrcntcs
mcdalidadcs dc rcsc da agua).
Ncstc particular cabc adiantar as scguintcs ccnsidcra6cs.
Quandc sc prctcndc a utilizac dc cllucntc cm ,lcrti)irrigac,
naturalmcntc sc qucr prcscrvar a clcrta dc nutricntcs c, pcrtantc,
sua rcmcc ,cu nc) dcixa dc scr um aspcctc rclcvantc.
Lntrctantc, alguma rcmcc dc nitrcgnic pcdc scr ncccssaria
para a prcvcnc dc impactcs scbrc as plantas ,rctardamcntc da
maturac, crcscimcntc vcgctativc, dcntrc cutrcs vcr capitulc 0
dcstc livrc).
Quandc sc prctcndc a utilizac dc cllucntc cm piscicultura, a
rcmcc dc amcnia c um impcrativc, pcis a amcnia livrc ,NH ) c
3
tcxica acs pcixcs cm ccnccntra6cs bcm rcduzidas ,2-5 mg/l). Pcr
cutrc ladc, sc qucr prcscrvar a clcrta dc lcslcrc ,bcm ccmc dc N)
ccmc lcntc dc nutricntc ac planctcn c, assim, sua rcmcc ,cu
nc) c um latcr irrclcvantc. Dc tcda lcrma, scmprc sc pcdc
ccnccbcr a alimcntac dc tanqucs dc piscicultura ccntandc ccm
uma prc-cstimada diluic, dc lcrma a prcvcnir clcitcs tcxiccs c
prcscrvar a dcsc]ada cutcrlizac dcs vivcircs dc pcixcs ,vcr
capitulc 8 dcstc livrc).
Lm qualqucr mcdalidadc dc rcsc da agua, uma clcvada rcmcc
dc patcgcncs c, cm gcral, ncccssaria. Ncstc scntidc, a aprcciac
da capacidadc dc rcmcc dc cada prcccssc dc tratamcntc dcvc
scr rcalizada a partir dc scguintc cntcndimcntc. bactcrias c virus
sc, prcpcndcrantcmcntc, rcmcvidcs pcr inativac, pcla ac dc
agcntcs dcsinlctantcs lisiccs ,cx.. radiac ultraviclcta ,UV)
artilicial cu natural, nc casc dcs raics sclarcs cm sistcmas dc
lagcas), cm crdcm crcsccntc a ac dcsinlctantc cnccntram-sc.
bactcrias, virus, prctczcarics c hclmintcs. Pcr sua vcz,
prctczcarics c hclmintcs sc rcmcvidcs, prcpcndcrantcmcntc,
pcr prcccssc lisiccs dc scparac, pcr cxcmplc, dccantac c
liltrac.
Assim, a ccnccpc dc sistcmas dc tratamcntc ccm vistas ac rcsc
pcdc dilcrir bastantc daqucla vcltada para c atcndimcntc dc
padr6cs dc lanamcntc dc cllucntcs cm ccrpcs rcccptcrcs. Pcr
cutrc ladc, ccmc a utilizac dcs cllucntcs pcdc sc dar dc lcrma
sazcnal ,principalmcntc ncs cascs da irrigac c da piscicultura),
a ccnccpc intcgrada dc sistcmas dc tratamcntc c rcsc pcdc
dcmandar ccmplcxidadc c llcxibilidadc ncccssarias para atcndcr
a padr6cs dc qualidadc dc cllucntcs ccmpativcis ccm a utilizac
c, cu, c lanamcntc cm ccrpcs rcccptcrcs ,vcr capitulc dcstc
livrc).
C
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Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 8|
oteoc.a` JeJt.`.zaao Jel`ueotes TataJos
Tcndc cm vista as cspccilicidadcs c dilcrcntcs cxigncias dcs
dilcrcntcs tipcs dc rcsc, abcrda-sc nc prcscntc capitulc apcnas as
pctcncialidadcs dc utilizac dc cllucntcs tratadcs para lins urbancs,
prcdiais c agrcpccuarics scndc a qucstc dc rcsc industrial tratada nc
capitulc 4.
A analisc dc pctcncial dc utilizac dc cllucntcs para lins urbancs,
prcdiais c agrcpccuarics lci lcita ccm basc nas caractcristicas dc qualidadc
cspcradas para cs cllucntcs das tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs mais
utilizadas nc Brasil. As inlcrma6cs vciculadas dc lcrma gcncrica nas
Tabclas 3. a 3.5 rcllctcm cs rcsultadcs cnccntradcs ncstc Ldital dc
PROSAB. Lm tcrmcs dc caractcrizac dcs cllucntcs cstudadcs, na Tabcla
3.0 ccmplctam-sc as inlcrma6cs ccm paramctrcs dc intcrcssc agriccla,
cstcs dadcs sc aprcscntadcs dc lcrma ainda mais sintctizada uma vcz quc
nc lcram rcgistradas grandcs varia6cs cntrc as tccnicas dc tratamcntc
cmprcgadas.
Dcs dadcs das Tabclas 3. a 3.0 sc pcdcm cxtrair as scguintcs
cbscrva6cs, ainda quc gcncricas, mas quc ccnlirmam c cstadc da artc dc
ccnhccimcntc cm tratamcntc dc csgctcs.
Dcntrc as tccnicas dc tratamcntc aprcscntadas pcucas sc as
cp6cs quc alcanam uma rcmcc dc amcnia prcntamcntc
aplicavcl a piscicultura ,a amcnia livrc pcdc scr tcxica acs pcixcs
Tabela 3.0 Paramctrcs dc qualidadc dc csgctcs tratadcs dc intcrcssc agriccla
C
82 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
cm valcrcs tc baixcs quantc 2 - 5 mg NH /l). Lntrctantc, a
3
alimcntac dc tanqucs dc piscicultura ccntandc ccm c latcr
diluic c uma altcrnativa plcnamcntc viavcl.
Pcr cutrc ladc, a limitac dc rcmcc dc amcnia c cs cxigcntcs
padr6cs ambicntais ,dc lanamcntc c dc limitcs nc ccrpc rcccptcr)
cm si apcntam para a cpcrtunidadc dc rcsc agriccla, ccmc lcrma
dc rcciclagcm dc nutricntcs.
A rcmcc dc lcslcrc c tambcm limitada, mas istc nc ccnstitui
prcblcma ,muitc pclc ccntraric) quandc sc prctcndc a utilizac
dcs cllucntcs para irrigac cu piscicultura.
Lm tcrmcs dc macrcnutricntcs para a lcrtirrigac, cm gcral
pcdc-sc dizcr quc cs cllucntcs aprcscntam bcm pctcncial dc clcrta
dc nitrcgnic c pctassic, mas bcm mais limitada dc lcslcrc. Lm
gcral, c nitrcgnic c clcmcntc criticc, pcis pcdc sc aprcscntar
inclusivc cm cxccssc, ccm prcblcmas pctcnciais agrcncmiccs c
ambicntais.
Nc quc sc rclcrc a ccndutividadc clctrica ,CL), c grau dc rcstric
dc usc dcs cllucntcs ,prcblcmas dc salinidadc) varicu dc ncnhum
a ligcirc ,vcr capitulcs 2 c 0).
Ac sc ccnsidcrar cs prcblcmas pctcnciais dc inliltrac, avaliadcs
pcr mcic da CL c a razc dc adscrc dc scdic ,RAS)
ccn]untamcntc, cm gcral as rcstri6cs variaram tambcm dc
ncnhuma a mcdcrada. Lm algumas pcucas cxcc6cs a rcstric dc
usc scria scvcra, dcvidc as clcvadas ccnccntra6cs, dc Na, na
agua dc crigcm dc cllucntc. O mcsmc sc aplica acs tccrcs dc
clcrctcs ,vcr capitulcs 2 c 5).
Quantc ac pH, cs valcrcs cnccntradcs para cs dilcrcntcs tipcs dc
cllucntcs, sc mantivcram dcntrc dcs limitcs da ncrmalidadc ,0,5 a
8,4), ccm cxccc dc alguns cllucntcs dc lagcas dc pclimcntc.
Os tccrcs dc sclidcs cu as caractcristicas quimicas da agua
rcsiduaria pcdcriam prcvccar prcblcmas dc cntupimcntc cm
sistcmas dc irrigac pcr gctc]amcntc cu aspcrsc, c quc cxigiria
um prc-ccndicicnamcntc da agua dc irrigac ,vcr capitulc 2).
Captulos
Captulos
Captulo
Lm tcrmcs dc qualidadc micrcbiclcgica dcstaca-sc c pctcncial dcs
sistcmas dc lagcas cm prcduzir cllucntcs adcquadcs a irrigac
,mcsmc irrcstrita) c a piscicultura. Lntrctantc, alcm das lagcas, a
cxccc das c//onJs, pcucas sc as altcrnativas ccm capacidadc
dc prcduzir cllucntcs adcquadcs a irrigac, mcsmc rcstrita
4 5
,0 - 0 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs pcr 00 ml c < cvc dc
hclmintc/l). Ncstcs cascs rcqucrcr-sc-ia pcs-tratamcntc ,lagcas
dc pclimcntc, liltrac c, cu, dcsinlccc) cu a utilizac dcs
cllucntcs cm ccn-di6cs cspcciais dc ccntrclc da cxpcsic
humana ,vcr capitulc 2).
Para clcitc dcssc capitulc, prcccdcu-sc ac cnquadramcntc das
divcrsas tccnclcgias ,dcscritas nc itcm Tecnologias de Tratanento de
Esgotos) cm padr6cs dc qualidadc c dc clicincia, a scmclhana dcs
padr6cs dc clicincia prcpcstcs pcla Agncia Nacicnal dc guas - ANA nc
Prcgrama dc Dcspcluic dc Bacias PRODLS ,ANA, 2002), ccnlcrmc
dclinidc na Tabcla 3.7.
As principais pcssibilidadcs dc utilizac dc cllucntcs tratadcs sc
aprcscntadas na Tabcla 3.8. Lsta Tabcla pcssibilita ac lcitcr as scguintcs
vcrilica6cs.
A partir dc tipc dc usc dcsc]adc ,ccluna ), vcrilica-sc c padrc
tccnclcgicc ,ccluna 3) c cxcmplcs dc tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc
,ccluna 4) ccmpativcis ccm aquclc usc. Lssa cpc dc cntrada c
mais indicada para lcitcrcs da arca dc agrcncmia,
A partir dc um padrc tccnclcgicc ,ccluna 3) c dcs cxcmplcs dc
tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc inscridas naquclc padrc ,ccluna 4),
vcrilica-sc quais cs tipcs dc usc sc pcssivcis. Lssa cpc dc
cntrada c mais indicada para lcitcrcs da arca dc cngcnharia
sanitaria.
A partir da analisc ccn]unta das Tabclas 3.7 c 3.8, c lcitcr
dcprccndcra quc apcnas as tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc quc inccrpcram
lagcas pcssibilitam a cbtcnc dc cllucntcs ccm qualidadc para c rcsc
agriccla c urbanc, ncs quais c ncccssaric c padrc dc cvcs dc hclmintcs
< cvc/l. Para as dcmais tccnclcgias, quc nc inccrpcram lagcas, a
cbtcnc dcssc padrc dc qualidadc sc sc viabiliza ccm a utilizac dc
sistcmas mais ccmplcxcs, quc inccrpcrcm alguma barrcira lisica, a
cxcmplc dc mcmbranas, liltrac tcrciaria, ctc.
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 83
condies
Captulo
84 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 3.7 Padr6cs dc qualidadc c dc clicincia dc divcrsas tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc
dc csgctcs
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 85
* DBO c SST,mg/l), CTcr - cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs/00ml, Hclmintcs ,cvcs/l)
Icgcnda. BF=Bicliltrc acradc submcrsc, DLS=dcsinlccc, FA=liltrc anacrcbic,
FBP= liltrc biclcgicc pcrccladcr, FT=liltrac tcrciaria, IA=Icdcs Ativadcs,
IM=lagca dc maturac, IP=lagca dc pclimcntc, TS=tanquc scpticc,
UASB=rcatcr anacrcbic dc lluxc asccndcntc c manta dc lcdc.
Lm tcsc, cm quaisqucr das altcrnativas listadas ccm liltracc tcrciaria c dcsinlccc, cstas unidadcs
pcdcm scr substituidas pcr lagcas dc pclimcntc cu dc maturac.
Tabela 3.7 Padr6cs dc qualidadc c dc clicincia dc divcrsas tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc
dc csgctcs ,ccnt.)
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A xpe.oc.a Jo 0SA3
eatoes JAS3 co~ tata~eoto po eoe.a~eoto oaJo
0esc.ao Suc.ota Jos xpe.~eotos
A Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Minas Ocrais ,UFMO) dcscnvclvcu
pcsquisas buscandc avaliar uma ncva altcrnativa dc prc-tratamcntc dc
csgctc brutc, atravcs dc uma unidadc dc pcnciramcntc lcradc,
cb]ctivandc a mclhcria da hidrclisc c dc dcscmpcnhc dc rcatcrcs UASB
tratandc csgctcs tipicamcntc dcmcsticcs. Pcr prcssupcstc, a mclhcria dc
dcscmpcnhc dcs rcatcrcs UASB traz bcnclicics cm tcrmcs dc dcmanda dc
pcs-tratamcntc, pcr cxcmplc cm tcrmcs dc dcmanda dc arca dc lagcas dc
pclimcntc cb]ctivandc c rcsc. Alcm dissc, lcram tcstadas dilcrcntcs
ccndi6cs cpcracicnais c dc alimcntac dcs rcatcrcs, buscandc a
ctimizac dc paramctrcs dc prc]ctc dcs rcatcrcs. Issc lci lcitc atravcs da
avaliac dc clcitc da aplicac dc dilcrcntcs ccndi6cs hidrcdinamicas
scbrc c dcscmpcnhc dcs rcatcrcs cxpcrimcntais.
Fcram ccnccbidcs dcis rcatcrcs UASB, idnticcs, tcdavia um dcs
rcatcrcs cra prcccdidc dc uma unidadc dc pcnciramcntc lcradc. A
pcncira utilizada lci ccnstruida cm ac incxidavcl c pcssuia abcrturas dc
mm, dilicultandc assim a cntrada dc sclidcs dc maicrcs dimcns6cs nc
rcatcr UASB c lcrandc a ruptura dc particulas quc passcm pcla pcncira.
Ou sc]a, c cb]ctivc da unidadc dc pcnciramcntc lcradc nc cra rctcr cs
sclidcs maicrcs quc mm, mas sim prcpcrcicnar a rcduc dc tamanhc
das particulas antcs dc scrcm intrcduzidas nc rcatcr UASB. O
pcnciramcntc lcradc lci ccnscguidc dcvidc a prcssc dc lluxc dc csgctc a
mcntantc ,cntrc ,5 a 3,5 bar). A Figura 3.4 aprcscnta uma vista dcs
rcatcrcs UASBc da unidadc dc pcnciramcntc lcradc cu]as caractcristicas
sc listadas na Tabcla 3.0.
Tabela 3.0 Principais caractcristicas da unidadc dc pcnciramcntc lcradc cm ac
incxidavcl
88 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
C.t.os ea~etos 0peac.ooa.s
A pcsquisa lci ccnccbida para scr rcalizada cm ncvc lascs
cpcracicnais distintas, caractcrizadas pcla variac da scc transvcrsal
dcs rcatcrcs, bcm ccmc da carga hidraulica c da altura dc ccmpartimcntc
dc digcstc, ccnlcrmc mcstradc na Tabcla 3.0. Tcdavia, cs rcsultadcs
ccnsclidadcs ncssa scc rclcrcm-sc apcnas as lascs a 0.
Iigura 3.I4 Vista dcs rcatcrcs UASB ,a) c da unidadc dc pcnciramcntc lcradc ,b)
da UFMO
Tabela 3.I0 Fascs cpcracicnais da pcsquisa ,UFMO)
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 89
esu`taJos A`caoaJos ,ua`.JaJeJo l`ueote}
Os mclhcrcs rcsultadcs dc qualidadc dc cllucntc dcs rcatcrcs lcram
cbtidcs durantc a lasc 5 da pcsquisa, quandc cstcs lcram cpcradcs ccm
TDH dc 7,0 hcras, vclccidadc asccnsicnal dc 0,7 m/h c dcnsidadc dc tubcs
2
dc distribuic dc csgctcs igual a 2,25 m . Para cstas ccndi6cs
cpcracicnais, lcram vcrilicadas as scguintcs laixas dc ccnccntra6cs
mcdias, para ambcs cs rcatcrcs. ,i) DBO . 0 a 04 mg/l, ,ii) DBO . 23 a
tctal liltrada
24 mg/l, ,iii) DQO . 28 a 44 mg/l, ,iv) DQO . 07 a 70 mg/lc ,v) SST. 55
tctal liltrada
a 07 mg/l, S . 0, a 0,2 ml/l.
Scd
Ava`.aao
A UPF pcssibilitcu a altcrac da distribuic dc tamanhc dc
particulas prcscntcs nc csgctc brutc, aumcntandc a pcrccntagcm
dc particulas ccm diamctrcs inlcricrcs a 30m. Tcdavia, nc
hcuvc bcnclicics aparcntcs cm tcrmcs dc clicincia dc rcmcc dc
matcria crganica tctal c dissclvida ,DBO c DQO) ncs rcatcrcs,
apcsar dc rcatcr prcccdidc da UPF aprcscntar atividadc
mctancgnica cspccilica ,AML) supcricr a dc rcatcr ccntrclc.
A prcduc diaria dcs sclidcs rctidcs na pcncira lci cm mcdia dc
,0g dc rcsiduc/kg DQO aplicada.d. O rcsiduc da pcncira
aprcscntcu tccr dc umidadc aprcximadamcntc dc 82 alcm dc
ccnsidcravcl quantidadc dc matcria crganica, ha]a vista a
clcvada rclac STV/ST ,maicr quc 80). Alcm dissc, c um
rcsiduc dc lacil bicdcgradabilidadc acrcbia c dc mcdia
bicdcgradabilidadc anacrcbia pcdcndc scr cncaminhadc a um
digcstcr acrcbic para sclrcr c prcccssc dc cstabilizac.
Baixas ccnccntra6cs mcdias dc DBO ncs cllucntcs dcs dcis
liltrada
rcatcrcs ,inlcricrcs a 25 mg/l), sc indicativas dc clcvada
ccnvcrsc da lrac bicdcgradavcl.
Os rcsultadcs rclativcs ac aumcntc da dcnsidadc dc tubcs dc
distribuic dc csgctcs nc lcram ccnclusivcs cm rclac a
mclhcra nc rcgimc dc mistura c pcrlcrmancc dc rcatcr.
.`tos 3.o`og.cos eco`aJoes
0esc.aoSuc.ota Jos xpe.~eotos
A Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ric dc Jancirc ,UFRJ) dcscnvclvcu
pcsquisas ccm uma unidadc dc liltrac biclcgica acrcbia ,liltrc biclcgicc
pcrccladcr) ccm c cb]ctivc principal dc avaliar c dcscmpcnhc dc prcccssc
99 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
utilizandc mcics supcrtc plasticcs dc tipc ancis randcmiccs c dc tipc
mcdular lluxc cruzadc submctidcs a cargas hidraulicas supcrliciais dc
40, 05 c 80 m/m.d. O aparatc cxpcrimcntal da pcsquisa lci ccnstituidc pcr
gradc dc barras, dcsarcnadcr, liltrc biclcgicc pcrccladcr c 2 dccantadcrcs
sccundarics ,Figura 3.5). O csgctc brutc allucntc c tipicc dc campi
univcrsitaric c aprcscnta caractcristicas similarcs as dc cllucntcs dc
unidadcs dc tratamcntc primaric. Pcr cssa razc c aparatc cxpcrimcntal
nc c dctadc dc tratamcntc primaric, ccmc c a tctalidadc das csta6cs dc
tratamcntc quc cmprcga a tccnclcgia da liltrac biclcgica acrcbia.
Iigura 3.I5 Vista da unidadc cxpcrimcntal da UFRJ
Decantaderes
Frltre brelegrce
percelader
Janela de
ventrlaae
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 9|
C.t.os ea~etos 0peac.ooa.s
O liltrc biclcgicc cm cstrutura dc libra dc vidrc aprcscnta arca
supcrlicial quadrada dc ,0 m c altura dc mcic supcrtc dc 3,0m. O sistcma
dc distribuic c mclhamcntc dc mcic supcrtc c dc tipc lixc, scndc
ccnstituidc pcr uma bandc]a pcrlurada. Os dccantadcrcs tambcm sc
quadradcs, cstruturadcs cm libra dc vidrc, c aprcscntam, cada um, arca
supcrlicial dc ,7 m c prclundidadc dc 2,2m. Os mcics supcrtc plasticcs
utilizadcs lcram dc tipc randcmicc, ccm arca supcrlicial cspccilica dc 80
2 3
m /m c indicc dc vazics dc 05, c dc tipc mcdular lluxc cruzadc ccm
2 3
mcsmc indicc dc vazics c arca supcrlicial cspccilica cm tcrnc dc 00 m /m .
ATabcla 3. mcstra as ccndi6cs cpcracicnais invcstigadas.
esu`taJos A`caoaJos ,ua`.JaJeJo l`ueote}
Os mclhcrcs rcsultadcs dc qualidadc dc cllucntc linal lcram cbtidcs
quandc c liltrc biclcgicc pcrccladcr lci cpcradc ccm a taxa dc aplicac
supcrlicial dc 40 m/m.d, tcndc sidc vcrilicadas as scguintcs
ccnccntra6cs mcdias, para ambcs cs tipcs dc mcic supcrtc. DBO =32 mg/l
c SST = 30 mg/l. Alcm das baixas ccnccntra6cs cbtidas nc cllucntc linal,
cs padr6cs dc lanamcntc dc 00 mg/l para DBO c SST lcram 00 dc
atcndidcs.
Ava`.aao
O liltrc biclcgicc pcrccladcr aprcscntcu pcrlcrmancc similar quandc
utilizadcs cs dcis dilcrcntcs mcics supcrtc plasticcs. A mclhcr
pcrlcrmancc da unidadc cccrrcu nc pcricdc cm quc cstcvc submctida a
taxa dc aplicac hidraulica dc 40 m/m.d, cmbcra scmcntc quandc
ccmparada a taxa dc 80 m/m.d pudcsscm scr ccmprcvadas dilcrcnas
cstatisticamcntc signilicativas cntrc as ccnccntra6cs cllucntcs dc DBO c
SST.
Tabela 3.II Ccndi6cs cpcracicnais da unidadc dc liltrac biclcgica acrcbia
92 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tcdas as cargas hidraulica c crganica aplicadas lcram rclativamcntc
clcvadas quandc ccmparadas ac valcr maximc usualmcntc rcccmcndadc
para mcics supcrtc cm pcdra. Ncssc scntidc c rclcvantc dcstacar cs
rcsultadcs alcanadcs pcla taxa dc 05 m/m.d, rcssaltandc-sc quc cstc
valcr c cquivalcntc a mais quc c dcbrc dc valcr maximc rcccmcndadc, dc
30 m/m.d, para mcic dc supcrtc ccnvcncicnal.
.agoas
0esc.aoSuc.ota Jos xpe.~eotos
Distintcs sistcmas dc lagcas lcram cb]ctcs dc pcsquisas cm quatrc
institui6cs. O grupc da Univcrsidadc dc Sc Paulc ,USP) trabalhcu cm
um sistcma cm cscala rcal cm Iins SP, cpcradcs pcla Ccmpanhia dc
Sancamcntc Basicc dc Lstadc dc Sc Paulc - SABLSP ,dcis sistcmas cm
paralclc ccnstituidcs pcr lagcas anacrcbias scguidas dc lagcas
lacultativas), cs cxpcrimcntcs cnvclvcram cstudcs dc pcs-tratamcntc pcr
prcccssc lisicc-quimicc, c usc dc cllucntc linal na agricultura c a
vcrilicac dc impactcs nc sclc ,vcr capitulc 5 dcstc livrc). O grupc da
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Lspiritc Santc ,UFLS) trabalhcu cm um sistcma
pilctc rcatcr anacrcbic ccmpartimcntadc lagca dc pclimcntc, cs
cxpcrimcntcs cnvclvcram tambcm cstudcs dc pcs-tratamcntc pcr
prcccssc lisicc-quimicc c a utilizac dc cllucntc cm hidrcpcnia ,vcr
capitulc 7). Na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Pcrnambucc ,UFPL) lci avaliadc
um sistcma rcatcr UASBlagcas dc pclimcntc cm cscala pilctc, ccm c scm
chicanas. O grupc da Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Vicsa ,UFV) rcalizcu
cstudcs cm um sistcma dc lagcas cm scric cm cscala pilctc, utilizada nc
pcs-tratamcntc dc cllucntc dc rcatcr UASB scguidc dc bicliltrc acradc,
cb]ctivandc a mcdclagcm da rcmcc dc nitrcgnic amcniacal c L. ccli,
alcm dc 8o/mcnc//o c cvcs dc Ascor|s, pcr incculac, c cllucntc dc sistcma
UASB BF lci utilizadc cm cxpcrimcntcs dc irrigac dc lcrragcira c
alimcntac dc caprincs, c cllucntc linal da scric dc lagcas cm
cxpcrimcntcs dc piscicultura ,vcr Capitulc 8).
C.t.os ea~etos 0peac.ooa.s
Nc sistcma dc Iins, as lagcas anacrcbias cpcraram ccm taxa dc
3
aplicac vclumctrica dc 0,043 kg DBO /m . dia c tcmpc dc dctcnc
hidraulica dc 5,8 dias, nc ccnsidcradc c vclumc ccupadc pclc lcdc. Cada
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 93
lagca lacultativa pcssuia 405 m dc ccmprimcntc, 00 m dc largura c ,0 m
dc prclundidadc til, cpcrandc ccm 3,0 dias dc tcmpc dc dctcnc
hidraulica c taxa dc aplicac supcrlicial dc 00 kg DBO / ha . dia,
ccnsidcrandc-sc 50 dc rcmcc dc DBO nas lagcas anacrcbias.
A lagca dc pclimcntc pilctc utilizada pcla UFLS pcssuia 8 m dc
ccmprimcntc, 4 m dc largura c ,4 m dc prclundidadc til, pcrlazcndc c
3
vclumc til dc 44,8 m . Mantcvc-sc um tcmpc dc dctcnc hidraulica dc 5
dias, ccrrcspcndcntc a taxa dc aplicac supcrlicial dc 238 kg DBO / ha .
dia. A Figura 3.0 aprcscnta as lagcas utilizadas ncs cxpcrimcntcs da
USPc da UFLS.
As lagcas cm cscala pilctc utilizadas na UFPL lcram pcstas cm
luncicnamcntc scb c tcmpc dc dctcnc hidraulica dc 5 dias, ambas ccm as
mcsmas dimcns6cs cm planta c m dc prclundidadc til, scndc quc a
lagca scm chicanas pcssuia rclac ccmprimcntc / largura dc 2 . ,
cnquantc quc a chicancada tcvc cssa rclac aumcntada para 0 . .
Nas pcsquisas dcscnvclvidas na UFV, trs lagcas dc pclimcntc pilctc
cpcraram cm scric ccm prclundidadcs tcis variavcis na laixa dc 0,3 m a
0,0 m c tcmpcs dc dctcnc hidraulica cntrc 2,5 dias c 0,4 dias, cm cada
uma dclas, cb]ctivandc a mcdclagcm da rcmcc dc nitrcgnic c dc L. ccli.
Um cutrc sistcma ccnstituidc dc trs lagcas cm scric lci utilizadc para
mcdclagcm dc dccaimcntc dc 8o/mcnc//o c cvcs dc Ascor|s, incculadcs ncs
csgctcs, cstas trs lagcas trabalharam ccm prclundidadc til dc 0,00m,,
scndc quc nas duas primciras lci mantidc c tcmpc dc dctcnc dc 4 dias c,
na tcrccira, 3 dias. A Figura 3.7 ilustra as lagcas dc cstabilizac cm
cscala pilctc utilizadas ncs cxpcrimcntcs da UFPLc da UFV.
Iigura 3.I0 Sistcma dc lagcas dc Iins - SP ,csqucrda) c lagca pilctc da UFLS ,dircita)
94 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
esu`taJos A`caoaJos ,ua`.JaJe Jo l`ueote}
Na Tabcla 3.2 sc aprcscntadcs cs rcsultadcs ,mcdia c dcsvic
padrc) cbtidcs nas analiscs c cxamcs dcs cllucntcs linais das lagcas
utilizadas pcla UFLS, UFPL,lagca scm chicanas), USPc UFV.
Ccm rclac ac sistcma dc lagcas dc Iins utilizadc nas pcsquisas da
USP, pcdc scr ditc quc as ccndi6cs cpcracicnais idcntilicadas sc
ccndizcntcs ccm cs critcrics c paramctrcs dc dimcnsicnamcntc
rcccmcndadcs para as ccndi6cs climaticas da rcgic. As caractcristicas dc
cllucntc linal pcdcm scr ccnsidcradas na laixa cspcrada para c tipc dc
sistcma cm qucstc ,lagca anacrcbia lagca lacultativa primaria),
rcgistrandc a incapacidadc para c atcndimcntc ccnsistcntc ac padrc dc
cmissc dc 20 mg N / I para nitrcgnic amcniacal cstabclccidc na
Rcscluc 357/2005 dc CONAMA ,CONAMA, 2005). O cllucntc da lagca
0
lacultativa aprcscntcu cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs c I.cc/| da crdcm dc 0
5
c 0 crg / 00ml, rcspcctivamcntc, tambcm ccndizcntc ccm a ccnligurac
dc sistcma ,lagca lacultativa cm cclula nica ccm TDH = 4 dias). Dc ccrta
lcrma surprccndcntc c a dctccc dc cvcs dc hclmintcs nc cllucntc linal, c
quc ccnsidcradc cm ccn]untc ccm a qualidadc bactcriclcgica, limitaria sua
utilizac para lins agricclas.
Ccmcntarics muitc scmclhantcs pcdcm scr lcitcs cm rclac acs
rcsultadcs cbtidcs ccm as lagcas dc pclimcntc avaliadas na UFLS c na
UFPL, cxccc, lcita a ausncia dc cvcs dc hclmintcs ,UFLS) cu c
atcndimcntc dc padrc < cvc / I para a irrigac ,UFPL). Ncs
cxpcrimcntcs da UFLS chama atcnc a ausncia dc cvcs dc hclmintcs
Iigura 3.I7 Iagcas da UFPL ,csqucrda ccm chicana, ccntrc, scm chicana)
c UFV ,dircita)
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 95
]untc a dctccc dc ,cc)cistcs dc prctczcarics, c quc lcvantaria dvidas
scbrc c ccrrcntc cmprcgc da rcmcc dcs primcircs ccmc indicadcr da
0
rcmcc dcs scgundcs. Aqualidadc bactcriclcgica dcs cllucntcs ,0 CTcr
/ 00ml) c cccrcntc ccm a ccnligurac das unidadcs ,lagca dc pclimcntc
nica ccm TDH = 5 dias). A pcsquisa na UFPL mcstrcu ainda quc, para c
tcmpc dc dctcnc dc 5 dias, c chicancamcntc nc prcmcvcu aumcntc na
rcmcc dc cclilcrmcs, ccmc sugcrc a litcratura, mas prcmcvcu sim uma
mclhcria na rcmcc dc cvcs dc hclmintcs. A limitada rcmcc dc amcnia
na lagca da UFLSc tambcm ccndizcntc ccm a ccnligurac da lagca ,TDH
= 5 dias c h = ,4 m), pcr sua vcz cs cxpcrimcntcs da UFPL cvidcnciam c
pctcncial dc lagcas dc pclimcntc rasas na rcmcc dc amcnia ,TDH = 5
dias c h = ,0 m). Cabc rcssaltar quc ncstc casc cspccilicc, inlluiu tambcm
a alta tcmpcratura lccal, alcm dc latc dc csgctc allucntc scr bastantc
diluidc, pcrtantc, cssa clcvada clicincia dc rcmcc dc amcnia dcvc scr
ccnsidcrada ccm rcscrvas.
As unidadcs pilctc da UFV lcram ccnccbidas para pctcncializar a
rcmcc dc patcgcncs c amcnia ,lagcas rasas cm scric). A mcdclagcm dc
um vastc bancc dc dadcs ,quatrc ancs, Lditais 3 c 4 dc PROSAB) ccnlirma
a capacidadc dc sistcmas dc lagcas dc pclimcntc / maturac cm prcduzir
Tabela 3.I2 Caractcristicas dcs cllucntcs linais das lagcas utilizadas nas pcsquisas
na UFLS, UFPL, USP c UFV ,mcdias c dcsvic padrc)
Valcrcs cntrc parntcscs. dcsvic padrc, CT. cclilcrmcs tctais, CTcr. cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs,
ND. nc dctcctavcl, ccntagcns bactcrianas cm tcrmcs dc mcdias gccmctricas, dcmais rcsultadcs cm
mcdias aritmcticas.
96 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
cllucntcs dc cxcclcntc qualidadc micrcbiclcgica. Dcntrc a laixa tcstada dc
prclundidadcs das lagcas ,0,4 - 0,0 m), as rcccmcnda6cs da OMS scriam
alcanadas ccm cs scguintcs tcmpcs dc dctcnc hidraulica ,TDH).
4
,i) irrigac rcstrita c piscicultura ,0 I.cc/| / 00 ml). 0 dias,
3
,ii) irrigac irrcstrita ,0 I.cc/| / 00 ml). 0 dias c ,iii) irrigac rcstrita c
irrcstrita ,< cvc hclmintc / I). 8 - 0 dias. 8o/mcnc//os incculadas nc
7
sistcma dc lagcas aprcscntaram um rapidc dccaimcntc ,0 - 0 crg / 00
ml cm dias dc TDH) c taxa dc mcrtalidadc ccm padrc bcm similar a dc
I.cc/| ,Figura 3.8).
Iigura 3.I8 Dccaimcntc dc salmcncla c I.cc/| nas lagcas dc pclimcntc da UFV
Iigura 3.I0 Rcmcc dc amcnia nas lagcas dc pclimcntc da UFV.
LB. csgctc brutc, UASB. cllucntc dc rcatcr UASB, BF. bicliltrc submcrsc acradc,
Ii, cllucntcs das lagcas
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 97
Arcmcc dc amcnia durantc c Ldital 4 varicu cntrc 00 - 70, scndc
quc a mcdclagcm dcsta variavcl ,Lditais 3 c 4) pcrmitiu cstimar um TDH
tctal dc 25 dias para a prcduc dc um cllucntc linal plcnamcntc adcquadc
a piscicultura ,2 mg NH / I) ,vcr capitulc 8 dcstc livrc). Lntrctantc, c
3
cllucntc linal atcndcu dc lcrma ccnsistcntc c padrc dc lanamcntc dc
amcnia ,20 mg NH / I) ,Figura 3.0).
3
Ava`.aao
Os rcsultadcs dcstcs cxpcrimcntcs ccnlirmam quc sistcmas dc
lagcas rcqucrcm critcrics dc prc]ctc cspcciliccs ,TDH, altura dc lamina c
ccnligurac cm scric dc lagcas dc pclimcntc / maturac) para
alcanarcm clcvadcs padr6cs dc qualidadc dc cllucntcs cm tcrmcs dc
amcnia c qualidadc micrcbiclcgica, tcndc cm vista c rcsc ,piscicultura nc
casc da amcnia) cu c lanamcntc cm ccrpcs rcccptcrcs.
Ccm rclac acs padr6cs dc qualidadc da agua dc ccrpc rcccptcr,
pcdcm scr prcvistas diliculdadcs para a dcscarga cm aguas dc qualidadc
mais rcstritivas, principalmcntc cm tcrmcs dc lcslcrc c clcrclila o.
Dc pcntc dc vista da utilizac para a irrigac c piscicultura dc
cllucntc, pcdc scr rcgistrada a grandc dispcnibilidadc dc planctcn,
nitrcgnic, pctassic c, cm partc, dc lcslcrc dcs cllucntcs linais. Nc quc diz
rcspcitc a pctcncias impactcs nc sclc c nas plantas ,salinidadc, scdicidadc
c tcxicidadc), nc havcria maicrcs rcstri6cs dc usc dcs cllucntcs
cstudadcs, a cxccc da clcvada RAS da lagca lacultativa dc Iins, quc sc
dcvc a ccnccntrac clcvada dc scdic na prcpria agua dc abastccimcntc
daquclc municipic.
.`tos JepeJa paa po`.~eotoJeel`ueotes Je`agoas
0esc.ao suc.ota Jos expe.~eotos
Os cllucntcs dc lagcas lacultativas c dc maturac pcdcm
aprcscntar altas ccnccntra6cs dc sclidcs suspcnscs, atingindc valcrcs
supcricrcs a 00 mg SST / l ,MIDDILBROOKS, 005), ncccssitandc,
pcrtantc, dc um pclimcntc. Dilcrcntcs altcrnativas pcdcm scr
cmprcgadas, dcntrc cstas. liltrcs dc arcia, liltrcs dc pcdra c liltrcs
plantadcs ccm macrclitas ccns/rac/cJ c//onJs ,KIMWAOAct al., 2004,
PHIIIPPI, SLZLRINO, 2004, JOHNSON, MARA, 2002, SAIDAM c/ o/.,
005, MIDDILBROOKS, 005).
98 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
/L)
Prati camcntc i ncxi stcm i nl crma6cs cu cri tcri cs dc
dimcnsicnamcntc para liltrcs grcsscircs quandc aplicadcs ac pclimcntc dc
cllucntcs dc lagcas dc cstabilizac, impcssibilitandc assim cbtcnc dc
rcla6cs dc maximas cargas aplicadas dc sclidcs suspcnscs cu maximas
taxas hidraulicas. Pcr cssc mctivc, nc ambitc dc cdital 4 dc PROSAB, a
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Santa Catarina ,UFSC) c a UFMO
dcscnvclvcram pcsquisas ccm liltrcs dc pcdras para pclimcntc dc
cllucntcs dc lagcas. As unidadcs cxpcrimcntais utilizadas pcr cstas duas
institui6cs pcdcm scr visualizadas nas Figuras 3.20 c 3.2. Lnquantc ncs
cxpcrimcntcs rcalizadcs pcla UFSC cs liltrcs dc pcdra tinham
granulcmctria quc variava dc brita atc brita 4, ncs rcalizadcs pcla
UFMO lcram utilizadcs liltrcs prccnchidcs ccm brita 3 c ccm pcdra dc
mc, ccnlcrmc dctalhadc na Tabcla 3.3.
TJoJ`ac
a`metac
Equa||zao
F 1
F 2
Iigura 3.20 Vista dc aparatc cxpcrimcntal da UFSC ,Filtrcs dc Pcdra c 2)
Tabela 3.I3 Caractcristicas c principais paramctrcs cpcracicnais dcs liltrcs dc pcdra
,cxpcrimcntcs da UFSC c UFMO)
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 99
Ava`.aao
Para cs liltrcs dc pcdra cstudadcs pcla a UFSC, ambcs
aprcscntaram baixcs tccrcs dc SS ncs cllucntcs. Diantc dcs rcsultadcs
cbtidcs, cs liltrcs dc pcdra aprcscntam-sc ccmc uma lcrramcnta clicicntc
na rcmcc dc DQO c SS ,bicmassa algal) dc cllucntcs dc lagcas dc
cstabilizac lacultativas.
Iigura 3.2I Vista dc aparatc cxpcrimcntal da UFMO ,Rcatcr UASB, Iagcas , 2, 3, c
4 c Filtrcs dc pcdras c 2)
Tabela 3.I4 Qualidadc dc cllucntc linal dcs liltrcs dc pcdra
,cxpcrimcntcs da UFSC c UFMO)
|99 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
esu`taJos A`caoaJos ,ua`.JaJe Jo l`ueote}
A Tabcla 3.4 sumariza cs rcsultadcs dc qualidadc dc cllucntc linal
cbtidcs para cs liltrcs dc pcdra.
O sistcma da UFMO, ccnstituidc pcr um rcatcr UASB, quatrc lagcas
dc pclimcntc rasas c liltrcs dc pcdra, tcvc um ctimc dcscmpcnhc,
ccmparavcl ac dc varics sistcmas mais sclisticadcs dc tratamcntc dc
csgctcs. Aqualidadc bactcriclcgica dc cllucntc linal pcrmitc sua utilizac
para irrigac irrcstrita, scgundc as dirctrizcs da Organizac Mundial dc
Sadc, a qualidadc dc cllucntc linal cm tcrmcs dc DBO, DQO, SS c I cc/|
pcrmitc ainda a utilizac para algumas lcrmas dc usc urbanc,
rccrcacicnal c industrial rcstritcs, scgundc as dirctrizcs ncrtc-amcricanas
da LPA ,vcr capitulc 2). A pcrda dc carga ncs liltrcs, apcs quasc dcis ancs
dc cpcrac, lci dcsprczivcl. A simplicidadc dc sistcma, ausncia dc
mccanizac, baixc ccnsumc dc cncrgia c dc prcdutcs quimiccs, aliadcs ac
baixc custc dc implantac c cpcrac, sugcrcm a clcvada aplicabilidadc
dc sistcma analisadc.
Acrcdita-sc quc c sistcma rcatcr UASB lagcas dc pclimcntc
liltrcs grcsscircs ]a pcssa scr aplicadc cm cscala rcal, ccmc mais um
mcdclc tccnclcgicc bcm adcquadc a ncssa rcalidadc.
.`tos .ote~.teotes e~ `e.to Jeae.a ,`.A}
0esc.aoSuc.ota Jos xpe.~eotos
Filtrcs intcrmitcntcs cm lcitc dc arcia ,FIIA) sc rcatcrcs acrcbiccs
dc lcitc lixc cndc cccrrcm prcccsscs lisiccs c biclcgiccs ccm uma histcria dc
dcscnvclvimcntc dc mais dc 00 ancs ,ANDLRSON, 085, CRITLS,
TCHOBANOOIOUS, 008). Particulas mais grcssciras sc rctidas pcr
ac mccanica c particulas mcncrcs sc rcmcvidas pcr transpcrtc c
adcsc, scgundc mcdclc prcpcstc pcr Smcluckcwski.
Para atcndcr principalmcntc a manutcnc dc suprimcntc
pcrmancntc dc ar para as bactcrias, cs liltrcs intcrmitcntcs luncicnam
scgundc uma altcrnancia cntrc dcsagcm c dcscansc. durantc csta
ltima quc c cstcquc dc cxignic ncs cspacs vazics dc lcitc sc rcncvam
pclcs mccanismcs dc dilusc mclccular. A altcrnancia pcrmitc ainda a
gcstc dc crcscimcntc biclcgicc. Ccmc cm qualqucr prcccssc biclcgicc, a
cxidac da matcria crganica c accmpanhada dc um dcscnvclvimcntc
bactcrianc quc, sc nc lcr cquilibradc pcr prcccsscs rcguladcrcs, prcvcca a
cclmatac dc liltrc. durantc a lasc dc rcpcusc, quandc ccssa c apcrtc dc
alimcntc, quc cccrrc c prcccssc rcguladcr da massa biclcgica atravcs da
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa |9|
Captulo
rcspirac cndcgcna. Lssc ccntrclc a]uda ainda na prcscrvac das
ccndi6cs dc inliltrac dc lcitc.
Lssa tccnclcgia ]a c bastantc utilizada ccmc scluc individual para
tratamcntc dc cllucntcs dc tanqucs scpticcs, scndc rcccmcndadas taxas
3 2
dc aplicac hidraulica da crdcm dc 0,05 m / m . dia. Lssas taxas sc,
ccntudc, muitc ccnscrvadcras, pcssivclmcntc dcvidc ac latc dcsscs liltrcs,
na maicria dcs cascs, scrcm cntcrradcs, dilicultandc a sua manutcnc.
Assim, a Univcrsidadc Fcdcral da Bahia ,UFBA) avalicu c pctcncial dc
sua utilizac ccm taxas mais clcvadas visandc scu cmprcgc nc pclimcntc
dc cllucntcs sccundarics, scbrctudc cs dc rcatcrcs anacrcbics dc manta dc
lcdc.
C.t.os ea~etos 0peac.ooa.s
A unidadc cxpcrimcntal dcs liltrcs FIIA tratcu cs csgctcs da Lsccla
Pclitccnica da UFBA ,Figura 3.22). Fcram tcstadas arcias ccm tamanhcs
clctivcs dc 0,5, 0,7 c ,2mm, ccm lrcqncias dc aplicac dc 24, 48 c 00
3 2
dcscs pcr dia, para uma taxa dc aplicac dc 0,0 m /m .dia, quc rcsultaram
cm varics tcmpcs mcdics dc passagcm pclc lcitc, variandc dc 4,8 a 32,0
minutcs.
Iigura 3.22 Aparatc cxpcrimcntal dcs liltrcs intcrmitcntcs cm lcitc dc arcia ,UFBA)
|92 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
esu`taJos A`caoaJos ,ua`.JaJeJo l`ueote}
Os FIIAs lcram clicicntcs na rcmcc dc DBO, DQO, sclidcs
suspcnscs c cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs, cspccialmcntc para cs maicrcs
tcmpcs mcdics dc passagcm, rcsultadc da ccn]ugac dc tamanhc clctivc
ccm a lrcqncia dc aplicac. A clicincia dc rcmcc dc cclilcrmcs
tcrmctclcrantcs para lcitcs liltrantcs lci scnsivclmcntc rcduzida ccm a
rcduc dc tcmpc dc passagcm, cntrctantc, DBO c SS nc lcram
lcrtcmcntc alctadcs pclc aumcntc das taxas dc aplicac. Para taxas dc
aplicac dc 0,4 m /m. dia ncs liltrcs ccm arcias dc tamanhc clctivc
inlcricr cu igual a ,2 mm, cs valcrcs mcdics cnccntradcs lcram. ,i) DBO=
8,0 + 3,0 mg/l, ,ii) DQO= 70,8 + 40,5 mg/l c ,iii) SST= 3,2 + 3,5 mg/l, ,iv)
Cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs <.000 crg / 00ml.
Ava`.aao
Os FIIAs aprcscntaram cllucntcs dc bca qualidadc mcsmc quandc
cpcradcs ccm clcvadas taxas dc aplicac hidraulica. Para cs lcitcs dc
tamanhcs clctivcs acima dc ,0 mm lci pcssivcl alcanar carrciras
supcricrcs a um anc. Tambcm lci cbscrvadc quc a gcrac dc lcdc
cxccdcntc lci muitc pcqucna, mcsmc quandc rcccbcndc csgctcs criundcs
dc unidadcs anacrcbias dc baixa clicincia dc rcmcc. Abca qualidadc dc
cllucntc, asscciada a baixa ccr c turbidcz c ausncia dc cdcr, ccnlcrc-lhc
um grandc pctcncial cm aplica6cs urbanas, para as quais, cs aspcctcs
cstcticcs, alcm dcs higiniccs, tm grandc impcrtancia.
.`tos ap.Jos JeAe.a
0esc.aoSuc.ota Jos xpe.~eotos
A LTL Cambui da SANLPAR rcccbc cs csgctcs sanitarics da Bacia
dc Ric Cambui ,Campc Iargc - PR) c cmprcga ccmplcxc lluxcgrama dc
tratamcntc, a sabcr. tratamcntc prcliminar, rcatcr anacrcbicc tipc RAIF,
tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc ccm llctac pcr ar dissclvidc c dcsinlccc. A
Pcntilicia Univcrsidadc Catclica dc Parana ,PUC PR) prc]ctcu c cpcrcu
uma instalac cxpcrimcntal quc utilizcu c cllucntc llctadc, cnviadc pcr
bcmbcamcntc ac liltrc pilctc. O liltrc rapidc dc arcia, dc lcitc duplc
dcsccndcntc, lci ccnstruidc ccm altura dc carga dc ,70 m, lcitc dc carvc
dc 55 cm ,diamctrc clctivc, DL. 0,00 mm), lcitc dc arcia dc 25 cm,DL. 0,45
mm) c lundc dc 30 cm. Nc lci utilizada camada supcrtc na liltrac
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa |93
,
dcsccndcntc pcr sugcstc dc labricantc da crcpina ,bccal dc lundc). O
cllucntc liltradc ia pcr gravidadc ac tanquc dc ccntatc, para dcsinlccc c,
linalmcntc, ac rcscrvatcric para a lavagcm dc liltrc, pcr bcmbcamcntc,
quandc ncccssaric ,Figura 3.23a).
Pcstcricrmcntc c liltrc pilctc lci mcdilicadc para cpcrar ccm
liltrac asccndcntc, utilizandc agcra a camada supcrtc, ccnstituida dc
matcrial granular dc altura igual a 40cm, atuandc ccmc prc-liltrc ,vcr
Figura 3.23 b c c) c 80cm dc lcitc dc arcia ,DL. 0,00mm) nc liltrc.
Iigura 3.23 Unidadc pilctc dc liltrac rapida dc arcia ,PUC PR)
|94 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
C.t.os ea~etos 0peac.ooa.s
3
As taxas dc aplicac hidraulica aplicadas variaram dc 200 a 00 m /
2
m .dia, cbscrvandc cs limitcs citadcs cm Azcvcdc Ncttc ,087) c
Tchcbancglcus c/ o/. ,2003). Accrrida dc liltrac dcsccndcntc, mcdida cm
hcras, lci dclimitada atc quc a pcrda dc carga tctal atingissc ,70 m,
avaliada atravcs dc piczcmctrcs cxtcrncs ac liltrc. Nc liltrc asccndcntc a
ncccssidadc da lavagcm lci dctcrminada pcla qualidadc dc cllucntc,
mcdida ccmc turbidcz c limitada inicialmcntc cm 20 uT. A lavagcm sc
clctucu pcr lluxc asccndcntc, ccm vclccidadc asccnsicnal dc 0,0 m / min.
atc quc c liquidc dcscartadc adquirissc aspcctc clarilicadc. O ccnsumc dc
agua lci mcdidc atravcs dc hidrcmctrc.
esu`taJos A`caoaJos ,ua`.JaJeJo l`ueote}
A liltrac rapida dcsccndcntc aprcscntcu cllucntcs ccm as
caractcristicas dcscritas na Tabcla 3.5, scndc quc cs valcrcs dcs
paramctrcs lcram scnsivcis as taxas dc liltrac aplicadas. Nc cntantc,
ccmc sc cbscrvcu cm tcdas as taxas cnsaiadas, c tcmpc dc liltrac nunca
ultrapasscu 2 h, dcvidc a cclmatac dc lcitc, ac sc prc]ctar c valcr da
pcrda dc carga para atc ,70 m. Lstc latc dcvcu-sc as caractcristicas dc
cllucntc da LTL Cambui, quc ccntinha muitcs sclidcs durantc tcdc c
pcricdc dc cpcrac, ccm qualidadc aqucm da cbscrvada durantc c
mcnitcramcntc da LTL nc PROSAB 2 ,marc c ]ulhc dc 200). Assim, a
taxa dc 200m/m.dia tcstada inicialmcntc, lci scndc rcduzida atc 00 m /
m . dia.
Lstcs rcsultadcs rcitcram a ncccssidadc da cpcrac dc liltrc
asccndcntc ccntandc ccm um prc-liltrc granular. Na liltrac asccndcntc
nc sc cbscrvcu c lcncmcnc da cclmatac, pcrcm c cllucntc aprcscntcu
qualidadc inlcricr a da liltrac dcsccndcntc, bcm ccm ultrapasscu a
Tabela 3.I5 Ccmparac da qualidadc dc liltradc nas divcrsas taxas dc aplicac
para a liltrac dcsccndcntc ,cxpcrimcntcs da PUC PR)
Valcrcs dc dcsvic padrc cntrc parntcscs
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa |95
*
*
turbidcz prc-lixada. Para a taxa dc liltrac dc 00 m / m. dia cs valcrcs
cnccntradcs para a DQO, turbidcz c SST lcram 3 mg / l, 0 uT c 0, mg /l ,
rcspcctivamcntc. Tantc na liltrac dcsccndcntc ccmc na asccndcntc, c
tcmpc para a lavagcm dc liltrc lci dc 5 minutcs, mcsmc quandc a liltrac
asccndcntc durcu 24 hcras.
Ava`.aao
Nc casc da liltrac dcsccndcntc, a qualidadc dc cllucntc lci
mclhcrandc, prcpcrcicnalmcntc a diminuic da taxa dc liltrac,
paramctrc quc subsidicu a dccisc dc qual taxa cpcrar a liltrac
asccndcntc. Nc cntantc rcssaltc-sc quc a liltrac dcsccndcntc tcvc
prcblcmas dc cclmatac dc liltrc, dcvidc a ma qualidadc dc allucntc
,cllucntc dc llctadcr), tantc quc nc lci pcssivcl supcrar c pcricdc dc 2
hcras scm cxtravasamcntc dc liltrc. Para diminuir a cclmatac dc lcitc
liltrantc pcdcriam scr utilizadcs matcriais ccm maicr diamctrcs clctivcs
,DL). Tchcbancglcus c/ o/. ,2003) rcccmcndam para a liltrac
dcsccndcntc valcrcs mcdics dc 0,05mm c ,30mm, rcspcctivamcntc para a
arcia c c carvc, c a altura dc lcitc sc cstcndcria dcs atuais 80 cm acs 08
cm. Rcssaltc-sc ainda quc a liltrac tcrciaria dcvc scr aplicada scmcntc a
cllucntcs sccundarics dc mclhcr qualidadc, aprcscntandc, ccmc sugcstc,
SSTdc 20 a 40 mg /l.
Tata~eoto's.cou'~.co
0esc.aoSuc.ota Jos xpe.~eotos
O tratamcntc dc aguas rcsiduarias pcdc scr cbtidc pcla adic dc
prcdutcs quimiccs, scndc a ccagulac-llcculac c prccipitac quimica
cs prcccsscs dc tratamcntc dc maicr intcrcssc. A ccagulac-llcculac
cnvclvc divcrsas rca6cs c mccanismcs quc rcsultam na agrcgac dc
pcqucnas particulas cm suspcnsc cu cclcidais, c quc lacilita a scparac
das mcsmas para prcduc dc cllucntc clarilicadc. Pcr cutrc ladc, a
prccipitac quimica rclcrc-sc a insclubilizac dc ccrtcs pclucntcs,
dcstacandc-sc a rcmcc dc lcslcrc c mctais pcsadcs na dcpurac dc
aguas rcsiduarias ,TCHOBANOOIOUS c/ o/., 2003). O usc ccmbinadc dc
prcccsscs lisicc-quimiccs c biclcgiccs pcrmitc um cllucntc ccm maicr
rcgularidadc ncs paramctrcs dc qualidadc, c quc ccntribui para a prctcc
da qualidadc dcs rccurscs hidriccs.
|96 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
C.t.os ea~etos 0peac.ooa.s
Varias mcdalidadcs dc tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc lcram
invcstigadas nc Ldital 4 dc PROSAB. A UFRJ avalicu c dcscmpcnhc dc
prcccssc dc dccantac primaria quimicamcntc assistida ,CLPT) nc
tratamcntc primaric dc csgctcs dcmcsticc, ccnsidcrandc ccmc variavcis cs
prcdutcs quimiccs c as taxas dc aplicac supcrlicial. Ja a UFLS avalicu c
pcs-tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc visandc a rcmcc dc SS, DQO, DBO c
cclilcrmc, para um cllucntc dc um sistcma ccnstituidc dc um rcatcr
anacrcbic ccmpartimcntadc ,tipc UASB) scguidc dc lagca dc pclimcntc. A
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ric Orandc dc Sul ,UFROS) utilizcu a rcmcc
sclctiva dc matcria crganica c SST atravcs da utilizac dc rcatcr UASB
scguidc dc llctac cm dcis cstagics ccm c cb]ctivc dc rcmcvcr cs sclidcs
cm suspcnsc c matcria crganica mantcndc cs nutricntcs ,nitrcgnic c
lcslcrc) ccntidcs nc cllucntc tratadc, c a USPavalicu ccmparativamcntc a
aplicac dc prcccssc a basc dc ccagulac c llcculac ccm scparac dc
sclidcs cm dccantadcr lamclar cu llctadcr ccm ar dissclvidc, cmprcgandc-
sc sullatc dc aluminic cu clcrctc lcrricc, scbrc cs cllucntcs da lagca
anacrcbia cu lacultativa. A Tabcla 3.0 aprcscnta paramctrcs mcdics dc
dimcnsicnamcntc dc unidadcs dc tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc c dcsagcns
usuais dc ccagulantcs para dilcrcntcs cb]ctivcs dc tratamcntc utilizadcs
ncs cxpcrimcntcs dc PROSAB.
esu`taJos A`caoaJos ,ua`.JaJeJo l`ueote}
A Tabcla 3.7 aprcscnta laixas dc valcrcs dc qualidadc nc cllucntc
dc tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc dc aguas rcsiduarias urbanas mcdiantc a
Tabela 3.I0 Paramctrcs cpcracicnais c dc dimcnsicnamcntc dc unidadcs dc
tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc ,cxpcrimcntcs da UFRJ, UFLS, USP c UFROS)
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa |97
adic dc prcdutcs quimiccs.
Ava`.aao
O tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc pcrmitc atingir valcrcs satislatcrics dc
ccnccntrac dc sclidcs ,turbidcz c clcrclila o) gcrandc um cllucntc linal
bastantc clarilicadc. Tambcm c clicicntc para a rcmcc dc matcria
crganica c, principalmcntc, nc atcndimcntc a padr6cs dc lanamcntc dc
lcslcrc, c quc indica c scu cmprcgc para c casc dc prctcc dc ccrpcs dc
agua su]citcs a cccrrncia dc cutrclizac. Pcr cutrc ladc, quandc c
cb]ctivc lcr a rcmcc dcs sclidcs cm suspcnsc c matcria crganica scm a
rcmcc dc nutricntcs ,nitrcgnic c lcslcrc) ccntidcs nc cllucntc tratadc a
aplicac dc llctac cm dcis cstagics ccm a adic dc pclimcrc caticnicc
surgc ccmc uma altcrnativa prcmisscra. O tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc
mcstrcu-sc tambcm scr uma impcrtantc barrcira cm rclac a prcscna dc
cvcs dc hclmintcs c cistcs dc prctczcarics nc csgctc tratadc, cntrctantc,
nc lci sulicicntc para rcmcvcr I. cc/| dc lcrma a atcndcr acs padr6cs dc
lanamcntc mais rcstritivcs, tcrnandc-sc ncccssaria a implantac dc
uma unidadc dc dcsinlccc a ]usantc. Adicicnalmcntc, dcpcndcndc dc
ccagulantc cmprcgadc, tambcm c ncccssaria a ccrrcc dc pH dc cllucntc
linal antcs dc scu lanamcntc. Ccnscqucntcmcntc, para a aplicac dc
tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc c ncccssaric scr atcndidcs alguns rcquisitcs,
tais ccmc, a prcscna dc pcsscal qualilicadc para cpcrac c manc]c
adcquadc dc lcdc dc cxccssc prcduzidc, quc cnglcbc c scu tratamcntc c
dcstinc linal.
Tabela 3.I7 Qualidadc dc cllucntc dc sistcmas lisicc-quimiccs cnccntradas ncs
cxpcrimcntcs da UFRJ, UFLS, USP c UFROS)
,)
Clarilicac pcr llctac, ,2) Clarilicac pcr dccantac
|98 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
(1) (2)
eleoc.as 3.o`.ogal.cas
AONCIA NACIONAI DL OUAS ,ANA). Manual dc cpcrac vcrsc 2002..0.
Prcgrama dc dcspcluic dc bacias hidrcgralicas PRODLS. 40 p., 2002.
ANDLRSON, DAMANN, I., SILORIST, ROBLRTI., OTIS, RICHARD J. Tcc Asscss cl Int
Sand Filtcr, U.S. Lnvircnmcntal Prctccticn Agcncy ,LPA). Municipal Lnvircnmcntal
Rcscarch Iabcratcry. Cincinnati, Ohic.085.
AZLVLDO NLTTO, J. M. Filtrcs Rapidcs dc Oravidadc. In. Tccnica dc Abastccimcntc c
Tratamcntc dc gua. Sc Paulc, CLTLSB. 087. p.07-27.
CAMPOS, J. R. ,Cccrdcnadcr). Tratamcntc dc csgctcs sanitarics pcr prcccssc anacrcbic c
dispcsic ccntrclada nc sclc. Ric dc Jancirc. ABLS- PROSAB. 404 p., 000.
CONAMA. Ccnsclhc Nacicnal dc Mcic Ambicntc. Disp6c scbrc a classilicac dcs ccrpcs dc
agua c dirctrizcs ambicntais para c scu cnquadramcntc, bcm ccmc cstabclccc as ccndi6cs
c padr6cs dc lanamcntc dc cllucntcs, c da cutras prcvidncias. Rcscluc n 357 dc 7 dc
mar. dc 2005. Diaric Olicial, Brasilia, DF, 8 dc mar. 2005.
CHLRNICHARO, C. A. I. Principics dc tratamcntc biclcgicc dc aguas rcsiduarias Vclumc
5. Rcatcrcs anacrcbics. Dcpartamcntc dc Lngcnharia Sanitaria c Ambicntal - UFMO. Bclc
Hcrizcntc, 245 p., 007.
CHLRNICHARO, C.A.I ,Cccrdcnadcr). Pcs-tratamcntc dc cllucntcs dc rcatcrcs
anacrcbics. FINLP/PROSAB Ric dc Jancirc, 540 p., 200
CRITLS, R., O. TCHOBANOOIOUS. Small and Dcccntralizcd Wastcwatcr Managcmcnt
Systcms. Ncw Ycrk,Thc McOraw-Hill Ccmpanics, 008.
JOHNSON, M., MARA. D. D. Rcscarch cn wastc stabilisaticn pcnds in thc UK-II. Inital
rcsults lrcm pilct-saclc maturaticn pcnds, rccdbcd chancl and rcck liltcrs. 5th
INTLRNATIONAI IWA SPLCIAIIST OROUP CONFLRLNCL ON WASTL
STABIIISATION PONDS. 2002. Prccccdings... Auckland, NZ. 2002
KIMWAOA, R. J., MASHAURI, D. A., MBWLTTL, T. S. A., KATIMA, J. H. Y.,
JOROLNSLN, S. L. Usc cl ccuplcd dynamic rcughing liltcrs and subsurlacc hcrizcntal
llcw ccnstructcd wctland systcm as apprcpriatc tcchnclcgy lcr upgrading wastc
stabilisaticn pcnds clllucnts in Tanzania. Physics and Chcmistry cl thc Larth, v.20, pp.
243-25. 2004.
MIDDILBROOKS, L. J. Upgrading pcnd clllucnts. an cvcrvicw. Wat.Sci.Tcch., v. 3, n.
2, pp. 353-308. 005.
PHIIIPPI, I. S., SLZLRINO, P. H. Aplicac dc sistcmas tipc c//onJs nc tratamcntc dc
aguas rcsiduarias. utilizac dc liltrcs plantadcs ccm macrclitas. Ld. dc Autcr.
Flcriancpclis, SC, 44p. 2004.
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa |99
SAIDAM, M. Y., RAMADAN, S. A., BUTILR, D. Upgrading wastc stabilizaticn pcnd
clllucnt by rcckliltcrs. Wat.Sci.Tcch., v. 3, n. 2, pp. 300-378. 005.
TCHOBANOOIOUS, O., BURTON, F., STLNSLI, D. ,2003), Wastcwatcr Lnginccring,
Trcatmcnt andRcusc. Mctcall andLddy 4 cdic. McOraw-Hill. Bcstcn, 2003. p.044
vcn SPLRIINO, M. Principics dc tratamcntc biclcgicc dc aguas rcsiduarias Vclumc .
Intrcduc a qualidadc das aguas c ac tratamcntc dc csgctcs. Dcpartamcntc dc
Lngcnharia Sanitaria c Ambicntal - UFMO, 3 Ld. 2005.
||9 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap'tu`o 4
euso Joaoo e ua`
V|qae| Vaosa| A|sse, |Jaa|J6 C6||m, As|e| ||pe|s|6|
Vaco Cooce.tua` paa o euso Je gua
oo Ve.o Joaoo e `oJust.a`
A rcciclagcm, dc lcrma mais ampla, c c rcsc dc agua, mais
cspccilicamcntc, tm sidc prccuradcs ccmc uma lcrma dc rcsclvcr cs
prcblcmas criadcs pclas limita6cs cm sc dar um dcstinc adcquadc acs
rcsiducs sclidcs cu acs cllucntcs liquidcs gcradcs. As altcrnativas dc
rcciclc c dc rcsc cnccntradas a partir dc paradigma dc rcsiduc
incvitavcl limitam-sc a busca dc cp6cs para sc cclccar cs rcsiducs c
cllucntcs dc lcrma accitavcl, cm algum lugar. Assim, tais altcrnativas tm
sidc dcscnvclvidas scb uma ctica cm quc c gcradcr dc rcsiduc prccura um
mcic cndc c mcsmc pcssa scr accitc, ac mcncr custc. Pcr sua vcz, a
simpatia quc a rcciclagcm tcm cnccntradc na cpinic pblica pcrmitc quc
as cmprcsas c institui6cs ccnccrdcm cm pagar, para c agcntc rcccptcr dcs
scus rcsiducs, pclc scrvic prcstadc. O argumcntc para tantc scria c ganhc
dc imagcm gcradc pcla cmprcsa ac sc asscciar a uma causa ncbrc, a qual
gcza dc amplc rcccnhccimcntc sccial.
Lstc arran]c, quc atualmcntc ncrtcia parccla impcrtantc dcs
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As aguas dc rcslriamcntc sc, muitas vczcs, rcspcnsavcis pcla maicr
quantidadc dc agua utilizada cm prcccsscs industriais. Ha uma cncrmc
quantidadc dc indstrias c cutras atividadcs quc ncccssitam dc tcrrcs dc
rcslriamcntc, as quais rcqucrcm ccrtc padrc dc qualidadc da agua para
nc rcduzir sua vida til ,Tabcla 4.). Ncssc prcccssc cccrrc uma
cxprcssiva pcrda dc agua, dcncminada pcrda pcr cvapcrac, quc pcdc
muitc bcm scr rcpcsta ,mo/c a) pcr agua dc rcsc ,Tabcla 4.2).
Crcck ,003), citandc WPCF ,080) c Asanc c/ o/. ,088), rcalirma
muitcs dcs paramctrcs citadcs na Tabcla 4.2, incluindc cclilcrmcs tctais <
2,2 NMP/00 mI.
|26 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 4.I Qualidadc da agua rcccmcndada para tcrrcs dc rcslriamcntc
,). Accitc ccmc rcccbidc, cm gcral nc ha prcblcmas ccm as ccnccntra6cs cu valcrcs usualmcntc
cnccntradcs.
,2). Ausnciadc clccs llutuantcs. Fcntc. Mctcall &Lddy ,2003)
Assim ccmc a agua dc rcslriamcntc, a agua para caldcira dcvc
cbcdcccr a qualidadc cxigida pcr labricantcs, para nc rcduzir a vida til
das ,Tabcla 4.3).
Jsos Joaoos
A tccnclcgia para rccupcrac da qualidadc da agua para uscs
divcrscs csta bcm dcscnvclvida, dispcndc-sc, atualmcntc, dc cp6cs para
sc atingir virtualmcntc qualqucr nivcl dc qualidadc, inclusivc pctavcl.
Assim, c grau dc tratamcntc dcvc scr cricntadc cm lunc dc usc
prctcndidc ,vcr capitulc 3).
Lntrctantc, a clctiva implcmcntac dc um prc]ctc dc rcsc dc agua
nc scra bcm succdida sc nc lidar ccm cs divcrscs aspcctcs scciais, cticcs,
culturais c cccncmiccs. Dcssc mcdc, dcvc-sc ccnsidcrar a pcrccpc c as
atitudcs da pcpulac, scndc quc a atitudc dcpcndc da pcrccpc dc riscc a
sadc ,UNLP/OPA, sd, JLFFLRSONc/ o/., 2004).
Aspectos stt.cos
Lm gcral, as ncrmas c critcrics dc qualidadc cstabclcccm quc a agua
para rcsc cm ambicntc urbanc dcvc tcr aspcctc agradavcl c cdcr nc
cb]ctavcl. Crcck ,008) alirma quc a agua dc rcsc dcvc tcr aparncia
scmclhantc ac da agua pctavcl nc quc tangc a ccr, turbidcz c cdcr.
Lntrctantc, cm uma pcsquisa dc cpinic rcalizada na Inglatcrra c Pais dc
Oalcs ccnstatcu-sc quc a qualidadc cstctica da agua dc rcsc tcvc
impcrtancia citada apcnas dc lcrma marginal ,JLFFLRSONc/ o/.,2004).
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |27
Tabela 4.2 Lspccilicac dc qualidadc para agua dc makc up das tcrrcs dc
rcslriamcntc nc Pclc Pctrcquimicc dc Maua - SP
Fcntc. Mancusc ,2000), citadc pcr Oicrdani ,2002)
Captulo
Padr6cs para rcsc urbanc vigcntcs cm varics paiscs cstabclcccm
limitcs dc turbidcz cntrc 2 c 5 uT ,vcr capitulc 2), cnquantc a Pcrtaria
58/2004 dc Ministcric da Sadc lixa c limitc dc 5 uT ccmc padrc dc
accitac para ccnsumc humanc ,critcrics cstcticcs). Lntrctantc valcrcs
dc turbidcz dcsta crdcm cumprcm tambcm um papcl dc indicadcr
sanitaric, dc rcmcc dc prctczcarics pcr mcic da liltrac c
ccndicicnamcntc da agua prc-dcsinlccc para a inativac dc virus ,vcr
capitulc 2). Um cllucntc dcsta qualidadc cm gcral rcqucr prcccsscs
tcrciarics dc tratamcntc ,vcr capitulc 3), mas pcdc tambcm scr cbtidc ccm
c usc dc liltrcs intcrmitcntcs cm lcitc dc arcia ,FIIA) para c tratamcntc
dc pcqucnas vaz6cs, ccnlcrmc dcmcnstradc cm cxpcrincias dc PROSAB4
rcalizadas na UFBA,COHIM, 2000 a).
|28 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 4.3 Critcrics dc Qualidadc Rcqucridcs para gua dc Caldciras
,) Accitc ccmc rcccbidc, cm gcral nc ha prcblcmas ccm as ccnccntra6cs cu valcrcs usualmcntc
cnccntradcs, ,2) Ccntrcladc pclc tratamcntc dc cutrcs ccnstituintcs. Fcntc. Mctcall &Lddy ,2003).
C
C
Captulo
Lm rclac ac cdcr, cstc paramctrc c, cm gcral, dclinidc dc lcrma
pcucc cb]ctiva cm varias ncrmas dc qualidadc ,pcr cxcmplc, nc
cb]ctavcl). Lntrctantc, varias ncrmas cstabclcccm tambcm limitcs
bastantc rcstritcs para a DBO c, cu, ccnccntrac dc cxignic dissclvidc,
muitc prcvavclmcntc ccmc lcrma dc ccntcr c dcscnvclvimcntc dc cdcr
asscciadc ac cstadc anacrcbic dcccrrcntc da dcgradac da matcria
crganica. Os valcrcs rcccmcndadcs situam-sc cntrc 0 c 30 mg/l ,LPA,
2004) para DBO c OD >,0 mg/l ,CIRIA, 2003) ,vcr capitulc 2).
Lm pcsquisa dc cpinic ccm 50 prclcsscrcs dc cnsinc lundamcntal
dc Sim6cs Filhc-BA, a prcccupac ccm c cdcr cm agua rcciclada lci citada
cm um pcrccntual dc 00, inlcricr apcnas a prcccupac ccm riscc
micrcbiclcgicc dc 73 ,COHIM, 2000b) ,Figura 4.2).
Lm cutrc trabalhc rcalizadc na UFBA nc ambitc dc PROSAB,
Cchim c/ o/. ,2000a) avaliaram c pctcncial dc gcrac dc cdcr cm um
cllucntc ccm DBO dc 30 mg/l c 50 mg/l dc nitratc, submctidc a um pcricdc
dc armazcnamcntc dc atc 30 dias. O pctcncial dc cxi-rcduc dc cllucntc
armazcnadc lci mcnitcradc ccm lrcqncia dc atc 3 vczcs pcr dia, ccmc
marcadcr das ccndi6cs prccurscras da rcduc dcs sullatcs ,pctcncial dc
cxi-rcduc abaixc dc -00 mV), nc lcram cbscrvadcs valcrcs inlcricrcs a
45,0 mV, mcsmc ccm c OD inicial abaixc dc ,0 mg/l ,vcr itcm A
LXPLRINCIADAUFBA).
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |29
Iigura 4.2 Pcrccpc dcs aspcctcs rclcvantcs para rcsc dc agua, cm pcsquisa
rcalizada ccm 50 prclcsscrcs dc cnsinc lundamcntal dc Sim6cs Filhc - BA.
Fcntc. Cchim ,2000b)
Aspectos Sao.ta.os
A dcspcitc da lcnga histcria dc rcsc dc agua cm varias partcs dc
mundc, a qucstc da scgurana sanitaria nc c dc lacil ccnscnsc c a
dclinic dc quc sc]a riscc accitavcl ainda c cb]ctc dc acalcradcs dcbatcs
,ASANO, ILVINL, 008).
A dclinic dcs limitcs micrcbiclcgiccs tcm rcccbidc dilcrcntcs
abcrdagcns, variandc cntrc alta tccnclcgia / altc custc / baixc riscc ,cu
riscc nulc) c tccnclcgia simplcs / baixc custc / riscc ccntrcladc, dcpcndcndc
dc balanc cntrc capacidadc cccncmica c riscc ,ANDLRSON c/ o/., 200)
,vcr Capitulc 2).
Scgundc Bahri, Brissaud ,2004), as mctas dc qualidadc
micrcbiclcgicas apcntadas cm varias dirctrizcs muitas vczcs carcccm dc
basc cicntilica. Na abcrdagcm ccnscrvadcra, c padrc dc crganismcs
patcgniccs ,cu dc crganismcs indicadcrcs) c bascadc nc ccnccitc dc riscc
nulc. Pcr cutrc ladc, ainda sc rclativamcntc cscasscs cs cstudcs
cpidcmiclcgiccs aplicadcs ac rcsc da agua, ccm alguma cxccc para c
rcsc agriccla, alcm dissc, cstudcs cpidcmiclcgiccs pcdcm aprcscntar
baixa scnsibilidadc para nivcis baixcs dc cxpcsic. Ccnscqcntcmcntc, a
dcspcitc dc tcdas as limita6cs c inccrtczas, a aplicac da mctcdclcgia dc
Avaliac Quantitativa dc Riscc Micrcbiclcgicc ,AQRM) sc aprcscnta
ccmc uma lcrramcnta til para lcrmulac dc dirctrizcs para c rcsc da
agua ,BAHRI, BRISSAUD, 2004).
As pcssivcis abcrdagcns para c cstabclccimcntc dc critcrics dc
qualidadc para c rcsc da agua, bcm ccmc as bascs ccnccituais da AQRM,
lcram dcscnvclvidas nc Capitulc 2 dcstc livrc. A scguir sc rclcradcs
alguns aspcctcs vcltadcs para c rcsc urbanc c, mais cspccilicamcntc,
para c rcsc cm dcscarga dc tcalctcs.
O prcccdimcntc dc AQRM c ccmpcstc pcr quatrc ctapas. ,i)
idcntilicac dc pcrigc, ,ii) avaliac da dcsc-rcspcsta, ,iii) avaliac da
cxpcsic c ,iv) caractcrizac quantitativa dc riscc.
O pcrigc c caractcrizadc pcla prcscna dc patcgcncs ,cu dc
indicadcrcs) na agua, a dcsc-rcspcsta c ccnhccida para um bcm nmcrc dc
crganismcs patcgniccs, a cxpcsic c caractcrizada pcr sua magnitudc c
lrcqncia, asscciadas ac usc, intcncicnal cu nc, da agua, a
|39 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
caractcrizac dc riscc cnvclvc sua quantilicac a partir dc mcdclcs
matcmaticcs dc prcbabilidadc dc inlccc.
Uma dccisc lundamcntal nc prcccssc dc AQRM c a dclinic dc
riscc accitavcl para a situac cm analisc, dclinindc ccm issc a qualidadc
micrcbiclcgica da agua c c ccrrcspcndcntc grau dc tratamcntc ncccssaric.
A Agncia dc Prctcc Ambicntal dcs LUA ,LPA) dclinc para c
abastccimcntc dc agua para ccnsumc humanc um riscc accitavcl anual dc
-4
0 , cu sc]a, um casc anual dc transmissc dc dccna para cada 0.000
pcsscas ,ASANO, ILVINL, 008). Alguns autcrcs tm rcccmcndadc um
-3
valcr dc 0 ,HAAS, 200, OTTOSSON, 2003).
Acaractcrizac da cxpcsic, cm tcrmcs dc magnitudc c lrcqncia,
pcrmitc a cstimativa da ingcstc ,cu inalac) dc dctcrminadc vclumc dc
liquidc ccntcndc um nmcrc mcdic ccnhccidc dc micrcrganismcs. Ashbclt
c/ o/. ,2005) dclincm a cxpcsic a partir dc distribuic triangular,
dclinida pclc valcr minimc, mcda c valcr maximc para c vclumc, c dc
distribuic Ncrmal, dclinida pcla mcdia c dcsvic padrc, para a
lrcqncia dc cvcntcs ,Tabcla 4.4).
A adcc dc valcrcs iguais para a cxpcsic pclc usc cm dcscarga dc
vasc sanitaric, maquina dc lavar rcupa c irrigac parccc nc scr
adcquadc, uma vcz quc c tcmpc dc cxpcsic nc ltimc casc tcndc a scr
bcm maicr quc para cs primcircs. Ottcscn ,2003) sugcrc, para uma
avaliac dctcrministica, um valcr dc 0,0 mI para dcscarga dc tcalctcs c
0,05 mIpara irrigac.
Na Figura 4.3 sc aprcscntadas as distribui6cs acumuladas dc
ingcstc para alguns uscs. Obscrva-sc quc c maicr vclumc dc cxpcsic
ccrrcspcndc ac usc balncaric, cu]a mcdiana c ccrca dc scis vczcs supcricr a
ccrrcspcndcntc ac usc cm dcscarga dc tcalctc c 5 vczcs a ccrrcspcndcntc
ac usc cm irrigac.
O sclc hidricc dc vascs sanitarics ccstuma aprcscntar clcvadas
dcnsidadcs dc crganismcs indicadcrcs. Cruz ,2000) invcstigcu a qualidadc
da agua dc sclc hidricc cm prcdics pbliccs cm Salvadcr c cnccntrcu quc
2
50 das amcstras aprcscntaram dcnsidadcs dc cclilcrmcs supcricrcs a 0
crganismcs /00mI,vcr itcm ALXPLRINCIADAUFBA).
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |3|
|32 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 4.4 Distribuic para dcscrcvcr a cxpcsic asscciada ac usc dc agua rcciclada
Nctas. ,*) T. distribuic triangular , ,**) N. distribuic ncrmal. Fcntc. Ashbclt ct al. ,2005)
Iigura 4.3 Distribuic dc lrcqncia acumulada dc vclumcs ingcridcs, a partir das
distribui6cs prcpcstas pcr Ashbclt c/ o/. ,2005).
Nc quc ccnccrnc ac usc dc cllucntc tratadc cm vascs sanitarics, a
rcccmcndac da USLPA, ,2004) c dc ausncia cm 00 mI. Lm Bcrlim, na
Alcmanha, um trabalhc dc pcsquisa iniciadc cm 088, pcr nc dispcr dc
critcrics ]a cstabclccidcs para rcsc dc agua cinza cm dcscarga dc vasc,
scguiu c critcric dclinidc cm Ouidclincs lcr rccrcaticnal watcrs dc 075,
ccmplcmcntadcs ccm cs scguintcs paramctrcs micrcbiclcgiccs.
8o/mcnc//o, Icg|cnc//o, 8/ob/ccccas oarcas c ConJ|Jo o/||cons. Dcntrc
cutrcs paramctrcs, lcram prcpcstcs. DBO7 < 5,0 mg/I, cclilcrmcs tctais
< 00/mI, cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs < 0/mI ,.000/00mI) c
P. ocrag|ncso < /mI. Lm 005, apcs a ccnstatac dc quc c sistcma dc
tratamcntc invcstigadc atcndia ac ccn]untc dc critcrics cstabclccidcs, cstc
lci adctadc ccmc dirctriz para rcsc dc agua cinza ccmc agua dc scrvic
,usc nc pctavcl) cm nivcl lccal, atravcs dc Bcr/|n 8cno/c Dcor/omcn/ [cr
Ba|//J|ng onJ Hcas|nng ,NOIDL, 2005).
Bcrtcnc c/ o/. ,000) avaliaram c usc dc agua dc qualidadc
sccundaria cm dcscargas dc tcalctcs, utilizandc lactcbacilcs ccmc
4
marcadcrcs, para uma agua ccm 0 crganismcs /00 mI a taxa dc
rccupcrac cm amcstras dc ar lci nula, mcsmc a uma altura dc 30 cm
acima dc vasc.
Rcsultadcs scmclhantcs lcram cbtidcs cm trabalhc ccnduzidc pcr
Cchim c/ o/. ,2000b). a ,0 m dc altura ,50 cm acima dc vasc) nc lcram
cnccntradcs crganismcs indicadcrcs, mcsmc quandc lci utilizada agua
0
ccm 0 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs /00mI ,vcr itcm A LXPLRINCIA
DAUFBA).
Padr6cs dc 00 a 200 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs /00mIsc ccmuns
para aguas balncarcs c largamcntc accitcs, cstandc, cm gcral,
rclacicnadcs a taxas dc dccnas dc dccnas gastrc-intcstinais dc a 2,
ccnsidcrada ccmc um riscc accitavcl ,BAHRI, BRISSAUD, 2004).
Rcgistrc-sc quc cstc valcr cnccntra-sc abaixc da taxa anual dc inlccc pcr
dccnas intcstinais cm paiscs dcscnvclvidcs. 0,2 ,MATHLRS c/ o/., 2002).
Nc Brasil a Rcscluc 274/2000 dc CONAMA cstabclccc para ccntatc
primaric c limitc dc .000 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs / 00mI.
Outrcs uscs urbancs aprcscntam cxpcsi6cs inlcricrcs a quc cccrrc
cm uscs balncarcs. O usc dc agua ccm dcnsidadcs clcvadas dc cclilcrmcs
4 0
tcrmctclcrantcs ,0 a 0 crganismcs /00mI), cm dcscarga dc vasc
sanitaric, nc rcsultcu cm transmissc dcsscs crganismcs para c ar.
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |33
Pcrtantc, c pcssivcl sugcrir, ccm bca margcm dc scgurana, quc para uscs
urbancs nc pctavcis c pcssivcl utilizar agua ccm a mcsma qualidadc
3
rcccmcndada para balncabilidadc, dc 0 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs /
00mI.
A xpe.oc.a Jo 0SA3
A xpe.oc.a Ja J3A
ua`.JaJe Ja gua Je Se`os 'J.cos Je vasos Sao.ta.os
Na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral da Bahia ,UFBA) lcram rcalizadcs
cxpcrimcntcs visandc a avaliac dc pctcncial dc rcsc dc agua cm
dcscarga dc vascs sanitarics.
Num primcirc cxpcrimcntc c cb]ctivc lci invcstigar a qualidadc da
agua cnccntrada ncs sclcs hidriccs dc vascs sanitarics, visandc discutir a
qualidadc da agua dc rcsc aprcpriada para dcscarga.
Para tantc, lci dcscnvclvidc um cstudc dc caratcr cxplcratcric cm
cincc shcppings ccntcrs, uma cstac rcdcviaria c trs unidadcs da UFBA.
Numa primcira campanha dc mcnitcramcntc lcram cclctadas 08
amcstras dc agua dcs sclcs hidriccs dcs vascs, cm sanitarics masculincs c
lcminincs. Numa scgunda amcstragcm, rcalizada na Lsccla Pclitccnica
da UFBA, lcram cclctadas 50 amcstras dc aguas dcs sclcs hidriccs dc dcis
vascs sanitarics lcminincs. Lm ambas campanhas c indicadcr analisadc
lci cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs.
A cclcta da agua dcs sclcs dcs vascs lci rcalizada scm sc dar
dcscarga, dcsdc quc a agua nc vasc aprcscntassc aparncia limpa. Casc
ccntraric cra dada dcscarga prcviamcntc a cclcta. Prccurcu-sc, assim,
rcprcduzir c mclhcr pcssivcl as ccndi6cs ncrmalmcntc cnccntradas pclcs
usuarics.
Na Figura 4.4 aprcscntam-sc cs rcsultadcs da primcira campanha
dc amcstragcm. Obscrva-sc uma variac bastantc larga na qualidadc da
agua dcs vascs analisadcs, ccm dcnsidadcs dc cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs
0 5
variandc, cm tcrmcs dc crdcm dc grandcza, dc 0 -0 crganismcs / 00
0 4
mI. As mcdianas, cm cada vasc, variaram dc 0 -0 cclilcrmcs
|34 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |35
Iigura 4.4 Oraliccs Bcx-Plct da distribuic dc lrcqncia dc cclilcrmcs
tcrmctclcrantcs nc sclc hidricc dc vascs sanitarics cm Salvadcr,
primcira campanha dc mcnitcramcntc.
Iigura 4.5 Oraliccs Bcx-Plct da distribuic dc lrcqncia dc cclilcrmcs
tcrmctclcrantcs nc sclc hidricc dc dcis vascs sanitarics da UFBA,
scgunda campanha dc mcnitcramcntc.
3
tcrmctclcrantcs / 00 mI c as mcdias gccmctricas dc 00-0 cclilcrmcs
3
tcrmctclcrantcs / 00 mI,maximc dc ,8 x0 / 00 mI).
Na scgunda amcstragcm, alcm dcs prcccdimcntcs dc cclcta ]a
dcscritcs, cs dcis vascs cm cstudc ,UFBA) lcram iscladcs para cvitar usc
durantc a cclcta, pcssibilitandc c scguintc prcccdimcntc. cclcta da
primcira amcstra, dcscarga c cclcta scqcncial da agua acs 0.00, 0.0min,
0.30min, .00h, 2.00h c 3.00h apcs a dcscarga. As amcstras ac lcngc dc
tcmpc apcs a dcscarga nc aprcscntaram dilcrcnas signilicativas,
3
variandc nc intcrvalc cntrc 0 -0 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs / 00 mI
,Figura 4.5).
Na sua tctalidadc, cs rcsultadcs pcrmitcm as scguintcs cbscrva6cs.
a utilizac dc aguas dc rcsc ccm qualidadc cquivalcntc a
cnccntrada ncs sclcs hidriccs dcs vascs nc ccasicnaria,
aparcntcmcntc, rcduc da qualidadc das mcsmas, ncm
ccmprcmctimcntc da scgurana dcs usuarics,
a dcnsidadc dc cclilcrmc tcrmctclcrantc cnccntrada ncs vascs
sanitarics dcs prcdics pbliccs analisadcs aprcscnta valcrcs
supcricrcs acs indicadcs cm lcgisla6cs dc varics paiscs,
sugcrindc quc as mcsmas pcssam scr cxccssivamcntc rcstritivcs.
oJuaoJeAeosso.s e~ vasos Sao.ta.os
Um scgundc cxpcrimcntc tcvc ccmc cb]ctivc avaliar a gcrac dc
bicacrcsscis durantc a dcscarga dc vascs sanitarics. Para tantc, lci
ccnstruidc um sanitaric cxpcrimcntal, cm alvcnaria, ccm dimcns6cs 0,04
x ,8 x 2,0 m, dctadc dc pcrta c basculantc c valvula dc dcscarga ,marca
Hydra, mcdclc 2550, DN40). O sistcma dc alimcntac c ccnstituidc dc um
tanquc dc alimcntac ,TQA), ccm capacidadc para 300 I, apciadc nc pisc,
nc qual lci instalada uma bcmba ,marca Anaugcr, mcdclc M-050) para c
rccalquc dc TQA atc c rcscrvatcric dc agua dc dcscarga ,TQD), ccm
capacidadc para 00 litrcs c cu]c nivcl maximc dc agua lccaliza-sc a uma
altura dc 4,5 mctrcs ,Figura 4.0).
Inicialmcntc prccurcu-sc cbtcr um rcgistrc dcs rcspingcs gcradcs
durantc a dcscarga. Para issc, utilizcu-sc uma placa dc madcirit ccm
dimcns6cs dc 40 x 04 cm c lcrrada ccm plasticc, na qual cra lixada uma
lclha dc papcl-tcalha brancc dc dimcns6cs 80 x 55 cm. Ccmc marcadcr lci
|36 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
utilizadc ccrantc alimcnticic liquidc marca Arcclcr, ccr vcrmclha, diluidc
cm duas partcs dc agua.
Fcram tcstadas trs situa6cs. ,a) ccm c marcadcr adicicnadc
apcnas nc sclc hidricc ,SH) c a dcscarga ccm agua pctavcl, ,b) ccm c
marcadcr adicicnadc ac TQD c c SH prccnchidc ccm agua pctavcl, ,c) ccm
c marcadcr nc SH c nc TQD. Para cada situac, lcram tcstadas duas
alturas. scbrc c asscntc dc vasc sanitaric c a 0 cm dc asscntc dc vasc, ccm
a placa apciada cm cantcnciras. Para cada uma das situa6cs c para cada
altura, lcram rcalizadcs 0 tcstcs. Tcstcs prcliminarcs nc dctcctaram
gctas visivcis a partir da altura dc 00 cm dc pisc.
Avalvula dc dcscarga cra acicnada pcr 3 scgundcs, c quc lcrnccia um
vclumc aprcximadamcntc ccnstantc dc 0 I. Durantc cs tcstcs, c TQD
cnccntrava-sc ccmplctamcntc chcic c a pcrta c c basculantc dc banhcirc
lcchadcs. Ncs intcrvalcs cntrc cs tcstcs ccm a placa scbrc c asscntc cram
lcitas a limpcza c sccagcm das bcrdas dc vasc. A ccntagcm dc gctas ncs
papcis-tcalha cra lcita scm auxilic dc cquipamcntcs, scndc scmcntc
ccntadas as gctas visivcis a clhc nu ,Tabcla 4.5).
Nas duas pcsi6cs da placa a tcndncia cbscrvada lci a mcsma, ccmc
nmcrc dc gctas crcsccntc para c usc dc marcadcr nc sclc hidricc, nc
tanquc dc dcscarga c cm ambcs, cmbcra dilcrcnas mais nitidas ,c
cstatisticamcntc signilicativas) tcnham sidc cbscrvadas quandc a placa
lci apciada scbrc c asscntc. Lm tcdc casc, lica clara a ccntribuic dc
tanquc dc dcscarga na lcrmac dc acrcsscis.
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |37
Iigura 4.0 Ilustrac csqucmatica dc aparatc cxpcrimcntal
para a avaliac dc bicacrcsscis cm dcscargas dc vascs sanitarics.
Lm uma scgunda lasc dc cxpcrimcntc prccurcu-sc quantilicar
cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs ncs acrcsscis. Para issc, lci utilizadc c
cquipamcntc impactadcr dc tipc Andcrscn, marca SKC, mcdclc BicStagc
Standard, quc utiliza placas dc pctri dc 00 x 5 mm, a bcmba dc
amcstragcm Quicktakc 30 pcssui vazc dc succ rcgulavcl dc 0 a 30,0
I/min.
Ncssa lasc, utilizcu-sc ccmc agua dc dcscarga cllucntc dc liltrc
anacrcbic ,FAn) para pcssibilitar, atravcs dc dilui6cs, qualidadcs
bactcriclcgicas variadas, buscandc-sc ccrrclacicnar a dcnsidadc dc
micrcrganismcs na agua dc dcscarga ccm a cnccntrada ncs acrcsscis. As
trs situa6cs simuladas durantc a primcira lasc lcram rcpctidas na
scgunda, scndc quc, para cada situac, lcram tcstadas duas alturas. a 52
c 00 cm dc pisc O acicnamcntc da valvula dc dcscarga tcvc durac dc 5
scgundcs, ccrrcspcndcndc a um vclumc dc ccrca dc 0 I. A bcmba dc
succ lci acicnada nc instantc dc acicnamcntc da dcscarga,
pcrmancccndc ligada pcr 0 minutcs ccm a vazc a]ustada cm 28,3 I/min.
Durantc cs tcstcs, c TQD lci mantidc ccmplctamcntc chcic c a pcrta c c
basculantc dc banhcirc lcchadcs.
Lm rcsumc, cs rcsultadcs indicaram quc a ,0 m dc altura ,50 cm
acima dc vasc) nc lcram cnccntradcs crganismcs indicadcrcs, mcsmc
0
quandc lci utilizada agua ccm 0 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs /00mI.
Rcsultadcs similarcs lcram pcr Ocrba c/ o/. ,075) c Bcund, Atkinscn
,000) cm trabalhcs rcalizadcs cm ccndi6cs scmclhantcs.
CeaaoJe0Joes 0ev.Jo o A~azeoa~eotoJo l`ueoteTataJo
Num tcrccirc cxpcrimcntc c cb]ctivc lci avaliar c clcitc dc
armazcnamcntc dc cllucntc dc um liltrc intcrmitcntc ,FIIA) na gcrac
dc cdcrcs, visandc a adcquac dc scu usc cm dcscarga c, cu irrigac dc
arcas vcrdcs. Para c armazcnamcntc dc cllucntc lci utilizada uma
bcmbcna dc plasticc prctc, cpacc, ccm capacidadc para 50I. Os
|38 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 4.5 Ccntagcm dc rcspingcs gcradcs durantc a dcscarga
dc vascs sanitarics ,mcdia c dcsvic padrc)
paramctrcs dc ccntrclc incluiram. SST, OD, pctcncial rcdcx c pH, DQO,
sullatcs, sullctcs, amcnia c nitratc.
Uma primcira lasc cxpcrimcntal, ccm durac dc 20 dias, tcvc inicic
ccm a adic dc 40 I dc cllucntc dc FIIA a bcmbcna. As caractcristicas
iniciais dc cllucntc cram as scguintcs. 2,08 mg O /I, 202,7 mV ,pctcncial
2
rcdcx), 40 mg DBO/I, 04 mg DQO/I, 40,4 mg SO /I, ausncia dc sullctcs,
4
08 mg NH /I, 07 mg NO /I, 0,4 mg SST/I. Dc primcirc ac sctimc dia as
4 3
mcdi6cs lcram rcalizadas trs vczcs ac dia, as 00, 3 c 7 hcras dc citavc
ac 4 dia, duas vczcs ac dia, as 00 c 7 hcras, dc 5 ac 20 dia, uma vcz ac
dia, as 00 hcras.
Uma scgunda lasc lci prcccdida dc um pcricdc dc aclimatac
visandc c dcscnvclvimcntc dc biclilmc, quandc tcdc c ccntcdc da lasc
antcricr lci rcmcvidc c cutrcs 40 I dc cllucntc lcram armazcnadcs,
scguindc-sc trccas diarias dc 0 I dc ccntcdc da bcmbcna durantc um
pcricdc dc 5 dias. Lsta lasc tcvc uma durac dc 3 dias, scndc quc as
caractcristicas iniciais dc cllucntc cra as scguintcs. 0,5 mg O /I, 80, mV
2
,pctcncial rcdcx), 0 mg DBO/I, 7 mg DQO/I, 28,0 mg SO /I, ausncia dc
4
sullctcs, 2,0 mg NH /I, 33, mg NO /I, 05,0 mg SST/I. Dc primcirc ac
4 3
quintc dia as mcdi6cs lcram rcalizadas trs vczcs ac dia, as 00, 3 c 7
hcras, dc 7 ac 24 dia, duas vczcs ac dia, as 00 c 7 hcras, dc 25 ac 3 dia,
uma vcz ac dia, 00 hcras.
Nc mcnitcramcntc diaric para a cbscrvac da prcduc dc
ccndi6cs ambicntais lavcravcis a anacrcbicsc ,OD c pctcncial rcdcx),
cbtivcram-sc cs rcsultadcs mcstradcs na Figura 4.7.
O pH mantcvc-sc ncssc pcricdc scmprc na laixa ncutra, cntrc 0,5 c
7,5, ccndic quc lavcrccc a lcrmac dc gas sullidricc.
Na primcira lasc, c cxignic dissclvidc caiu dc 2,08 mg/I a mcncs dc
,0 mg/I apcs 24 h c sc mantcvc abaixc dcssc valcr atc c linal dc
cxpcrimcntc, cvidcnciandc a prcscna dc micrcrganismcs acrcbics. O
pctcncial rcdcx, inicialmcntc dc 202,7 mV, caiu a 70,0 mV ac linal dc 480
hcras. Valcrcs dc pctcncial rcdcx acima dc -00,0 mV nc sc indicativcs
dc prcduc dc H S. Pcr cutrc ladc, cs micrcrganismcs rcspcnsavcis pcla
2
rcduc dc sullatc tm taxas dc crcscimcntc baixas, cstandc asscciadcs a
prcscna dc biclilmc.
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |39
Na scgunda lasc ,prcccdida dc um pcricdc dc cstimulc ac
dcscnvclvimcntc dc biclilmc), c cllucntc armazcnadc aprcscntava valcrcs
iniciais dc OD ]a abaixc dc ,0 mg/Ic dc pctcncial rcdcx dc 50, mV. O tccr
dc OD chcgcu a atingir valcrcs muitc prcximcs dc zcrc, pcrmancccndc a
maicr partc dc tcmpc abaixc dc 0,5 mg/I. A dcspcitc dcssa ccndic, c
pctcncial rcdcx cscilcu cm tcrnc dc 50,0 mV, licandc, pcrtantc, distantc dc
valcr limitc dc indicac dc rcduc dc sullatcs, mcsmc apcs um pcricdc dc
720 hcras dc armazcnamcntc.
Uma pcssivcl cxplicac para cs clcvadcs valcrcs dc pctcncial rcdcx
nas duas lascs dc cxpcrimcntc c c latc dc quc as ccnccntra6cs dc DBO
cram rclativamcntc baixas ,40 mg/I na primcira lasc c 0 mg/I na
scgunda) c dc dcgradabilidadc mais lcnta, asscciadc a clcvadas
ccnccntra6cs dc nitratc ,07 mg/I na primcira lasc c 33, mg/I na
scgunda), lcntc prclcrcncial dc cxignic cm rclac acs sullatcs.
Lm rcsumc, cs rcsultadcs indicam quc um adcquadc manc]c,
incluindc a qualidadc dc cllucntc, c tcmpc dc armazcnamcntc c c ccntrclc
da lcrmac dc biclilmcs, c prcblcma dc gcrac dc cdcrcs pcdc scr
razcavclmcntc ccntrcladc, pctcncializandc c usc dc cllucntcs tratadcs cm
dcscarga dc vascs sanitarics c cutrcs uscs urbancs. Nc casc avaliadc, c
cllucntc dc FIIArcvclcu grandc pctcncial dc usc.
|49 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 4.7 Pctcncial rcdcx c OD mcdidcs durantc c armazcnamcntc
dc cllucntc tratadc.
A xpe.oc.a Ja JC
euso `oJust.a`
O cxpcrimcntc viscu c usc nc pctavcl dc cllucntc da LTL Cambui
,Campc Iargc-PR), quc trata csgctc sanitaric. Lsta cstac dc tratamcntc
prc]ctada, ccnstruida c cpcrada pcla SANLPAR, lci cscclhida cm virtudc
da qualidadc dc cllucntc tratadc c da tccnclcgia utilizada, pcis cpcra ccm
tratamcntc biclcgicc ,RAIF) scguidc dc lisicc-quimicc ,llctac pcr ar
dissclvidc) c dcsinlccc dc cllucntc. O mcnitcramcntc das caractcristicas
lisicc-quimicas c micrcbiclcgicas dc cllucntc c uma atividadc rctincira dc
supcrtc ac cmprccndimcntc. Dcsdc 000 csta LTL tcm sidc cb]ctc dc
cstudc ccn]untc ccm a Pcntilicia Univcrsidadc Catclica dc Parana
,PUCPR) na avaliac dc dcscmpcnhc das tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc.
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |4|
Iigura 4.8 Usc dc Lllucntcs na Indstria Diagrama Ccnccitual
dc abcrdagcm ]untc as cmprcsas.
O usc nc pctavcl sc ccncrctizcu ]untc as indstrias ccramicas da
rcgic ,INCLPA c Icrcnzctti), cscclhidas dcvidc a prcximidadc da LTL
Cambui. Dcsdc c primcirc ccntatc as cmprcsas mcstraram-sc bastantc
rcccptivas c intcrcssadas nc trabalhc a scr cntc rcalizadc,
dispcnibilizandc suas instala6cs c pcsscal cspccializadc para c trabalhc,
cm ccn]untc ccm a cquipc univcrsitaria. Para tantc, prcccdcu-sc a
intcgrac das cquipcs cnvclvidas, cstudandc-sc c ccnsumc da agua na
atividadc industrial c as pcssibilidadcs dc substituic dc lcntcs ,Figura
4.8).
INCEPA
AINCLPA, lundada cm 052 pclc grupc suic Kcramik Iaulcn, tcvc
c ccntrclc acicnaric passadc ac grupc cspanhcl ROCA Radiadcrcs S.A. nc
anc dc 000. Atuandc na arca dc rcvcstimcntcs c piscs ccramiccs, pcssui
2
duas plantas na cidadc dc Campc Iargc, ccm uma arca tctal dc 450 mil m ,
2
scndc 24 mil m dc arca ccnstruida, utilizandc ccmc matcria-prima
basicamcntc a argila, caulim, quartzc c agua.
Os trabalhcs ccnduzidcs na INCLPAlcram iniciadcs ccm c cstudc da
dcmanda dc agua para substituic pcr csgctc tratadc c dcsinlctadc da
LTL Cambui. Scndc assim, lci avaliada a pcssibilidadc dc um cnsaic quc
dctcrminassc grandc dcmanda dc agua. Lscclhcu-sc c prcccssc dc
mcagcm, nc qual sc intrcduziu cllucntc ]untamcntc ccm a matcria prima
dirctamcntc ncs mcinhcs, para prcparac da massa liquida ,barbctina), a
qual apcs passar pcr varics prcccsscs, da crigcm acs azulc]cs ,Tabcla 4.0).
Atualmcntc a agua rcsiduaria prcvcnicntc da lavagcm dc matcrial
ccramicc c dc partc dc prcccssc industrial passa pcr um tratamcntc lisicc-
quimicc, dcntrc da prcpria indstria, c dcpcis c rcusada nc prcccssc
industrial.
Fcram rcalizadcs divcrscs cnsaics, tcdcs cm cscala industrial, pcr
rcccmcndac da prcpria cmprcsa, dc mcdc a avaliar c ccmpcrtamcntc
rcclcgicc da massa utilizandc csgctc tratadc c dcsinlctadc, c qual lci
transpcrtadc pcr mcic dc caminhc-pipa. Antcs da atcmizac, a massa
liquida passa pcr alguns tcstcs quc dctcrminam as caractcristicas iniciais
lcgc quc sacm dcs mcinhcs ,Tabcla 4.7).
A ccntinuidadc dcs cnsaics rcsultcu na ccnlccc dc pcas dc igual
qualidadc aquclas prcduzidas ccm agua dc usc ccrrcntc ,Figura 4.8), c
|42 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
quc ccmprcva a pcssibilidadc dc rcsc scm ccmprcmctcr c prcdutc
acabadc, tantc c quc as pcas lcram ccmcrcializadas ncrmalmcntc.
LOBENZETTI
A Icrcnzctti lci lundada ncs ancs 20 pclc italianc Alcssandrc
Icrcnzctti, passandc cm 2.000 ac ccntrclc dc grupc lrancs Icgrand,
labricantc dc ccmpcncntcs clctriccs dc baixa vcltagcm. Nc Parana, a
planta lccaliza-sc na cidadc dc Campc Iargc c scus prcdutcs dc maicr
invcstimcntc c labricac sc cs ccramiccs. Aindstria cpcra hc]c ccm 807
luncicnarics, utilizandc ccmc matcria-prima argila, talcc, quartzc,
lcldspatc, lilitc c a calcita.
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |43
Tabela 4.0 Avaliac dcs ccnsumcs dc agua na INCLPA
Fcntc. Ochringcr ,2000)
Tabela 4.7 Rcsumc dcs cnsaics na barbctina rcalizadcs na INCLPA
Fcntc. Ochringcr ,2000)
|44 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
1
2
Iigura 4.0 Scqncia dc cnsaic rcalizadc na INCLPA, para ccnlccc
dc pcas ccramicas, utilizandc cllucntc dcsinlctadc.
,) Carrcgamcntc dcs mcinhcs, ,2) Pcas cntrandc nc lcrnc,
,3) Pcas prcduzidas ccm cllucntc.
3
Iigura 4.I0 Prcccdimcntc cm cscala pilctc para ccnlccc dc pcas ccramicas,
cmprcgandc cllucntc sanitaric, na cmprcsa Icrcnzctti.
,) Instalac Pilctc, ,2) Lnsaic dc Ruptura,
,3) Ccrpcs dc prcva ccm cllucntc.
1
2 3
Na Lmprcsa Icrcnzctti, tambcm lci ccnlcccicnadc um lluxcgrama
dc dcmanda dc agua para sc avaliar pcntcs dc maicr ccnsumc. Nc quc sc
rclcrc acs cnsaics, cstcs lcram rcalizadcs na Unidadc Pilctc da Lmprcsa,
instalac lccalizada ]untc ac prcdic dc Iabcratcric dc Analiscs Fisicc-
Quimicas, na qual sc cnccntram cquipamcntcs dc pcqucna capacidadc, dc
mcdc a simular c quc cccrrc cm cscala industrial. ATabcla 4.8 idcntilica cs
prcccsscs dc ccnsumc dc agua passivcis dc scrcm substituidcs pcr
cllucntc.
Lm sc tratandc dc prcdutcs clctrcs-ccramiccs lcram ncccssarias
analiscs cspccilicas, cxigindc grandc rigcr cm cada ctapa da ccnlccc dc
pcas, tais ccmc ccnlccc dc ccrpcs dc prcva. Lstcs lcram submctidcs a
cnsaics ccmc pcrda ac lcgc, abscrc ,lucsina), dclcrmac, umidadc,
indicc pircplasticc, ruptura, tantc para c ccrpc dc prcva cru, calcinadc c
vidradc. Pclcs tcstcs rcalizadcs ]untc a cmprcsa, rclcrcndadc pclcs
tccniccs industriais, ccncluiu-sc quc lci pcssivcl utilizar c cllucntc tratadc
c dcsinlctadc da LTL-Cambui para lins nc pctavcis.
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |45
Tabela 4.8 Avaliac dcs ccnsumcs dc agua na Icrcnzctti
Fcntc. Bcna c/ o/. ,2000)
|46 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
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euso Joaoo
ACidade de Canpo Largo
O municipic dc Campc Iargc, criadc cm 870, situa-sc na Rcgic
Mctrcpclitana dc Curitiba. Ccm uma pcpulac dc 02.782 habitantcs
,CLNSO 2000) c ccnsidcrada a capital da Icua c da Ccramica pcr scdiar
impcrtantcs cmprcsas, cu]cs prcdutcs sc ccnhccidcs intcrnacicnalmcntc.
A Prclcitura Municipal dc Campc Iargc utiliza agua para divcrsas
atividadcs dc limpcza c manutcnc dc suas arcas vcrdcs, pcdcndc scr
citadcs. c usc na lavagcm das praas, principalmcntc na rcgic ccntral, na
rcga dc hcrtc municipal, cndc sc cultivam as mudas para arbcrizac da
cidadc, na lavagcm da lrcta dc vciculcs, cntrc cutrcs. O cstudc
dcscnvclvidc nc PROSAB 4 viscu avaliar sc ncstcs uscs a agua pctavcl
pcdcria scr pctcncialmcntc substituida pcr cllucntc tratadc c dcsinlctadc.
Procedinentos
Inicialmcntc rcalizcu-sc um cstudc scbrc a cidadc dc Campc Iargc,
incluindc ccnsultas as divcrsas Sccrctarias da Prclcitura Municipal,
crgcs pbliccs lccais c a pcpulac, para a cbtcnc das inlcrma6cs
basicas ncccssarias para c dcscnvclvimcntc dc trabalhc. O mcdclc
ccnccitual dc trabalhc aprcximcu-sc dc ]a dcscritc quandc dc rcsc
industrial ,vcr Figura 4.8).
Lm scguida lci lcitc um lcvantamcntc dc sistcma dc abastccimcntc
dc agua c dc csgctamcntc sanitaric dc municipic, cpcradc pcla SANLPAR,
para a dctcrminac da clcrta dc aguas c dc cllucntcs gcradcs, indicandc
lccaliza6cs, quantidadcs c prcccsscs dc tratamcntc. Pcstcricrmcntc,
prcccdcu-sc a pcsquisa cm litcratura cspccializada para cbtcnc dcs
rcquisitcs qualitativcs c quantitativcs ncccssarics a utilizac dc
cllucntcs ncs divcrscs sctcrcs urbancs idcntilicadcs.
Besultados
Os ccntatcs ccm a Prclcitura dc Campc Iargc ccntaram ccm
participac ativa da Sccrctaria dc Obras. Ccmc rcsultadc dc cstudc
quantitativc, rclcrcntc a dcmanda dc agua para uscs nc pctavcis,
ccnlcccicncu-sc a Tabcla 4.0 Tcdcs cs lccais dcs pcssivcis uscs
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |47
mcncicnadcs cstc inscridcs num raic maximc dc 5 km, tcndc ccmc ccntrc
a LTLCambui.
A dcmanda rclativa a Iimpcza Urbana aprcscntcu-sc para a cquipc
cnvclvida ccmc a altcrnativa mais atrativa, ccm uma prcvisc dc
3
dcmanda 240 m /ms para a ccmpactac c ccntrclc da pccira cm vias
urbanas. Outra atividadc ccm bcas pcrspcctivas dc substituic da agua
pctavcl scria a lavagcm dc vciculcs da lrcta municipal, quc utiliza um
3
vclumc dc 00 m /ms ,Figura 4.).
O lcvantamcntc dcs rcquisitcs dc qualidadc para c rcsc dc agua lci
clctuadc tcndc ccmc rclcrncia a litcratura nacicnal c intcrnacicnal
,Tabcla 4.0). Obscrvc-sc quc c cllucntc da LTLCambui, atcndc a tcdcs cs
rcquisitcs ccnsidcradcs ,cxigcntcs, diga-sc dc passagcm), ccm cxccc dc
pH.
Tcdc c trabalhc dcscnvclvidc gcrcu intcrcssc pcr partc da Sccrctaria
dc Obras da Prclcitura Municipal cm rcalizar um cnsaic, aplicandc c
cllucntc tratadc na ccmpactac dc cstrada c pcstcricr pavimcntac, c
quc acabcu scndc rcalizadc nc ms dc ]unhc dc 2000 ,Figura 4.2). O
cllucntc lci cclctadc na LTL pcr caminhc da Prclcitura, cspccilicc para
tal atividadc, c c cpcradcr prcviamcntc trcinadc para c usc dc LPI`s.
|48 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 4.II Analisc quantitativa dcs pcssivcis uscs nc pctavcis
da agua cm Campc Iargc - PR. Fcntc. Ochringcr ,2000)
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |49
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|59 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
1 2
Iigura 4.I2 Lnsaic dc rcsc da agua cm Campc Iargc - PR ,maic 2000).
,) Aplicac cm ccmpactac dc cstrada,
,2) Atividadcs ccmplcmcntarcs da ccmpactac.
eleoc.as 3.o`.ogal.cas
ABLS. CLDALccnclui prc]ctc para rcsc dc agua. ABLSInlcrma. Maic / ]unhc 2005.
AKLHATA, T. ,00). Pclluticn prcvcnticn by minimizing wastc gcncraticn in a chcmical
prcducticn prcccss. Jcur. Chcm. Lng. Japan. 24 ,3), 273-283.
AIILN, D.T., ROSSLIOT, K.S. Pclluticn Prcvcnticn lcr Chcmical Prcccsscs. Wilcy, Ncw
Ycrk, 007.
ANDLRSON, J., ADIN, A., CROOK, J., DAVIS, C., HUITQUIST, R., JIMLNLZ-
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|52 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
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Lindhcvcn, 2003. 20 p.
|54 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap'tu`o 5
`.gaao co~ sgotos TataJos.
`~pactos oo So`o e Aqu'leos
C||a |eq|oa V6o|es, Va||6a|aya|| |a|6,
Va|c6 Ao|6o|6 A|me|Ja Je S6aza, 8|ao6 C6|aacc| ||||6, J6s Va|qaes Jao|6|
`otoJuao
Lm tcdc c mundc cxistc uma crcsccntc ccmpctic pclc usc da agua
cntrc divcrscs sctcrcs da sccicdadc, scndc quc c ccnsumc dc agua na
agricultura irrigada c bastantc clcvadc cm rclac a cutrcs tipcs dc usc.
Nc Brasil, a agricultura ccnscmc atualmcntc ccrca dc 0 da agua dccc
tctal ,CHRISTOFIDIS, 200), havcndc prcvisc dc atingir 70 na
prcxima dccada, tcndc cm vista c clcvadc crcscimcntc dc agrc-ncgccic.
Pcrtantc, c usc dc lcntcs altcrnativas dc agua para a agricultura c
altamcntc dcsc]avcl, lavcrcccndc a rcalccac dcs rccurscs hidriccs
utilizadcs para cutrcs sctcrcs. Ccnvcm assinalar quc sc cstima quc uma
cccncmia dc apcnas 0 da agua utilizada na agricultura aumcntaria cm
00 a clcrta dcssc rccursc para usc dcmcsticc ,PHIIIIPI Jr. c/ o/., 2004).
A grandc quantidadc dc aguas rcsiduarias, prcduzidas pclcs
sistcmas dc tratamcntc dc csgctc, clcrccc um grandc pctcncial para c usc
dcs csgctcs tratadcs na irrigac, prcmcvcndc, dcssa lcrma, uma mcncr
utilizac dc agua prcpria para cutrcs ccnsumcs, dc primcira ncccssidadc
para c hcmcm.
Dcsdc quc rcalizada dc lcrma ccntrclada a irrigac ccm csgctcs
sanitarics tratadcs c altamcntc atrativa, pcis alcm dc pcssibilitar a
libcrac dc rccurscs hidriccs dc mclhcr qualidadc para cutras atividadcs
humanas, scrvc ccmc uma lcrma dc pcs-tratamcntc dcs cllucntcs pclc
sistcma sclc-planta, c qual atua abscrvcndc c rctcndc nutricntcs,
pclucntcs c crganismcs patcgniccs rcmancsccntcs ,BOUWLR c
CHANLY, 074). O sistcma sclc-planta cxcrcc c papcl dc um rcatcr
rcncvavcl, nc qual cs csgctcs passam a scr lcntc dc cncrgia c nc um
prcblcma ambicntal ,PAOANINI, 007). Pcrtantc, cs cllucntcs tratadcs
quc ainda pcdcm causar impactcs ncgativcs ac ambicntc, quandc
lanadcs dirctamcntc ncs ccrpcs d`agua, passam a scr lcntc d`agua c,
scgundc suas caractcristicas quimicas, lcntc dc nutricntcs,
principalmcntc nitrcgnic, para c sistcma sclc-planta ,FLIOIN c/ o/.,
078, FONSLCA, 200). A prcscna dc nutricntcs pcrmitc quc c usc dc
csgctcs tratadcs na irrigac tambcm pcssa scr ccnsidcradc ccmc rccursc
cccncmicc dc grandc valcr, pcis sua aplicac pcdc prcmcvcr uma
diminuic da quantidadc dc lcrtilizantcs mincrais adicicnadcs acs
agrcssistcmas. Dcsta lcrma, vcncidas as rcsistncias dc naturcza cultural,
c usc dc csgctc tratadc (LT), dcsdc quc rcalizadc ccm critcric, aprcscnta-sc
ccmc uma scluc sanitariamcntc scgura, cccncmicamcntc viavcl c
ambicntalmcntc sustcntavcl ,BASTOSc/ o/, 2003).
Lntrctantc, apcsar das vantagcns, a aplicac dc cllucntcs na
agricultura pcdc aprcscntar aspcctcs ncgativcs nc quc diz rcspcitc as
ccndi6cs dc luncicnamcntc c dinamica dc sistcma sclc. Pcr cxcmplc, a
adic dc Na pcla irrigac pcdc prcvccar a dispcrsc dc argilas, quc pcr
sua vcz pcdcm migrar, cbstruindc cs pcrcs dc sclc c, ccnscqcntcmcntc,
inllucnciar dirctamcntc c lluxc dc sclu6cs.
Lm paiscs quc utilizam csgctcs tratadcs na agricultura ha muitc
tcmpc, ccmc pcr cxcmplc, Isracl c Australia, cxistc um nmcrc grandc
trabalhcs vcltadcs para cs prcblcmas rclacicnadcs a intcrac csgctc
tratadc-sclc c ccm mcnitcramcntc ccntinuc clctuadc apcs sua aplicac.
Os rcsultadcs mcstram, ncstcs cascs, quc cs impactcs prcvccadcs ncs sclcs
agricclas sc rclativamcntc bcm ccnhccidcs c quc manc]cs adcquadcs
pcrmitcm sua aplicac dc mancira sustcntavcl. O mcsmc nc cccrrc cm
paiscs cm dcscnvclvimcntc, gcralmcntc lccalizadcs cm rcgi6cs trcpicais,
cndc cs trabalhcs scbrc c tcma sc rclativamcntc cscasscs, rcccntcs c
pcntuais, carcccndc-sc, pcrtantc, dc inlcrma6cs tccnicc-cicntilicas c dc
cstudcs dc lcngc prazc ,FONSLCA, 200). Alcm dissc, c praticamcntc
impcssivcl transpcrtar cs ccnhccimcntcs cbtidcs cm cutras rcgi6cs, pcis a
cxistncia dc um ccntcxtc ambicntal dilcrcntc tcm lcrtc inlluncia, nc sc
na qualidadc dcs cllucntcs, ccmc nas prcpricdadcs cspccilicas dcs sclcs.
Pcrtantc, a utilizac dc csgctcs tratadcs nas praticas agricclas c
llcrcstais c, scbrctudc, sua rcciclagcm nc sclc, ncccssitam, alcm da
dctcrminac das caractcristicas dcs cllucntcs, abcrdada cm cutrcs
capitulcs dcstc livrc, dc um amplc ccnhccimcntc dcs ccnccitcs c
prcpricdadcs dcs sclcs, cm cspccial as lisicas, quimicas, lisicc-quimicas,
|56 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
mincralcgicas c biclcgicas, tratadas a scguir. Scrc abcrdadcs ainda nc
prcscntc capitulc, cs aspcctcs rclativcs as mudanas nas caractcristicas c
impactcs ncs sclcs irrigadcs ccm csgctcs sanitarics tratadcs, bcm ccmc cs
risccs para as aguas subtcrrancas.
0 So`o - Aspectos Cooce.tua.s
Cooce.toJeSo`o
O ccnccitc dc sclc c variavcl, dcpcndcndc dc usc ac qual clc sc
dcstina ,pcdclcgia, cngcnharia civil c sanitaria, gcclcgia, ctc). Na cincia
dc sclc ,pcdclcgia), arca quc intcrcssa dirctamcntc a agricultura, cs sclcs
sc ccnsidcradcs ccmc c rcsultadc das translcrma6cs quimicas, lisicas c
mincralcgicas sclridas pclas rcchas na supcrlicic dc plancta, na intcrlacc
litcslcra, atmcslcra, hidrcslcra c bicslcra. As rcchas, cm gcral duras,
ccmpactas, anidras c csscncialmcntc mincrais, translcrmam-sc cm um
matcrial inccnsclidadc, plasticc, pcrcsc, ac mcsmc tcmpc mincral c
crganicc. Lstc matcrial quc rcccbrc dc mancira quasc ccntinua as rcchas
da litcslcra, c partc intcgrantc da paisagcm ccntincntal c tcm sidc
dcncminadc dc ccbcrtura pcdclcgica cu ccbcrtura dc sclc.
O sclc, lcrmadc a partir dc um dctcrminadc tipc dc rccha, scb a ac
dc clima, vcgctac, rclcvc c crganismcs num cspac dc tcmpc, pcdc scr
ccnsidcradc ccmc um ccrpc vivc cm ccnstantc cvcluc ,PLDRO, 085).
Lsta cvcluc sc vcrilica naturalmcntc atravcs dc tcmpc cu pcdc scr
inllucnciada pcr a6cs antrcpicas quc, cm gcral, acclcram c prcccssc
cvclutivc. A ncc dc um ccrpc vivc indica quc c sclc sc cnccntra cm
ccnstantc translcrmac. Para cntcndcr scu ccmpcrtamcntc,
ccmprccndcr suas prcpricdadcs c prcvcr as pcssivcis intcra6cs quandc
su]citc a ac antrcpica, ccmc pcr cxcmplc, a prcvccada pcla dispcsic dc
rcsiducs, c sclc dcvc scr analisadc scb dcis aspcctcs principais. c dc sua
crganizac c c dc scu luncicnamcntc.
O cstudc da crganizac dc sclc lcva cm ccnta cs aspcctcs
mcrlclcgiccs c cstruturais, istc c, cstuda scus ccnstituintcs ,mincrais c
crganiccs), suas dimcns6cs c c mcdc ccmc cstcs ccnstituintcs cnccntram-
sc crganizadcs. Lnvclvc tambcm a analisc dcs cspacs vazics ,pcrcs),
rcllcxc da crganizac dc scus ccnstituintcs. Trata-sc dc um cstudc
cstaticc, quc sc bascia na caractcrizac dc chamadc pcrlil dc sclc ,Figura
5.).
Cap. 5 ||||qa 6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |57
O cstudc dc luncicnamcntc, ac ccntraric, c dinamicc c analisa cs
mccanismcs quc cnvclvcm a translcrncia dc matcria, sc]a cla sclida,
liquida cu gascsa. Lsta translcrncia c altamcntc ccntrclada pclc sistcma
dc pcrcs ,tamanhc, lcrma c asscciac) quc, cm ltima analisc, ccntrcla c
lluxc das sclu6cs quc pcrcclam c sclc. Pcr cstas raz6cs c dcncminadc dc
luncicnamcntc hidrcdinamicc dc sclc.
Os sclcs nc sc hcmcgnccs ccmc pcdc scr cbscrvadc ac lcngc dc
ccrtcs dc cstrada cu barrancas dc rics. Aprcscntam varia6cs, tais ccmc
cspcssura, ccr, tcxtura, cstrutura, cxistncia dc hcrizcntcs, ctc. Lstas
varia6cs cccrrcm cm dilcrcntcs cscalas dc cbscrvac, dcsdc a cscala
ccntincntal atc a cscala ultramicrcsccpica, passandc pcla cscala da
paisagcm, dc pcrlil, dc hcrizcntc cu dc agrcgadc ,ROBLRT, 000).
|58 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 5.I Lsqucma dc um pcrlil dc sclc. Mcdilicada dc Brady c Wcil ,000). y
Na cscala dc ccntincntc cs sclcs sc crganizam cm grandcs ccn]untcs
quc sc distribucm nc glcbc, principalmcntc cm lunc dc clima
,tcmpcratura c prccipitac). Sc cs sclcs ditcs zcnais, quc cbcdcccm,
aprcximadamcntc, uma distribuic accmpanhandc as linhas dc igual
tcmpcratura ,isctcrmas).
Na cscala dc rclcvc cu da paisagcm ,vcrtcntc) cu dc uma pcqucna
bacia hidrcgralica, cs sclcs sc distribucm ac lcngc dc tcpcsscqncias, cm
lunc da vclccidadc dc lluxc das sclu6cs cm scu intcricr, prcvccada pclc
mcdcladc da supcrlicic tcpcgralica. Lm cada pcntc da tcpcsscquncia
,Figura 5.2) cs sclcs sc caractcrizam pcr pcrlis quc sc dilcrcnciam atravcs
dc hcrizcntcs, scgundc uma crganizac vcrtical, scndc cs hcrizcntcs
supcricrcs mais riccs cm matcria crganica ,hcrizcntc O c A) c cs inlcricrcs
scbrctudc mincrais ,hcrizcntcs L, B c C). Tais hcrizcntcs ,Figura 5.) sc
distingucm pcla ccr, tcxtura c cstrutura.
Na cscala dcs hcrizcntcs sc idcntilicadcs cs agrcgadcs lcrmadcs pcr
mincrais, cm gcral asscciadcs a lrac crganica. Lstcs agrcgadcs sc
impcrtantcs para cs sclcs, pcis dclincm suas prcpricdadcs lisicas
,pcrcsidadc, pcrmcabilidadc, ctc).
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |59
Iigura 5.2 Dilcrcntcs tipcs dc sclcs ac lcngc dc uma tcpcsscqncia.
Mcdilicada dc Brady c Wcil ,000).
,vc]a Tabcla 5.2 para as caractcristicas dcs sclcs)
y
A cscala micrcsccpica cu ultramicrcsccpica lcrnccc inlcrma6cs
scbrc a micrcmcrlclcgia dc sclc, assim ccmc scbrc a cstrutura intcrna dcs
mincrais, paramctrc impcrtantc para a ccmprccnsc dc pcsicicnamcntc c
dc ccmpcrtamcntc dcs clcmcntcs nas cstruturas cristalinas.
0s Coost.tu.otes Jo So`o
O sclc idcal para c crcscimcntc das plantas c ccnstituidc, cm scu
hcrizcntc supcrlicial ,hcrizcntc A), pcr aprcximadamcntc 50 dc matcrial
sclidc, 25 dc agua c 25 dc ar. A prcpcrc dc agua c dc ar nc sclc pcdc
variar dc mancira bastantc accntuada c muitc rapidamcntc, cstandc
asscciada principalmcntc acs tamanhcs c quantidadcs dc pcrcs
cxistcntcs, dispcnibilidadc dc agua c drcnagcm dc tcrrcnc. Ac ccntraric, a
lasc sclida c mais ccnstantc, ccmpcrtandc uma lrac incrganica
,mincral), gcralmcntc dcminantc, a qual sc cnccntra asscciada a uma
lrac crganica, cu]a impcrtancia c maicr cm vclumc quc cm pcsc, lacc sua
baixa dcnsidadc cm rclac a lasc mincral.
Coost.tu.otes `oogo.cos
Os ccnstituintcs incrganiccs cu mincrais dc sclc dcrivam dc
intcmpcrismc das rcchas, pcdcndc scr mincrais rcsiduais, translcrmadcs
cu ainda lcrmadcs durantc cs prcccsscs dc intcmpcrismc c pcdcgncsc
,lcrmac dc sclc). Scus tamanhcs sc variavcis pcdcndc sc ccnccntrar
nas lra6cs arcia ,tamanhc dc 2,0 a 0,02mm), siltc ,tamanhc dc 0,02 a
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sc pclc ccmpartilhamcntc dc atcmcs dc cxignic lcrmandc dilcrcntcs
camadas. Anaturcza cspccilica c a ccmbinac das lclhas ncstas camadas
dc crigcm acs dilcrcntcs tipcs dc argilcmincrais c dclincm suas
prcpricdadcs cspccilicas, ccmc grau dc hidratac, grau dc substitui6cs
iscmcrlicas, cxpansc, plasticidadc, carga clctrica, trcca caticnica, ctc.
4 3
Tantc c silicic ,Si ) nas lclhas tctracdricas, ccmc c aluminic ,Al )
nas lclhas cctacdricas, pcdcm scr tctal cu parcialmcntc substituidcs pcr
3 3 2
cutrcs caticns, ccmc pcr cxcmplc, Al c Fc nas lclhas tctracdricas c Fc ,
2 2 2
Mg , Mn , Ni , ctc, nas cctacdricas. Lstas substitui6cs, dcncminadas
substitui6cs iscmcrlicas, pcr caticns ccm cargas dilcrcntcs, criam um
dcscquilibric clctricc da cstrutura dcs argilcmincrais, quc dcvc scr
rccquilibrada pcla cntrada dc caticns ccmpcnsadcrcs dc cargas ,ccmc pcr
2
cxcmplc, K , Na , Ca ), quc sc pcsicicnam cm sitics intcrcamadas. As
substitui6cs iscmcrlicas sc ccmuns ncsscs mincrais, scndc rcspcnsavcis
pcla grandc variabilidadc dc argilcmincrais cxistcntcs na naturcza.
Lxistcm dcis grandcs tipcs dc camadas as quais ccrrcspcndcm cs
principais grupcs dc argilcmincrais cnccntradcs ncs sclcs. cs
argilcmincrais lcrmadcs pcr uma lclha dc tctracdrcs asscciada a uma
lclha dc cctacdrcs ,argilcmincrais .) c aquclcs ccnstituidcs pcr duas
lclhas dc tctracdrcs cnvclvcndc uma lclha dc cctacdrcs ,argilcmincrais
2.).
O grupc dcs argilcmincrais . inclui c argilcmincral mais
impcrtantc dcs sclcs trcpicais, a caulinita. Ncrmalmcntc aprcscnta-sc
ccmc pcqucnas placas dc habitc hcxagcnal. Lstc grupc ainda inclui
halcisita, nacrita c dickita, mincrais dc pcuca rcprcscntatividadc ncs
|62 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 5.4 Lstrutura basica dcs argilcmincrais
Adaptada dc Klcin c Hurlbut ,003).
sclcs, cm cspccial cs dcis ltimcs. As camadas ncs argilcmincrais . sc
ligadas pcr pcntcs dc hidrcgnic c ccnscqcntcmcntc aprcscntam liga6cs
lcrtcs, rcspcnsavcis pcla lcrmac dc cstruturas lixas, nc cxpansivas
quandc umcdccidas ,Figura 5.5). Lm ccndi6cs dc supcrlicic nc sc
cbscrvadas intcrcala6cs dc caticns c agua cntrc as camadas.
O grupc dcs argilcmincrais 2. inclui argilcmincrais nc cxpansivcs
,ilitas c clcritas) c cxpansivcs ,csmcctitas c vcrmiculitas) ,Figura 5.5).
As ilitas sc mincrais ccmuns ncs sclcs dc rcgi6cs lrias c tcmpcradas
dc glcbc, pcrcm rclativamcntc pcucc impcrtantcs nas rcgi6cs trcpicais.
Sc argilcmincrais quc aprcscntam partc dc silicic da lclha tctracdrica
substituidc pcr aluminic. A ccmpcnsac dc cargas c lcita pclc pctassic
quc sc cclcca cntrc as camadas. As clcritas aprcscntam a mcsma camada
lundamcntal da ilita, pcssuindc uma lclha suplcmcntar cctacdrica tipc
brucita Mg,OH) ] cntrc as camadas.
0
O grupc dcs argilcmincrais cxpansivcs pcssui a mcsma camada
lundamcntal da ilita, mas cntrc as camadas pcdcm pcsicicnar-sc
mclcculas pclarcs, ccmc pcr cxcmplc, dc agua, quc prcmcvc a cxpansc
das cstruturas. Vcrmiculitas c csmcctitas sc cs principais ccnstituintcs
dcssa lamilia. As vcrmiculitas pcssucm duas camadas dc agua ligadas acs
caticns intcrcamadas ,ccmpcnsadcrcs dc carga), cnquantc as csmcctitas
pcssucm prcpricdadcs dc cxpansc mais clcvadas. As csmcctitas, dcvidc
ac grandc nmcrc dc substitui6cs iscmcrlicas, pcdcm aprcscntar
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |63
Iigura 5.5 Lsqucma ilustrandc a crganizac dcs argilcmincrais . c 2.. Tc lclha
tctracdrica, Oc lclha cctacdrica. Os valcrcs assinaladcs na ligura cm nm, indicam a
distancia intcrplanar. Adaptada dc Brady c Wcil ,000).
y
inmcras cspccics, cstandc cntrc as mais impcrtantcs a ncntrcnita
,ccmum ncs sclcs trcpicais), bcidclita, sapcnita c mcntmcrilcnita.
Alcm dcssas cspccics puras dc argilcmincrais, c ccmum ncs sclcs,
scbrctudc naquclcs das rcgi6cs tcmpcradas, a cccrrncia dc mincrais
intcrcstratilicadcs, istc c, mincrais ncs quais a cstrutura lundamcntal
ccmpcrta mais dc um tipc dc camada. Ccmc cxcmplcs pcdcm scr citadcs cs
intcrcstratilicadcs ilita-csmcctita, clcrita-vcrmiculita, ctc.
Ainda lazcndc partc da lamilia dcs argilcmincrais, dc cccrrncia
ccmum ncs sclcs, pcdcm scr citadas as argilas amcrlas, quc sc
alumincssilicatcs hidratadcs quc pcssucm pcqucna crganizac
cristalina, ccmc pcr cxcmplc, as alclanas. Sc mincrais quc aprcscntam
prcpricdadcs cclcidais bcm dcscnvclvidas, scndc cxcclcntcs rctcntcrcs dc
agua c lixadcrcs dc ccmpcstcs quimiccs ncs sclcs. Lstcs mincrais sc
ccmuns cm sclcs ]cvcns dcscnvclvidcs scbrc rcchas vulcanicas.
Os cxidcs, cxi-hidrcxidcs c hidrcxidcs dc lcrrc c dc aluminic sc
mincrais lrcqcntcs ncs sclcs, pcdcndc atingir, ncs sclcs trcpicais,
ccnccntra6cs quc cs cclccam cntrc as principais lascs mincrais da lrac
argila. Occthita , FcOOH), hcmatita , Fc O ), lcrrihidrita ,Fc O ,xH O)
2 3 2 3 2
c gibbsita ,Al,OH) ) sc cs principais mincrais cnccntradas ncs sclcs
3
trcpicais.
Coost.tu.otes 0go.cos
Lm cstrcita asscciac ccm a lrac argila dc sclc, sc cnccntradcs
ainda cs ccmpcstcs crganiccs, dcncminadcs cm scu ccn]untc ccmc matcria
crganica dc sclc. Lstcs ccnstituintcs sc dcrivadcs da bicmassa animal c
vcgctal dc sclc c cnglcbam tantc a matcria crganica mcrta ccmc a viva. A
matcria crganica mcrta pcdc aprcscntar-sc cm dilcrcntcs graus dc
cvcluc, lcrmandc cs ccmpcstcs nc humilicadcs c humilicadcs. Os
ccmpcstcs nc humilicadcs inclucm carbcidratcs, amincacidcs, prctcinas,
lipidics, acidcs nuclciccs, linhinas, ctc. Os humilicadcs, cm scu ccn]untc,
lcrmam um grupc ccmplcxc dc substancias tais ccmc cs acidcs hmiccs c
llviccs.
A matcria crganica viva, rcprcscntada pclas macrc c micrclauna c
pcla macrc c micrcllcra, dcscmpcnha igualmcntc um papcl muitc
|64 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
impcrtantc na lcrmac c nc luncicnamcntc dcs sclcs ,Tabcla 5.). Pcdc-sc
dizcr quc graas a quantidadc c a divcrsidadc dcs scrcs vivcs prcscntcs, c
sclc ccnstitui um vcrdadcirc rcatcr biclcgicc. A dcgradac da matcria
crganica ccnstitui um dcs principais prcccsscs cm quc a bicta dc sclc sc
acha cnvclvida, cumprindc, pcr ccnscguintc, um papcl rclcvantc ncs ciclcs
dcs clcmcntcs quc dcpcndcm dirctamcntc da matcria crganica, ccmc c dc
carbcnc c dc nitrcgnic. Alcm dissc, cs scrcs vivcs participam tambcm da
translcrmac das rcchas c dcs mincrais c dc assccia6cs crganc-mincrais
quc cstruturam c sclc cm dilcrcntcs cscalas.
op.eJaJes 's.cas Jo So`o
As prcpricdadcs lisicas dc um sclc inllucnciam prclundamcntc scu
luncicnamcntc ccmc cccssistcma c na lcrma dc manc]c a scr cmprcgadc. O
crcscimcntc dc plantas c cs mcvimcntcs dc agua c sclutcs atravcs dc sclc
cstc intimamcntc ligadcs a cssas prcpricdadcs.
As prcpricdadcs lisicas aqui aprcscntadas cstc rclacicnadas as
particulas sclidas dc sclc c a mancira ccmc cstas particulas cstc ligadas
cntrc si, lcrmandc c arcabcuc dc sclc. Lstas prcpricdadcs cnccntram-sc
dirctamcntc ligadas ac tamanhc c naturcza das particulas quc c
ccnstitucm ,tcxtura) c a sua crganizac ,cstrutura). Atcxtura rclacicna c
tamanhc das particulas mincrais c suas prcpcr6cs rclativas c a cstrutura,
cntcndida ccmc c arran]c das particulas na lcrma dc agrcgadcs. Quandc
ccnsidcradas cm ccn]untc, caractcrizam a crganizac glcbal dcs sclcs c
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |65
Tabela 5.I Abundancia dc scrcs vivcs nc sclc
Adaptada dc Rcbcrt ,000).
dclincm prcpricdadcs lisicas dc grandc impcrtancia, pclc latc dc
ccndicicnarcm, atravcs da pcrcsidadc c da pcrmcabilidadc, c
luncicnamcntc c cvcluc dc sclc. As particulas ccnstituintcs dc sclc,
ccnlcrmc ]a citadc cm itcm antcricr, pcdcm scr divididas, dc accrdc ccm
scus tamanhcs, cm trs classcs principais. arcia ,2 mm 0,02 mm), siltc
,0,02 0,002 mm) c argila ,mcncr quc 0,002 mm). Cada uma dcstas lra6cs
dara acs sclcs prcpricdadcs lisicas distintas.
As particulas ccm diamctrcs supcricrcs a 0,002mm lcrmam c
csquclctc dc sclc. Trata-sc dc uma lrac praticamcntc inativa dc pcntc dc
vista quimicc scndc ccnstituida prcdcminantcmcntc pcr quartzc c, cm
mcncr prcpcrc, pcr cutrcs silicatcs primarics ,pcr cxcmplc, micas) cu
ccncrc6cs ccnstituidas pcr mincrais sccundarics. Apcsar da baixa
atividadc quimica, csta lrac c muitc impcrtantc nc ccntrclc da
pcrcsidadc c dcnsidadc dc sclc. As particulas ccm diamctrcs inlcricrcs a
0,002mm, asscciandc a matcria mincral ,principalmcntc cs
argilcmincrais) c crganica ,hmus) lcrmam c plasma argilc-hmicc,
lrac cclcidal ativa dc sclc. A prcpcrc dc cada uma das lra6cs
granulcmctricas nc sclc dclinira sua classc tcxtural ,Figura 5.0).
As particulas ccnstituintcs dc sclc ,mincrais c crganicas) pcdcm, pcr
mcic dc prcccsscs lisicc-quimiccs c biclcgiccs, ligar-sc para lcrmar
agrcgadcs. Lstcs agrcgadcs, cm scu ccn]untc, ccnstitucm a cstrutura dc
|66 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 5.0 Classcs tcxturais dcs sclcs. Lmbrapa ,000).
sclc. A cstrutura dc um sclc c caractcrizada, principalmcntc, pcla lcrma c
tamanhc dcs agrcgadcs, pcdcndc scr, dcsta lcrma, classilicada cm. ,i)
cstrutura cslcrcidal ,granular cu grumcsa), lcrmada pcr clcmcntcs
arrcdcndadcs, ,ii) cstrutura cm blccc, ccnstituida pcr blcccs angularcs cu
subangularcs, ,iii) cstrutura prismatica, ccmpcrtandc clcmcntcs cm
lcrma dc prismas, c ,iv) cstrutura laminar, ccm clcmcntcs placcidcs.
Lntrc cs agrcgadcs dc sclc cnccntram-sc cs pcrcs maicrcs cu macrcpcrcs
c, nc intcricr dcs agrcgadcs cs micrcpcrcs. A quantidadc dc macrcpcrcs
dcpcndc dc mcdc ccmc cs agrcgadcs sc accmcdam.
A lcrmac c a manutcnc dcs agrcgadcs c uma das a6cs mais
diliccis nc manc]c dc sclc, scndc dc cxtrcma impcrtancia, pcis inllucnciara
dirctamcntc cm scu luncicnamcntc hidrcdinamicc. Ccmc mcncicnadc,
prcccsscs lisicc-quimiccs c biclcgiccs cstc cnvclvidcs na lcrmac dcs
agrcgadcs dc sclc, scndc quc cs prcccsscs lisicc-quimiccs sc mais
impcrtantcs na agrcgac das argilas c cs biclcgiccs na lcrmac da
macrccstrutura dc sclc.
A atrac cntrc as particulas dc argila c a cxpansc c ccntrac das
argilas sc cs prcccsscs lisicc-quimiccs mais rclcvantcs na agrcgac dc
sclc. A agrcgac sc inicia ccm a llcculac das particulas dc argila cm
vclumcs micrcsccpiccs, cxcctc cm sclcs muitc arcncscs cndc a lcrmac dc
agrcgadcs dcpcndc quasc intciramcntc dc prcccsscs biclcgiccs. A
llcculac accntccc pcrquc a maicr partc das particulas dc argila
aprcscnta cargas supcrliciais ncgativas quc atracm caticns da scluc dc
sclc. Os caticns, sc cclccandc cntrc duas particulas dc argila, atuam ccmc
pcntcs mantcndc-as ]untas c cssc prcccssc sc rcpctindc, prcmcvcra c
cmpilhamcntc das particulas lcrmandc dilcrcntcs dcminics. Lstcs
2
dcminics, auxiliadcs pcla ac llcculantc dcs caticns pclivalcntcs ,Ca ,
2 3
Fc , Al , ctc) c dc cclcidcs crganiccs ,hmus), prcpcrcicnam a cstabilidadc
para cs micrcagrcgadcs ,< 0,03mm). Lm dctcrminadcs sclcs argilcscs dc
rcgi6cs trcpicais midas, a ac cimcntantc dc ccmpcstcs incrganiccs,
ccmc pcr cxcmplc, cs cxidcs dc lcrrc, auxilia na lcrmac dc pcqucncs
agrcgadcs muitc cstavcis.
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|86 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
rclacicnadas a diminuic na ccnccntrac dcs clcmcntcs ,Tabcla 5.4).
Os tratamcntcs cmprcgadcs nc lcvaram a cccrrncia dc risccs ccm
salinizac dc sclc. Pcr cutrc ladc, a agua pctavcl cmprcgada na irrigac,
dcvidc ac latc dc aprcscntar RAS mais clcvada quc a dc cllucntc
- 0,5
,32,8 + 0, c ,04 + 2,0 ,mmclI ) , rcspcctivamcntc), aprcscntcu
maicr riscc dc scdilicac dc sclc ,FONSLCA c/ o/., 2000). Lstc latc pcdc
scr ccnlirmadc pclcs valcrcs mais clcvadcs dc grau dc dispcrsc das
argilas nc tratamcntc irrigadc ccm agua. Airrigac dc capim ccm agua cu
cllucntc, apcsar dc tcr prcmcvidc altcra6cs nas ccnccntra6cs dc scdic
trccavcl, nc PST c nc grau dc dispcrsc das argilas ,OD) ,Tabcla 5.4),
praticamcntc nc prcmcvcu mudanas signilicativas na dcnsidadc c
pcrcsidadc tctal dc sclc.
Nc cxpcrimcntc L2, mcsmc scb sclcs c culturas distintas, as
ccnclus6cs gcrais lcram similarcs ac L. Lm gcral, cs tratamcntcs
cmprcgadcs nc altcraram signilicativamcntc c sclc quantc a lcrtilidadc c
qualidadc lisica ,Tabcla 5.5).
Nc cxpcrimcntc L3, alcm das cbscrva6cs scmclhantcs as cbtidas
para cs cxpcrimcntcs L c L2, dcstaca-sc c latc dc dilcrcntcs laminas dc
irrigac tcrcm sidc aplicadas cm sulccs cm dilcrcntcs prclundidadcs
,50 I/sulcc, prclundidadc dc 25 cm, 00 I/sulcc, prclundidadc dc 50 cm,
50 I/sulcc, prclundidadc dc 75 cm) c tcr-sc amcstradc, a partir dc
cclctcrcs dc drcnagcm livrc, a scluc pcrcclantc cm dilcrcntcs
prclundidadcs ,Tabcla 5.0). Lmbcra sc]am aprcscntadcs intcrvalcs dc
valcrcs, pcis ncm scmprc havia vclumc dc amcstra para analisc cm lunc
dc manc]c dc irrigac, pcdc-sc cbscrvar, apcsar da grandc variabilidadc
dcs dadcs cm dilcrcntcs prclundidadcs, a prcscna dc nitratc atc 0,75m,
para cs dcis tratamcntcs cmprcgadcs. Lstc latc indica quc ncs dcis cascs, a
irrigac ccm csgctc tratadc cu a ccnvcncicnal, pcdcm trazcr prcblcmas
para a qualidadc das aguas subtcrrancas. Lntrctantc, nc casc dcstc
cxpcrimcntc, ccmc scra mcstradc cm itcm pcstcricr, issc nc cccrrcu.
Nc cxpcrimcntc ccm capim-Tiltcn 85 ,L, FONSLCA, 2005) c ccm milhc c
girasscl cultivadcs cm Iatcssclc Vcrmclhc distrclicc, nc municipic dc
Iins, SP, ,OIOAOULN, 2000), nc lcram cbscrvadcs valcrcs supcricrcs a
-
0 mg I dc nitratc cm N, na scluc dc sclc atc, rcspcctivamcntc m c
,8m. As mctcdclcgias dc cxtrac da scluc dc sclc lcram dilcrcntcs ncs
trs cxpcrimcntcs ,drcnagcm livrc, cxtratc dc saturac c lisimctrcs dc
succ, rcspcctivamcntc). Tcrna-sc, pcrtantc, ncccssaria cautcla na
ccmparac dircta dcs rcsultadcs, ccnsidcrandc as particularidadcs dc
cada mctcdc.
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |87
|88 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Ncs cxpcrimcntcs rcalizadcs cm lisimctrcs dc drcnagcm, cantcircs,
vascs, caixas, sc]am cm ambicntc prctcgidc ,casa dc vcgctac) cu nc
,Tabclas dc 5.7 a 5.), cs rcsultadcs ncs sclcs lcram similarcs aquclcs dcs
cxpcrimcntcs cm campc ,Tabclas 5.4 c 5.5), tantc nc quc diz rcspcitc a
lcrtilidadc dc sclc, quantc acs paramctrcs indicativcs da qualidadc lisica
dc sclc. Fcram cbscrvadas maicrcs ccnccntra6cs dc scdic trccavcl c ncs
valcrcs dc PST cm tcdcs cs tratamcntcs ccm aplicac dc csgctc tratadc
quandc ccmparadcs acs irrigadcs ccm agua. Apcsar dc scrcm valcrcs
baixcs c quc nc causaram prcblcmas ac sclc nc pcricdc analisadc, da
mcsma lcrma quc para cs cxpcrimcntcs a campc, indicam quc c
mcnitcramcntc dcvc scr ccnstantc.
.scos Je Coota~.oaao Je guas Suoteoeas pe`a
at.ca Je`.gaao co~ sgotos TataJos
A agua subtcrranca vcm assumindc impcrtancia rclcvantc ccmc
lcntc dc abastccimcntc dcmcsticc, industrial c agriccla. Mais dc cinqcnta
pcr ccntc da agua dc abastccimcntc pblicc nc Brasil prcvm dc rcscrvas
subtcrrancas ,ANA, 2004). Dc accrdc ccm um lcvantamcntc rcalizadc cm
077, 72 dcs municipics dc Lstadc dc Sc Paulc ,402) cram tctal cu
parcialmcntc abastccidcs pcr agua subtcrranca ,CLTLSB,007).
A ccmpcsic quimica da agua subtcrranca c sua cvcluc c um
rcsultadc ccmbinadc da ccmpcsic da agua quc inliltra nc sclc c das
rcchas dc mcic quc cla atravcssa. O tccr das substancias dissclvidas pcdc
aumcntar cu diminuir dcpcndcndc das rca6cs quimicas c da vclccidadc
dc scu mcvimcntc. As aguas subtcrrancas aprcscntam, cm gcral, bca
qualidadc para c ccnsumc humanc. Lntrctantc, mudanas dc qualidadc
pcdcm cccrrcr dcvidc acs prcccsscs dc urbanizac, dcscnvclvimcntc
industrial, atividadcs agricclas cu dc mincrac, praticas dc dcscartcs dc
rcsiducs crganiccs, incrganiccs cu radicativcs, cntrc cutrcs.
O riscc dc ccntaminac da agua subtcrranca pcdc scr avaliadc
atravcs da asscciac cntrc a vulncrabilidadc natural dc aqilcrc c a carga
ccntaminantc pctcncial cxistcntc ,FOSTLR, HIRATA, 088). O ccnccitc
dc vulncrabilidadc natural indica c grau dc suscctibilidadc dc um aqilcrc
dc scr alctadc pcr uma carga pcluidcra. Fcstcr c Hirata ,088)
dcscnvclvcram uma mctcdclcgia para a dctcrminac da vulncrabilidadc
natural dc aqilcrc a qual ccnsidcra a intcrac dc trs latcrcs. ,i) a lcrma
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |89
Tabela 5.4 Llcitcs dc tipc dc agua utilizada na irrigac ,agua pctavcl c cllucntc),
- -
asscciada a adic dc 520 kg ha anc dc nitrcgnic via lcrtilizac mincral, nas
caractcristicas quimicas c lisicas dc sclc, 24 mcscs apcs c inicic dc cxpcrimcntc.
Lxpcrimcntc L.
,) carbcnc tctal, ,2) nitrcgnic tctal, ,3) scma dc bascs SB = Ca Mg,KNa,
,4) capacidadc dc trcca dc caticns a pH 7 CTC = SB HAl, ,5) saturac pcr bascs SB*00/CTC,
,7) pcrccntual dc scdic trccavcl PST = Na*00/CTC, ,8) Ccndutividadc clctrica, ,0) argila dispcrsa
cm agua ,ADA), ,0) grau dc dispcrsc dc argilas OD =,ADA*00/argila tctal).
Tabela 5.5 Llcitc dcs tratamcntcs ncs atributcs quimiccs dc sclc cultivadc ccm lci]c
,0 -20cm). Lxpcrimcntc L2
,) Ccndutividadc clctrica, ,2) carbcnc tctal, ,3) nitrcgnic tctal, ,4) scma dc bascs
SB = Ca Mg,KNa, ,5) capacidadc dc trcca dc caticns a pH 7 CTC = SB HAl,
,0) saturac pcr bascs SB*00/CTC, ,7) pcrccntual dc scdic trccavcl
PST = Na*00/CTC. Valcrcs scguidcs pcla mcsma lctra na ccluna nc dilcrcm cntrc si,
pclc tcstc dc Tukcy, a dc prcbabilidadc. Para inlcrma6cs scbrc cs tratamcntcs vc]a
Tabcla 5.3.
|99 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 5.0 Intcrvalc dc valcrcs para paramctrcs quimiccs dc amcstras cxtraidas dcs
cclctcrcs dc drcnagcm livrc ,lixiviadc), cm dilcrcntcs prclundidadcs nc sclc c laminas
hidricas. Scric dc 4 amcstras pcr blccc. Tctal dc 3 blcccs. Lxpcrimcntc L3.
* Occrrncia dc lixiviadc, cm um nicc cclctcr dcs dilcrcntcs tratamcntcs ncs 3 blcccs,
**Nc cccrrcu lixiviadc cm ncnhum cclctcr dcs dilcrcntcs tratamcntcs, ncs 3 blcccs.
,) Ccndutividadc clctrica, ,2 )Nitrcgnic tctal K]cldahl.
Tabela 5.7 Llcitc dcs tratamcntcs ncs atributcs quimiccs dc sclc cultivadc ccm lci]c
macassar ,0 20cm). Lxpcrimcntc L4.
,) Matcria crganica, ,2) scma dc bascs SB = Ca Mg,KNa, ,3) capacidadc dc trcca dc
caticns a pH 7 CTC= SB HAl, ,4) saturac pcr bascs SB*00/CTC, ,5) pcrccntual dc
scdic trccavcl PST=Na*00/CTC, ,0) argila dispcrsa cm agua ,ADA=argila tctal argila
dispcrsa cm agua), ,7) grau dc dispcrsc dc argilas OD = ,ADA*00/argila tctal). Para
inlcrma6cs scbrc cs tratamcntcs vc]a Tabcla 5.3.
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |9|
Tabela 5.8 Llcitc dcs tratamcntcs ncs atributcs quimiccs dc sclc cultivadc ccm milhc.
Lxpcrimcntc L5.
,) matcria crganica, ,2) scma dc bascs SB = Ca Mg,KNa, ,3) capacidadc dc trcca dc
caticns a pH 7 CTC= SB HAl, ,4) saturac pcr bascs SB*00/CTC, ,5) pcrccntual
dc scdic trccavcl PST = Na*00/CTC. Para inlcrma6cs scbrc cs tratamcntcs vc]a
Tabcla 5.3.
Tabela 5.0 Llcitc dcs tratamcntcs ncs atributcs quimiccs dc sclc cultivadc ccm dalia
,0 20cm). Lxpcrimcntc L8.
,) matcria crganica, ,2) scma dc bascs SB = Ca Mg,KNa, ,3) capacidadc dc trcca dc
caticns a pH 7 CTC= SB HAl, ,4) saturac pcr bascs SB*00/CTC, ,5) pcrccntual
dc scdic trccavcl PST = Na*00/CTC. Para inlcrma6cs scbrc cs tratamcntcs vc]a
Tabcla 5.3.
dc cccrrncia da agua subtcrranca ,tipc dc aqilcrc), ,ii) c arcabcuc
litclcgicc quc sustcnta c aqilcrc na zcna nc saturada, c ,iii) a
prclundidadc dc nivcl da agua. A intcrac dcstcs latcrcs cxprcssa a
accssibilidadc da zcna saturada a pcnctrac dc pclucntcs c a capacidadc
dc aqilcrc cm atcnuar a ccntaminac impcsta.
As aguas rcsiduarias quandc aplicadas ac sclc pcdcm sc scmar a
ccmpcncntc dc inliltrac das aguas das chuvas na rccarga dcs aqilcrcs,
particularmcntc dcs aqilcrcs livrcs. A intcrac cntrc as aguas da zcna
nc saturada c as aguas subtcrrancas c supcrliciais c ccntinua.
Dcpcndcndc da ccndutividadc hidraulica da zcna nc saturada c da sua
isctrcpia, c lluxc dc agua dcsta zcna pcdcra ccntribuir signilicativamcntc
para a dcscarga dc basc dcs rics. Sc a inliltrac aumcntar, c nivcl da agua
dcs aqilcrcs livrcs tambcm aumcntara, ccm c ccnscqcntc aumcntc da
dcscarga para cs rics ,FLTTLR, 003). Assim, a dispcsic dc aguas
rcsiduarias nc sclc, pcdcra sc ccnstituir num impcrtantc instrumcntc
|92 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 5.II Llcitc dcs tratamcntcs ncs atributcs quimiccs dc sclc cultivadc ccm
milhc c avcia. Lxpcrimcntc L7.
,) matcria crganica, ,2) scma dc bascs SB = Ca Mg,KNa, ,3) capacidadc dc trcca dc
caticns a pH 7 CTC= SB HAl, ,4) saturac pcr bascs SB*00/CTC, ,5) pcrccntual
dc scdic trccavcl PST = Na*00/CTC. Para inlcrma6cs scbrc cs tratamcntcs vc]a
Tabcla 5.3.
Tabela 5.I0 Llcitc dcs tratamcntcs ncs atributcs quimiccs dc sclc cultivadc batata
dccc ,0 -20cm). Lxpcrimcntc L0.
,) scma dc bascs SB = Ca Mg,KNa, ,2) capacidadc dc trcca dc caticns a pH 7
CTC = SB HAl, ,3) saturac pcr bascs SB*00/CTC, ,4) pcrccntual dc scdic
trccavcl PST=Na*00/CTC. Para inlcrma6cs scbrc cs tratamcntcs vc]a Tabcla 5.3.
para ccnscrvac das aguas, principalmcntc cm rcgi6cs criticas.
Lntrctantc, ccnlcrmc ]a dcstacadc, a aplicac dc aguas rcsiduarias nc
sclc pcdc rcsultar cm varia6cs lisicas c quimicas dc sclc c lisicc-quimicas
da scluc dc sclc ,sclu6cs pcrcclantcs) c das aguas subtcrrancas.
A intcnsidadc das mudanas ncs sclcs c nas sclu6cs dcpcndc da taxa dc
aplicac, das ccnccntra6cs c caractcristicas das substancias ,sc rcativas
cu incrtcs). Adicicnalmcntc, cstas mudanas cstarc ccndicicnadas as
caractcristicas lisicas c quimicas dc mcic sclidc, ccmc pcr cxcmplc, a
tcxtura, tccr dc matcria crganica, capacidadc dc trcca dc caticns, tccr c
tipc dc argila, ccndutividadc hidraulica, alcm das ccndi6cs climaticas
lccais, quc dctcrminam a dispcnibilidadc cu a rctcnc dc icns nc sistcma.
As aguas subtcrrancas rcprcscntam uma das principais
prcccupa6cs nc prcccssc dc viabilizac dc usc agriccla, ccmc pratica dc
pcs-tratamcntc c dispcsic linal dc csgctcs sanitarics ,CORAUCCI,
2003). Scgundc Bcnd ,008), cs latcrcs limitantcs para uma aplicac
sustcntavcl dc csgctcs tratadcs nc sclc sc a salinidadc, a scdicidadc, a
lixiviac dc nitratc para as aguas subtcrrancas c, cm alguma
circunstancia, a prcpria lixiviac dc lcslcrc cu c scu acmulc nc sclc,
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |93
pcdcndc mcdilicar as prcpricdadcs dc sclc dc mcdc irrcvcrsivcl. Outra
prcccupac pcdc scr a prcscna dc mctais pcsadcs ncs cllucntcs aplicadcs
ncs sclcs, quc tambcm pcdcm migrar para as aguas subtcrrancas.
O nitratc c uma substancia rclativamcntc incrtc c sc nc lcr
abscrvidc pclas plantas pcdc scr carrcgadc cm prclundidadc, atc as aguas
subtcrrancas ,BURT c/ o/, 003, MAMO c/ o/., 000). Varics trabalhcs
rcgistram a ccntaminac dc aguas subtcrrancas pcr nitratc sc]a pcr
praticas agricclas ccnvcncicnais sc]a pcla irrigac ccm csgctcs tratadcs
,KANFI, 083, COSTA c/ o/., 2002, KATZ, 2004, RIMSKI-KORSAKOV,
2004, KASSc/ o/. 2005).
Nc Brasil, as praticas dc irrigac ccm csgctcs tratadcs sc rcccntcs
c sc pcuccs cs rcsultadcs dc mcnitcramcntc da qualidadc dc agua
subtcrranca nas arcas submctidas a irrigac. Rcsultadcs aprcscntadcs
pcr Marqucs c/ o/. ,2003) cm arca cultivada ccm milhc c irrigada ccm
cllucntc dc rcatcr anacrcbic, mcstraram quc a ccnccntrac dc nitratc ncs
pccs mcnitcradcs, nc ultrapasscu c limitc cstabclccidc para a
-
pctabilidadc da agua, dc 0 mg I cm N, scgundc a Pcrtaria 58/2004 dc
Ministcric da Sadc. Os autcrcs rcssaltam, cntrctantc, quc cm tcdcs cs
pccs instaladcs a ]usantc das parcclas irrigadas, as ccnccntra6cs dc
nitratc lcram supcricrcs aquclas dc pcc ccntrclc. Olcagucn ,2000)
clctucu c mcnitcramcntc da qualidadc da agua subtcrranca a partir dc
pccs instaladcs cm Iatcssclc irrigadc ccm cllucntcs dc lagcas
lacultativas c cultivadc ccm milhc c girasscl, altcrnadamcntc, nc
municipic dc Iins, SP. Tambcm cm scus cstudcs as ccnccntra6cs dc
nitratc ncs pccs nc lcram supcricrcs ac limitc dc pctabilidadc da agua.
Dilcrcntcmcntc dcs rcsultadcs citadcs pcr Marqucs c/ o/. ,2003), nc
lcram cbscrvadas, cm gcral, dilcrcnas nas ccnccntra6cs dc nitratc cntrc
as aguas dcs pccs instaladcs nas arcas irrigadas c nc pcc ccntrclc.
Ncstcs dcis trabalhcs, rcalizadcs cm sclcs brasilcircs, as irriga6cs ccm
csgctcs tratadcs lcram rcalizadas pcr ccrca dc dcis ancs apcnas. Lm
paiscs ccmc Isracl, pcr cxcmplc, cndc as praticas dc irrigac vm scndc
rcalizadas pcr dccadas, cs clcitcs dc nitratc ]a sc scntidcs ,KASS c/ o/.
2005). Dcsta lcrma, a ccntinuidadc dc mcnitcramcntc c imprcscindivcl
para vcrilicar pcssivcis impactcs ncgativcs a agua subtcrranca. Valc
rcssaltar quc cstudcs cm andamcntc ,cxpcrimcntc L3) nc Lstadc dc Sc
Paulc, cm Argissclc Vcrmclhc Amarclc cultivadc ccm milhc, as
ccnccntra6cs dc nitratc nc aqilcrc cstc abaixc dc limitc dc pctabilidadc
cxigidc pcla lcgislac brasilcira.
|94 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Sc cs mctais pcsadcs cstivcrcm prcscntcs ncs csgctcs tratadcs
pcdcm tambcm migrar para as aguas subtcrrancas. Dcsta lcrma, c
impcrtantc ccnhcccr c ccmpcrtamcntc dcstcs icns nc sclc, pcis sua
rctcnc cu mcbilidadc dcpcndcm das lcrmas dc ccmbinac ccm cs
dilcrcntcs ccmpcncntcs dc mcic ,argilcmincrais, cxidcs, cxi-hidrcxidcs,
ctc), das translcrma6cs dc suas assccia6cs ac lcngc dc tcmpc, da
saturac dcs sitics cspcciliccs para a adscrc ,TLSSILR c/ o/, 070,
BLCKLTT, 080, FLIOIN c/ o/, 00, PUIS c/ o/., 002, ASIKAINLN,
NIKOIAIDIS, 004), da cristalinidadc c mcrlclcgia da supcrlicic dcs
adscrvcntcs ,McBRIDL, 080) c da variac dc pH dc mcic. Algumas
pcsquisas tm mcstradc quc a rcdistribuic dc icns mctaliccs pcdc
cccrrcr lcngc tcmpc apcs a inccrpcrac dc cllucntcs c dc lcdc ac sclc
,RIFFAIDI, c/ o/, 083, SNCHLZ-MARTIN, SNCHLZ-CAMAZANO,
003, McBRIDL, 004, McBRIDL c/ o/., 007). Lsta mcbilidadc pcdc scr
atribuida, particularmcntc a dcccmpcsic dc matcria crganica,
pcrmitindc a pcrda gradual c libcrac dc icns mctaliccs pcsadcs ,BLII,
c/ o/, 00).
O cb]ctivc maicr dc cmprcgc dc csgctc tratadc na agricultura c a
prcdutividadc c a sustcntabilidadc das culturas irrigadas adctandc-sc,
pcrtantc, praticas quc avalicm sistcmaticamcntc pcssivcis impactcs
ncgativcs ac sistcma sclc-planta-agua subtcrranca/supcrlicial pcla sua
dispcsic. Ncstc ccntcxtc, tcrna-sc lundamcntal prcscrvar as lun6cs dc
sclc, ccnhcccr as suas caractcristicas quimicas, lisicas c lisicc-hidricas,
bcm ccmc as caractcristicas quimicas das substancias adicicnadas acs
sclcs para dimcnsicnar a sua capacidadc dc rcccbimcntc dc dctcrminada
carga dc substancias, dc mcdc quc a qualidadc das aguas subtcrrancas
pcssa pcrmancccr prctcgida.
Coos.Jeaoes .oa.s
Lstc capitulc lci ccnccbidc ccm a prcpcsta dc. ,i) ccntribuir para uma
rcvisc dc alguns ccnccitcs scbrc cs sclcs, scus ccnstituintcs c algumas
prcpricdadcs ccnsidcradas impcrtantcs c quc dcvcm scr avaliadas para a
sustcntabilidadc dcs sclcs submctidcs a irrigac ccm csgctc tratadc, ,ii)
aprcscntar inlcrma6cs sucintas scbrc cs sclcs brasilcircs, ,iii) aprcscntar
uma pcqucna rcvisc scbrc as pcssivcis mudanas nas caractcristicas dcs
sclcs submctidcs a irrigac ccm csgctc tratadc, c ,iv) aprcscntar um
rcsumc dcs cxpcrimcntcs quc lcram rcalizadcs nc ambitc dc PROSAB
Ldital 4.
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |95
Ccmc ccnsidcrac gcral, pcdc-sc dizcr quc as altcra6cs cccrridas
ncs sclcs irrigadcs ccm csgctcs sanitarics tratadcs nc ccnstituiram
prcblcma maicr, cmbcra, ccmc ]a alirmadc, cs rcsultadcs dcvam scr
ccnsidcradcs ccmc indicativcs das ccndi6cs dcstcs cxpcrimcntcs,
cnvclvcndc pcricdcs rclativamcntc curtcs dc irrigac c dc
mcnitcramcntc. Lntrctantc, algumas cbscrva6cs pcdcm scr dcstacadas.
Dc mancira gcral, cm tcdcs cs cxpcrimcntcs nc cccrrcram
altcra6cs na lcrtilidadc dc sclc cm lunc da agua dc irrigac
aplicada. Lntrctantc, cstas altcra6cs pcdcrc, prcvavclmcntc,
scr cbscrvadas cm cxpcrimcntcs dc lcngc prazc,
Uma prcccupac quandc da utilizac dcs csgctcs tratadcs c c
riscc dc salinizac c scdilicac dcs sclcs. Ncs cxpcrimcntcs
rcalizadcs, dc mancira gcral, cccrrcu aumcntc nas ccnccntra6cs
dc scdic trccavcl c ccnscqcntcmcntc dc PST, scm, ccntudc,
atingir valcrcs prcccupantcs. Mcsmc nc casc dc cxpcrimcntc L,
cndc cs valcrcs dc PST ultrapassaram c limitc dc 5, istc
praticamcntc nc prcmcvcu mudanas signilicativas na
dcnsidadc c pcrcsidadc tctal dc sclc,
Ccm rclac acs mctais pcsadcs, cstcs nc aprcscntaram
altcra6cs nc sclc ccm a irrigac, c quc ]a cra cspcradc,
ccnsidcrandc quc cs csgctcs tratadcs, utilizadcs ncs
cxpcrimcntcs, aprcscntavam baixas ccnccntra6cs dcstcs
clcmcntcs,
O mcnitcramcntc rcalizadc nas aguas subtcrrancas nc dcccrrcr
dcs cxpcrimcntcs mcstrcu ccnccntra6cs dc nitratc abaixc dc
valcr maximc pcrmitidc ccmc padrc dc pctabilidadc cstabclccidc
pcla lcgislac brasilcira
eleoc.as 3.o`.ogal.cas
ANA - Agncia Nacicnal dc guas. Inlcrma6cs Hidrcgcclcgicas. 2004.
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carbcn and nitrcgcn ccntcnt cl a lurrcw-irrigatcd dcscrt scil. Biclcgy and Fcrtility cl Scils,
v.4, p.30-30, 002.
|96 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
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lcrtirrigac, hidrcpcnia c piscicultura. cd. Ric dc Jancirc. ABLS/Rima, 2003, v. , p. -
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48-480, 00.
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dc ric Sc Franciscc. Univcrsidadc dc Brasilia, Brasilia DF, 200, 424p.
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irrigatcdtrcc plantaticn. Australian Jcurnal cl Scil Rcscarch, v.35, p.385-307, 007.
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managcmcnt lcr cnvircnmcntal prctccticn. Bcrlin. Springcr-Vcrlag, 00. 224p.
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sclc c dc milhc pcla aplicac dc cllucntc dc csgctc tratadc. Piracicaba, Univcrsidadc dc
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Supcricr dc Agricultura Iuiz dc Qucircz, Univcrsidadc dc Sc Paulc.
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using avaliablc data. CLPIS/PAHO/WHO, 088. 78p.
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|98 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
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MARSCHNLR, H. Mincral nutriticn cl highcr plants Bcrlin. Acadcmic Prcss, 005. 074p.
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Scicncc, v.0, p.-57, 080.
McBRIDL, M. B. Lnvircnmcntal Chcmistry cl Scils. Oxlcrd Univcrsity Prcss, N. Y. 400 p,
004.
McBRIDL, M. B., RICHARDS, B. K., STLLNHUIS, T., RUSSO, J. J., SAUV S. Mcbility
and Sclubility cl Tcxic Mctals and Nutricntcs in Scil Filtccn Ycars Altcr Slludgc
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MLIFI AJ, PDRO O. Lstudc gccquimicc dcs sclcs c lcrma6cs supcrliciais dc Brasil.
Partc . Caractcrizac c rcpartic dcs principais tipcs dc cvcluc pcdcgccquimica. Rcv
Bras Occc., v. 7, p. 27-270, 077.
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |99
MLIFI, A.J., MONTLS, C. R., CARVAIHO, A., FORTI, M. C. Usc cl pcdclcgical maps in
thc idcntilicaticn cl scnsitivity cl scils tc acid dcpcsiticn. applicaticn tc Brazilian scils.
Anais da Acadcmia Brasilcira dc Cincias., v.70, n., p.30 - 45, 2004.
MLURLR, L.J. Fundamcntcs dc quimica dc sclc. Pcrtc Alcgrc. Ocncsis, 2000. p.00-22.
MYLRS, R.J.K., CAMPBLII, C.A., WLILR, K.I. Quantitativc rclaticnship bctwccn nct
nitrcgcn mincralizaticn and mcisturc ccntcnt cl scils. Canadian Jcurnal cl Scil Scicncc,
v.02, p.-24, 082.
PAOANINI, W.S. Dispcsic dc csgctcs nc sclc. csccamcntc a supcrlicic. 2.cd. Sc Paulc.
Fundc Lditcrial da ALSABLSP, 007. 232p.
PLDRO, O. I scl, ccmpcsantc ma]curc dc la bicsphcrc. Rcvuc du palais dc la dcccuvcrtc,
v. 3, n. 20, p. 20-50,085.
PHIIIIPI, A.JR., ROMRIO, M.A., BRUNA, O.C. Cursc dc Ocstc Ambicntal. Ld. Manclc
Itda, 2004, 045p.
POIOIASL, P.J., TOMPKINS, D., STLWART, I.O., FAIKINLR, R.A. Mincralizaticn
and lcaching cl nitrcgcn in an clllucnt-irrigatcd pinc plantaticn. Jcurnal cl
Lnvircnmcntal Quality, v.24, p.0-020, 005.
PUIS, R. W., PAUI, C. J., CIARK, D. A. Distributicn, Spcciaticn, and Translcrmaticn cl
Chrcmium in Ccntaminatcd Scils and Aquilcr Scdimcnts. Scil Scicncc Sccicty cl Amcrican
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QUIN, B.F., FORSYTHL, I.J. Surlacc irrigaticn cl pasturc with trcatcd scwagc clllucnt.
II. Drainagc lcsscs cl nitratc and cthcr nutricnts. Ncw Zcaland Jcurnal cl Agricultural
Rcscarch, v.2, p.427-434, 078.
QUIN, B.F., SYLRS, J.K. Surlacc irrigaticn cl pasturc with trcatcd scwagc clllucnt. III.
Hcavy mctal ccntcnt cl scwagc clllucnt, sludgc, scil, and pasturc. Ncw Zcaland Jcurnal cl
Agricultural Rcscarch, v.2, p.435-442, 078.
QUIN, B.F., WOODS, P.H. Surlacc irrigaticn cl pasturc with trcatcd scwagc clllucnt. I.
Nutricnt status cl scil and pasturcs. Ncw Zcaland Jcurnal cl Agricultural Rcscarch, v.2,
p.40-420, 078.
RAIJ, B.van. Fcrtilidadc dc sclc c adubac. Piracicaba. Pctalcs, 00. 343p.
RLNOASAMY, P., OISSON, K.A. Scdicity and scil structurc. Australian Jcurnal cl
Agriculturc Rcscarch, v.20, p.035-052, 00.
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00).
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Cadmium by Scmc Scwagc Sludgcs. Jcurnal Lnvircnmcntal Quality, v. 2, n. 2, p. 253-250,
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299 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
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Scil and strcam-watcr impacts cl scwagc clllucnt irrigaticn cntc stccply slcping land.
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Cap'tu`o
`.gaao co~ sgotos Sao.ta.os
e le.tos oas `aotas
Sae|6o|6 V6|a, AJ||e| |e||e||a Ja |6oseca,
|6oa|J6 S|e|aoa|||, |saac |6|sc|ao J|., ||||aoa |a.a|
`e~eotos sseoc.a.s e 3eol.cos s `aotas
Os clcmcntcs quimiccs ccnsidcradcs csscnciais ac dcscnvclvimcntc
das plantas, atcndcm basicamcntc a dcis critcrics. sc partcs dc um
ccmpcstc cu dc alguma rcac scm a qual as plantas nc vivcm, cu nc
ccmplctam scu ciclc vital. Sc ccnsidcradcs nutricntcs cs clcmcntcs
carbcnc ,C), hidrcgnic ,H) c cxignic ,O) c cs nutricntcs mincrais, quc sc
subdivididcs cm dcis grupcs ,LPSTLIN, BIOOM, 2005). macrcnutricntcs
nitrcgnic ,N), lcslcrc ,P), pctassic ,K), calcic ,Ca), magncsic ,Mg) c
cnxclrc ,S)] c micrcnutricntcs bcrc ,B), clcrc ,Cl), ccbrc ,Cu), lcrrc ,Fc),
mangans ,Mn), mclibdnic ,Mc), niqucl ,Ni) c zincc ,Zn)]. Os nutricntcs
C, H c O sc rctiradcs dc ar c da agua, pcrcm, cs macrcnutricntcs c
micrcnutricntcs sc cxtraidcs pclas plantas, primcrdialmcntc, dc sclc.
A scparac cm macrcnutricntcs c micrcnutricntcs sc bascia na
quantidadc dc nutricntc quc a planta abscrvc c quc csta prcscntc na
massa scca. Assim, cm crdcm dc grandcza, cs macrcnutricntcs sc
-
lcrnccidcs as plantas cm kg ha cnquantc quc cs micrcnutricntcs sc
-
lcrnccidcs cm g ha . O scdic ,Na) c ccnsidcradc clcmcntc bcnclicc para
algumas cspccics, principalmcntc para plantas quc rcalizam lctcssintcsc
dc tipc C4, c as plantas halclitas nc scbrcvivcm scm cstc clcmcntc
,MARSCHNLR, 005), ). Nc cntantc, na grandc maicria das vczcs, c Na
tcm sidc tratadc ccmc clcmcntc quc causa clcitcs dclctcrics nc sistcma
sclc-planta. Dcpcndcndc dc mctcdc dc irrigac cmprcgadc, c Na pcdc tcr
sua litctcxicidadc aumcntada para algumas cspccics dc plantas, dcvidc ac
ccntactc lcliar ccm a agua dc irrigac. O ccbaltc ,Cc) c c sclnic ,Sc)
tambcm sc ccnsidcradcs clcmcntcs bcncliccs ac dcscnvclvimcntc das
plantas, mas ainda nc tivcram sua csscncialidadc ccmprcvada
,LPSTLIN, BIOOM, 2005).
.
O sclc dcvc lcrncccr cs nutricntcs para as plantas cm quantidadcs
adcquadas c nc mcmcntc dc suas ncccssidadcs. Ccmc c sclc, dc mancira
gcral, nc atcndc as ncccssidadcs mincrais das plantas, ha ncccssidadc dc
intcrvcnc mcdiantc c manc]c adcquadc dc sistcma sclc-planta,
incluindc a aplicac dc lcrtilizantcs ,mincrais, crganiccs c
crgancmincrais), c usc dc adubac vcrdc c dc sistcmas ccnscrvacicnistas
dc manc]c dc sclc. Ccmc rcsultadc, a scluc nc sclc c altamcntc
hctcrcgnca, aprcscntandc clcmcntcs csscnciais ,nutricntcs), bcncliccs c
tcxiccs nas lcrmas livrcs ,icnicas) c/cu ccmplcxadas ,HAVIINc/ o/., 2005).
Os nutricntcs sc abscrvidcs pclas raizcs das plantas a partir da
scluc dc sclc. As raizcs c as radicclas cntram cm ccntatc ccm c mcic
liquidc, prcmcvcndc a abscrc dcs mincrais. Tcdavia, as plantas tambcm
pcdcm abscrvcr alguns clcmcntcs c agua pclas lclhas, cm pcqucnas
quantidadcs. As principais lcrmas abscrvidas pclas raizcs sc.
a) Macrcnutricntcs.
-
Nitrcgnic. NO c NH
3 4
- 2-
Fcslcrc. H PO ,lcrma prclcrcncial) c HPO
2 4 4
Pctassic. K
2
Magncsic. Mg
2-
Lnxclrc. SO
4
b) Micrcnutricntcs.
- 2- 3- 2-
Bcrc. H BO ,lcrma prclcrcncial), H BO , HBO , BO c B O
3 3 2 3 3 3 4 7
-
Clcrc. Cl
2
Ccbrc. Cu
2 3
Fcrrc. Fc c Fc
2
Mangans. Mn
2-
Mclibdnic. McO
4
2
Niqucl. Ni
2
Zincc. Zn
b) Outrcs clcmcntcs.
3
Aluminic. Al
Scdic. Na
2
Ccbaltc. Cc
Silicic. H SiO
4 4
292 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
A abscrc dcs clcmcntcs pclas raizcs cccrrc mcdiantc, pclc mcncs,
um dcs trs prcccsscs quc culminam ccm a aprcximac dc clcmcntc c da
raiz ,radicclas), a sabcr. dilusc, lluxc dc massa c intcrccptac radicular.
A abscrc dcs clcmcntcs na scluc dc sclc pclas raizcs cbcdccc a uma
crdcm dc vclccidadcs, ccnlcrmc scguc.
- - 2-
NO >Cl >SO >H PO anicns
3 4 2 4
2 2
NH >K >Na >Mg >Ca caticns
4
Apcs a abscrc dcs clcmcntcs pclas raizcs, cstcs sc ccnduzidcs
pclcs sistcmas vascularcs das plantas, asscciadcs ac lluxc dc agua, scndc
distribuidcs c rcdistribuidcs ccnlcrmc a ncccssidadc nutricicnal dc cada
crgc. Cada clcmcntc tcm uma caractcristica distinta quantc a sua
mcbilidadc nc intcricr das plantas ,alguns clcmcntcs sc mcvcis cnquantc
cutrcs sc imcvcis). Alguns clcmcntcs acumuladcs nas lclhas sc
translccadcs pcr ccasic dc cnchimcntc dcs lrutcs, principalmcntc na
scncscncia das lclhas ,SAIISBURY, ROSS,00, MAIAVOITA c/ o/.
007).
A scguir sc rclacicnadas as principais lun6cs dcs nutricntcs,
]ustilicandc sua csscncialidadc.
N. c partc ccnstituintc dcs amincacidcs, das prctcinas, purinas,
pirimidinas, cccnzimas c da clcrclila.
P. participa ncs prcccsscs dc armazcnamcntc c translcrncia dc
cncrgia mctabclica nas plantas, alcm dc scr imprcscindivcl para c
dcscnvclvimcntc dc sistcma radicular.
K. ativadcr dc cnzimas na sintcsc dc prctcinas, lctcssintcsc c
rcspirac c ainda participa na lcrmac dc acarcs nas lclhas c
translccac dcstcs para rcscrvatcrics naturais.
Ca. crucial para c crcscimcntc c dcscnvclvimcntc das raizcs c laz
partc da cstrutura da parcdc cclular.
Mg. ativadcr dc cnzimas ncs prcccsscs mctabcliccs dcs
carbcidratcs c sintcsc dc acidcs nuclciccs, alcm dc lazcr partc da
ccmpcsic da clcrclila.
S. laz partc dc grupc ativc dc cnzimas c cccnzimas, ccm dcstaquc
acs ccmpcstcs cistcina, cistina, mcticnina, taurina, glutaticnc c
sullclipidccs.
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 293
B. atua ncs prcccsscs dc translcrmac dc carbcidratcs c
cccrdcnac dc lcncis.
Cu. cclabcra ccm cnzimas rcspiratcrias c lctcssintcticas, participa
da lcrmac dc algumas cnzimas, alcm dc cutras lun6cs.
Fc. atua ccmc grupc ativc dc cnzimas, principalmcntc aquclas
rclacicnadas acs prcccsscs dc transpcrtc dc clctrcns ,nc prcccssc
lctcssintcticc c na rcduc dc nitratc, nitritc c sullitc) c na lixac
biclcgica dc N.
Mn. participa da dcccmpcsic dc H O, tcma partc na lcrmac da
2
clcrclila, da mcmbrana dcs clcrcplastcs, dc lipidccs, da sintcsc dc
prctcinas, dcs acidcs nuclciccs c ccntrclc hcrmcnal.
Mc. laz partc dc uma cnzima quc auxilia na assimilac dc
-
nitrcgnic nitricc ,NO ), participa da lcrmac dc grc dc pclcn,
3
da lcrmac dc prctcinas, dcs acidcs nuclciccs, da abscrc c
transpcrtc dc lcrrc.
Ni. sua csscncialidadc csta ligada a luncicnalidadc da urcasc
,cnzima, quc participa da rcac dc prcduc dc amcnia c CO a
2
partir da urcia).
Na. sua csscncialidadc lci ccmprcvada cm algumas halclitas,
pcrcm, cm baixas ccnccntra6cs, pcdc substituir c K cm algumas
lun6cs csmcticas c, ainda, prcmcvcr a accitabilidadc dc lcrragcns
pclcs animais.
Cc. ativadcr dc cnzimas, scbrctudc aquclas ligadas ac prcccssc dc
lixac biclcgica dc Nc ainda laz partc dc vitaminas.
Sc. ligadc a sintcsc dc prctcinas c acidcs nuclciccs.
Si. sua csscncialidadc lci ccmprcvada apcnas para algumas
cspccics, lalhandc-sc cm dcscrcvcr c mccanismc dc ac dcstc
clcmcntc, scus clcitcs bcncliccs cstc asscciadcs a maicr prctcc
das plantas ac ataquc dc pragas c dccnas.
A rcdistribuic dcs nutricntcs cccrrc, prcdcminantcmcntc, pclc
llccma das plantas. Pcrtantc, a dclicincia nutricicnal csta dirctamcntc
rclacicnada ccm a mcbilidadc dc clcmcntc c idadc das plantas. Quantc a
sua mcbilidadc, cs clcmcntcs sc classilicadcs ccmc.
294 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Llcmcntcs mcvcis. aquclcs cu]cs sintcmas dc dclicincia
aparcccm nas lclhas vclhas dcvidc ac latc dclcs scrcm mcbilizadcs
para partcs ncvas. Ncstc casc, inclucm-sc cs nutricntcs N, P, K,
Mg, Cl c Mc.
Parcialmcntc mcvcis. S, Cu, Fc, Mn, Zn c Ni.
Imcvcis. inclucm clcmcntcs cu]a dclicincia aparccc nas lclhas
ncvas. Ncstc casc, inclucm-sc cs nutricntcs Ca c B.
oo`e~as CausaJos s `aotas po A`guos `e~eotos
A litctcxicidadc dcvida a um icn cccrrc quandc c clcmcntc c
abscrvidc c acumuladc ncs tccidcs, alcanandc uma ccnccntrac capaz dc
causar dancs a planta.
Um casc muitc ccmum nc Brasil tcm sidc a litctcxicidadc dc Al,
dcvidc a clcvada acidcz dcminantc ncs sclcs trcpicais. Altas ccnccntra6cs
dc Al na scluc nc sclc impcdcm c dcscnvclvimcntc das radicclas c,
ccnscqcntcmcntc, dc tcda planta.
Ccm rclac acs clcmcntcs B, Na c Cl, cs clcitcs rclacicnadcs a
litctcxicidadc sc dcpcndcntcs, dcntrc cutrcs, dcs scguintcs latcrcs. ,i) dc
apcrtc dcstcs clcmcntcs, ,ii) dc sistcma dc irrigac cmprcgadc, ,iii) da
intcnsidadc dc cxplcrac agriccla, ,iii) da tclcrancia das plantas a
ccnccntrac dc clcmcntc cspccilicc, ,iv) da prccipitac pluvial c ,v) da
cspccic c varicdadc dc planta cultivada.
O pH dc sclc c um dcs principais latcrcs quc inllucnciam a
sclubilidadc dcs clcmcntcs, bcm ccmc cs prcblcmas rclacicnadcs a sua
dclicincia c litctcxicidadc. Os clcmcntcs Fc, Cu, Mn, Zn c Al tm sua
dispcnibilidadc rcduzida ccm a clcvac dc pH, pcr cutrc ladc, cs
nutricntcs N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Mc c Cl tm sua dispcnibilidadc
aumcntada ccm c incrcmcntc dc pH ,MAIAVOITA c/ o/., 007). Para a
maicria das cspccics vcgctais dc intcrcssc agrcncmicc, um valcr dc pH
adcquadc c dc aprcximadamcntc 0,5.
As caractcristicas das plantas ,cspccic c varicdadc) sc
dctcrminantcs para cvidcnciar cs clcitcs dc tcxicidadc dc icns cspcciliccs,
dcvidc as dilcrcntcs capacidadcs dc abscrc, acmulc c cxpcrtac dc
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 295
clcmcntcs. As caractcristicas dc sclc ,principalmcntc tipc, ccnccntrac
dc matcria crganica, capacidadc dc trcca dc caticns CTC, pH c pctcncial
rcdcx), gcvcrnam a bicdispcnibilidadc dc clcmcntcs, scbrctudc, dc mctais
pcsadcs ,vcr Capitulc 5).
Alcm da tcxicidadc cspccilica dc dctcrminadcs icns, a alta salinidadc
da agua ,mcdida pcla ccndutividadc clctrica CL) pcdc prcvccar a
salinizac dc sclc c ccmprcmctcr c cultivc dc culturas mais scnsivcis. Pcr
cutrc ladc, baixa salinidadc, asscciada a clcvada prcpcrc dc Na cm
rclac acs clcmcntcs Ca c Mg ,mcdidcs pcla razc dc adscrc dc scdic
RAS), diminui a inliltrac da agua nc sclc.
Nc Capitulc 2 dcstc livrc lcram aprcscntadas, dc lcrma gcncrica, as
dirctrizcs gcrais para intcrprctar a qualidadc da agua para a irrigac,
incluindc cs critcrics a scrcm cbscrvadcs cm tcrmcs dc prcblcmas
pctcnciais dc salinizac c scdilicac dc sclc c dc litcxicidadc cspccilica dc
alguns icns. Nc Capitulc 5, cnccntra-sc uma discussc mais aprclundada
scbrc cs impactcs da qualidadc da agua dc irrigac scbrc c sclc.
Nas Tabclas 0. a 0.3 sc aprcscntadcs cxcmplcs dc scnsibilidadc dc
algumas culturas a salinidadc, bcrc c clcrctcs. Na Tabcla 0.4 sc
aprcscntadcs alguns paramctrcs dc qualidadc dc aguas rcsiduarias para
usc agriccla, adctadcs ncs LUA ,USLPA,002). Na Tabcla 0.5 inclucm-sc
inlcrma6cs scbrc prcblcmas rclativcs a prcscna dc clcmcntcs tcxiccs,
pcrsistcntcs c/cu bicacumulativcs nas aguas a scrcm utilizadas para
irrigac.
Lstas inlcrma6cs scbrc tclcrancia rclativa cntrc as culturas scrvcm
apcnas dc guias dc crdcm gcral. Atclcrancia abscluta varia ccm c clima, as
ccndi6cs dc sclc c praticas culturais. Inlcrma6cs mais dctalhadas
cnccntram-sc nc Capitulc 2 dcstc livrc c, principalmcntc, na litcratura
cspccializada, a cxcmplc dc Aycrs c Wcstcct ,085) c Rhcadcs
c/ o/. ,2000).
Nas Tabcla 0.0 c 0.7. aprcscntam-sc, rcspcctivamcntc, cxcmplcs dc
ccnccntra6cs mcdias dc macrcnutricntcs c micrcnutricntcs c
inlcrma6cs scbrc CL c RAS, cnccntradcs cm cllucntcs utilizadcs cm
296 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 297
Tabela 0.I Tclcrancia rclativa a salinidadc dc algumas culturas
Fcntc. adaptadc dc Aycrs c Wcstcct ,085)
y
298 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 0.2 Tclcrancia rclativa ac bcrc dc algumas culturas
Adaptadc dc Aycrs c Wcstcct ,085)
-
Tabela 0.3 Ccnccntrac maxima dc Cl na agua quc nc prcvcca dancs
-
as lclhas dc algumas culturas ,mg I )
Adaptadc dc Aycrs c Wcstcct ,085)
Tabela 0.4 Alguns paramctrcs cxigidcs para irrigac ccm
aguas rcsiduarias ncs LUA
,*) O paramctrc pH c adimcnsicnal. Adaptadc dc USLPA ,002).
y
y
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 299
-
Tabela 0.5 Ccnccntra6cs maximas ,mg I ) dc alguns clcmcntcs nas aguas dc
irrigac c rcspcctivcs prcblcmas dc tcxicidadc
Adaptadc dc Aycrs c Wcstcct ,085)
cxpcrimcntcs dc irrigac nc Ldital 4, Tcma 2 dc PROSAB. Lstcs dadcs
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sgotos Sao.ta.os TataJos co~o ooteJegua
eJeNut.eotes
A irrigac ccm cllucntcs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs sanitarics tcm
sidc uma pratica agrcncmica antiga ,FLIOIN c/ o/., 00) c, cm gcral,
utilizada ccm triplc prcpcsitc. ,i) rcalizar c tratamcntc ccmplcmcntar dc
cllucntc ,BOUWLR, CHANLY, 074), ,ii) valcrizar cstc subprcdutc ,agua
marginal) ccmc um rccursc hidricc dispcnivcl para agricultura
,BOUWLR, IDLIOVITCH, 087, AI-JAIOUD c/ o/., 005, TANJI, 007),
,iii) aprcvcitar cs nutricntcs ccntidcs ncs cllucntcs, visandc sua utilizac
nc crcscimcntc c dcscnvclvimcntc das plantas ,BOUWLR, CHANLY,
074, VAZQULZ-MONTILI c/ o/., 000), alcm dc prcmcvcr a cccncmia dc
lcrtilizantcs mincrais c a manutcnc dc alta prcduc vcgctal ,SMITH,
PLTLRSON, 082, FLIOINc/ o/., 00).
2|2 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 0.7 Valcrcs dc ccndutividadc clctrica ,CL) c razc dc adscrc dc scdic ,RAS) c
rcspcctivcs prcblcmas pctcnciais dc salinizac c scdilicac dc sclc cm cllucntcs
utilizadcs cm cxpcrimcntcs dc irrigac ,PROSAB 4)
,*) avaliadc dc accrdc ccm cs critcrics da Univcrsity cl Calilcrnia Ccmmittcc cl Ccnsultants
,vcr Capitulc 2).
O sistcma sclc-planta, dcsdc quc manc]adc adcquadamcntc,
prcmcvc a abscrc c rctcnc dcs ccnstituintcs dcs cllucntcs,
principalmcntc, dcvidc a abscrc c a inccrpcrac dcs clcmcntcs na
massa scca das plantas ,BOUWLR, CHANLY, 074), rcsultandc cm
diminuic na ccnccntrac dc clcmcntcs nas aguas subtcrrancas c
supcrliciais ,FLIOINc/ o/., 078, VAISMANc/ o/., 08). Atravcs dc ccrtc
c rcmcc das plantas dc lccal cccrrc cxpcrtac dcs clcmcntcs
acumuladcs. Issc pcrmitc cvitar incrcmcntc nas ccnccntra6cs dc,
-
principalmcntc, N-NO c P na scluc dc subsclc c agua subtcrranca
3
,QUIN, FORSYTHL, 078, HOOK, 08), mantcndc a capacidadc dc
rcncvac dc sistcma sclc-planta ,JORDANc/ o/., 007).
O csgctc dcmcsticc c ccnstituidc dc 00 dc agua c dc cclcidcs
suspcnscs c dissclvidcs, crganiccs c incrganiccs, incluindc
macrcnutricntcs ,principalmcntc, N, P c K) c, parcialmcntc,
micrcnutricntcs. Pcrtantc, a utilizac dc csgctc na irrigac dc plantas
implica cm diminuic da dcmanda pcr lcrtilizantcs mincrais,
ccnstituindc-sc numa impcrtantc lcrma dc rcciclagcm dc nutricntcs.
Ccnsidcrandc uma ccntribuic pcr capita dc csgctcs sanitarics dc
- -
50-200 I hab dia c uma dcmanda gcncrica dc agua para irrigac dc
-
000 - 2000 mm anc ,um rcquisitc tipicc num clima scmi-aridc), pcdc-sc
cstimar quc as aguas rcsiduarias prcduzidas pcr pcssca scriam sulicicntcs
2
para irrigar uma arca dc 30-70 m . Assim, uma pcpulac dc 50.000
habitantcs prcduziria agua para irrigar ccrca dc 200 ha. Sc
ccnsidcrarmcs a mcsma dcmanda dc agua c quc c cllucntc aprcscntc
- - -
aprcximadamcntc 5-35 mg I dc N, 5-0 mg I dc P c 20 mg I dc K, a
-
aplicac dc nutricntcs pcdcria atingir 50-700, 50-200 c 200-400 kg ha
dc N, P c K, rcspcctivamcntc ,BASTOS, 000). Mcsmc ccnsidcrandc uma
dcmanda mcncr dc agua dc irrigac ,000 mm), a aplicac dc nutricntcs
- - -
pcdcria alcanar 00-20 Nha , 30-00 kg Pha c 20 kg K ha .
Ccnlrcntandc cs nmcrcs dcstc cxcrcicic ccm as rcccmcnda6cs dc
adubac para as mais divcrsas culturas pcrccbc-sc nitidamcntc c
pctcncial lcrtilizantc dcs csgctcs sanitarics. Lntrctantc, ccmc ]a
dcstacadc, dcpcndcndc da cultura, c nitrcgnic pcdc sc aprcscntar cm
cxccssc, c quc lcvantaria prcccupa6cs dc naturcza agrcncmica c
ambicntal. Lm ccntrapartida, c lcslcrc pcdc sc aprcscntar cm
ccnccntra6cs insulicicntcs, c quc dcmandaria adubac quimica
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 2|3
ccmplcmcntar. Adicicnalmcntc, as dcmandas c cs balancs hidriccs c dc
nutricntcs vciculadcs via lcrtirrigac ccm csgctcs ncm scmprc sc dc
lacil cctc]c c, assim, mcsmc uma adubac nitrcgcnada nc plantic pcdc
lazcr-sc ncccssaria.
Aavaliac dc pctcncial lcrtilizantc dcs csgctcs sanitarics c a scguir
ilustradc ccm basc cm dcis cstudcs ccnduzidcs nc Ldital 4, Tcma 2 dc
PROSAB.
Na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ric dc Jancirc,UFRJ) lcram rcalizadcs
cstudcs ccm milhc para avaliar c pctcncial lcrtilizantc dc csgctc sanitaric
,sistcma rcatcr UASBscguidc dc lagca lacultativa) ,Figura 0.). Apcsar dc
tcr sidc rcalizada calagcm antcs da instalac dc cxpcrimcntc, c sclc
aprcscntava baixa lcrtilidadc natural, scbrctudc ccm rclac a P c K
,Tabcla 0.8). Ccm basc nas caractcristicas dc sclc aprcscntadas na Tabcla
0.8, tcrncu-sc ncccssaria a lcrtilizac mincral, ccnlcrmc a rcccmcndac
- -
rcgicnal para uma prcdutividadc cspcrada dc 0 a 8 t ha . ,i) N. 20 kg ha na
-
scmcadura c 80 kg ha cm ccbcrtura, acs 40 dias apcs a cmcrgncia das
- -
plantas, ,ii) P. 00 kg ha dc P O na scmcadura, ,iii) K. 70 c 30 kg ha dc K O
2 5 2
-
na scmcadura c cm ccbcrtura, rcspcctivamcntc, ,iv) Zn. 3 kg ha na
-
scmcadura, ,v) S. 40 kg ha na scmcadura. Ccm basc nas rcccmcnda6cs
dc adubac, na caractcristica dc cllucntc ,Tabcla 0.0) c na lamina dc agua
dc irrigac prcvista ,000 mm cm 05 dias), lci cstimadc c apcrtc dc
nutricntcs ,Tabcla 0.0).
2|4 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 0.I Dctalhc dcs cantcircs dc irrigac dc milhc
ccm cllucntc dc lagca dc cstabilizac ,UFRJ)
Lm tcsc, c cllucntc utilizadc na irrigac pcdcria scr capaz dc suprir
a dcmanda tctal dc Nc quasc tcdc K, mas nc atcndcria c rcqucrimcntc dc
P. Pcrtantc, a lcrtilizac mincral ccm P, bcm ccmc a dc S, dcvcria scr
mantida intcgralmcntc. Ccm rclac acs micrcnutricntcs, c cllucntc scria
capaz dc suprir as dcmandas pcr Cu c Fc ,cstc atc cm cxccssc), scndc
ncccssaria suplcmcntac, via lcrtilizac mincral, para B, Mn, Zn c Mc.
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 2|5
Tabela 0.8 Caractcristicas dc sclc antcs dc cultivc dc milhc ,UFRJ)
MO. matcria crganica, H Al. acidcz pctcncial, S. scma das bascs ,Ca Mg K),
T. CTCa pH 7,0 ,Ca Mg K H Al), V. Saturac dc bascs ,00 X S/T).
Tabela 0.0 Caractcristicas dc cllucntc utilizadc na irrigac dc milhc ,UFRJ)
-
Tabela 0.I0 Apcrtc dc nutricntcs ,kg ha ) na irrigac dc milhc ccm
cllucntc dc lagca lacultativa ,UFRJ)
Tcdavia, c prccisc ccnsidcrar quc, na irrigac ccm csgctcs, cs
nutricntcs sc gradualmcntc aplicadcs. Atc a ccasic da lcrtilizac dc
ccbcrtura, tccricamcntc, tcriam sidc aplicadas, via cllucntc, as scguintcs
quantidadcs.
3 -2
40 dias apcs a scmcadura. 220 mm = 0,220 m = 0,220 m m
- -
,0,220 m x 23,2 mg I dc N) x 0 = 53, kg ha dc N
- - -
,0,220 m x 7,5 mg I dc P) x 0 = 7,2 kg ha dc P = 8,5 kg ha dc P O
2 5
- - -
,0,220 m x 3 mg I dc K) x 0 = 20,8 kg ha dc K = 24,7 kg ha dc K O
2
-
Pcr cutrc ladc, ]a dcvcriam tcr sidc aplicadcs 20 kg ha dc Nc 70 kg
-
ha dc K O ccmc adubac dc scmcadura c, passadcs 40 dias, cutrcs 80 kg
2
- -
ha dc N c 70 kg ha dc K O. Assim, a irrigac ccm c cllucntc,
2
tccricamcntc, nc scria sulicicntc para atcndcr adcquadamcntc as
dcmandas dc N c K nc cstagic inicial dc dcscnvclvimcntc dc milhc,
implicandc, ac mcncs, uma adubac ccmplcmcntar na ctapa dc
scmcadura. Alcm dissc, ccrca dc 50 dc Ncriundc dc cllucntc sc cnccntra
na lcrma crganica ,Tabcla 0.0), nc prcntamcntc dispcnivcl as plantas.
Ncs cxpcrimcntcs, cptcu-sc pcr rcalizar a adubac dc scmcadura
- - -
na dcsc dc 40 kg ha dc N, 80 kg ha dc P O c 40 kg ha dc K O nas parcclas
2 5 2
irrigadas ccm csgctc. Ccm as laminas clctivamcntc aplicadas, c balanc dc
nutricntcs pcdc scr cbscrvadc na Tabcla 0..
A titulc dc inlcrmac adicicnal, na tabcla 0.2 aprcscnta-sc c
apcrtc dc nutricntcs rcgistradc na irrigac ccm cutrcs tipcs dc cllucntcs,
nc mcsmc cxpcrimcntc.
Na pcsquisa ccnduzida na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Pcrnambucc
,UFPL) lci utilizadc cllucntc dc um sistcma rcatcr UASB ccm pcs-
tratamcntc cm lagca dc pclimcntc para c cultivc cm lisimctrcs dc lci]ccirc
2|6 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
-
Tabela 0.II Balanc dc nutricntcs ,kg ha ) na irrigac dc milhc ccm cllucntc dc
lagca dc cstabilizac ,UFRJ)
macassar ,\|gno anga|ca/o/o I. Walp) ,Figura 0.2). Ccm basc nas
caractcristicas dc sclc ,Tabcla 0.3), as rcccmcnda6cs dc adubac para c
-
lci]c, para uma prcdutividadc cspcrada dc 200 a 500 kg ha , lcram.
- - -
20,0 kg ha dc N, 00,0 kg ha dc P c 40,0 kg ha dc K, na scmcadura, 30 kg
-
ha dc Ncm ccbcrtura, acs 20 dias apcs a scmcadura.
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 2|7
-
Tabela 0.I2 Lstimativa dc apcrtc ,kg ha ) dc nutricntcs dcvidc a irrigac ccm
cllucntcs dc divcrscs tipcs dc tratamcntc ,UFRJ)
DPC dccantac primaria, CLPT dccantac primaria quimicamcntc assistida, UASB
rcatcr UASB, FBP liltrc biclcgicc pcrccladcr, IF lagca lacultativa.
Iigura 0.2 Dctalhc dcs cxpcrimcntcs dc irrigac dc lci]c ,UFPL)
Os nutricntcs nc cllucntc lcram, naturalmcntc, aplicadcs dc lcrma
gradual, dc mcdc quc nc pcricdc inicial dc dcscnvclvimcntc dc lci]ccirc
- - -
lcram adicicnadcs 2,7 kg ha dc N, 4,47 kg ha dc P c 0,0 kg ha dc K.
Tccricamcntc, istc scria sulicicntc para atcndcr adcquadamcntc ,00) a
dcmanda dc nitrcgnic, mas apcnas 7,5 c 40 das dcmandas dc P c K.
Assim, as aduba6cs quimicas ccm lcslcrc c pctassic lcram
- -
ccmplcmcntadas cm 55,5 kg ha dc P c 24 kg ha dc K. Ac linal dc
cxpcrimcntc, Nc K tcriam sidc aplicadcs via lcrtirrigac cm quantidadcs
muitc supcricrcs acs rcqucrimcntcs da cultura, ccm dcstaquc para c
nitrcgnic, mas a aplicac dc P ccntinuaria insulicicntc ,ccrca dc 00 da
adubac rcccmcndada). Icvandc-sc cm ccnsidcrac a intcrlcrncias das
caractcristicas quimicas dc sclc na dispcnibilidadc dc P c S, scria
ncccssaria a lcrtilizac mincral ccmplcta dcsscs nutricntcs ,Tabclas 0.4
c 0.5).
2|8 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 0.I3 Analisc quimica dc sclc ,camada 0-20 cm) utilizadc ncs lisimctrcs ,UFPR)
MO. matcria crganica, SB. scma dc bascs ,SB = Ca Mg K Na), CTC . capacidadc
c
dc trcca dc caticns clctiva ,CTC = SB Al), CTC. CTC a pH 7,0 ,CTC = SB H Al), V.
c
saturac pcr bascs, PST. pcrccntual dc scdic trccavcl.
Tabela 0.I4 Iamina dc irrigac c apcrtc dc clcmcntcs nc dcccrrcr dc cxpcrimcntc
,UFPL)
2
,*) rca da parccla nc lisimctrc cquivalcntc a 0,04 m
UFPE
Varics cstudcs indicam clcitcs pcsitivcs da irrigac ccm csgctcs na
prcduc das culturas dcvidc acs nutricntcs c a matcria crganica dcs
csgctcs ,DAY c/ o/., 075, DAY, TUCKLR, 077, BOIL, BLII, 078,
SHAHAIAM c/ o/., 008, MARTLN c/ o/., 080, KHOURI c/ o/., 004,
SCOTTc/ o/., 2000).
A cscclha da planta a scr irrigada ccnstitui um latcr csscncial para a
sustcntabilidadc da irrigac ccm cllucntc, pcis. ,i) ccrtas culturas pcdcm
scr irrigadas ccm agua dc qualidadc inlcricr, scm implica6cs ncgativas
nc rcndimcntc, ,ii) alguns prcblcmas asscciadcs a qualidadc da agua
,ccmc pcr cxcmplc, riscc dc salinidadc c scdicidadc) pcdcm scr
minimizadcs pcr praticas agrcncmicas sustcntavcis ,BOUWLR,
IDLIOVITCH, 087), ,iii) as plantas gcvcrnam as pcrdas dc Nnc sistcma
sclc-planta rcccptcr dc cllucntcs c, ainda, pcdcm minimizar c prcblcma dc
lixiviac dcstc nutricntc ,VAISMAN c/ o/., 08, BARTON c/ o/., 2005).
Ccmc cricntac na cscclha das plantas a scrcm irrigadas ccm cllucntc,
Scgarra c/ o/. ,000) sugcrcm quc cstas dcvcm, prclcrcncialmcntc,
aprcscntar. ,i) alta abscrc dc N, ,ii) clcvadc ccnsumc dc agua, ,iii)
pcssibilidadc dc prcccssamcntc, ,iv) pctcncial dc mcrcadc c ,v) viabilidadc
cccncmica.
Assim, dc pcntc dc vista agrcncmicc-ambicntal, na irrigac ccm
cllucntc dcstacam-sc trs grupcs dc plantas. ,a) grandcs culturas dc ciclc
anual, ,b) lrutilcras c llcrcstas c ,c) plantas lcrragciras. Ccmc cxcmplc dc
aplicac dc csgctcs cm grandcs culturas, pcdc-sc citar a irrigac dc
algcdccirc ,Gcss|am spp.), scbrctudc mcdiantc c cmprcgc dc irrigac
pcr gctc]amcntc, c quc tcm sidc pratica ccmum cm divcrscs paiscs ccmc
dcmcnstradc ncs cstudcs dc Day c/ o/. ,08), Biclcrai c/ o/. ,084), Fcigin
c/ o/. ,084) c Orcn c/ o/. ,000).
O apcrtc dc nitrcgnic dcvidc a irrigac dc algcdccirc cm Isracl tcm
- -
sidc da crdcm dc 200 kg ha anc , cu sc]a, supcricr as dcscs usualmcntc
- -
cmprcgadas para csta cultura ,20 a 80 kg ha anc ) ,FLIOIN
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 2|9
-
Tabela 0.I5 Apcrtc dc macrcnutricntcs ,kg ha ) nc cxpcrimcntc dc cultivc dc lci]c
macassar, ,UFPL)
c/ o/.,078). Ccnscqcntcmcntc, cstc cxccdcntc dc N nc sistcma
-
sclc-planta, alcm dc prcpcrcicnar incrcmcntc nas ccnccntra6cs dc N-NO
3
na scluc nc sclc ,FLIOINc/ o/., 078), tcm implicadc cm. ,i) aumcntc das
ccnccntra6cs dc N nas lclhas, nc pcricdc vcgctativc c nc crcscimcntc dc
algcdccirc c ,ii) diminuic na prcduc dc lintcr ,BILIORAI c/ o/., 084).
O prcblcma dc cxccssc dc Nnc algcdccirc tambcm lci rclatadc cm alguns
cstudcs ncs LUA c lci rcsclvidc mcdiantc mistura ,.) dc cllucntc ccm
agua ccnvcncicnal ,DAY c/ o/., 08). Pcrtantc, a ccmbinac da lamina
adcquada dc irrigac c c ccntrclc dc apcrtc dc N tcm prcpcrcicnadc
incrcmcntc na qualidadc das libras ,DAY c/ o/., 08) c nc rcndimcntc dc
algcdccirc ,FLIOIN c/ o/., 084). Alcm dc mais, a irrigac ccm cllucntc
pcdc suprir aprcximadamcntc 30 dc rcqucrimcntc dc P ,FLIOIN c/ o/.,
084) c atc 00 da ncccssidadc dc K dc algcdccirc. Lvidcntcmcntc, cm
ccndic dc cultivc cndc cs sclcs aprcscntam altas ccnccntra6cs
dispcnivcis dcstc clcmcntc ,FLIOINc/ o/., 00).
As lrutilcras vm scndc irrigadas ccm cllucntcs cm paiscs ccmc
Australia ,JOHNS, McCONCHIL, 004a, 004b), Lspanha ,RLBOII
c/ o/., 2000), Lstadcs Unidcs ,MAURLR, DAVILS, 003, ZLKRI, KOO,
004) c Isracl ,IURIL c/ o/., 000), ncs cultivcs dc banancira ,Maso spp.),
plantas citricas ,C|/ras spp.) c varicdadcs dc pcsscgucirc. Rcsultadcs
pcsitivcs tm sidc cbscrvadcs cm tcrmcs dc rcndimcntc dc lrutcs,
asscciadcs a cccncmia dc lcrtilizantcs mincrais, scm prcvccar clcitcs
dclctcrics nas plantas c nc ambicntc ,FITZPATRICK c/ o/., 080). Jchns c
McCcnchic ,004a) vcrilicaram quc a banancira lci 0 mais prcdutiva
quandc irrigada ccm cllucntc. Ncstc mcsmc cxpcrimcntc, tambcm lci
cbscrvadc quc. ,i) a aplicac dc 000 mm dc cllucntc atcndcu 20 dc tctal
dc N rcqucridc pcla banancira, scm ccasicnar danc ambicntal ,JOHNS,
McCONCHIL, 004 b), ,ii) apcsar da irrigac ccm cllucntc tcr aumcntadc
c tccr dc Na nc sclc, a ccnccntrac dcssc clcmcntc nas lclhas nc lci
alctada na mcsma prcpcrc ,JOHNS, McCONCHIL, 004a), ,iii) a
banancira irrigada ccm cllucntc abscrvcu a mais 225 dc Na, 8 dc B,
43 dc Cu, 20 dc Cl c 0 dc N, P c K c, ainda, tcvc sua abscrc dc Ni
diminuida cm dcccrrncia dc aumcntc dc pH dc sclc ,JOHNS,
McCONCHIL, 004b).
Aaplicac dc cllucntcs cm llcrcstas tcm sidc uma lcrma usual para
dispcsic dcsscs rcsiducs nc ambicntc, pcis as arvcrcs. ,i) nc lazcm
partc da cadcia alimcntar humana, ,ii) aprcscntam alta abscrc dc agua,
quandc ccmparadas as cutras plantas c, pcrtantc, rcqucrcm mcncr arca
229 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
para dispcsic dc cllucntcs, ,iii) criam uma imagcm vcrdc c
,iv) armazcnam nutricntcs pcr lcngc pcricdc na bicmassa vcgctal,
principalmcntc C c N, inccrpcrandc-cs c rctcndc-cs nc cccssistcma
,JORDANc/ o/., 007, SMITH, BOND, 000).
O usc dc cllucntcs cm llcrcstas, particularmcntc dc pinus c
cucaliptcs, tcm sidc largamcntc dilundidc na Australia c Ncva Zclandia
,CAMLRONc/ o/., 007, BOND, 008, SPLIR, 2002). Crcmcr c/ o/. ,084)
vcrilicaram quc c pinus submctidc a irrigac ccm cllucntc, durantc trs
ancs, aprcscntcu aumcntc das ccnccntra6cs dc P c K nas aciculas.
Pclglasc c/ o/. ,005) cbscrvaram quc a irrigac ccm cllucntc prcmcvcu
aumcntc na abscrc dc N pclc pinus, alctandc pcsitivamcntc c
crcscimcntc das arvcrcs. Num cutrc cstudc, Falkincr c Smith ,007)
vcrilicaram quc apcsar da salinidadc dc sclc tcr sidc aumcntada dcvidc a
irrigac ccm cllucntc, istc nc alctcu c crcscimcntc dc pinus c cucaliptc.
Lstc latc, prcvavclmcntc, lci dcvidc a cutrcs bcnclicics quc cs cllucntcs
tm prcpcrcicnadc nc sistcma sclc-planta, ccm c apcrtc signilicativc dc
nutricntcs ,BOUWLR, CHANLY, 074, FLIOIN c/ o/., 00, PLSCOD,
002), quc pcdcm mitigar cs clcitcs advcrscs dcccrrcntcs dc ccrtcs
clcmcntcs ,incluindc sais dc Na) ,AI-JAIOUD c/ o/., 005).
As plantas lcrragciras, pclc latc dc aprcscntarcm lcnga cstac dc
crcscimcntc, clcvadc acmulc dc nutricntcs c pcla sua capacidadc dc
rcccbrimcntc dc sclc, tm aprcscntadc altc pctcncial para rcccbcr a
aplicac dc cllucntcs ,BOIL, BLII, 078). Pclc latc dcs cllucntcs, cm
gcral, aprcscntarcm ccnccntra6cs dc Na rclativamcntc clcvadas quandc
ccmparadas as aguas ccmumcntc cmprcgadas na irrigac ,FLIOINc/ o/.,
00, PLSCOD, 002), mclhcrcs rcspcstas, cm tcrmcs dc rcndimcntc
quali-quantitativc, tm sidc cbscrvadas nas plantas C natrclilas
4
,ORILVL c/ o/., 2004). Adicicnalmcntc, c aumcntc na ccnccntrac dc Na
nas lcrragcns tcm sidc ccnsidcradc dcsc]avcl, pcis pcdc prcpcrcicnar
incrcmcntc dc qualidadc c maicr accitabilidadc pclcs animais
,MARSCHNLR, 005).
Rcsultadcs lavcravcis ccm lcrragciras tm sidc ccmuns na
litcratura, incluindc rclatcs dc aumcntcs nc rcndimcntc dc massa scca
,MS) c/cu dc prctcina bruta cm pastagcns dc. ,i) allala ,McJ|cogc so/|to I.)
,BOIL, BLII, 078, DAY c/ o/., 082, DARWISH c/ o/., 000, ORATTAN
c/ o/., 2004), ,ii) azcvcm-pcrcnc ,Ic/|am crcnnc I.) ,QUIN, WOODS,
078), ,iii) capim-Bcrmuda ,CncJcn Joc//cn) ,HAYLS c/ o/., 000,
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 22|
ORATTAN c/ o/., 2004), ,iv) capim-dc-Rhcdcs ,Cb/cr|s goono Kunth)
,FLIOIN c/ o/., 078, VAISMAN c/ o/., 08), ,v) capim-Kikuyu
,Pcnn|sc/am c/oJcs/|nam Chicv) ,ORATTAN c/ o/., 2004), ,vi) capim-
Napicr ,Pcnn|sc/am ararcam) ,JLYARAMAN, 088) c ,vii) milhc
lcrragcirc ,OVLRMAN, NOUY, 075, OVLRMAN, 08, ADLKAIU,
OKUNADL, 2002, MOHAMMAD, AYADI, 2004). Nc cbstantc, ha
cxcc6cs, ccmc cbscrvadc nc cxpcrimcntc dc Day c Tuckcr ,050), cndc c
rcndimcntc da ccvada lcrragcira lci diminuidc cm 22 ,atribuidc a
prcscna dc dctcrgcntcs c as altas ccnccntra6cs dc sais sclvcis nc
cllucntc).
le.tos Ja `.gaao co~ sgotos TataJos oas `aotas
A utilizac dc csgctcs tratadcs ccasicna clcitcs divcrscs nas
plantas, incluindc altcra6cs nas ccnccntra6cs dc nutricntcs, nc
rcndimcntc c na qualidadc das culturas irrigadas ,cu partc ccmcrcial
dcstas). A scguir, sc aprcscntadcs alguns rcsultadcs dc pcsquisas
ccnduzidas nc ambitc dc PROSAB4.
Aoa`.seJeTec.Jos vegeta.s
Na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Tccantins ,UFT) lcram ccnduzidcs
cxpcrimcntcs dc irrigac dc batata-dccc ,pcr aspcrsc) ccm csgctc
tratadc dc um rcatcr UASB scguidc dc liltrc anacrcbic ,Tratamcntc T) c
ccm agua ccnvcncicnal asscciada a lcrtilizac mincral ,Tratamcntc T2).
As ccnccntra6cs dc nutricntcs nas lclhas maduras c nas raizcs dc batata-
dccc sc aprcscntadas na Tabcla 0.0.
Para as lclhas maduras, c usc dc cllucntc na irrigac ccasicncu
aumcntc nas ccnccntra6cs dc Cu, Fc c Mn, pcr cutrc ladc, as
ccnccntra6cs dcs nutricntcs nas raizcs dc batata-dccc nc lcram
altcradas pclcs tratamcntcs cmprcgadcs ,Tabcla 0.0).
Lm cstudc ccnduzidc na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ccara ,UFC) lci
avaliadc c cstadc nutricicnal dc lci]ccirc irrigadc pcr gctc]amcntc ccm
cllucntc dc lagca dc cstabilizac, cmprcgandc-sc quatrc tratamcntcs.
,i) T Irrigac ccm agua adubac rcccmcndada, ,ii) T2 Irrigac
ccm csgctc tratadc ,cm quatrc lagcas dc cstabilizac cm scric)
adubac rcccmcndada, ,iii) T3 Irrigac scmcntc ccm csgctc tratadc c
,iv) T4 Irrigac ccm csgctc mctadc da adubac rcccmcndada.
222 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Ccm cxccc dc Mn, tcdcs cs dcmais clcmcntcs avaliadcs nas lclhas
dc lci]ccirc nc lcram altcradcs pclcs tratamcntcs cmprcgadcs. Tcdavia,
as ccnccntra6cs dcs nutricntcs situaram-sc numa laixa dc sulicincia
para a cultura ,MAIAVOITA c/ o/.,007), ccm cxccc dc Zn, cu]as
ccnccntra6cs cstivcram abaixc dc adcquadc para c lci]ccirc ,Tabcla 0.7).
Na Tabcla 0.8 sc aprcscntadcs cs clcitcs dc dilcrcntcs lcntcs dc
agua para irrigac ,agua pctavcl c cllucntc) c dc dcscs dc nitrcgnic via
lcrtilizantc mincral ,NFM), aplicadas via sclc, nc rcndimcntc anual dc
massa scca c prctcina bruta dc capim-Bcrmuda Tiltcn 85. Trata-sc dc um
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 223
Tabela 0.I0 Ccnccntra6cs dc nutricntcs nas lclhas maduras
c nas raizcs dc batata-dccc ,UFT)
Mcdias scguidas dc lctras iguais nas cclunas nc dilcrcm cstatisticamcntc
pclc tcstc dc Tukcy ,p < 0,05).
Tabela 0.I7 Ccnccntra6cs dc nutricntcs nas lclhas dc lci]ccirc irrigadc pcr
gctc]amcntc ,UFC)
Mcdias scguidas dc lctras iguais nas cclunas nc dilcrcm cstatisticamcntc
pclc tcstc dc Tukcy ,p < 0,05).
y
cxpcrimcntc rcalizadc cm Iins ,SP), durantc 24 mcscs, pcla Univcrsidadc
dc Sc Paulc ,USP). Fcram cmprcgadcs tcnsicmctrcs para mcnitcrar a
umidadc dc sclc na camada 0-00 cm c a irrigac lci individualizada para
cada tratamcntc, pcssibilitandc c cstudc mais dctalhadc dc pctcncial dc
cllucntc ccmc lcntc dc N para a pastagcm ,FONSLCA, 2005, FONSLCA
c/ o/., 2000).
Ccnclui-sc quc c usc dc dcscs mais clcvadas dc NFM asscciadas a
irrigac ccm cllucntc dc lagca dc cstabilizac prcpcrcicncu maicrcs
rcndimcntcs dc massa scca c prctcina bruta. Issc lci dcvidc ac latc dc. ,i) c
- -
capim-Tiltcn 85 rcspcndcr lincarmcntc a atc 000 kg ha anc dc NFM c
,ii) a irrigac ccm cllucntc tcr prcpcrcicnadc nc scmcntc apcrtc mcdic
- -
dc N-mincral dc atc 335,0 kg ha anc , mas tambcm dc cutrcs nutricntcs,
cs quais pcdcm tcr mascaradc c clcitc dclctcric dc Na. Analisandc
iscladamcntc cs tratamcntcs irrigadcs ccm csgctc cllucntc dc tratamcntc
sccundaric, lcram cbscrvadcs. ,i) incrcmcntcs lincarcs nc rcndimcntc dc
prctcina bruta, dcvidc ac aumcntc da dcsc dc NFM, scndc quc c
rcndimcntc nc scgundc anc lci supcricr ac primcirc c ,ii) incrcmcntc
lincar ,nc primcirc anc) c quadraticc ,nc scgundc anc) nc rcndimcntc dc
224 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 0.I8 Llcitcs dc dilcrcntcs lcntcs dc agua para irrigac c dc dcscs dc nitrcgnic
via lcrtilizantc mincral ,NFM) nc rcndimcntc anual dc capim-Bcrmuda Tiltcn 85 ,USP)
Ictras iguais maisculas cu minsculas nas linhas c nas cclunas, rcspcctivamcntc, nc
dilcrcm cstatisticamcntc pclc tcstc dc Tukcy ,P<0,05).
Adaptadc dc Fcnscca c/ o/. ,2000).
massa scca, cm rcspcsta ac aumcntc da dcsc dc NFM. Os autcrcs
vcrilicaram quc a irrigac ccm cllucntc prcpcrcicncu cccncmia dc 32,2 a
8,0 da dcsc dc NFM, scm implicar cm pcrda nc rcndimcntc dc massa
scca c, ainda, lcvandc ac incrcmcntc da ccnccntrac dc prctcina bruta nc
capim.
oJut.v.JaJe
Sc aprcscntadcs, a scguir, rcsultadcs dc prcdutividadc para
divcrsas culturas, incluindc dilcrcntcs tratamcntcs. Prccurcu-sc
ccmparar plantas irrigadas ccm csgctc c plantas irrigadas ccm agua,
incluindc cu nc c usc dc lcrtilizantcs mincrais.
Nc cstudc ccnduzidc pcla Univcrsidadc dc Campinas ,UNICAMP),
lci cmprcgadc cllucntc dc lagca anacrcbia na irrigac pcr sulccs dc
milhc ,Figura 0.3). Lm linhas gcrais, ncta-sc quc a irrigac ccm c cllucntc
rcsultcu cm rcndimcntc ccmparavcl ac tratamcntc ccntrclc ,irrigac ccm
agua limpa mais lcrtilizac NPK) ,Tabcla 0.0).
Nc ]a mcncicnadc cxpcrimcntc rcalizadc na Univcrsidadc dc
Tccantins, sctc clcncs dc bata-dccc Icmcco |o/o/os ,I) Iam] ,clcncs 8,
48, 58, 00, 00, 2 c 4) c 3 cultivarcs ,Palmas, Brazlandia Rcxa c
Brazlandia Branca) lcram irrigadcs ccm cllucntc rcatcr UASB liltrc
anacrcbic ,T) c agua adubac mincral ,T2).
-
Nc tratamcntc T2, a prcdutividadc ,3 t ha ) lci supcricr a mcdia
nacicnal. A prcdutividadc da cultivar irrigada ccm csgctc lci scmclhantcs
a das quc rcccbcram adubac ccnvcncicnal, cspccialmcntc c Clcnc 00
-
,27 t ha ). Quantc a prcdutividadc da partc acrca vcrdc, cs dcis
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 225
Tabela 0.I0 Rcndimcntc dc milhc irrigadc ccm agua NPK c ccm cllucntc
dc lagca anacrcbia ,UNICAMP)
Prclundidadc dc irrigac ccm agua NPK. A= 0,20 m, A2=0,40 m c
A3=0,00 m, Prclundidadc dc irrigac ccm cllucntc dc lagca anacrcbia. T= 0,20 m,
T2=0,40 m c T3=0,00 m ,ccm basc na capacidadc dc campc/lamina critica). Mcdias scguidas
pcr lctras iguais maisculas c minsculas nas linhas c nas cclunas, rcspcctivamcntc, nc
dilcrcm cstatisticamcntc pclc tcstc dc Tukcy ,p<0,05). y
-
tratamcntcs ,T c T2) aprcscntaram c mcsmc crcscimcntc, 25 c 28 t ha ,
rcspcctivamcntc. Lssc latc c impcrtantc, ccnsidcrandc-sc a baixa
lcrtilidadc dc sclc cmprcgadc ,Tabcla 0.20).
Na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ccara ,UFC), a cultura da mamcna
,Figura 0.4) lci submctida a irrigac ,micrcaspcrsc) ccm csgctc
sanitaric tratadc cm lagcas dc cstabilizac ,scric ccmpcsta pcr uma lagca
anacrcbia, uma lacultativa c duas dc maturac) c agua dc pcc. Fcram
cmprcgadcs quatrc tratamcntcs. ,i) T. agua dc pcc mais adubac
rcccmcndada, ,ii) T2. cllucntc mais adubac rcccmcndada, ,iii) T3.
cllucntc scm adubac c ,iv) T4. cllucntc mais mctadc da adubac
rcccmcndada. Os dadcs mcdics dc prcduc cstc aprcscntadcs na Tabcla
0.2.
226 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 0.3 Dctalhc dcs cxpcrimcntcs dc irrigac dc milhc
ccm cllucntc dc lagca anacrcbia ,UNICAMP)
-
Tabela 0.20 Prcdutividadc ,t ha ) dc batata irrigada ccm csgctc c agua dc pcc ,UFT)
Mcdias scguidas pcr lctras iguais, nas cclunas, nc dilcrcm cstatisticamcntc pclc tcstc dc
Tukcy ,p<0,05).
Para tcdas as variavcis analisadas, cs rcsultadcs da irrigac ccm
csgctcs igualaram-sc cu lcram supcricrcs acs cbtidcs ccm a irrigac ccm
agua c adubac quimica. Ccnclui-sc, rcsumidamcntc, quc a mamcna
rcspcndcu pcsitivamcntc ac cllucntc aplicadc, cvidcnciandc quc a cultura
ccnscguiu ccnvcrtcr clicicntcmcntc cs nutricntcs dc csgctc cm bicmassa
vcgctal, ccm cxcclcntc prcdutividadc.
Na Tabcla 0.22 c aprcscntada partc dc dclincamcntc dcs
cxpcrimcntcs dc lci]c macassar ,\|gno anga|ca/o/o I. Walp) cultivadc
cm lisimctrcs dc drcnagcm dctadcs dc sistcma dc irrigac ccm cllucntc
anacrcbic ccm pcs-tratamcntc cm lagca dc pclimcntc, cm pcsquisa
dcscnvclvida na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Pcrnambucc. Na Tabcla 0.23
sc aprcscntadcs cs rcsultadcs mcdics dc ccmpcncntcs dc prcduc c
prcdutividadc.
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 227
Iigura 0.4 Dctalhc dcs cxpcrimcntcs dc irrigac dc mamcna ccm cllucntc dc lagca
dc maturac ,UFC) anacrcbia ,UNICAMP)
Tabela 0.2I Valcrcs mcdics dc prcduc da mamcncira ,UFC)
Mcdias scguidas pcr lctras iguais, nas cclunas, nc dilcrcm cstatisticamcntc pclc tcstc dc
Tukcy ,p<0,05).
y
Tcmandc-sc ccmc rclcrncia c tratamcntc T0-ANPK, quc
aprcscntcu a maicr prcdutividadc cntrc cs tratamcntcs ccm agua dc
-
abastccimcntc c as prcdutividadcs ,kg ha ) alcanadas ncs tratamcntcs
T2-LNPK c T4-LIPK, cs rcsultadcs indicam quc c csgctc tratadc
acrcscidc dc nutricntcs c dc incculantc mais nutricntcs incrcmcntcu a
prcdutividadc cm 40 c 20, rcspcctivamcntc. A substituic dc
lcrtilizantc quimicc pclc incculantc aprcscnta-sc ccmc scndc uma cpc
viavcl dc pcntc dc vista ambicntal c cccncmicc, mcsmc ccm uma rcduc
dc prcdutividadc cm tcrnc dc 20 cm rclac a aplicac dc cllucntc ccm
adubac quimica.
228 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 0.22 Tratamcntcs prcvistcs para cs tipcs dc agua c dc manc]c dc sclc ,UFPL)
Incculantc. cstirpc sclccicnada dc rizcbic ,NFB 700).Cada tratamcntc rcccbcu trs
2
rcpcti6cs c cada parccla cxpcrimcntal aprcscntava 0,04 m .
Tabela 0.23 Valcrcs mcdics dcs ccmpcncntcs dc prcduc c prcdutividadc dc
lci]c macassar ,UFPL)
Mcdias scguidas pcla mcsma lctra nc dilcrcm signilicativamcntc pclc tcstc dc Tukcy
,p <0,05), CV,) ccclicicntc dc variac c DMS,5) dilcrcna minima signilicativa a 5 dc
prcbabilidadc, Incc. =Incculantc.
(NFB 700).
y
A ccmparac dc mcdias dcs ccmpcncntcs dc prcduc mcstrcu quc
cs tratamcntcs T2-LNPK, T4-LIPK c T0-ANPK aprcscntaram
mclhcrcs dcscmpcnhcs. O tratamcntc T2-LNPK alcancu cs maicrcs
valcrcs dc mcdias, nc dilcrindc cstatisticamcntc dc tratamcntc T0-
ANPK cm vagcm pcr planta c grcs pcr vagcm. Nc ccmpcncntc pcsc dc
000 scmcntcs, cs tratamcntcs T2-LNPK c T4-LIPK nc dilcriram
cstatisticamcntc c aprcscntaram as maicrcs mcdias, mcstrandc quc a
substituic dc nitrcgnic pclc incculantc pcdc tcrnar-sc mais cccncmicc
para c rclcridc ccmpcncntc dc prcduc. Lsta cbscrvac c impcrtantc na
mcdida cm quc sc ccnsidcra c apcrtc ,cxccssivc) dc N via cllucntc. Pcr
cutrc ladc, c dclincamcntc cxpcrimcntal pcrmitiu ccnlirmar a limitac
dc cllucntc cm suprir a dcmanda dc lcslcrc ,Tabcla 0.24).
Na Univcrsidadc dc Brasilia,UnB), lcram rcalizadas pcsquisas ccm
Dalia An Scrtida ,Dob/|o |nno/o) cm quatrc ciclcs dc cultivc,
cmprcgandc irrigac ccm csgctcs sanitarics submctidcs a dilcrcntcs
nivcis c tipcs dc tratamcntc. Os cxpcrimcntcs lcram ccnduzidcs cm
tanqucs dc libra dc vidrc dc lcrmatc circular ccm vclumc dc 500 litrcs. Os
tratamcntcs cmprcgadcs lcram. ,i) T = Tcstcmunha . Irrigac ccm
agua pctavcl dc sistcma dc abastccimcntc pblicc da Asa Ncrtc, ccm
adubac igual a utilizada pcla NOVACAP ncs cantcircs dc llcrcs dc
-2
Brasilia, ccmpcsta dc cstcrcc dc galinha a 00 kg m c dc lcrtilizantc
- -2
mincral ,NPK) 4-4-8 ccm 4 g kg Zn a 50 kg m , c dc micrcnutricntcs FTL
2
a 0 kg/m , ,ii) T2 = Tcstcmunha 2. Irrigac ccm agua dc lagc Paranca,
scm adubac dc sclc, ,iii) T3 =Irrigac ccm cllucntc primaric da Lstac
dc Tratamcntc dc Lsgctcs dc Brasilia Asa Ncrtc ,LTLB-Ncrtc), scm
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 229
-
Tabela 0.24 Apcrtc dc macrcnutricntcs ,kg ha ) dcvidc ac tipc dc agua c manc]c dc
sclc cultivadc ccm lci]c macassar ,UFPL)
Incc. Incculantc, cstirpc sclccicnada dc rizcbic ,NFB700).
ncnhuma diluic c scm adubac dc sclc, ,iv) T4 = Irrigac ccm cllucntc
primaric da LTLB-Ncrtc ccm diluic a 50 ccm cllucntc tcrciaric, c scm
adubac dc sclc, ,v) T5 = Irrigac ccm cllucntc sccundaric da LTLB-
Ncrtc, scm adubac dc sclc, ,vi) T0 = Irrigac ccm cllucntc tcrciaric da
LTLB-Ncrtc, scm adubac dc sclc, ,vii) T7 = Irrigac ccm cllucntc dc
rcatcr UASBda LTLParanca, scm adubac dc sclc c ,viii) T8 = Irrigac
ccm cllucntc dc lagca dc cstabilizac dc alta taxa da LTL Paranca, scm
adubac dc sclc.
Nas Figuras 0.5 a 0.7 aprcscntam-sc cs rcsultadcs ac lcngc dcs
quatrc ciclcs dc cultivc para as scguintcs variavcis. altura das plantas,
nmcrc dc lclhas c nmcrc dc llcrcs. Lm linhas gcrais, ccnclui-sc pcla
viabilidadc da irrigac crnamcntal, scm acmulc dc clcmcntcs tcxiccs
nas plantas c scm prcblcmas pctcnciais dc impactcs nc sclc c nas aguas
subtcrrancas ,dadcs nc incluidcs nc csccpc dcstc capitulc). Ccnclui-sc
ainda quc, scb as ccndi6cs dc sclc c clima tcstadas, c pcssivcl lazcr a
lcrtirrigac dc llcrcs scm auxilic dc adubac ccnvcncicnal, scndc quc,
pcr raz6cs cvidcntcs ,apcrtc dc nutricntcs), a aplicac dc cllucntcs
primarics, dc rcatcr UASB c dc lagca dc cstabilizac ,principalmcntc cs
dcis ltimcs), rcvclaram mclhcrcs rcsultadcs. Lntrctantc, c prccisc
ccnsidcrar quc pcr mctivcs dc sadc pblica a cpc dcvcria rccair scbrc cs
cllucntcs dc lagca dc cstabilizac ,vcr capitulcs 2 c 3).
239 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 0.5 Dcscnvclvimcntc da altura da Dalia durantc cs quatrc ciclcs dc cultivc
,UnB)
Captulos
ua`.JaJeJos utos
Lm cxpcrimcntcs rcalizadcs na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ccara, lci
avaliada a qualidadc dc mclancias ,C|/ra//as /ono/as, varicdadc Crimscn
Swcct) irrigadas, pcr gctc]amcntc c pcr sulccs, ccm csgctcs sanitarics
tratadcs cm lagcas dc cstabilizac ,Figura 0.8). O cxpcrimcntc lci
rcalizadc nc pcricdc dc sctcmbrc a dczcmbrc dc 2005, quandc a incidncia
dc chuvas na arca lci praticamcntc nula, c quc pcrmitiu quc a irrigac
nc sclrcssc intcrrup6cs. O dclincamcntc cxpcrimcntal inclui a
casualizac pcr blcccs ccm quatrc rcpcti6cs cm cada tratamcntc.
,i) T agua dc pcc mais adubac rcccmcndada, ,ii) T2 cllucntc mais
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 23|
Iigura 0.0 Dcscnvclvimcntc dc nmcrc dc lclhas da Dalia
durantc cs quatrc ciclcs dc cultivc ,UnB)
Iigura 0.7 Dcscnvclvimcntc dc nmcrc dc llcrcs da Dalia
durantc cs quatrc ciclcs dc cultivc ,UnB)
adubac rcccmcndada, ,iii) T3 scmcntc cllucntc c ,iv) T4 cllucntc mais
mctadc da adubac rcccmcndada. Fcram tambcm ccmparadcs cs
mctcdcs dc irrigac pcr gctc]amcntc c sulcc. Na Tabcla 0.25 sc
aprcscntadas as principais caractcristicas da agua c dc csgctc tratadc
utilizadcs na irrigac da mclancia.
232 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 0.8 Dctalhc dcs cxpcrimcntcs dc irrigac dc
mclancia ccm cllucntc dc lagca dc maturac ,UFC).
Tabela 0.25 Caractcrizac lisicc-quimica c micrcbiclcgica da agua c dc cllucntc das
lagcas dc cstabilizac ,UFC)
,*) cllucntc dc uma scric ccmpcsta pcr lagca anacrcbia lagca lacultativa duas lagcas dc
maturac.ND. nc dctcctadc
As mclancias lcram avaliadas cm tcrmcs dc qualidadc
micrcbiclcgica, qualidadc lisicc-quimica c sabcr.
Tcdcs cs lrutcs tcstadcs aprcscntaram ausncia dc cclilcrmcs c
8o/mcnc//o, atcndcndc, assim, acs limitcs lixadcs pcla Agncia Nacicnal
dc Vigilancia Sanitaria ,ANVISA, 200). A nc dctccc dc bclcrcs,
lcvcduras c dc crganismcs mcsclilcs indicaram tambcm a bca qualidadc
sanitaria.
Na Tabcla 0.20, cnccntram-sc cs valcrcs da caractcrizac lisicc-
quimica da pclpa das mclancias. Valcrcs clcvadcs dc sclidcs sclvcis tctais
,SST Brix) sc dcsc]avcis, pcis prcpcrcicnam mclhcr sabcr ac lrutc. A
variac dc pH tcm lcrtc ccrrclac ccm a diminuic dc ccntcdc dc
acidcs crganiccs c ccm as mudanas cm sclidcs sclvcis c acarcs
sclvcis tctais. Quantc mcncr a acidcz tctal, mais dccc c c lrutc. Frcntc a
cstas ccnsidcra6cs, pcdc-sc dizcr quc, cm gcral, a aplicac dc cllucntcs
nc ccmprcmctcu a qualidadc dcs lrutcs, ccm rcsultadcs um pcucc
mclhcrcs scndc cbscrvadcs ccm a irrigac pcr gctc]amcntc.
O sabcr dc amcstras das mclancias lci avaliadc cm cabincs
individuais, ccm luz branca c paincl scnscrial lcrmadc pcr 24 prcvadcrcs
prcviamcntc sclccicnadcs. As amcstras lcram submctidas ac tcstc dc
Dilcrcna dc Ccntrclc ,MLIIOAARD c/ o/., 087), ccm cs prcvadcrcs
atribuindc valcrcs dc 0 a 0 dc accrdc ccm a dilcrcna pcrccbida cm rclac
a amcstra-ccntrclc. Os rcsultadcs lcram submctidcs a analisc dc variancia
c as mcdias ccmparadas atravcs dc tcstc dc Dunnctt. Adicicnalmcntc, lci
aplicadc c tcstc Triangular ,PLRYAN, SWARTZ, 050), cm quc cada
]ulgadcr rcccbcu um ccn]untc dc trs amcstras, scndc inlcrmadc quc duas
amcstras cram iguais c uma dilcrcntc, dcvcndc scr idcntilicada a amcstra
dilcrcntc. Para um tctal dc 24 ]ulgamcntcs, scriam ncccssarias pclc mcncs
3 rcspcstas ccrrctas para quc hcuvcssc dilcrcna signilicativa cntrc as
amcstras tcstadas, a p 0,05, pcla Tabcla dc prcbabilidadc mcnccaudal,
p=/3 ,ROLSSILRc/ o/., 078 apudPOSTLc/ o/., 00).
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 233
Tabela 0.20 Caractcristicas lisicc-quimicas da pclpa da mclancia para cs
dilcrcntcs tratamcntcs c sistcmas dc irrigac ,UFC)
SST, Brix
Ccm basc na analisc scnscrial, cm sintcsc, ccnclui-sc quc. ,i) a adic
dc adubc acs cllucntcs tratadcs ,T2) rcsulta na prcduc dc lrutcs ccm c
mcsmc sabcr cbtidc pclc tratamcntc dc agua adicicnada dc adubc
,T- ccntrclc), ,ii) cntrc cs tratamcntcs ccm csgctcs ,T2, T3 c T4), c T2
,csgctc ccm adubac rcccmcndada) aprcscntcu mclhcr rcspcsta c ,iii) cs
sistcmas dc irrigac pcr sulcc c gctc]c pcdcm scr, indilcrcntcmcntc,
utilizadcs scm ccmprcmctcr c sabcr dcs lrutcs prcduzidcs.
eleoc.as 3.o`.ogal.cas
ADLKAIU, K.O., OKUNADL, D.A. Lllccts cl pcnd watcr and scwagc clllucnt trcatmcnts
cn yicld and nutricnt uptakc cl maizc ,Zca mays I.). Trcpical Agriculturc, v.70, p.20-24,
2002.
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irrigaticn cn mincral ccmpcsiticn cl ccrn and scrghum plants in a pct cxpcrimcnt. Jcurnal
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ANVISA. Agncia Nacicnal dc Vigilancia Sanitaria. Rcscluc - RDC n 2, dc 2 dc ]ancirc
dc 200. Aprcva c rcgulamcntc tccnicc scbrc padr6cs micrcbiclcgiccs para alimcntcs
AYLRS, R.S., WLSTCOT, D.S. Watcr quality lcr agriculturc. Rcmc. Fccd and Agriculturc
Organizaticn, 085. 74p. ,Irrigaticn andDrainagc Papcr, 20).
BARTON, I., SCHIPPLR, I.A., BARKIL, O.F., McILOD, M., SPLIR, T.W., TAYIOR,
M.D., McOIII, A.C., VAN SCHAIK, A.P., FITZOLRAID, N.B., PANDLY, S.P. Iand
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Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 235
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238 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap'tu`o /
Jt.`.zaao Je sgotos TataJos e~ .Jopoo.a
|eo|6 |6|maoJ6 Je S6aza Ve|6, C|ce|6 0o6||e Je AoJ|aJe |e|6,
|eoa|a Ca|6||oa |||e| Aoa]am|a, |eq|oa |e||e|, ||.|6 |aoeos |ap6|||
`otoJuao
Apalavra hidrcpcnia c criginaria dc grcgc. HJrc quc signilica agua
c Pbcncs quc signilica trabalhc. Atualmcntc c tcrmc hidrcpcnia ncmcia a
tccnica dc cultivc dc plantas scm c sclc ccmc supcrtc, na qual cs nutricntcs
sc lcrnccidcs atravcs dc uma scluc nutritiva balanccada dc accrdc ccm
as ncccssidadcs da cultura quc sc dcsc]a cultivar. Sc]a qual lcr a tccnica
hidrcpcnica, c lundamcntal cm tcrmcs ccnccituais c quc a scluc
nutritiva substitui c sclc cm sua lunc mais ccmplcxa, quc c a dc suprir as
ncccssidadcs dc nutricntcs dcs vcgctais.
Os cllucntcs dc sistcmas dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs sanitarics sc
riccs cm macrc c micrcnutricntcs c pcdcm, pcrtantc, scr utilizadcs ccmc
scluc nutritiva, ccm algumas adapta6cs das tccnicas c, quandc
ncccssaric, ccrrc6cs nutricicnais.
Dcntrc as principais vantagcns da hidrcpcnia pcdc-sc dcstacar. ,i)
vcrsatilidadc dc instalac c dc lccalizac da inlra-cstrutura, ,ii)
dcmanda rcduzida dc arca, ,iii) dcmanda rclativamcntc rcduzida dc agua,
,iv) ciclcs mais curtcs, c quc pcrmitc mclhcr prcgramac da prcduc, ,v)
pcssibilidadc dc cmprcgc as mais divcrsas culturas, cm qualqucr cstac
dc anc, prcpiciandc a prcduc lcra dc cpcca ccm baixa dcpcndncia dc
advcrsidadcs climaticas c ,vi) prcdutividadc clcvada ccm maicr
rcndimcntc pcr arca.
Pcr sua vcz, c usc dc cllucntcs dc csta6cs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs
sanitarics na hidrcpcnia pcdc prcpiciar as scguintcs vantagcns. ,i)
rcduc da dcscarga dc cllucntcs cm curscs d`agua, ccntribuindc para c
ccntrclc da pcluic, ,ii) rcmcc dc nutricntcs cutrclizantcs, assimiladcs
pclas culturas, ,iii) pcssibilidadc dc instalac da inlra-cstrutura
ncccssaria prcxima ac pcntc dc rcunic c tratamcntc dcs csgctcs,
rcduzindc custcs dc transpcrtc dc cllucntc c ,iv) mitigac adicicnal dc
riscc as sadc, ac minimizar c ccntatc cllucntc-planta c a cxpcsic
humana.
No~eoc`atua eTco.cas JeCu`t.vos .Jopo.cos
Os cultivcs hidrcpcniccs pcdcm scr classilicadcs quantc a cxistncia
cu nc dc substratc cu dc accrdc ccm c lcrnccimcntc da scluc nutritiva
,Figura 7.).
Scgundc Rcsh ,087), a vcrdadcira hidrcpcnia scria aqucla quc
utiliza apcnas scluc nutritiva, scm mcic sclidc. Pcrcm c tcrmc cultura
scm sclc, dc accrdc ccm a FAO ,000), tcm sidc admitidc para abrangcr cs
mais divcrscs sistcmas dc cultivc quc nc utilizam sclc ccmc mcic para c
dcscnvclvimcntc c atividadc dc sistcma radicular. Scndc assim, a
hidrcpcnia pcdc scr dividida cm sistcmas quc utilizam scmcntc agua c
sistcmas dc cultivc cm substratcs. Ncstc scntidc, as tccnicas dc cultivc
hidrcpcnicc pcdcm scr crganizadas, dc accrdc ccm a scguintc
classilicac.
249 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 7.I Tccnicas hidrcpcnicas
Cu`t.vo Se~ Suostato
Tambcm ccnhccidc pcr sistcma dc duas lascs, csta cpc aprcscnta
uma lasc liquida, ccmpcsta pcr agua c nutricntcs c uma lasc gascsa, quc
ccrrcspcndc ac ar misturadc a scluc pcr in]c6cs dc ar ccmprimidc cu
pclc prcpric mcvimcntc ncs canais.
Lssc tipc dc cultivc lci um dcs primcircs sistcmas a scrcm usadcs
ccmcrcialmcntc, pcr prcpcrcicnar grandc varicdadc dc adapta6cs. Ccmc
c mcic liquidc nc pcrmitc uma anccragcm adcquada, cstc tipc dc sistcma
ncccssita dc supcrtc para as plantas.
As principais tccnicas sc.
NFT ,Na/r|cn/ I|/m 7ccbn|qac) a principal caractcristica da
tccnica dc lilmc nutritivc c a lcrmac dc uma pclicula dc scluc
nutritiva ,lilmc nutricntc) dirctamcntc scbrc as raizcs da
cultura, dcccrrcntc da imcrsc das mcsmas cm um lluxc laminar
dc scluc nutritiva cm canais ccm baixa dcclividadc. Tais canais
pcdcm scr instaladcs cu ccnstruidcs nc nivcl dc sclc cu cm
platalcrmas clcvadas dc ccncrctc, madcira, plasticc cu mctal. A
scluc nutritiva gcralmcntc c lcrnccida pcr gravidadc. A vazc
dcvc scr sulicicntc para lcrmar uma lamina d`agua quc pcrmita
um bcm ccntatc ccm as raizcs, pcrcm ccm acrac sulicicntc. A
alimcntac pcdc scr rcalizada dc lcrma ccntinua cu
intcrmitcntc, ccntrclada pcr tcmpcrizadcrcs. Uma vcz quc cssc
tipc dc sistcma pcrmitc quc um vclumc ccnsidcravcl dc agua sc]a
pcrdidc pcr cvapcrac, tcrna-sc ncccssaria uma ccntinua
rcpcsic.
Sistcma dc cultivc llutuantc I/co/|ng cu Sistcma DFT,Dcc I|/m
7ccbn|qac) cstc sistcma lci dcscnvclvidc nc inicic da dccada dc
80 pcr Jcnscn na Univcrsidadc dc Arizcna. cspccilicc para a
cultura dc allacc cu scmclhantcs, nc scndc viavcl para plantas
grandcs cu dc ciclc lcngc. ccnstituidc dc tanqucs dc 00 cm dc
largura, ccm ccmprimcntc dc atc 30 mctrcs c prclundidadc
variandc cntrc 5 a 20 cm. A scluc nutritiva lcrma uma lamina
prclunda na qual as raizcs licam submcrsas. Nc cxistcm canais c
sim uma mcsa plana cm quc a scluc circula pcr mcic dc um
sistcma dc cntrada c drcnagcm caractcristicc. O sistcma, cmbcra
lcchadc, tcm um lluxc muitc baixc, praticamcntc cstaticc, pcr
cstc mctivc c ccmumcntc classilicadc ccmc sistcma dc baixa
vazc.
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 24|
Acrcpcnia c um casc particular dc cultivc scmcntc cm agua.
Ccnsistc na manutcnc das raizcs nuas dcntrc dc camaras
cpacas quc rcccbcm a scluc nutritiva pcr ncbuliza6cs
rcgularcs, dc mcdc a mantcr a umidadc rclativa dc 00 nc
ambicntc radicular. Ncstc sistcma a lasc liquida c pulvcrizada na
lasc gascsa.
Outrc sistcma particular dc cultivc scm substratc c c utilizadc para
a prcduc dc lcrragcm hidrcpcnica. rcalizadc aplicandc-sc uma lamina
dc agua c nutricntcs, quc llucm cm um lcitc, intcrmitcntcmcntc. O
intcrvalc dc rcga c a vazc aplicada sc impcrtantcs latcrcs dc ccntrclc.
Cu`t.vos co~ Suostatos
Lntcndc-sc pcr cultivcs cm substratc aquclcs quc utilizam
agrcgadcs incrtcs ,quc nc rcagcm ccm a scluc nutritiva) utilizadcs
ccmc supcrtc, mcic dc cnraizamcntc, acrac c cxigcnac dc sistcma
radicular.
Os matcriais utilizadcs ccmc substratc pcdcm scr subdivididcs cm
crganiccs c incrganiccs. Valc salicntar quc ncm tcda matcria crganica
utilizada ccmc substratc c bicdcgradavcl, a cxcmplc dc ccmpcstcs dc
pclictilcnc, pcliurctanc c c pclicstircnc Pcr cutrc ladc, pcdc scr
ccnvcnicntc utilizar substratcs crganiccs bicdcgradavcis, ccmc scrragcm,
bagac dc cana, cntrc cutrcs, tcndc cm vista quc ncsscs cascs cs substratcs
agrcgadcs as raizcs dc prcdutc cultivadc, pcdcm sclrcr dcccmpcsic
biclcgica, nc dcixandc rcsiducs nc bicdcgradavcis nas raizcs dc prcdutc.
A qualidadc dcs substratcs c latcr dctcrminantc para c succssc cu
lracassc dcssc tipc dc cultivc c pcr issc dcvcm aprcscntar bca qualidadc.
Na Hclanda, a Fundac R.H.P. ,Icgc/|ng HonJc/s Pc/grcnJcn) padrcniza
cs divcrscs tipcs dc substratcs, principalmcntc cs crganiccs, quantc as
prcpricdadcs lisicc-quimicas c biclcgicas. Alguns cutrcs paiscs tambcm
pcssucm ncrmas para csscs substratcs.
Tcdcs cs sistcmas citadcs antcricrmcntc pcdcm aprcscntar
dilcrcntcs lcrmas dc dispcsic lisica, ccm c intuitc dc cccncmizar cspac c
maximizar a prcdutividadc. Ccmc cxcmplc pcdc-sc citar c sistcma NFT
cm pratclciras ,supcrtcs cm dilcrcntcs nivcis dc altura).
242 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Quantc ac lcrnccimcntc dc scluc nutritiva cs sistcmas pcdcm scr
classilicadcs cm lcchadcs ,ccm rccirculac) cu abcrtcs ,scm rccirculac).
Nc primcirc casc a scluc nutritiva circula livrcmcntc, dc lcrma ccntinua
cu intcrmitcntc, pcr cntrc as plantas, scndc quc ac linal rctcrna ac
rcscrvatcric para um ncvc ciclc. Ncs sistcmas abcrtcs cu nc circulantcs,
gcralmcntc a scluc nutritiva c aplicada pcr gctc]amcntc cm um
substratc, dc cndc as plantas rctiram a agua c cs nutricntcs c a scluc nc
rctcrna ac rcscrvatcric.
Ass.~.`aao .Jo~.oea`
O mctabclismc das plantas ccmprccndc cs prcccsscs pclcs quais as
substancias quimicas ,nutricntcs) sc utilizadas para c crcscimcntc c
manutcnc dc vcgctal. Os nutricntcs pcdcm scr ccnvcrtidcs cm matcrial
cclular cu usadcs ccmc lcntc dc cncrgia. As plantas, gcralmcntc
autctrclicas, nc dcpcndcm dc lcrnccimcntc dc ccmpcstcs riccs cm
cncrgia prcduzidcs pcr cutrcs crganismcs, ccmc cccrrc ccm cs crganismcs
hctcrctrcliccs.
Tradicicnalmcntc, a nutric mincral dc plantas c dividida cm
crganica c incrganica. A nutric crganica sc rclcrc a aquisic dc
carbcnc, hidrcgnic c cxignic prcvcnicntcs da atmcslcra c da agua. A
nutric incrganica, tambcm chamada mincral, sc rclcrc a abscrc dcs
dcmais clcmcntcs, ncrmalmcntc abscrvidcs dc sclc cu, nc casc da
hidrcpcnia, dirctamcntc da scluc nutritiva.
Scgundc Malavclta ,080), cs clcmcntcs mincrais abscrvidcs pclas
plantas pcdcm scr. ,i) csscnciais a planta nc vivc scm cs mcsmcs, ,ii)
bcncliccs cu tcis a planta pcdc scbrcvivcr scm cstcs, mas sua
ccntribuic csta rclacicnada ac crcscimcntc c a rcsistncia a latcrcs
ambicntais dcslavcravcis ccmc dccnas, clima c cutrcs c ,iii) tcxiccs.
Atualmcntc, 7 clcmcntcs ,incluindc C, H c O) sc ccnsidcradcs
csscnciais para tcdas as angicspcrmas c gimncspcrmas. Um clcmcntc c
ccnsidcradc csscncial quandc sc cnquadra cm algum critcric dc
csscncialidadc, dc tipc ,MAIAVOITA,080).
dirctc na ausncia dc clcmcntc a planta nc ccmplcta scu ciclc
vital,
indirctc c clcmcntc c partc dc algum ccnstituintc cu mctabclitc
csscncial para a planta, nc pcdcndc scr substituidc pcr cutrc
clcmcntc.
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 243
Scgundc c mcsmc autcr, a lista dc clcmcntcs ccnsidcradcs csscnciais
,cxcctuandc-sc C, H c O) inclui.
macrcnutricntcs nitrcgnic ,N), lcslcrc ,P), pctassic ,K), calcic
,Ca), magncsic ,Mg) c cnxclrc ,S),
micrcnutricntcs bcrc ,B), ccbrc ,Cu), lcrrc ,Fc), mangans ,Mn),
zincc ,Zn), ccbaltc ,Cc), clcrc ,Cl) c niqucl ,Ni).
Alguns autcrcs ,KUNOH c ISHIZAKI, 075, ILUSCH c
BUCHLNAULR, 080 citadcs pcr RODRIOULS, 2002 c MAIAVOITA,
004) indicam c silicic ,Si) ccmc micrcnutricntc csscncial, pclc latc dc cm
algumas situa6cs, satislazcr c critcric indirctc, assim ccmc c scdic ,Na)
nc casc particular dc uma halclita c para algumas cspccics dc gramincas.
Outrcs autcrcs c ccnsidcram ccmc clcmcntc bcnclicc, ]untamcntc ccm c
Cc, Va, c Ni. Wcn c/ o/. ,088), citadc pcr Rcdrigucs ,2002), quc ccnsidcram
ccmc csscncial tambcm c sclnic ,Sc).
Tradicicnalmcntc, cs clcmcntcs csscnciais sc ncccssarics cm
ccnccntra6cs iguais cu inlcricrcs a 00mg/Kg dc matcria scca c
gcralmcntc atuam cm lun6cs rcgulatcrias ccmc, pcr cxcmplc, ativadcrcs
cnzimaticcs. Os macrcnutricntcs sc cxigidcs cm quantidadcs da crdcm
3
0 mg/Kg dc matcria scca c gcralmcntc sc ccmpcncntcs dc bicmclcculas.
Lsta divisc bascia-sc mcramcntc na quantidadc rcqucrida, vistc quc cm
rclac a lunc dcscmpcnhada, alguns macrcnutricntcs pcdcm atuar
ccmc rcguladcrcs c cs micrcnutricntcs pcdcm participar da cstrutura dc
ccmpcncntcs cclularcs.
O clcitc dc tccr dcs clcmcntcs tcxiccs c muitc variavcl cntrc cspccics
cu varicdadcs. Dc mcdc gcral, plantas cultivadas rcspcndcm ccm maicr
crcscimcntc ac aumcntc dc dcscs dc nutricntcs, cnquantc quc as
sclvagcns, adaptadas a sclcs cligctrcliccs, pcdcm atc sc intcxicar ccm
dcscs altas dc um clcmcntc csscncial. Pcr cutrc ladc, cspccics adaptadas a
sclcs ccm altc tccr dc mctais ,rcgi6cs ccntaminadas pcr dc]ctcs industriais
cu cm arcas dc mincrac) pcdcm supcrtar quantidadcs mais clcvadas dc
um dctcrminadc clcmcntc. Lstc c, pcr cxcmplc, c casc dc cspccics dc
gncrc A/ssam, quc tclcram 0.000 g dc niqucl pcr grama dc matcrial
sccc, cnquantc quc muitas plantas sc scvcramcntc alctadas ccm apcnas
5 g dc niqucl pcr grama dc matcrial sccc.
244 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
k
k
A nutric vcgctal sc da atravcs dc sistcma radicular das plantas.
Para quc as raizcs sc]am capazcs dc abscrvcr cs clcmcntcs nutritivcs, sc
laz ncccssaric atcndcr duas prcmissas basicas. ,i) c clcmcntc nutricntc
dcvc cstar mincralizadc scb a lcrma dc sais incrganiccs c ,ii) cs sais
nutricntcs dcvcm cstar scb a lcrma dissclvida.
Alcm dcssas prcmissas tambcm c ncccssaric ccnsidcrar. ,i) a
ccnccntrac dc nutricntc nc mcic cxtcrnc, ,ii) a idadc da planta c das
raizcs, ,iii) a distribuic dc raizcs c ,iv) a cspccic da planta.
A assimilac dcs nutricntcs pclc sistcma radicular dcs vcgctais
cccrrc basicamcntc cm duas ctapas. ,i) abscrc c ,ii) transpcrtc c
rcdistribuic.
Inicialmcntc, c lcncmcnc prcpcndcrantc quc cccrrc c a abscrc dc
nutricntcs prcscntcs na rizcslcra pclc sistcma radicular. Assim, cs
clcmcntcs mincrais sc assimiladcs na lcrma icnica cu mclccular ncs
cspacs intcrcclularcs cu cm qualqucr partc cu crgancla cclular ,parcdc,
mcmbrana, mitcccndria, vacclc, citcplasma, clcrcplastc, ctc.).
Os nutricntcs dcslccam-sc na scluc cm dircc as raizcs, qucr pcr
mcvimcntc ccnvcctivc na massa dc agua quc csta a scr abscrvida pclas
plantas ,prcccssc cstc dcsignadc pcr lluxc dc massa), qucr pcr dilusc dcs
lccais dc maicr para cs dc mcncr ccnccntrac, cbcdcccndc a Ici dc Fick.
A magnitudc da abscrc mincral c dirctamcntc inllucnciada pcla
arca dc sistcma radicular c pcla cxtcnsc da rizcslcra, cndc sc cnccntram
armazcnadcs cs macrc c micrcnutricntcs. Pcrtantc, c ncccssaric um bcm
dcscnvclvimcntc dc sistcma radicular dc lcrma a aumcntar sua arca dc
abrangncia. O crcscimcntc das raizcs dcpcndc dc caractcristicas
gcncticas, mas c tambcm inllucnciadc pcr latcrcs ambicntais ccmc a
tcmpcratura, a acrac, c pH, c tccr dc agua c nutricntcs.
Accmpcncntc lipidica das mcmbranas biclcgicas c impcrmcavcl acs
icns. Prctcinas dc transpcrtc mcdiam a travcssia das mcmbranas,
pcdcndc scr divididas cm bcmbas, transpcrtadcrcs c canais icniccs. As
bcmbas rcalizam um transpcrtc ativc, ccm gastc dc cncrgia criunda dc
rca6cs lisiclcgicas c bicquimicas catabclismc dc substratc acumuladc.
As mais bcm caractcrizadas transpcrtam prctcns atravcs das mcmbranas,
ccm ccnsumc dc ATP c gcram um gradicntc clctricc cntrc c citcscl c c
apcplastc quc c utilizadc para c transpcrtc passivc dc caticns pcr
transpcrtadcrcs cu canais icniccs. A cntrada dc anicns c lcita dc mcdc
ativc, scndc accmpanhadcs pcr prctcns, prcccssc dcsignadc pcr cc-
transpcrtc.
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 245
A aquisic dc um nutricntc dcpcndc da dispcnibilidadc dcstc na
scluc c da capacidadc dc abscrc da planta, scndc quc cxistcm
dilcrcnas na capacidadc c vclccidadc dc abscrc dc um dctcrminadc
nutricntc cntrc cspccics c varicdadcs. Os latcrcs quc inllucnciam a
vclccidadc dc abscrc pcdcm scr cndcgcncs c cxcgcncs.
Mcdilica6cs nas ccnccntra6cs dcs sais nutricntcs na scluc
nutritiva, bcm ccmc ccnvcrs6cs da lcrma incrganica para crganica atravcs
dc rca6cs quimicas rcvcrsivcis, pcdcm acarrctar distrbics nc
mccanismc dc abscrc, ccasicnandc altcra6cs nc mctabclismc das
plantas c prc]udicandc scu dcscnvclvimcntc c crcscimcntc. Tais clcitcs
pcdcm scr pcrccptivcis pcla sintcmatclcgia vcgctal.
A abscrc dcs clcmcntcs pclas plantas c ainda lcrtcmcntc
inllucnciada pclas ccnccntra6cs rclativas dc cada clcmcntc nutritivc,
scndc quc intcra6cs cntrc clcs pcdcm causar lcncmcncs ccmpctitivcs cu
sincrgiccs. A inibic dc um dctcrminadc nutricntc dcvidc a prcscna dc
cutrc, diz-sc ccmpctitiva quandc cs dcis clcmcntcs ,nutricntc inibidc c
nutricntc inibidcr) sc ccmbinam ccm c mcsmc sitic carrcgadcr. A inibic
ccmpctitiva pcdc scr climinada aumcntandc a ccnccntrac dc nutricntc
inibidc. O antagcnismc c um casc particular dc inibic c cccrrc quandc a
prcscna dc um dctcrminadc clcmcntc nc mcic diminui a abscrc dc
cutrc, dc mcdc quc a tcxidcz dc scgundc nc sc manilcstc na planta.
Llcitcs sincrgiccs tambcm pcdcm cccrrcr quandc a clcvac na
ccnccntrac dc dctcrminadc clcmcntc nutricntc pctcncializa a abscrc
dc cutrc.
Apcs a abscrc, cs clcmcntcs nutricntcs sc transpcrtadcs ac
sistcma lcliar pclcs vascs ccndutcrcs da sciva bruta ,xilcma) atravcs dc
lcncmcnc dc translcrncia dc massa, ccm lluxc na dircc dc intcricr cu dc
cxtcricr da planta. Arcdistribuic, pcr sua vcz, ccnsistc nc mcvimcntc dc
clcmcntc nutricntc na rcgic intcricr da planta cntrc cs divcrscs
ccmpcncntcs dc sistcma crganicc da mcsma.
O transpcrtc dc agua c sclutcs nc xilcma dcriva dc gradicntc dc
pctcncial dc agua cntrc a raiz c a partc acrca c gcralmcntc sc da apcnas nc
scntidc asccndcntc. O lluxc rcsulta, scbrctudc, da transpirac. Mas
mcsmc na sua ausncia, a partc acrca ccntinua a rcccbcr nutricntcs pcr
mcvimcntc xilmicc dcvidc a prcssc dc raiz.
Arcdistribuic cccrrc cntrc cs divcrscs crgcs da planta, a cxcmplc
das lclhas, lrutcs ctc. O transpcrtc nc llccma ,vasc ccndutcr da sciva
clabcrada) dcpcndc dc carrcgamcntc dc acarcs c cutras substancias, as
quais sc accmpanhadas pcla cntrada dc agua c pclc lluxc cm dircc acs
246 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
lccais cndc sc da a rcmcc. As lclhas cxpandidas sc c principal lccal dc
carrcgamcntc c cs dcstincs sc as raizcs, cs apiccs vcgctativcs c cs crgcs
rcprcdutcrcs. Lm algumas situa6cs, ccmc dclicincia cm abscrc dc
nutricntcs, lcrmac dc crgcs rcprcdutcrcs cu cpcca da qucda das lclhas,
cccrrc uma grandc rcmcbilizac dc nutricntcs as custas da dcgradac dc
mclcculas nas lclhas cxpandidas c transpcrtc dcs nutricntcs pclc llccma
para cutrcs lccais. A mcbilidadc dc clcmcntc nutricntc c dc lundamcntal
impcrtancia, pcis cssa caractcristica garantc um suprimcntc ccntinuc c
cquilibradc cm tcda a cxtcnsc vcgctal. impcrtantc rcssaltar quc cs
nutricntcs aprcscntam dilcrcntcs mcbilidadcs nc llccma, scndc c calcic, c
mangans c c bcrc cs dc mcncr mcbilidadc c cs macrcnutricntcs ,ccm
cxccc dc calcic) cs dc maicr mcbilidadc.
Dc mcdc gcncricc, a taxa dc crcscimcntc dc uma planta c alctada
pclc tccr dc nutricntc nc scu tccidc, ccmc ilustradc na Figura 7.2.
Na laixa dc ccnccntrac chamada zcna dc dclicincia, um pcqucnc
incrcmcntc nc tccr dc nutricntc, ccnscguidc, pcr cxcmplc, pcr lcrtilizac,
acarrcta grandc dcscnvclvimcntc da planta. Acima da ccnccntrac
critica ,aqucla sulicicntc para garantir 00 dc crcscimcntc maximc),
aumcntcs na ccnccntrac dc um nutricntc nc alctam ccnsidcravclmcntc
c crcscimcntc. A zcna adcquada rcprcscnta um ccnsumc dc luxc,
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 247
Iigura 7.2 Curva dc rcspcsta dc crcscimcntc dc uma planta a adic dc nutricntcs
Fcntc. BATAOIIA c/ o/. ,002).
pcdcndc c clcmcntc scr cstccadc nc vacclc ccmc altcrnativa ac
mctabclismc. Lsta zcna ,adcquada) pcdc scr ampla para cs
macrcnutricntcs c tcndc a scr cstrcita para cs micrcnutricntcs, cs quais
atingcm mais rapidamcntc a ccnccntrac critica tcxica ,aqucla sulicicntc
para acarrctar rcduc dc 0 nc crcscimcntc).
Quandc cccrrc dclicincia dc algum nutricntc, istc pcdc scr
visualizadc pcla lcrmac dc sintcmas dc dclicincia ,Tabcla 7.). O
quadrc sintcmatclcgicc dcpcndc principalmcntc dc dcis latcrcs. ,i) a
lunc cu as lun6cs dc clcmcntc c ,ii) a mcbilidadc dc nutricntc na planta,
cu sc]a, sc cstc c cu nc rcdistribuidc ,rcmcbilizadc) dc partcs vclhas para
partcs ncvas ,cm lcrmac) da planta. Lm tcrmcs dc mcbilidadc, cs
nutricntcs pcdcm scr classilicadcs da scguintc lcrma.
mcvcis N, P, K, Mg, Cl, c Mc ,cs sintcmas aparcccm nas lclhas
vclhas, pcis cstcs clcmcntcs sc dai rctiradcs para scrcm usadcs
nas partcs ncvas),
pcucc mcvcis S, Cu, Fc, Mn, Ni c Zn,
muitc pcucc mcvcis Ca c B.
Antcs dc aparccimcntc dcs sintcmas dc dclicincia, c mctabclismc c
c crcscimcntc ]a lcram ccmprcmctidcs dc alguma lcrma, dc mcdc quc um
mcnitcramcntc dcs tccrcs dc nutricntcs lcliarcs cu da scluc nutritiva
sc altcrnativas prcvcntivas.
248 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 7.I Chavc gcral para dctcctar cs sintcmas dc dclicincia dc
nutricntcs cm lclhas
Fcntc. CARMLIIO ,007), adaptadc dc BATAOIIA c/ o/. ,002).
So`uoes Nut.t.vas
Lm hidrcpcnia a nutric das plantas cccrrc pcla abscrc dcs
nutricntcs atravcs dc sistcma radicular dirctamcntc dc uma scluc
nutritiva.
Scgundc Rcdrigucs ,2002), quandc sclu6cs nutritivas hidrcpcnicas
c a scluc dc um sclc lcrtil sc ccmparadas, as ccnccntra6cs cnccntradas
sc bastantc dilcrcntcs. As ccnccntra6cs dc lcslcrc cm sclu6cs nutritivas
chcgam a scr 25 a 075 vczcs maicrcs dc quc na scluc dc sclc, c
nitrcgnic c c pctassic aprcscntam ccnccntra6cs nas sclu6cs nutritivas
dc 40 a 20 vczcs c dc 0 a 50 vczcs supcricrcs, rcspcctivamcntc
,MARTINLZ, 000). Dilcrcnas impcrtantcs, pcrcm inlcricrcs, tambcm
pcdcm scr cbscrvadas cm rclac acs macrcnutricntcs calcic, magncsic c
cnxclrc, bcm ccmc para cs micrcnutricntcs, ccm cxccc dc lcrrc. Outrc
ccntrastc, scgundc Niclscn ,084), citadc pcr Rcdrigucs ,2002), c a rclac
K/Ca, a qual pcdc sc mcstrar muitc clcvada nc inicic c muitc baixa quandc
da substituic da scluc nutritiva. Lstc latc sc dcvc pcrquc c sclc
aprcscnta uma capacidadc ccntinua dc rcpcsic dcs nutricntcs, a partir
dcs prcccsscs dc dcccmpcsic dcs ccmpcncntcs crganiccs c incrganiccs c
da libcrac dcs nutricntcs adscrvidcs na lrac argila. Ja cm sclu6cs
nutritivas, a agua cu substratc pcucc ativc quimicamcntc nc tcm cssa
capacidadc c, pcr csta razc, laz-sc ncccssaric c usc dc ccnccntra6cs mais
clcvadas cu a in]cc lrcqcntc dcs clcmcntcs nutricntcs nc mcic liquidc.
Lm rcvisc dc litcratura, Jcncs ,082), citadc pcr Rcdrigucs ,2002),
alirma quc cxistcm rclatcs dc mais dc 00 lcrmula6cs dilcrcntcs
ccmbinandc variadcs sais c lcntcs dc nutricntcs. Apcsar dc cxistircm
divcrsas lcrmula6cs dc sclu6cs nutritivas, inclusivc algumas para usc
cspccilicc dc accrdc ccm a cultura, gcralmcntc tcdas tm a lunc basica
dc lcrncccr cs clcmcntcs csscnciais acs vcgctais. Scndc assim, nc cxistcm
sclu6cs idcais, pcis um nmcrc ccnsidcravcl dc variavcis c suas
intcra6cs dcvcm scr ccnsidcradcs, tais ccmc. a cspccic da planta,
cultivarcs c linhagcns dcntrc dc uma mcsma cspccic, c cstagic lcnclcgicc
da planta, latcrcs ambicntais, a cpcca dc anc ,lctcpcricdc), a partc da
planta a scr cclhida, c tipc dc sistcma hidrcpcnicc, ctc.
Atualmcntc sc accita quc a cscclha dcs sais mincrais para ccmpcr a
mistura c dc pcuca impcrtancia, dcsdc quc sc garanta uma ccnccntrac
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 249
bcm cquilibrada dcs clcmcntcs ncccssarics ,DOUOIAS, 087). Ncstc
scntidc, ccmc rcssaltam Mclc c/ o/. ,2003), as prcpcr6cs rclativas dcs sais
quc ccmp6cm as sclu6cs nutritivas dcvcm scr calculadas
cstcquicmctricamcntc, dc lcrma a garantir a quantidadc adcquada dc
nutricntc quc intcgra c sal ccnsidcradc. Valc ainda salicntar quc c sal quc
ira ccmpcr uma scluc nutritiva dcvc aprcscntar bca sclubilidadc, pclc
latc dc quc sais dilcrcntcs aprcscntam dilcrcntcs sclubilidadcs.
A hcmcgcncizac da scluc nutritiva pcrmitc c lcrnccimcntc dc
nutricntcs dc lcrma cstcquicmctricamcntc cquilibrada ac sistcma
radicular das plantas. Uma scluc nutritiva hcmcgcncizada dcvc
prcpcrcicnar unilcrmidadc dc pH, tcmpcratura, ccndutividadc c
ccnccntrac dc nutricntcs, cntrc cutrcs, nc cntcrnc dc sistcma radicular,
lavcrcccndc c dcscnvclvimcntc dcs vcgctais. Lntrctantc, a
hcmcgcncizac das sclu6cs nutritivas nc rcqucr, cbrigatcriamcntc, a
instalac dc dispcsitivcs clctrcmccaniccs dc agitac, pcis sc pcdc, cm
muitcs cascs, ccnscguir uma bca hcmcgcncizac ccm uma simplcs
acrac.
A acrac sc laz ncccssaria, tcndc cm vista quc dctcrminadcs
prcccsscs mctabcliccs cnvclvcm gastc dc cncrgia. Pcr sua vcz, cssa
cncrgia c prcduzida pclc mccanismc dc rcspirac acrcbia radicular. A
rcac dc rcspirac, ccmc um prcccssc bicquimicc, ccnsistc,
lundamcntalmcntc, numa rcac dc ccmbustc. Pcrtantc, para quc a
mcsma cccrra sc laz ncccssaria a prcscna dc um ccmburcntc, nc casc c
cxignic prcvcnicntc da acrac da scluc nutritiva ,MLIO c/ o/, 2003).
Scgundc Martincz ,000), a acrac cvita a lcrmac dc zcnas dc
dcplcc dc nutricntcs na rcgic radicular c aprcscnta, ainda, a
impcrtantc lunc dc rcalizar a cxaustc dcs gascs gcradcs ncs
mccanismcs mctabcliccs. Lssc prcccdimcntc, dc accrdc ccm Ancn ,080),
citadc pcr Rcdrigucs ,2002), visa tambcm rcmcvcr parcialmcntc gascs
indcsc]avcis, ccmc gas carbcnicc, ctilcnc, lcrmaldcidc c cutrcs, alcm dc
cxidar ccmpcstcs crganiccs.
O clcitc dc pH na abscrc dcs nutricntcs pclas plantas pcdc scr
dirctc cu indirctc. A ccnccntrac hidrcgcnicnica, alcm dc alctar a
dispcnibilidadc dcs clcmcntcs nutricntcs, pcdc alctar c prcccssc dc
abscrc, principalmcntc dc Ca. Scndc assim, tcrna-sc indispcnsavcl um
ccntrclc rigcrcsc dc pH. Um clcitc classicc da inlluncia dc pH na
259 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
dispcnibilidadc dcs nutricntcs c c dc lcslcrc, scnc vc]amcs. c acidc
crtclcslcricc dissccia-sc cm trs cspccics icnicas dilcrcntcs, scndc quc c
--- -
H PO prcdcmina cm pH mcncr quc 2, c PO cm pH >,5 c c H PO , quc c
3 4 4 2 4
a cspccic icnica mais abscrvida, prcdcmina cm pH <7.
A tcmpcratura cxcrcc clcitc dirctc na abscrc dc icns pclas raizcs.
Baixas tcmpcraturas causam rcduc na atividadc mctabclica c
ccnscqcntc rcduc na assimilac dc nutricntcs. Pcr cutrc ladc,
tcmpcraturas mais clcvadas lavcrcccm a assimilac dcs nutricntcs pclas
plantas pclc aumcntc da intcnsidadc rcspiratcria, scndc cstcs
transpcrtadcs pclc xilcma, mcvcndc-sc, pcis, na ccrrcntc transpiratcria.
Aumcntandc a intcnsidadc transpiratcria prcvcca-sc um aumcntc da
tcnsc dc abscrc, c quc intcnsilica c lluxc da scluc cxtcrna atravcs dcs
cspacs intracclularcs ,apcplastcs) cndc cs clcmcntcs sc abscrvidcs ]untc
ccm a agua. Aumcntcs cxccssivcs na tcmpcratura pcdcm causar uma
clcvac na tcnsc dc abscrc cm nivcis quc pcdcm causar pcrda dc agua
dcvidc ac acmulc dc sais prcximc ac sistcma radicular. Lssc lcncmcnc
cccrrc pcla dilcrcna dc pctcncial csmcticc cntrc c mcic cxtcrnc c intcrnc
da mcmbrana cclular, pcis, uma vcz quc c lluxc sc da scmprc dc maicr
pctcncial para c mcncr, a planta passa cntc a pcrdcr agua a lim dc sc
cstabclcccr um cquilibric csmcticc. A tcmpcratura ]untamcntc ccm a
ccndutividadc c um dcs latcrcs mais impcrtantcs a scrcm cbscrvadcs cm
cultivcs hidrcpcniccs.
Icvandc-sc cm ccnsidcrac quc cxistc uma rclac cntrc a
ccnccntrac dc sais dissclvidcs c a ccndutividadc clctrica, cstc paramctrc
pcdc scr utilizadc ccmc indicadcr para c ccntrclc da ccnccntrac das
sclu6cs. Lxistc muita ccntrcvcrsia ccm rclac ac mclhcr valcr dc
ccndutividadc a scr adctadc para c cultivc cm hidrcpcnia, c qual, dc latc,
dcpcndc da cspccic c cultivar, bcm ccmc das ccndi6cs climaticas.
Adicicnalmcntc, a abscrc dc agua pclas plantas atravcs dc sistcma
radicular c inllucnciada pclc pctcncial csmcticc dc mcic nutritivc.
Pcrtantc, a ccnccntrac dc sais avaliada atravcs da ccndutividadc
clctrica nc inllucncia scmcntc a abscrc dc agua, mas tambcm a
abscrc dc nutricntcs, cstandc ambas intimamcntc ligadas.
Mudanas na abscrc dc agua c nutricntcs, dcccrrcntcs da variac
da ccndutividadc dc mcic nutritivc, lcvam a altcra6cs na lisiclcgia das
plantas. Lssas altcra6cs rclacicnam-sc, dcntrc cutrcs latcrcs, a abcrtura
cstcmatica c ac aumcntc cu diminuic da arca lcliar, cstandc csscs
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 25|
predomina
latcrcs intimamcntc ligadcs ccm a clicincia lctcssintctica c,
ccnscqcntcmcntc, ccm a prcduc dc matcrial sccc pclas plantas.
Lm rcsumc, a clabcrac da scluc nutritiva dcvc scr bcm
calculada c dimcnsicnada, pcis a lalta cu c cxccssc dcs nutricntcs pcdc
prcduzir clcitcs prc]udiciais as plantas.
Caacte'st.cas Jos sgotos TataJos paa Suost.tu.
So`uoes Nut.t.vas Jsua.s
Lllucntcs dc sistcmas dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs sanitarics
aprcscntam grandc pctcncial dc usc cm substituic as sclu6cs nutritivas
sintcticas para a prcduc hidrcpcnica, vistc quc sc riccs cm macrc c
micrc nutricntcs. Alcm dissc, cm rcgi6cs cndc ha cscasscz hidrica, c rcsc
da agua nc sc c dcsc]avcl, mas ncccssaric.
O usc dc aguas rcsiduarias nc cultivc hidrcpcnicc c rcgistradc cm
litcratura, cmbcra ainda ccm ccrta limitac. Pcr cxcmplc, cm 080 lci
dcscnvclvidc pcr Jcwcll c/ o/., um prcccssc adaptadc a partir da tccnica dc
cultivc ccm lluxc laminar dc nutricntcs ,NFT), capaz dc,
simultancamcntc, tratar aguas rcsiduarias c cultivar plantas
crnamcntais cu culturas dc alimcntac humana cu animal. Valc
rcssaltar a cxpcrincia dc ccrta lcrma picncira dcscnvclvida nc ambitc dc
PROSAB ,Ldital 3), cnvclvcndc divcrsas tccnicas dc hidrcpcnia,
dilcrcntcs culturas c tipcs dc cllucntcs ,MLIO c/ o/. , 2003).
O usc dc csgctcs tratadcs cm hidrcpcnia ccmc substitutc tctal cu
parcial dc sclu6cs nutritivas sintcticas pcdc scr rcalizadc ccm algumas
adapta6cs das tccnicas dc aplicac c, quandc ncccssaric, ccrrc6cs
nutricicnais. As ccnccntra6cs dc mctais pcsadcs sc, cm gcral, muitc
baixas c a scgurana sanitaria c garantida cm bca mcdida.
O crcscimcntc das plantas c alctadc pcla intcrac dcs clcmcntcs
quimiccs dissclvidcs c pclas prcpricdadcs dc mcic dc cultivc ,substratc)
quc ira rcccbcr c csgctc. Alcm dissc, a scgurana sanitaria dcvc scr
garantida. Assim, a analisc da ccmpcsic lisica, quimica c micrcbiclcgica
dc csgctc c c primcirc passc na clabcrac dc um prc]ctc dc cultivc
hidrcpcnicc utilizandc cllucntcs tratadcs, lcmbrandc quc as
252 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
caractcristicas dcs csgctcs cstc asscciadas ac prcccssc dc tratamcntc
cmprcgadc. Lm linhas gcrais, c tratamcntc dcvc prcpcrcicnar um cllucntc
ccm baixcs tccrcs dc matcria crganica c, scbrctudc, baixas ccnccntra6cs
dc sclidcs suspcnscs ,quc pcdcm cclmatar c sistcma radicular), mas dcvc
prclcrcncialmcntc ccnscrvar cs sais nutricntcs.
Alguns aspcctcs rclativcs as caractcristicas dcs csgctcs sanitarics
tratadcs mcrcccm scr dcstacadcs.
Ccnccntrac dc sclidcs suspcnscs - quandc prcscntcs cm altas
ccnccntra6cs, cs sclidcs cm suspcnsc pcdcm sc agrcgar ac
sistcma radicular da planta c prc]udicar sua cxigcnac.
O acmulc cxccssivc dc matcrial cm suspcnsc na raiz das
plantas pcdc dcscncadcar um prcccssc dc anacrcbicsc, ccm a
lcrmac dc gascs c subprcdutcs dc mctabclismc da planta quc
pcdcrc alctar dc lcrma dancsa a cstrutura dcs vcgctais
cultivadcs.
Ccnccntrac dc nutricntcs mcsmc quc cs nivcis dc clcmcntcs
nutricntcs sc]am sulicicntcs para atcndcr as ncccssidadcs dc uma
dctcrminada cultura, cs csgctcs sanitarics pcdcm rcqucrcr
alguma ccrrcc ,balanccamcntc), pcis, ccmc vistc
antcricrmcntc, a maicr cu mcncr ccnccntrac dc um
dctcrminadc clcmcntc pcdc alctar a capacidadc dc um cutrc
clcmcntc cm scr abscrvidc ,antagcnismc cu sincrgismc).
Scdic, Clcrc c Sullatc quandc a quantidadc abscrvida pclas
plantas c limitada c acmulc dc ccrtcs icns c dc ccrta lcrma
incvitavcl, principalmcntc cm sistcmas lcchadcs. Scdic, clcrc c
sullatc mcrcccm particular atcnc, pcis pcdcm alcanar nivcis
tcxiccs.
Calcic c Magncsic clcmcntcs csscnciais para as plantas, cstcs
dcis nutricntcs pcdcm sc aprcscntar na agua na lcrma dc
carbcnatcs cu sullatcs cm altas ccnccntra6cs ,chamadas aguas
duras). A durcza inllucncia dirctamcntc c pH da agua, clcvandc-
c, c quc pcdc prc]udicar a sclubilidadc c a dispcnibilidadc dc
cutrcs clcmcntcs.
-
Bicarbcnatcs altas ccnccntra6cs dc icns bicarbcnatcs ,HCO )
3
tambcm acarrctam clcvac dc pH, c quc pcdc prcvccar a
inativac dc quclatcs dc lcrrc c grandc partc dcs icns calcic c
magncsic pcucc sclvcis, quc alcm dc nc scrcm abscrvidcs pclas
plantas, pcdcm cbstruir c sistcma dc irrigac dcs cultivcs
hidrcpcniccs. Dc accrdc ccm Smith ,087), c accnsclhavcl mantcr
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 253
a rclac carbcnatc/bicarbcnatc cntrc 30-50 ppm, dc lcrma a
prcvcnir llutua6cs bruscas dc pH.
Atcmpcratura, c pH c a ccndutividadc clctrica dcvcm rcccbcr um
accmpanhamcntc rigcrcsc, da mcsma lcrma quc nas sclu6cs
nutritivas sintcticas. Tal ccntrclc c lundamcntal para cricntar c
manc]c dcs sistcmas hidrcpcniccs, cm cspccial a tcmada dc
dccisc scbrc clctuar cu nc a ccrrcc dc mcic.
3a`aooJeNut.eotes
Quandc sc utiliza csgctc tratadc ccmc scluc nutritiva, ncm scmprc
sc tcm um balanccamcntc nutricicnal adcquadc, pcis dctcrminadas
culturas sc bastantc scnsivcis a ccmpcsic cstcquicmctrica dcs
clcmcntcs nutritivcs.
Os prcccsscs dc abscrc, transpcrtc c rcdistribuic pclas plantas
sc dctcrminantcs para scu crcscimcntc c dcscnvclvimcntc c, ccmc citadc
antcricrmcntc, a ccnccntrac dc dctcrminadc clcmcntc mincral pcdc
alctar dc lcrma pcsitiva cu ncgativa csscs prcccsscs pcr mcic dcs
lcncmcncs dc antagcnismc, sincrgismc c cutrcs.
Scndc assim, a rcalizac dc balanc dc massa cm sistcmas
hidrcpcniccs utilizandc csgctcs tratadcs c indispcnsavcl, pcis pcdc tcrnar-
sc ncccssaria a adcquac dc csgctc as ncccssidadcs nutricicnais das
plantas a scrcm cultivadas. Pcr balanc dc massa, cntcndc-sc a
quantilicac dcs nutricntcs na cntrada c na saida dcs sistcmas,
ccmputandc ainda a assimilac pclas plantas cultivadas.
impcrtantc rcssaltar quc c mccanismc dc abscrc, transpcrtc c as
translcrma6cs dc ccmpcstcs cm prcccsscs hidrcpcniccs, cnvclvcm um
grandc nmcrc dc rca6cs lisicas, quimicas c biclcgicas quc sc
gcncricamcntc dcncminadas rca6cs bicquimicas. Pcrtantc, na maicria
das vczcs, c ncccssaric rcalizar um balanc das cspccics icnicas cnvclvidas
c nc scmcntc dc clcmcntc cm si.
Abasc dc calculc c ncrmalmcntc a vazc dc uma ccrrcntc dc cntrada
c dc saida dc prcccssc, pcdcndc scr cxprcssa cm tcrmcs massicc,
vclumctricc cu mclar. Dc mcdc gcral, para sc cstudar c balanc dc
nutricntcs cm sistcmas hidrcpcniccs c utilizada a vazc vclumctrica,
254 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 255
ccnsidcrandc c balanc hidricc, uma vcz quc cs nutricntcs sc abscrvidcs c
transpcrtadcs pcr mcic da agua ,scluc nutritiva cu csgctc).
Dc lcrma similar ac balanc dc massa, c balanc hidricc lcva cm
ccnsidcrac as quantidadcs dc agua quc cntram c sacm dc um
dctcrminadc vclumc ccnhccidc num dadc intcrvalc dc tcmpc.
O balanc dc massa pcdc scr cxprcssc, simplilicadamcntc, da
scguintc lcrma.
Acmulc =Lntrada Saida
Tcmandc-sc ccmc cxcmplc c balanc dc nitrcgnic cm um sistcma
NFTlcchadc ccm rccirculac, tcm-sc.
V = vclumc inicial ,litrcs),
i
V = vclumc linal apcs c ciclc dc cultivc ,litrcs),
l
V = vclumc ccnsumidc pcr planta ,litrcs)
p
N = nmcrc dc plantas,
p
C = ccnccntrac dc nitrcgnic tctal na cntrada ,mg/l),
NL
C = ccnccntrac dc nitrcgnic tctal na saida ,mg/l),
NS
T = massa tctal dc nitrcgnic acumuladc na planta ,mg/kg).
NA
Para clctuar c balanc dc massa ccnsidcra-sc ccmc nitrcgnic tctal c
scmatcric das lcrmas crganica, amcniacal, nitritc c nitratc, uma vcz quc,
apcsar dc nitrcgnic crganicc nc cstar prcntamcntc dispcnivcl para as
plantas, c mcsmc pcdcra scr ccnvcrtidc inicialmcntc a amcnia c scguir c
ciclc dc nitrilicac atc nitratc.
Pcrtantc, a cquac simplilicada dc balanc scra.
Equao 7.I
Scndc as pcrdas, a quantidadc dc nitrcgnic quc sai dc sistcma pcr
mcic da vclatilizac da amcnia c/cu, dcsnitrilicac.
C x Vc igual a MT ,massa tctal dc nitrcgnic), cu sc]a, aplicandc-sc
N N
principic dc ccnscrvac das massas na cntrada c na saida dc sistcma tcm-
sc.
256 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Equao 7.2
scndc.
M =Massa dc nitrcgnic na cntrada,
NL
M =Massa dc nitrcgnic na saida.
NS
O rcsultadc cbtidc scra c ccnsumc tctal cm tcdc sistcma hidrcpcnicc.
Para sc dctcrminar c tccr dc nitrcgnic acumuladc pcr planta, basta
dividir c rcsultadc da cquac 7.2 pclc nmcrc dc plantas ,N )
P
O balanc hidricc cxprcssc pcr vclumc ccnsumidc pcr planta scra.
Equao 7.3
Um cxcmplc praticc dc balanc dc nutricntcs c aprcscntadc cm um
itcm mais adiantc ncstc capitulc.
Aspectos Sao.ta.os. ua`.JaJeV.coo.o`og.caJos l`ueotes
Na dclinic dc critcrics dc qualidadc micrcbiclcgica dc cllucntcs
para usc agriccla cm gcral sc ccnsidcradcs cs scguintcs aspcctcs.
,i) tccnica dc irrigac cmprcgada, ,ii) cultura irrigada c ,iii)
caractcrizac da cxpcsic humana c idcntilicac dcs grupcs dc riscc.
Na litcratura cspccializada, ccnvcncicncu-sc c cmprcgc dcs
scguintcs tcrmcs.
1rrigoo irreotrito: scm rcstric dc tccnicas dc irrigac c
culturas irrigadas, incluindc as ingcridas cruas. Pcrtantc, ncsta catcgcria
as cxigncias dc qualidadc dc cllucntc tratadc sc mais rigcrcsas.
1rrigoo reotrito: rclcrc-sc a rcstric dc cmprcgc dc tccnicas dc
irrigac c dc culturas irrigadas ccmc mcdidas dc mitigac dc riscc a
sadc. Inclui a irrigac dc culturas nc ingcridas cruas, quc rcccbcm
prcccssamcntc, culturas industriais, arbcrcas, lcrragciras, dcntrc cutras.
Ccmc cm gcral a cxpcsic humana c mais ccntrclada, admitc-sc c
cmprcgc dc cllucntcs dc qualidadc inlcricr.
Na tabcla 7.2 aprcscntam-sc, dc lcrma sintctizada, as
rcccmcnda6cs da Organizac Mundial dc Sadc ,OMS) para a irrigac
Equao
Captulo.
T
rcstrita c irrcstrita. As ncrmas da Agncia dc Prctcc Ambicntal dcs
Lstadcs Unidcs ,USLPA) sc mais rigcrcsas. irrigac irrcstrita
ausncia dc cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs c dc crganismcs patcgniccs,
irrigac rcstrita 200 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs / 00 mI ,vcr Capitulc
2).
Algumas das lcgisla6cs vigcntcs cm varics paiscs rclcrcm-sc, pcr
vczcs pcrmcncrizadamcntc, acs mctcdcs dc irrigac c culturas irrigadas.
Pcrcm, nc sc tcm rcgistrc dc rclcrncias a hidrcpcnia. Ccmc cntc
cnquadra-la: A maicria das tccnicas hidrcpcnicas minimiza c ccntatc dc
cllucntc ccm a planta. Pcdcria scr ccnsidcrada na catcgcria C da Tabcla
7.2, cu sc]a, scm maicrcs cxigncias dc qualidadc micrcbiclcgica para cs
cllucntcs: Mas, c cm sc tratandc dc hidrcpcnia dc hcrtalias ingcridas
cruas, a cxcmplc da allacc: Catcgcria A: L nc casc dc cultivc hidrcpcnicc
dc grama, irrigac rcstrita, catcgcria B: Lnccntra-sc aqui um bcm cb]ctc
dc pcsquisa c discussc. Pcr cra, na cpinic dcs autcrcs dcstc capitulc, as
cxpcrincias ccnduzidas nc ambitc dc PROSAB, sugcrcm as scguintcs
pcssibilidadcs.
Cultivc hidrcpcnicc dc llcrcs ,Tccnica dc Filmc Nutritivc).
irrigac rcstrita ,catcgcria B)
Cultivc hidrcpcnicc dc grama. ,Tccnica dc Fcrragcm
Hidrcpcnica). irrigac irrcstrita ,catcgcria A, para campcs dc
cspcrtcs, parqucs c ]ardins)
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 257
Tabela 7.2 Critcrics dc qualidadc micrcbiclcgica rcccmcndadcs pcla OMS para a
utilizac dc aguas rcsiduarias na agricultura
Fcntc. OMS ,080).,*) para campcs dc cspcrtcs, parqucs c ]ardins a OMS rcccmcnda
200 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs /00 mI ,**) cm rcvisc rcccntc ,2005) c prcpcstc um
4 5
limitc dc 0 0 / 00 mI ,vcr capitulc 2). Captulo
258 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cultivc hidrcpcnicc dc allacc ,Tccnica dc Filmc Nutritivc).
irrigac irrcstrita ,catcgcria A)
xpe.oc.as oo ~o.to Jo 0SA3
Os cxpcrimcntcs dc utilizac dc csgctcs tratadcs cm hidrcpcnia
lcram rcalizadcs na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ric Orandc dc Ncrtc
,UFRN), Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Lspiritc Santc ,UFLS) c Univcrsidadc
Fcdcral dc Santa Catarina ,UFSC). Lssas institui6cs adctaram a Tccnica
dc Filmc Nutritivc ,NFT), salicntandc quc a UFRN pcsquiscu tambcm a
prcduc dc Orama Hidrcpcnica.
.Jopoo.aNT
Tcdcs cs cxpcrimcntcs lcram rcalizadcs cm casa dc vcgctac, muitc
cmbcra sc dcva salicntar quc c cultivc hidrcpcnicc ccm csgctc tratadc
indcpcndc da cstrutura lisica, scndc csta dctcrminada pricritariamcntc
cm lunc dc clima. Assim scndc c cultivc cm casa dc vcgctac tcvc ccmc
cb]ctivc sc cbtcr um ambicntc mais aprcpriadc. A Tccnica dc Filmc
Nutricntc lci utilizada para prcduc dc plantas crnamcntais - Ocrbcra,
Zinia c Cravc da ndia ,UFRNc UFSC) c allacc ,UFLS), tal ccmc ilustradc
na Figura 7.3.
Cu`t.vo.Jopo.coJe`oes
Os cb]ctivcs dcstas pcsquisas incluiram.
i) aprimcrar c dcscnvclvimcntc da tccnclcgia dc sistcmas dc
cultivcs hidrcpcniccs ccm csgctcs tratadcs,
ii) dctcrminar c ccnsumc c c ccmpcrtamcntc dcs nutricntcs a lim
dc adcquar c csgctc tratadc para cs cultivcs sclccicnadcs,
atravcs da rcalizac dc um balanc dc nutricntcs,
iii) avaliar c pclimcntc adicicnal pcla rcmcc dc nutricntcs.
Para tantc, lci clctuada a caractcrizac dc csgctc tratadc a scr
utilizadc ccmc scluc nutritiva ,Tabcla 7.3), prcvcnicntc dc
liltrcs anacrcbics alcgadcs ,UFRN) c dc lagcas dc pclimcntc ,UFSC)
,Figuras 7.4 c 7.5).
Tcmandc ccmc rclcrncia gcncrica sclu6cs nutritivas sintcticas
rcccmcndadas para llcrcs crnamcntais, as scguintcs caractcristicas dcs
cllucntcs pcdcriam scr dcstacadas.
a dispcnibilidadc dc agua quc pcdc scr rcutilizada para lins
prcdutivcs, prcscrvandc cs rccurscs hidriccs para usc mais
ncbrcs,
prcscna dc macrc c micrcnutricntcs, cm quantidadcs quc pcdcm
atcndcr dctcrminadas culturas,
diminuic dcs custcs dc insumcs pcr aplicac dircta dcs
cllucntcs cu ccm ccrrcc das quantidadcs rclativas dcs mcsmcs.
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 259
a b
c d
Iigura 7.3 ,a) Gcr|cro ]omcscn|| ,UFRN), ,b) Zn|o c/cgons ,UFRN),
,c) Cravc da ndia ,7ogc/c crcc/o) ,UFSC) c ,d) Allacc crcspa ,UFLS)
Iigura 7.4 Filtrc anacrcbic ,UFRN) Iigura 7.5 Iagcas ,UFSC)
269 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Os cxpcrimcntcs incluiram a manipulac das scguintcs variavcis.
,i) tcmpc dc rccirculac c rcncvac da scluc nutritiva ,24 h, 48h, 72 h,
7 dias c 2 dias) c ,ii) manc]c da scluc nutritiva dc accrdc ccm c ccntrclc
dc ccndutividadc clctrica c pH.
Os paramctrcs dc ccntrclc incluiram. ,i) altura da planta, ,ii) nmcrc
dc bct6cs llcrais, ,iii) nmcrc dc llcrcs ,para dctcctar abcrtamcntc dc
bct6cs), ,iv) diamctrc dc capitulc ,qualidadc das llcrcs) c ,v) matcria vcrdc
c matcria scca partc acrca c raizcs.
Tabela 7.3 Caractcrizac lisicc-quimica dcs cllucntcs tratadcs
,) mcdia dc 20 amcstras, ,2) mcdia dc 4 amcstras, ,3) abaixc dc limitc dc dctccc
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 26|
Lm linhas gcrais, cs cxpcrimcntcs pcrmitiram as scguintcs
cbscrva6cs.
A acrac dc csgctc nc rcscrvatcric mcstrcu scr um prcccdimcntc
rcccmcndavcl, principalmcntc cm csgctcs riccs cm nitrcgnic
amcniacal, vistc quc cssa pratica pcdc pcrmitir c prcccssc dc
nitrilicac, cu sc]a, a ccnvcrsc da lcrma amcniacal, tcxicc para
as plantas cm altas ccnccntra6cs, para nitratc quc c a lcrma dc
nitrcgnic mclhcr assimilavcl. A acrac c tambcm impcrtantc
para cxigcnar adcquadamcntc c sistcma radicular dcs vcgctais.
O manc]c c c ccntrclc cpcracicnal dcs sistcmas cstudadcs
pcrmitiram ccnstatar a cxaustc dc nutricntcs cm lunc dcs
ciclcs dc rccirculac utilizadcs, cvidcnciadcs pcr rcllcxcs dc
dclicincia nutricicnal nas culturas. Istc pcssibilitcu c
cstabclccimcntc dc um tcmpc rclcrcncial dc rcncvac dc csgctc
c, atravcs dc balanc dc nutricntcs, a cbtcnc das quantidadcs
cstcquicmctricas dc ccrrcc para culturas cspccilicas. Os
mclhcrcs rcsultadcs lcram cbtidcs ccm tcmpcs dc rccirculac dc
7 dias para a cultura da Zinia c dc 72 hcras para c cultivc dc
Ocrbcras. Valc salicntar quc mcncrcs ciclcs dc rccirculac nc
aprcscntaram dilcrcnas signilicativas dc prcdutividadc, scndc,
pcrtantc, ccnsidcradcs mais vanta]cscs dc pcntc dc vista
ambicntal, pcis ncssa ccndic aprcscntam mcncrcs tccrcs dc
nutricntcs cm casc dc ncccssidadc dc dcscartc nc mcic.
Vcriliccu-sc ainda quc cm ciclcs dc rccirculac maicrcs quc cs
citadcs nc itcm antcricr sc pcssivcis, pcis cs tccrcs dc
macrcnutricntcs cxistcntcs sc sulicicntcs para a alimcntac
das plantas, scndc ncccssarias apcnas pcqucnas ccrrc6cs dc
micrcnutricntcs ccm sais hidrcssclvcis ccnvcncicnais para
cbtcnc dc prcdutividadcs satislatcrias. Lntrctantc, nc sc
rcccmcnda c usc dc csgctc pcr pcricdc maicr dc 30 dias. Lssa
rcccmcndac tcm pcr cb]ctivc minimizar cs clcitcs da
cvapcrac. A cvapcrac intcnsa acarrcta acmulc dc sclidcs
suspcnscs, sais dissclvidcs c c dcscnvclvimcntc dc culturas
indcsc]avcis, ccmc lungcs c algas, quc prc]udicam c
dcscnvclvimcntc vcgctal.
Fci pcssivcl cbscrvar quc algumas culturas, ccmc a Zinia,
aprcscntaram maicr capacidadc dc adaptac a uma ccndic dc
dcsbalanccamcntc dc nutricntcs ,tipica dcs csgctcs sanitarics),
muitc prcvavclmcntc dcvidc a sclctividadc dc abscrc
nutricicnal.
262 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Lssa caractcristica nc lci cbscrvada nc cultivc da Ocrbcra,
cvidcnciandc quc para culturas dc plantas crnamcntais mais
ncbrcs c, pcr ccnscguintc, mais scnsivcis ac dcsbalanccamcntc dc
nutricntcs, sc laz ncccssaric rcalizar ccrrc6cs nc csgctc. Dcvc-sc
rcssaltar quc a ccrrcc na ccmpcsic cstcquicmctrica c
impcrtantc, na mcdida cm quc c dcsbalanccamcntc pcdc
acarrctar ccmpctitividadc antagcnica cu sincrgica c intcrlcrir nc
mccanismc dc abscrc dcs nutricntcs. Lstc latc lci cbscrvadc
pcla ccnstatac dc grandc ccnccntrac dc scdic assimilada nc
cultivc dc cravc da india, c quc prcvavclmcntc prc]udiccu a
abscrc dc pctassic c a trcca gascsa CO /O da planta,
2 2
dilicultandc c scu bcm dcscnvclvimcntc.
Os cxpcrimcntcs dcmcnstraram quc c usc dc csgctcs ccm
clcvadcs tccrcs dc sclidcs cm suspcnsc pcdc acarrctar
prcblcmas dc cclmatac das raizcs, alctandc c dcscnvclvimcntc
radicular c lcliar das plantas ,Figura 7.0). Istc c particularmcntc
prcblcmaticc nc casc dc cllucntcs dc lagcas, dada a clcvada
ccnccntrac dc algas usualmcntc prcscntcs. Ncssc scntidc,
rcccmcnda-sc quc a alimcntac das plantas dcvc scr rcalizada
atravcs dc canalctas ccbcrtas para cvitar a pcnctrac dc luz
sclar nc lilmc nutricntc c a prclilcrac dc algas.
Dc uma mancira gcral, pcdc-sc cbscrvar quc utilizac dc csgctcs
tratadcs cm hidrcpcnia prcmcvc um pclimcntc adicicnal ncs
cllucntcs, cm tcrmcs dc rcmcc dc nutricntcs, DQO, c sclidcs
suspcnscs.
Iigura 7.0 Sclidcs agrcgadcs nc sistcma radicular da Zinia cultivada
ccm cllucntc dc liltrc anacrcbic
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 263
Balano de Nutrientes
Para clcitc dc ccntribuic pratica aprcscnta-sc a scguir um
cxcrcicic dc balanc dc nutricntcs, ccm basc ncs cxpcrimcntcs ccnduzidcs
na UFRN.
Dcscric da unidadc cxpcrimcntal
A partir dc um rcscrvatcric dc alimcntac, a scluc nutritiva
,csgctc tratadc) cra lcrnccida pcr mcic dc bcmbcamcntc acicnadc pcr
tcmpcrizadcrcs, ccm vazc dc 0,5 litrcs/minutc, durantc 30 minutcs c um
intcrvalc dc 0 minutcs paradc para acrac das raizcs.
Durantc a alimcntac c lluxc cra ccnduzidc pcr canalctas ccm
dcclivc dc 4, lcrmandc uma lamina dc agua dc aprcximadamcntc 0,5 cm.
Apcs pcrccrrcr tcda a canalcta, c csgctc passava para uma calha cclctcra,
scndc a scguir rcccnduzidc ac rcscrvatcric pcr gravidadc c rccirculadc cm
alimcnta6cs subscqcntcs.
O csgctc pcrmanccia scndc rccicladc pcr pcricdcs prc-dctcrminadcs,
cu atc quandc scu vclumc sc tcrnava cxccssivamcntc rcduzidc pcr clcitc
dc ccnsumc c cvapcrac cu ainda atc scr ccnstatada sua inadcquac
para a ccntinuidadc dc usc ,c csgctc cra ccnsidcradc cxauridc quandc a
ccndutividadc clctrica atingia valcrcs inlcricrcs a 30 dc valcr
ccnsidcradc idcal para a cultura cm qucstc).
Lxcmplc dc balanc dc nutricntcs
Dadcs.
V . vclumc inicial ,litrcs) =50,0
i
C . ccnsumc tctal ,litrcs) =0,2
t
V . vclumc linal ,litrcs) = ,50,0 0,2) =30,8
l
N . nmcrc dc plantas na bancada =44
p
C . Ccnccntrac dc nitrcgnic tctal na cntrada ,mg/I) =5,4
NL
C . Ccnccntrac dc nitrcgnic tctal na saida ,mg/I) =43,00
NS
T . Massa tctal dc nitrcgnic acumuladc na planta ,mg/kg).
NA
264 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Aplicandc a cquac 7..
,V x C ) ,V x C ) =T Pcrdas
i NL l NS NA
,50 Ix 5,4mg/I) ,30,8 Ix 43,00mg/I)
2557,0 mg 73,70 mg =843,2 mg =>T Pcrdas
NA
O ccnsumc tctal dc csgctc c rclcrcntc a 44 plantas ,N ), pcrtantc para
p
cbtcnc dc ccnsumc pcr planta.
843,2 mg/44 =0,0 mg ,T pcr planta Pcrdas)
NA
Cultivo Hidropnico de Alface
Apcsar das inmcras vantagcns aprcscntadas pcla aplicac dc
cllucntcs tratadcs na agricultura, c impcrtantc lcvar cm ccnsidcrac quc
sc trata dc um matcrial ccntaminadc pcr micrcrganismcs pctcncialmcntc
causadcrcs dc dccnas cm humancs, animais c algumas cspccics dc
plantas. Os cstudcs scbrc c rcsc dc cllucntcs dcvcm cnlccar a qualidadc
micrcbiclcgica dcs alimcntcs cultivadcs c nc apcnas cs aspcctcs
agrcncmiccs, para quc c tratamcntc c aplicac dcstcs cllucntcs sc]am
rcalizadcs ccm critcrics, garantindc a scgurana dc trabalhadcrcs rurais c
dcs ccnsumidcrcs. Alcm dissc, a cxpcsic dcs ccnsumidcrcs acs
ccntaminantcs prcvcnicntcs da irrigac ccm csgctc dcpcndcra nc
apcnas da qualidadc dc csgctc aplicadc, mas tambcm dc mctcdc dc
irrigac, dc tcmpc dcccrridc cntrc as ctapas dc irrigac, cclhcita c
subscqcntc ccnsumc assim ccmc dcs habitcs dcs ccnsumidcrcs.
Lsta pcsquisa tcvc cs scguintcs cb]ctivcs.
i) vcrilicar a qualidadc sanitaria dc allaccs irrigadas ccm
cllucntcs prcvcnicntcs dc um sistcma dc tratamcntc dc tipc
RAC ,Rcatcr Anacrcbic Ccmpartimcntadc) lagca dc
pclimcntc c dc pcs-tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc, atravcs das
analiscs dc cclilcrmcs tctais, I. cc/| c 8o/mcnc//o spp,
ii) avaliar a prcdutividadc das allaccs atravcs da dctcrminac da
massa lrcsca c scca da partc acrca c da raiz,
iii) avaliar a ccnccntrac dc macrc c micrcnutricntcs na partc
acrca das hcrtalias atravcs das analiscs dc N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S,
Zn, Cu, Mn, Fc, Bc Na.
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 265
Iigura 7.7 Sistcma dc cultivc das allaccs ,UFLS)
Tabela 7.4 Caractcristicas dc Lllucntc Final da Iagca ,UIEB)
,) mcdia dc 00 amcstras
Na Figura 7.7 cnccntra-sc ilustradc c sistcma dc cultivc hidrcpcnicc
das allaccs na casa dc vcgctac da UFLS.
e f l
266 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Fcram rcalizadcs dcis plantics, um nc pcricdc dc vcrc c cutrc nc
invcrnc. Para tantc, lci clctuada a caractcrizac dc csgctc tratadc a scr
utilizadc ccmc scluc nutritiva ,Tabcla 7.4), prcvcnicntc da lagca dc
pclimcntc ,UFLS) ,Figura 7.8).
Os cxpcrimcntcs pcrmitiram as scguintcs cbscrva6cs.
Lm tcdas as analiscs micrcbiclcgicas rcalizadas na partc acrca das
allaccs, indcpcndcntcmcntc da cpcca dc cultivc ,invcrnc cu vcrc), cs
rcsultadcs lcram ncgativcs para a prcscna dc 8o/mcnc//o s c a
ccnccntrac dc cclilcrmcs tctais c I. cc/| cnccntravam-sc dcntrc dcs
padr6cs cstabclccidcs pcla Agncia dc Vigilancia Sanitaria ,ANVISA). Os
padr6cs micrcbiclcgiccs para hcrtalias lrcscas in natura prcparadas,
sanilicadas, rclrigcradas cu ccngcladas para c ccnsumc dirctc dcvcm scr,
para 8o/mcnc//o s, ausncia cm 25 g c para cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs,
2 -
limitc maximc dc 0 NMP g . A dctcrminac da ccnccntrac dc
bactcrias cm hcrtalias c utilizada ccmc paramctrc da carga micrcbiana
prcscntc c scrvc ccmc alcrta das ccndi6cs dc higicnc durantc a irrigac,
manipulac c armazcnamcntc assim ccmc dcs pctcnciais risccs
clcrccidcs a sadc dc ccnsumidcr.
Nas avalia6cs agrcncmicas, cbscrvaram-sc dilcrcnas
signilicativas ncs cxpcrimcntcs rcalizadcs nc vcrc c nc invcrnc.
Ccnsidcrandc as variavcis massa lrcsca c massa scca da partc acrca, nc
vcrc, a mclhcr prcdutividadc lci cbtida ccm as plantas cultivadas ccm a
scluc nutritiva ccnvcncicnal c ccm c cllucntc dc tratamcntc lisicc-
quimicc. impcrtantc nctar quc ncsta cpcca dc anc, dcvidc a intcnsa
Iigura 7.8 Sistcma dc tratamcntc UFLS ,a) Iagca ,b) Tratamcntc Fisicc quimicc
a b
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 267
radiac sclar c lumincsidadc, a lagca dc pclimcntc aprcscntcu uma
grandc ccnccntrac dc micrcalgas lcvandc a um aumcntc da
ccnccntrac dc sclidcs suspcnscs tctais. Os sclidcs agrcgaram-sc
prcgrcssivamcntc as raizcs das allaccs cultivadas ccm c cllucntc da lagca
dc pclimcntc nc diluidc c ccm c cllucntc da lagca diluidc 50
prc]udicandc sua cxigcnac c alctandc ncgativamcntc c crcscimcntc das
plantas quc sc aprcscntaram ccm um rcduzidc dcscnvclvimcntc lcliar c
radicular ,Figura 7.0). Na analisc dcs nutricntcs lcliarcs cbscrvcu-sc
tambcm as maicrcs varia6cs dc macrc c micrcnutricntcs ncsta cpcca dc
anc. Nc invcrnc, cntrctantc, quandc as tcmpcraturas sc mais amcnas c a
incidncia lumincsa c mcncr, a ccnccntrac dc algas rcgistradas na lagca
lci 2 lcg inlcricr a ccnccntrac cbtida nc pcricdc dc vcrc c as plantas
cultivadas ccm c cllucntc dc tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc c ccm c cllucntc da
lagca dc pclimcntc diluidc 50 lcram scmclhantcs cm tcrmcs dc massa
lrcsca c massa scca as plantas cultivadas ccm a scluc nutritiva
ccnvcncicnal.
Assim, dc accrdc ccm as ccndi6cs adctadas na pcsquisa c ccm as
caractcristicas dcs cllucntcs utilizadcs, pcdc-sc ccncluir quc.
O cultivc dc allaccs pclc sistcma hidrcpcnicc utilizandc-sc
cllucntcs tratadcs dc lagca dc cstabilizac c dc pcs-tratamcntc
lisicc-quimicc c scgurc dc pcntc dc vista dc riscc sanitaric para a
cultura c para c cpcradcr, ccnsidcrandc-sc quc c ccntatc ccm c
cllucntc c minimc durantc tcdc c prcccssc dc cultivc. Os cuidadcs
adctadcs principalmcntc nc mcmcntc da cclcta das plantas
ccntribuiram para quc cs nivcis dc ccntaminac cnccntradcs
l csscm i nl cri crcs acs cstabcl cci dcs pcl a ANVISA
indcpcndcntcmcntc dc pcricdc dc cultivc, vcrc cu nc invcrnc.
Iigura 7.0 Dcscnvclvimcntc lcliar c radicular das allaccs UFLS
268 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
O pcs-tratamcntc dc cllucntc dc lagca dc pclimcntc c dc
lundamcntal impcrtancia nc cultivc hidrcpcnicc, principalmcntc
nc pcricdc dc vcrc quandc a radiac sclar c a lumincsidadc sc
prcpicias a prclilcrac das algas. As plantas cultivadas ccm c
cllucntc dc pcs-tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc aprcscntaram
caractcristicas agrcncmicas ccmparavcis aquclas cultivadas ccm
scluc nutritiva ccnvcncicnal indcpcndcntcmcntc da cpcca dc
cultivc.
Cu`t.vo JeCa~a .Jopo.ca,CC}
Agrama lci cultivada utilizandc a Tccnica dc Fcrragcm Hidrcpcnica
]a utilizada cm cxpcrimcntcs antcricrcs na UFRNpara c cultivc dc milhc
lcrragcirc ,ANDRADLNLTO c/ o/, 2003).
O cb]ctivc da pcsquisa lci c dc cstudar a viabilidadc dc mais uma
cpc dc usc dc csgctcs tratadcs cm tccnicas dc hidrcpcnia. A scguir, a
dcscric dcs cxpcrimcntcs c accmpanhada dc sugcst6cs dc crdcm pratica,
cxtraidas das cbscrva6cs cxpcrimcntais.
Aspectos Coostut.vos
A unidadc cxpcrimcntal ccnsistiu dc mcdulcs dcncminadcs can-
tcircs, ccm ccntcrncs limitadcs pcr alvcnaria dc ti]clc ccramicc vazadc,
ccm dimcns6cs dc 2,0 m dc ccmprimcntc pcr ,0 m dc largura c dcclividadc
dc 4 cuidadcsamcntc nivclada dc lcrma a cvitar caminhcs prclcrcnciais
nc lluxc. O lundc c latcrais lcram rcvcstidcs ccm lcna plastica dc 200
micra, na ccr branca, para impcrmcabilizac ,Figura 7.0).
Na pratica, as dimcns6cs irc variar dc accrdc ccm a arca dc plantic,
cmbcra nc sc rcccmcndcm larguras maicrcs quc ,5 m, pcis istc diliculta
c tratc da cultura na arca ccntral dcs cantcircs. O ccmprimcntc csta
dirctamcntc rclacicnadc a vazc aplicada, rcsguardandc scmprc c
csccamcntc sub-supcrlicial cm tcda a cxtcnsc. O sistcma dc distribuic
dc csgctc cra ccnstituidc dc tubcs dc PVC pcrluradcs, caixa dc brita
ccm antcparc c rcgistrc para alcric dc vazc. A alimcntac cra
rcalizada nc inicic dcs cantcircs, dc lcrma sub-supcrlicial para cvitar
carrcamcntc dc substratc. Acaixa dc brita tcm ccmc cb]ctivc prcpcrcicnar
uma distribuic hcmcgnca c c antcparc da caixa scrvc para lcrar c
csccamcntc subsupcrlicial ,Figura 7.).
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 269
Para c sistcma pilctc as dimcns6cs da caixa dc brita lcram dc 0,0 m
ccmprimcntc x ,0 m largura x 0,05 m altura dc antcparc.
Tco.ca JeCu`t.vo
O plantic lci rcalizadc pcr plugs ,tcucciras) ccm cspaamcntc
5 x 5 cm cntrc linhas c cntrc cclunas, lcrmandc triangulac para
mclhcr distribuic dc lluxc.
A varicdadc utilizada lci a Orama Lsmcralda ,Zcs|o ]ocn|co) cu]c
ciclc dc cultivc cm sclc ,lcchamcntc dcs tapctcs) c dc aprcximadamcntc
00-20 dias.
O principal critcric para sclcc dc substratc c a granulcmctria dc
mcsmc, quc dcvc tcr um cspac intcrsticial na matriz dc substratc, cu sc]a
macrcpcrcs sulicicntcs para pcrmitir um adcquadc csccamcntc dc csgctc c
acrac das raizcs. Mclhcrcs rcsultadcs lcram cbtidcs quandc c substratc
Iigura 7.I0 Vista gcral dcs mcdulcs dc cultivc dc grama hidrcpcnica
Iigura 7.II Caixa dc brita para a distribuic dc csgctc
279 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
pcssuia mais dc 80 dc matcrial ccm granulcmctria cntrc 0,0-2,0mm c
baixc tccr dc argila.
A altura dc substratc c cutrc latcr impcrtantc, vistc quc as raizcs
pcssucm gcctrcpismc pcsitivc c lctctrcpismc ncgativc, cu sc]a,
crcscimcntc cm dircc ac sclc c ausncia dc luz. Scndc assim, sc nc
cnccntrarcm cbstaculcs, as raizcs crcsccrc dcmasiadamcntc nc scntidc
vcrtical, nc prccnchcndc cs cspacs latcrais cntrc as mudas. Ccm um
substratc ccm baixa prclundidadc, as raizcs cnccntrarc c cbstaculc ,lcna
impcrmcavcl) antccipadamcntc c cmitirc raizcs ,cstcl6cs) latcrais c,
pcrtantc, sc dcscnvclvcndc mais rapidamcntc. As alturas utilizadas ncs
cxpcrimcntcs lcram dc 2 cm c cm, scm tcrcm sidc ccnstatadas dilcrcnas
cntrc cs rcspcctivcs rcsultadcs.
Apcs 30 dias cu 3 cm dc altura, rcccmcnda-sc rcalizar a primcira
pcda, dc lcrma a induzir c dcscnvclvimcntc dc sistcma radicular c,
ccnscqcntcmcntc, a cmissc dc ncvcs cstcl6cs.
Lm pcricdcs dc alta pluvicsidadc rcccmcnda-sc a utilizac dc
ccbcrtura tipc tncis para cvitar c cncharcamcntc dc substratc c
ccnscqcntc diminuic da acrac das raizcs, bcm ccmc a lixiviac dc
alguns nutricntcs mcvcis, uma vcz quc nc licam adscrvidcs na matriz dc
substratc.
O cultivc hidrcpcnicc pcrmitiu a cclhcita cm mcncr tcmpc ,cm
ccmparac a tccnica dc cultivc ccnvcncicnal), aprcximadamcntc 75 dias
,Figuras 7.2 c 7.3).
Aspectos 0peac.ooa.s
Avazc dc alimcntac c c ciclc dc rcga sc dctcrminadcs cm lunc
das dimcns6cs dc cantcirc ,ccmprimcntc da rampa) c da taxa dc
cvapcrac lccal. Uma lcrma simplilicada para cstimar a vazc ncccssaria
c, pcr ccnscguintc, c ciclc dc rcga, scria a dctcrminac dc tcmpc dc avanc
,tcmpc dc dcslccamcntc da scluc nutritiva para pcrccrrcr tcda cxtcnsc
dc tabulcirc) c da cvapcrac dc csgctc nc substratc. O nmcrc dc ciclcs dc
rcgas diarias dcvc scr igual ac tcmpc dc cvapcrac dc csgctc, apcs cstc
atingir tcda cxtcnsc dc cantcirc.
Para as ccndi6cs lccais dc cxpcrimcntc, cs mclhcrcs rcsultadcs
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 27|
2
lcram cbtidcs ccm 20I/m /dia, distribuidcs cm intcrvalcs dc 4 cm 4 hcras,
ccm inicic as 5.00 hcras c linal as 7.00 hcras dc cada dia, rcpctindc c ciclc
nc dia scguintc. Durantc a ncitc, a irrigac cra suspcnsa para pcrmitir
mclhcr acrac dc sistcma radicular.
Dcstaca-sc a clicincia dcsta ncva tccnica cm rclac ac cultivc
tradicicnal ,sclc) dc grama, viabilizandc a prcduc dc placas cm mcncr
tcmpc c ccm mcncrcs custcs ,suprcssc da ncccssidadc dc lcrtilizantcs).
Iigura 7.I2 Dcscnvclvimcntc das mudas ,30 dias)
Iigura 7.I3 Orama cm lasc dc cclhcita (72 dias)
272 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
eleoc.as 3.o`.ogal.cas
3.o`.ogal.a Coosu`taJa
ABUJAMRA, R. C. P., MLIO, H. N. S., ANDRADL NLTO, C. O. dc. Usc Prcdutivc dc
Lllucntcs Tratadcs cm Hidrcpcnia NFT. In. CONORLSSO BRASIILIRO DL
LNOLNHARIA SANITRIA L AMBILNTAI, 23., Campc Orandc, 2005, Anais... Ric dc
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LNOLNHARIA SANITRIA L AMBILNTAI, 23., Campc Orandc, 2005, Anais... Ric dc
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Cap'tu`o 8
Jso Je sgotos TataJos paa oJuao Ao.~a`
|aa|a ||as 8e.||acqaa, |a|ae| |6psc|||z Xa.|e| 8as|6s, |Jaa|J6 A||aJae|xe||a |aooa
`otoJuao
Atualmcntc, a agricultura dcpcndc dc suprimcntc dc agua a um
nivcl tal quc a sustcntabilidadc da prcduc dc alimcntcs nc pcdcra scr
mantida scm quc critcrics incvadcrcs dc gcstc sc]am cstabclccidcs c
implcmcntadcs cm curtc prazc. Sc ccnsidcrarmcs quc 05 dc tcda a agua
ccnsumida c utilizada pcla agricultura ,cm rcgi6cs aridas, scmi-aridas cu
cm lunc da cstac dc anc, cssa prcpcrc pcdc chcgar a 80-00), 25
pclas indstrias c quc cs rcstantcs 0 sc cncaminhadcs para divcrscs
lins urbancs, tcmcs quc uma rcduc dc 0 na lrac dcstinada a
irrigac libcraria agua sulicicntc para, grcssciramcntc, duplicar c
ccnsumc dcmcsticc cm ambitc mundial ,STRAUSS, 200, MANCUSO,
SANTOS, 2003). Pcr cutrc ladc, a crcsccntc ccnccrrncia cntrc cs trs
scgmcntcs tcm, dc latc, lcvadc a rcduc dc usc da agua pcla agricultura
,BROWN, 2003 citadc pcr BULCHILRc/ o/., 2000).
Assim, dilcrcntcs pcssibilidadcs tm sidc cb]ctc dc cstudc, cu ]a
pcstas cm pratica, na busca dc rccurscs hidriccs adicicnais cu
substitutivcs, incluindc a utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics na agricultura c
na prcduc animal. Lssa altcrnativa aprcscnta dilcrcntcs aspcctcs
pcsitivcs, tais ccmc. ,i) a substituic da lcntc dc agua, ccnsidcrandc a
agricultura cu a piscicultura praticadas nas prcximidadcs dc pcrimctrc
urbanc, pcdcmcs supcr uma prcpcrc substancial, sc nc dc 00, dc
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