Você está na página 1de 11

)#" $($& %&+,2*&!(!*1,&!

# 
#"-! .0(#+!(' *
"'%"(!$ !(#!&#

@ \MUI LW VW[[W MVKWV\ZW OQZI MU \WUW LI AMLIOWOQI :Q[\jZQKW#5Zi\QKI$ EIT^M`
LM^M[[M QVQKQIZ I M_XW[QfeW ZMNMZQVLW#UM I M[[I LMVWUQVIfeW" Y]MZ LQ`MZ" c
VWUMVKTI\]ZI tAMLIOWOQI :Q[\jZQKW#5Zi\QKIu$ =WOW LM QViKQW g XW[[i^MT INQZUIZ Y]M"
MU ^MZLILM" AMLIOWOQI :Q[\jZQKW#5Zi\QKI XWLM [MZ KWV[QLMZILI KWUW [QVkVQUW LM
AMLIOWOQI 6QITg\QKI$ ?W MV\IV\W" I XIZ\QZ LM '/.* LMQ XZMNMZhVKQI c LMVWUQVIfeW LM
AMLIOWOQI :Q[\jZQKW#5Zi\QKI" XWQ[ W W]\ZW \MZUW # AMLIOWOQI 6QITg\QKI # ^QVPI [M
ZM^MTIVLW ]U \IV\W OMVgZQKW M XI[[i^MT LM LQNMZMV\M[ QV\MZXZM\IflM[$ DIJM#[M Y]M Pb
]UI QV\MZXZM\IfeW QLMITQ[\I LI 6QITg\QKI" ITgU LM ]UI \MVLhVKQI I R]TOb#TI LM ]UI
NWZUI M[XMK]TI\Q^I" XWZ\IV\W LM[KWTILI LW LM[MV^WT^QUMV\W PQ[\jZQKW ZMIT$ :b
KWZZMV\M[" XWZ M_MUXTW" XZj_QUI[ c NMVWUMVWTWOQI Y]M ]\QTQ`IU I XITI^ZI 2506B=510
KWUW [QVkVQUW LM LQITjOQKW" W] [MRI" ZMNMZMV\M IW LQbTWOW" c \ZWKI LM QLgQI[" c
KWV\ZIXW[QfeW LM WXQVQlM[" M VeW XZWXZQIUMV\M KWUW \MWZQI LW UW^QUMV\W LI
ZMITQLILM" Q[\W g" \MWZQI Y]M J][KI KIX\IZ W UW^QUMV\W WJRM\Q^W LW XZWKM[[W PQ[\jZQKW$
@]\ZW UW\Q^W LI WXfeW XWZ /32049450 ,5<=D;519 (;C=510 NWQ I WKWZZhVKQI LM LQNMZMV\M[
^Q[lM[LIXITI^ZILQITg\QKIKWV[QLMZIVLWY]M"Y]IVLWIXZWV]VKQIUW["KILI]U\MUVI
KIJMfI ]U KWVKMQ\W LM LQITg\QKI # MU KWV[MYnhVKQI LW Y]M I M_XZM[[eW AMLIOWOQI
6QITg\QKIIKIJI[MVLWMV\MVLQLIXWZKWVW\IflM[LQ^MZ[I[$
3TgU LQ[[W" \IT VWUMVKTI\]ZI" XWZ VeW [MZ U]Q\W KWZZMV\M" XZW^WKI I K]ZQW[QLILM
LW[ W]^QV\M[" KZQIVLW IWXWZ\]VQLILM LM [M M_XTQKQ\IZ I[ QV\MVflM[ KWV\QLI[ VW \MUI$3
W]\ZI LMVWUQVIfeW" XWZ []I ^M`" IKIJI [MVLW MV\MVLQLI [MO]VLW W[ XZM[[]XW[\W[ LM
KILI ]U M" KWV[MYnMV\MUMV\M" g XW[[i^MT Y]M MU T]OIZ LM [M ILY]QZQZ KTIZM`I" QV[\ITM#
[M]UIKMZ\IKWVN][eWIZM[XMQ\W$
7U W]\ZW[ \MZUW[" W Y]M M] Y]MZW \ZIL]`QZ KWU I M_XZM[[eW tAMLIOWOQI
:Q[\jZQKW#5Zi\QKIu g W MUXMVPW MU KWUXZMMVLMZ I Y]M[\eW ML]KIKQWVIT I XIZ\QZ LW
LM[MV^WT^QUMV\W PQ[\jZQKW WJRM\Q^W$ AWZ\IV\W" I KWVKMXfeW XZM[[]XW[\I VM[\I ^Q[eW
LI AMLIOWOQI :Q[\jZQKW#5Zi\QKI g W UI\MZQITQ[UW PQ[\jZQKW" W] [MRI" I KWUXZMMV[eW LI
PQ[\jZQI I XIZ\QZ LW LM[MV^WT^QUMV\W UI\MZQIT" LI LM\MZUQVIfeW LI[ KWVLQflM[
UI\MZQIQ[ LI M_Q[\hVKQI P]UIVI$ ?W 4ZI[QT" M[\I KWZZMV\M XMLIOjOQKI [M NQZUI"
N]VLIUMV\ITUMV\M"IXIZ\QZLM'/-/'$
B]IVLW [Q\]W M[\M UWUMV\W" '/-/" g QUXWZ\IV\M \MZ MU KWV\I W [MO]QV\M0 I
ML]KIfeW JZI[QTMQZI [M LM[MV^WT^M]" XZQUMQZIUMV\M" XWZ QVNT]hVKQI LI XMLIOWOQI
KI\jTQKI I XMLIOWOQI \ZILQKQWVIT LM WZQMV\IfeW KI\jTQKI " KWU W[ RM[]i\I[ Y]M"
! AZWNM[[WZ LM Aj[#9ZIL]IfeW MU 8QTW[WNQI LI 7L]KIfeWsAF5 s DA M 8IK]TLILM LM 7L]KIfeW LI
F?;53>A$
'$ :Q[\WZQW ]U XW]KW M[\I XZWJTMUb\QKI V]U IZ\QOW X]JTQKILW VI ZM^Q[\I '.)* ## '/.," KPIUILW
t3AMLIOWOQI:Q[\jZQKW#5Zi\QKIVWB]ILZWLI[EMVLhVKQI[5Zi\QKI[LI7L]KIfeW4ZI[QTMQZIu$

()

XZI\QKIUMV\M" M_MZKMZIU W UWVWXjTQW LI 7L]KIfeW I\g '-+/" Y]IVLW NWZIU M_X]T[W[
XWZ AWUJIT$ 3 XIZ\QZ LIi [M \MV\I LM[MVKILMIZ ]UI QV\MZXZM\IfeW LI Y]M[\eW
ML]KIKQWVIT c T]` LI XMLIOWOQI \ZILQKQWVIT TMQOI" W] [MRI" XMLIOWOQI QV[XQZILI VW
TQJMZITQ[UW KTb[[QKW$ a W MUXMVPW LM AWUJIT MU [M XI]\IZ XMTI[ QLgQI[ LW
;T]UQVQ[UW M ZM^MZ I K]T\]ZI M I QV[\Z]feW XmJTQKI [MO]VLW M[\I KWVKMXfeW$
@J^QIUMV\M" Q[[W VeW [QOVQNQKW] I M_KT][eW LI QVNT]hVKQI KI\jTQKI VI 7L]KIfeW UI["
[QU" I Y]MJZI LM [M] UWVWXjTQW$ 7[\M XMZiWLW ^IQ I\g QViKQW LM[\M [gK]TW" Y]IVLW [M
\WUI NWZ\M I QVNT]hVKQI LI 7[KWTI ?W^I$ 3 AMLIOWOQI ?W^I g" XWQ[" ]UI KWVKMXfeW Rb
QV[XQZILI VIY]QTW Y]M KPIUW LM KWVKMXfeW P]UIVQ[\I UWLMZVI LM NQTW[WNQI LI
7L]KIfeW$
3 LgKILI LM (& g U]Q\W NgZ\QT VM[[I QVNT]hVKQI LW M[KWTIVW^Q[UW$ ?j[ [IJMUW[
Y]M" MU '/(*" g N]VLILI I 347 # 3[[WKQIfeW 4ZI[QTMQZI LM 7L]KIfeW #" Y]M ZM]VQI W[
XZQVKQXIQ[ ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[ LI[ VW^I[ QLgQI[ MU ML]KIfeW$ 3 ;OZMRI 5I\jTQKI \IUJgU [M
WZOIVQ`I M MV\ZI MU XWThUQKI KWU W[ XQWVMQZW[ LI 7L]KIfeW ?W^I$ 7[\I WZOIVQ`IfeW
[M Lb I\ZI^g[ LI 375 # 3[[WKQIfeW LW[ 7L]KILWZM[ 5I\jTQKW[ #" Y]M [M KWV\ZIXlM c
347$
7U '/)(" g TIVfILW W >IVQNM[\W LW[ AQWVMQZW[ LI 7L]KIfeW ?W^I$ 7U '/)*"
KWU I[ LQ[K][[lM[ MU \WZVW LI 5WV[\Q\]QfeW" XWTIZQ`IU#[M I[ XW[QflM[ VW dUJQ\W LI
7L]KIfeW MV\ZM W[ TQJMZIQ[" ZMXZM[MV\ILW[ XMTW[ M[KWTIVW^Q[\I[" M W[ KI\jTQKW[" Y]M
LMNMVLQIU I XW[QfeW \ZILQKQWVIT MU ML]KIfeW$ 5WUW ^WKh[ ^hMU" I XWThUQKI I\]IT
t7L]KIfeW AmJTQKI ?3;<>< 7L]KIfeW 5WVNM[[QWVITu" I XZWXj[Q\W LI LQ[K][[eW LI VW^I
5WV[\Q\]QfeW" g ITO]UI KWQ[I Y]M Rb ^MU NI`MVLW PQ[\jZQI MU VW[[W XIi[$ AWZ WKI[QeW
LI =64" M[[I XWThUQKI NWQ ZM\WUILI" VW NQVIT LI LgKILI LM +&" M IOWZI I[[]UM VW^W[
KWV\WZVW[$
3Xj[ I XZWU]TOIfeW LI 5WV[\Q\]QfeW LM '/)*" I 7[KWTI ?W^I ^IQ OIVPIVLW
\MZZMVW VW 4ZI[QT M" MU '/*-" MU LMKWZZhVKQI Rb LI VW^I 5WV[\Q\]QfeW" I LM *," Y]M
LM\MZUQVW] [MZ I\ZQJ]QfeW LI FVQeW NQ_IZ I =MQ LM 6QZM\ZQ`M[ M 4I[M[ LI 7L]KIfeW
?IKQWVIT" KWUXlM#[M ]UI KWUQ[[eW XIZI MTIJWZIZ W IV\MXZWRM\W LI VW^I TMQ$ 7[[I
KWUQ[[eW ZMmVM W[ XZQVKQXIQ[ ML]KILWZM[ LI gXWKI M VMTI NQO]ZIU" MU UIQWZ VmUMZW"
M[KWTIVW^Q[\I[" W Y]M Rb \ZIL]` ]UI XZMLWUQVdVKQI LW M[KWTIVW^Q[UW VI 7L]KIfeW
JZI[QTMQZI VM[[M XMZiWLW Y]M ^IQ I\g KMZKI LM '/,&$ FU QVLQKILWZ \IUJgU LM[[I
XZMLWUQVdVKQIgWNI\WLMY]MIXZjXZQI7L]KIfeWKI\jTQKIJ][KIZMVW^IZ#[MM"LM]UI
KMZ\I NWZUI" I\MVLMZ I KMZ\W[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ LM QVNT]hVKQI LW M[KWTIVW^Q[UW$ a VM[[M
[MV\QLWY]M" MU '/++" '/+, M '/+-" I ;OZMRI WZOIVQ`I I[ DMUIVI[LI7L]KIfeW" \ZI`W
AILZM AQMZZM 8I]ZM" LI 8ZIVfI" Y]M LQ^]TOI IY]Q I[ QLgQI[ LM =]JQMV[SI" I[[WKQILI[ I
>WV\M[[WZQ" ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[" XWZ\IV\W" LI 7[KWTI ?W^I$ 3 hVNI[M M[XMKQIT MU
=]JQMV[SI [M M_XTQKI XMTI []I UIQWZ KWUXI\QJQTQLILM KWU I 6W]\ZQVI LI ;OZMRI$ 5WU
MNMQ\W" =]JQMV[SI \QVPI ]U XMV[IUMV\W Ui[\QKW # KWU QVNT]hVKQI WZQMV\IT # M
TQ\mZOQKW1 JI[MI^I#[M VI 4iJTQI M IXTQKI^I W[ XZWKM[[W[ TQ\mZOQKW[ VI ML]KIfeW LI[
KZQIVfI[$ 3XWQILI VM[[I XMLIOWOQI" I ;OZMRI" LM ]UI KMZ\I NWZUI" J][KI [M I\]ITQ`IZ M
QVKWZXWZIZ VW I[XMK\W UM\WLWTjOQKW ITO]UI[ LI[ KWVY]Q[\I[ LI 7[KWTI ?W^I"
WJ^QIUMV\M [MU IJZQZ UeW LI LW]\ZQVI$ ?I LgKILI LM ,&" I 7[KWTI ?W^I KWUMfI I
IXZM[MV\IZ [QVIQ[ LM KZQ[M" LMTQVMIVLW#[M ]UI W]\ZI \MVLhVKQI Y]M M] KPIUW LM
AMLIOWOQI EMKVQKQ[\I$ 7[\I XMLIOWOQI IKIJI [M QUXWVLW" I XIZ\QZ LM '/,/ # LMXWQ[ LI
=MQ +$+*&" Y]M ZMM[\Z]\]ZW] W MV[QVW []XMZQWZ" LM[\IKIVLW#[M VM[[M Y]ILZW W AIZMKMZ
(+(%,/ Y]M ZMNWZU]TW] W K]Z[W LM AMLIOWOQI$ ?M[[I ZMNWZU]TIfeW I QVNT]hVKQI
\MKVQKQ[\I Rb M[\b JMU XZM[MV\M$ @ K]Z[W g WZOIVQ`ILW UIQ[ c JI[M LM NWZUIfeW LM

(*

\gKVQKW[ M LM PIJQTQ\IflM[ XZWNQ[[QWVIQ[ M ZMNT]Q IY]MTI NWZUIfeW Jb[QKI" NWZUIfeW


OMZIT" Y]M MZI I UIZKI IV\MZQWZ LW K]Z[W LM AMLIOWOQI$ 7U '/-' ^MU I =MQ +$,/("
KWU I \MV\I\Q^I LM XZWNQ[[QWVITQ`IfeW ]VQ^MZ[IT I Vi^MT LM (I OZI]$ 3 QVNT]hVKQI
\MKVQKQ[\I" MV\eW" [M QUXlM1 g VI LgKILI LM -& Y]M W ZMOQUM UQTQ\IZ \MV\I QUXTIV\IZ
]UI WZQMV\IfeW XMLIOjOQKI QV[XQZILI VI I[[M[[WZQI IUMZQKIVI" I\ZI^g[ LW[ IKWZLW[
>75#FD3;6"KMV\ZILIVI[QLgQI[LMZIKQWVITQLILM"MNQKQhVKQIMXZWL]\Q^QLILM"Y]M[eW
I[ KIZIK\MZi[\QKI[ Jb[QKI[ LI KPIUILI AMLIOWOQI EMKVQKQ[\I$ >I[" IW UM[UW \MUXW
Y]M" VM[[I LgKILI" I XMLIOWOQI I[[]UQLI XMTW OW^MZVW J][KI QUXZQUQZ M[[M KIZb\MZ c
7L]KIfeW" LM[MVKILMQI#[M ]U XZWKM[[W LM KZi\QKI c UM[UI$ 4WI XIZ\M LW[ ML]KILWZM[
VeW IKMQ\I I ML]KIfeW WNQKQIT M J][KI IZ\QK]TIZ I[ KZQ\QKI[ IW ZMOQUM UQTQ\IZ" I]\WZQ\bZQW
M \MKVWKZb\QKW" M c []I XZWXW[\I ML]KIKQWVIT$ 7[[I[" NWZU]TILI[IW TWVOWLILgKILI LM
-&" \Q^MZIU NWZ\M IXWQW LM ]UI KWVKMXfeW KZi\QKW#ZMXZWL]\Q^Q[\I LM 7L]KIfeW$ 7[\I
KWVKMXfeW NWQ [Q[\MUI\Q`ILI XWZ ITO]V[ \MjZQKW[" MV\ZM W[ Y]IQ[ [M LM[\IKIU ITO]V[
I]\WZM[ NZIVKM[M[" JI[QKIUMV\M 4W]ZLQM] M AI[[MZWV" KWU I EMWZQI LW DQ[\MUI LM
7V[QVW MVY]IV\W GQWThVKQI DQUJjTQKI [Q[\MUI\Q`ILI VI WJZI t3 CMXZWL]feWu1
3T\P][[MZ" KWU W IZ\QOW t;LMWTWOQI M 3XIZMTPW[ ;LMWTjOQKW[ LM 7[\ILWu" X]JTQKILW VI
ZM^Q[\I -0 /38<B3 MU '/,/" M LMXWQ[ ZMX]JTQKILW VI NWZUI LM TQ^ZW1 M W TQ^ZW LM
4I]LMTW\M 7[\IJTM\" ' *<1960(0:5=065<=080 +;08A0Y]MLI\ILM '/-'$ AWZQVNT]hVKQI
LM[[I[ WJZI[ [M XZWK]ZW] MUXZMMVLMZ I KZi\QKI LI ML]KIfeW" XWVLW MU M^QLhVKQI [M]
KIZb\MZ ZMXZWL]\Q^Q[\I" Q[\W g" ML]KIfeW KWUW ZMXZWL]feW LI[ ZMTIflM[ [WKQIQ[ LM
XZWL]feW$ 5PIUW M[\I KWZZMV\M LM KZi\QKW#ZMXZWL]\Q^Q[\I XWZY]M VeW [M XWLM VMOIZ [M]
KIZb\MZ KZi\QKW" [M MV\MVLMZUW[ XWZ KWVKMXfeW KZi\QKI IY]MTI Y]M TM^I MU KWV\I W[
LM\MZUQVIV\M[ [WKQIQ[ LI ML]KIfeW" MU KWV\ZIXW[QfeW c[ \MWZQI[ VeW KZi\QKI[" Y]M
IKZMLQ\IU \MZ I ML]KIfeW W XWLMZ LM LM\MZUQVIZ I[ ZMTIflM[ [WKQIQ[" OW`IVLW LM ]UI
I]\WVWUQI XTMVI MU ZMTIfeW c M[\Z]\]ZI [WKQIT$ ?M[[M [MV\QLW" Vj[ XWLMZiIUW[ LQ`MZ
Y]M I AMLIOWOQI EZILQKQWVIT" I[[QU KWUW I AMLIOWOQI ?W^I M I AMLIOWOQI EMKVQKQ[\I
[eW VeW KZi\QKI[1 [eW ZMXZWL]\Q^Q[\I[" VW [MV\QLW MU Y]M KPMOIU QV^IZQI^MTUMV\M c
KWVKT][eW LM Y]M I ML]KIfeW \MU I N]VfeW LM ZMXZWL]`QZ I[ ZMTIflM[ [WKQIQ[ ^QOMV\M[$
DMVLW I[[QU" M[[I KWVKMXfeW KZi\QKW#ZMXZWL]\Q^Q[\I VeW IXZM[MV\I XZWXW[\I
XMLIOjOQKI" ITgU LM KWUJI\MZ Y]ITY]MZ ]UI Y]M [M IXZM[MV\M$ 3[[QU" LILI ]UI
[WKQMLILM KIXQ\ITQ[\I" []I 7L]KIfeW ZMXZWL]` W[ QV\MZM[[M[ LW KIXQ\IT$ 7[\I KWVKMXfeW
[MZ^Q] XIZI U]VQKQIZ I LMVmVKQI LI XMLIOWOQI WNQKQIT LWUQVIV\M M" VW XMZiWLW MV\ZM
'/-+M'/-."MZIKWVN]VLQLIKWUWKWVKMQ\WLQITg\QKW$
FU UIZKW LI [Q\]IfeW IKQUI QVLQKILI NWQ W DMUQVbZQW LM 7L]KIfeW 4ZI[QTMQZI"
WZOIVQ`ILW MU 5IUXQVI[" MU '/-." VW Y]IT XZM^ITMKM I KZi\QKI c XMLIOWOQI WNQKQIT"
\MVLWNQKILWMU[MO]VLWXTIVWIY]M[\eWZMTI\Q^IIW[Z]UW[Y]M[MLM^MZQIQUXZQUQZc
7L]KIfeW$ ?W MV\IV\W" LM UWLW M[XMKQIT I XIZ\QZ LI [MO]VLI UM\ILM LI LgKILI LM -&"
^IQ [M OMVMZITQ`IVLW MV\ZM W[ XZWNM[[WZM[ I M_XMK\I\Q^I MU \WZVW LI J][KI LM
IT\MZVI\Q^I[$ 3 UMLQLI Y]M [M \WUIU UIQ[ M^QLMV\M[ I QV[]NQKQhVKQI" I QVILMY]IfeW" I
QV^QIJQTQLILM LI WZQMV\IfeW WNQKQIT" I \MVLhVKQI LW[ XZWNM[[WZM[ g ZIKQWKQVIZ" UIQ[ W]
UMVW[" VW[ [MO]QV\M[ \MZUW[0 t7[\b JMU$ 7[\I XMLIOWOQI WNQKQIT Y]M [M \MV\W]
OMVMZITQ`IZ g QVKWV[Q[\MV\M" g XI[[i^MT LM KWV\M[\IfeW" I\MVLM I QV\MZM[[M[
UQVWZQ\bZQW[" I\MVLM c \MV\I\Q^I LW[ OZ]XW[ LWUQVIV\M[ LM QUXWZ I \WLI I [WKQMLILM I
[]I LWUQVIfeWu1 UI[" M MV\eW2 DM M[[I ML]KIfeW" M[[I NWZUI LM MV[QVIZ" VeW g
ILMY]ILI" Y]IT [MZb2 :I^QI" XWQ[" ]UI M_XMK\I\Q^I U]Q\W OZIVLM MV\ZM W[ XZWNM[[WZM[
VW [MV\QLWLM [MZM[XWVLMZ c Y]M[\eW0 KWUWLM^W UM KWVL]`QZVWXZWKM[[W ML]KI\Q^W2
3 KWVKMXfeW KZi\QKW#ZMXZWL]\Q^Q[\I VeW \MU ZM[XW[\I XIZI M[[I[ QVLIOIflM[ M \MVLM I

(+

KWVKT]QZY]MY]ITY]MZ\MV\I\Q^IVIbZMILM7L]KIfeWgVMKM[[IZQIUMV\MZMXZWL]\WZILI[
KWVLQflM[ ^QOMV\M[ M LI[ ZMTIflM[LMLWUQVIfeW # KIZIK\MZi[\QKI[XZjXZQI[LI[WKQMLILM
KIXQ\ITQ[\I$ @ZI" OMVMZQKIUMV\M Q[[W XWLMZQI I\g [MZ IKMQ\W" UI[ W[ XZWNM[[WZM[ [M
XMZO]V\I^IU Y]IT [MZQI W ZM[]T\ILW LM [M TM^IZ c[ mT\QUI[ KWV[MYnhVKQI[ I IVbTQ[M
LM[[I[ \MWZQI[" NZMV\M c XW[[QJQTQLILM LM" QVK]TKIVLW I QLMWTWOQI LWUQVIV\M VW[ IT]VW["
KWV\ZQJ]QZ XIZI Y]M ]UI [WKQMLILM JI[MILI VI M_XTWZIfeW [M XMZXM\]M$ @] MV\eW" IW
LQ[KWZLIZ M VeW KWUXIK\]IZ KWU M[[M \QXW LM [WKQMLILM" I LMKQ[eW UIQ[ IKMZ\ILI" M
\IT^M` I mVQKI WXfeW" VeW [MZQI LMQ_IZ I XZWNQ[[eW LM ML]KILWZ$ ?W MV\IV\W" JWI XIZ\M
LW[ XZWNM[[WZM[ QV\]iI Y]M M[[I KWVKT][eW VeW XWLQI XZM^ITMKMZ" IKZMLQ\IVLW VI
^QIJQTQLILM LM ]UI ML]KIfeW Y]M VeW [MRI" VMKM[[IZQIUMV\M" ZMXZWL]\WZI LI [Q\]IfeW
^QOMV\M" M [QU ILMY]ILI IW[ QV\MZM[[M[ LI UIQWZQI" IW[ QV\MZM[[M[ LIY]MTM OZIVLM
KWV\QVOMV\M LI [WKQMLILM JZI[QTMQZI" M_XTWZILW XMTI KTI[[M LWUQVIV\M$ 6Ii I Y]M[\eW0
KWUW IOQZ VM[[I VW^I LQZMfeW2 B]IT g I XZWXW[\I XMLIOjOQKI Y]M ZM[XWVLMZQI I M[[I[
M_QOhVKQI[2
a VM[[M Y]ILZW Y]M [M XZWK]ZW] NI`MZ ]UI IVbTQ[M UIQ[ IXZWN]VLILI LI Y]M[\eW
ML]KIKQWVIT MU OMZIT M LI XZjXZQI \MWZQI KZi\QKW#ZMXZWL]\Q^Q[\I" W] [MRI" []JUM\h#TI c
KZi\QKI" XWVLW MU M^QLhVKQI W [M] KIZb\MZ UMKIVQKQ[\I M" XWZ\IV\W" W [M] KIZb\MZ VeW
LQITg\QKW" I#PQ[\jZQKW$ 7U ^MZLILM" W Y]M NI`QI" VW N]VLW" I KWVKMXfeW KZi\QKW#
ZMXZWL]\Q^Q[\I2 5WV[QLMZI^I I [WKQMLILM KIXQ\ITQ[\I" LM KTI[[M[" KWUW ITOW VeW
[][KM\i^MT I \ZIV[NWZUIflM[" ]U NMVkUMVW Y]M [M R][\QNQKI^I MU [Q UM[UW1 ]UI
M[\Z]\]ZI Y]M [M QUX]VPI KWUXIK\IUMV\M" XWZ\IV\W" LM NWZUI VeW KWV\ZILQ\jZQI$ 7U
W]\ZW[ \MZUW[" VeW KWV[QLMZI^I M[\I [WKQMLILM KWV\ZILQ\jZQI" LQVdUQKI M" XWZ\IV\W" MU
\ZIV[NWZUIfeW$ 5WU MNMQ\W" NWQ I XIZ\QZ LI[ KWV\ZILQflM[ LW UWLW LM XZWL]feW NM]LIT
Y]M [M LM[MV^WT^M] W KIXQ\ITQ[\I$ 5WV[MYnMV\MUMV\M" I [WKQMLILM KIXQ\ITQ[\I KWV\gU"
\IUJgU" MU [M] QV\MZQWZ ]U KIZb\MZ KWV\ZILQ\jZQW K]RW LM[MV^WT^QUMV\W KWVL]` c
\ZIV[NWZUIfeW M" UIQ[ \IZLM" c []I XZjXZQI []XMZIfeW$ 3 Y]M[\eW MZI" XWQ[" I [MO]QV\M0
KWUW KWUXZMMVLMZ I ML]KIfeW VM[[M UW^QUMV\W PQ[\jZQKW2 EZI\I^I#[M LM XMZKMJh#TI
KWUW [MVLW \IUJgU LM\MZUQVILI XWZ KWV\ZILQflM[ QV\MZVI[ c [WKQMLILM KIXQ\ITQ[\I" c
Y]IT [MQV[MZQI" XWLMVLW VeW IXMVI[[MZ]UMTMUMV\WLMZMXZWL]feWUI[]UMTMUMV\W
Y]MQUX]T[QWVMI\MVLhVKQILM\ZIV[NWZUIfeWLM[[I[WKQMLILM$
a M[\I IVbTQ[M Y]M MU VW[[W XIi[ KWUMfI I ILY]QZQZ NWZUI UIQ[ [Q[\MUb\QKI I
XIZ\QZLM'/-/"Y]IVLW[MMUXZMMVLMIKZi\QKILI^Q[eWKZi\QKW#ZMXZWL]\Q^Q[\IM[MJ][KI
KWUXZMMVLMZ I Y]M[\eW ML]KIKQWVIT I XIZ\QZ LW[ KWVLQKQWVIV\M[ [WKQIQ[$ EZI\I#[M"
I[[QU" LM ]UI IVbTQ[M KZi\QKI XWZY]M KWV[KQMV\M LI LM\MZUQVIfeW M_MZKQLI XMTI
[WKQMLILM [WJZM I 7L]KIfeW1 VW MV\IV\W" g ]UI IVbTQ[M KZi\QKW#LQITg\QKI M VeW KZi\QKW#
UMKIVQKQ[\I$ 5WU MNMQ\W" I ^Q[eW UMKIVQKQ[\I QVMZMV\M c[ \MWZQI[ KZi\QKW#
ZMXZWL]\Q^Q[\I[ KWV[QLMZI I [WKQMLILM KWUW LM\MZUQVIV\M ]VQLQZMKQWVIT LI 7L]KIfeW$
@ZI" [MVLW M[\I LM\MZUQVILI LM NWZUI IJ[WT]\I XMTI [WKQMLILM" Q[[W [QOVQNQKI Y]M [M
QOVWZIIKI\MOWZQILMIfeWZMKiXZWKI"W][MRI"Y]MI7L]KIfeWg"[QU"LM\MZUQVILIXMTI
[WKQMLILM" UI[ Y]M M[[I LM\MZUQVIfeW g ZMTI\Q^I M VI NWZUI LI IfeW ZMKiXZWKI # W Y]M
[QOVQNQKI Y]M W LM\MZUQVILW \IUJgU ZMIOM [WJZM W LM\MZUQVIV\M$ 5WV[MYnMV\MUMV\M"
I 7L]KIfeW\IUJgUQV\MZNMZM [WJZM I[WKQMLILM"XWLMVLW KWV\ZQJ]QZ XIZII[]IXZjXZQI
\ZIV[NWZUIfeW$ 7U []UI" I XI[[IOMU LM[[I ^Q[eW KZi\QKW#UMKIVQKQ[\I" KZi\QKW#I#
PQ[\jZQKI XIZI ]UI ^Q[eW KZi\QKW#LQITg\QKI" XWZ\IV\W PQ[\jZQKW#KZi\QKI" LI 7L]KIfeW" g W
Y]M Y]MZMUW[ \ZIL]`QZ KWU I M_XZM[[eW AMLIOWOQI :Q[\jZQKW#5Zi\QKI$ 7[\I NWZU]TIfeW
MV^WT^M I VMKM[[QLILM LM [M KWUXZMMVLMZ I 7L]KIfeW VW [M] LM[MV^WT^QUMV\W
PQ[\jZQKW#WJRM\Q^W M" XWZ KWV[MYnhVKQI" I XW[[QJQTQLILM LM [M IZ\QK]TIZ ]UI XZWXW[\I

(,

XMLIOjOQKI K]RW XWV\W LM ZMNMZhVKQI" K]RW KWUXZWUQ[[W" [MRI I \ZIV[NWZUIfeW LI
[WKQMLILM M VeW I []I UIV]\MVfeW" I []I XMZXM\]IfeW$ 7[[M g W [MV\QLW Jb[QKW LI
M_XZM[[eW AMLIOWOQI :Q[\jZQKW#5Zi\QKI$ DM][ XZM[[]XW[\W[" XWZ\IV\W" [eW W[ LI
KWVKMXfeW LQITg\QKI LI PQ[\jZQI$ ;[[W MV^WT^M I XW[[QJQTQLILM LM [M KWUXZMMVLMZ I
7L]KIfeW M[KWTIZ \IT KWUW MTI [M UIVQNM[\I VW XZM[MV\M" UI[ MV\MVLQLI M[[I
UIVQNM[\IfeW XZM[MV\M KWUW ZM[]T\ILW LM ]U TWVOW XZWKM[[W LM \ZIV[NWZUIfeW
PQ[\jZQKI$ 3[[QU" I [MO]VLI XIZ\M LW MV]VKQILW LW \MUI LM[\I XITM[\ZI" Y]M [M ZMNMZM c
ZMTIfeW LI AMLIOWOQI :Q[\jZQKW#5Zi\QKI KWU I ZMITQLILM M[KWTIZ LW XZM[MV\M" XWLM [MZ
MVNWKILI[WJLWQ[I[XMK\W[$
?]U XZQUMQZW [MV\QLW" XWLM#[M LQ`MZ Y]M I ZMTIfeW MV\ZM I AMLIOWOQI :Q[\jZQKW#
5Zi\QKI M I ZMITQLILM M[KWTIZ XZM[MV\M g U]Q\W iV\QUI$ 5WU MNMQ\W" KWUW [M UW[\ZW]"
I ZMNMZQLI KWVKMXfeW XMLIOjOQKI []ZOQ] MU LMKWZZhVKQI LM VMKM[[QLILM[ XW[\I[ XMTI
XZb\QKI LW[ ML]KILWZM[ VI[ KWVLQflM[ I\]IQ[$ a" XWQ[" VI ZMITQLILM M[KWTIZ XZM[MV\M Y]M
[MMVZIi`IIXZWXW[\ILIAMLIOWOQI:Q[\jZQKW#5Zi\QKI$
?]UW]\ZWdVO]TWLMIVbTQ[M"IZMTIfeWKWUIZMITQLILMM[KWTIZXZM[MV\MQUXTQKII
KWUXZMMV[eWLM[[IZMITQLILMVI[[]I[ZIi`M[PQ[\jZQKI[$
DIJM#[M Y]M W Y]M KIZIK\MZQ`I W PWUMU g W NI\W LMTM VMKM[[Q\IZ KWV\QV]IUMV\M
M[\IZ XZWL]`QVLW I []I M_Q[\hVKQI$ 7U W]\ZW[ \MZUW[" W PWUMU g ]U [MZ VI\]ZIT
XMK]TQIZ" LQ[\QV\W LW[ LMUIQ[ [MZM[ VI\]ZIQ[" XMTW [MO]QV\M0 MVY]IV\W M[\M[ MU OMZIT #
W[ IVQUIQ[ QVKT][Q^M # ILIX\IU#[M c VI\]ZM`I M" XWZ\IV\W" \hU Rb OIZIV\QLI[" XMTI
XZjXZQI VI\]ZM`I" []I[ KWVLQflM[ LM M_Q[\hVKQI" W PWUMU XZMKQ[I ILIX\IZ I VI\]ZM`I I
[Q" IR][\IVLW#I" [MO]VLW I[ []I[ VMKM[[QLILM[$ 7[\I g I UIZKI LQ[\QV\Q^I LW PWUMU"
Y]M []ZOM VW ]VQ^MZ[W" VW UWUMV\W MU Y]M ]U [MZ VI\]ZIT [M LM[\IKI LI VI\]ZM`I"
MV\ZI MU KWV\ZILQfeW KWU MTI M" XIZI KWV\QV]IZ M_Q[\QVLW" XZMKQ[I \ZIV[NWZUb#TI$ 7Q[ I
ZI`eW XMTI Y]IT W Y]M LMNQVM I M[[hVKQI LI ZMITQLILM P]UIVI g W \ZIJITPW" XWQ[ g
I\ZI^g[LMTMY]MWPWUMUIOM[WJZMIVI\]ZM`I"IR][\IVLW#Ic[[]I[VMKM[[QLILM[$
@ Y]M [M KPIUI LM[MV^WT^QUMV\W PQ[\jZQKW VeW g W]\ZI KWQ[I [MVeW W XZWKM[[W
I\ZI^g[ LW Y]IT W PWUMU XZWL]` I []I M_Q[\hVKQI VW \MUXW$ 3OQVLW [WJZM I VI\]ZM`I"
W] [MRI" \ZIJITPIVLW" W PWUMU ^IQ KWV[\Z]QVLW W U]VLW PQ[\jZQKW" ^IQ KWV[\Z]QVLW W
U]VLW LM K]T\]ZI" W U]VLW P]UIVW$ 7 I ML]KIfeW \MU []I[ WZQOMV[ VM[[M XZWKM[[W$
?W XZQVKiXQW" W PWUMU IOQI [WJZM I VI\]ZM`I KWTM\Q^IUMV\M M I 7L]KIfeW KWQVKQLQI
KWU W XZjXZQW I\W LM IOQZ M M_Q[\QZ" KWU W \ZIJITPW" XWZ\IV\W$ @ I\W LM ^Q^MZ MZI W I\W
LM [M NWZUIZ PWUMU" LM [M ML]KIZ$ 7 Rb Y]M VeW M_Q[\M XZWL]feW [MU IXZWXZQIfeW"
VM[[I NI[M QVQKQIT" W[ PWUMV[ [M IXZWXZQI^IU KWTM\Q^IUMV\M LW[ UMQW[ VMKM[[bZQW[ c
XZWL]feW LM []I M_Q[\hVKQI" NMVkUMVW M[\M ILMY]ILIUMV\M \ZIL]`QLW VW KWVKMQ\W LM
tUWLW LM XZWL]feW KWU]VITu$ AWZ\IV\W" VW KPIUILW tKWU]VQ[UW XZQUQ\Q^Wu W[
PWUMV[ XZWL]`QIU []I M_Q[\hVKQI LM NWZUI KWTM\Q^I" W] [MRI" IXZWXZQI^IU#[M MU
KWU]U LW[ MTMUMV\W[ VMKM[[bZQW[ c []I M_Q[\hVKQI$ @[ UMQW[ LM XZWL]feW LM
M_Q[\hVKQIMZIU"XWQ["LM][WKWU]U$
3 XIZ\QZ LW UWUMV\W MU Y]M I IXZWXZQIfeW LI \MZZI # Y]M MZI" MV\eW" W UMQW LM
XZWL]feW N]VLIUMV\IT # I[[]UM I NWZUI XZQ^ILI" []ZOM I KTI[[M LW[ XZWXZQM\bZQW[1
M[\M[" XWZ LM\MZMU I XZWXZQMLILM LI \MZZI" KWTWKI^IU XIZI \ZIJITPIZ IY]MTM[ VeW
XZWXZQM\bZQW[$ DWJZM M[[I JI[M [M KWV[\Q\]Q W UWLW LM XZWL]feW IV\QOW W] M[KZI^Q[\I"
VW Y]IT W[ M[KZI^W[ \ZIJITPI^IU XIZI XZWL]`QZ I []I M_Q[\hVKQI M I LW[ [M][ [MVPWZM[$
7[\I XZWXZQMLILM XZQ^ILI LI \MZZI" Y]M WKWZZM \IV\W VW UWLW LM XZWL]feW IV\QOW W]
M[KZI^Q[\I Y]IV\W VW UWLW LM XZWL]feW UMLQM^IT W] NM]LIT" XZWXQKQI W []ZOQUMV\W LM
]UI KTI[[M WKQW[I" Y]M VeW XZMKQ[I \ZIJITPIZ XIZI [WJZM^Q^MZ XWZY]M W \ZIJITPW LM

(-

W]\ZW[ OIZIV\M \IUJgU I []I [WJZM^Q^hVKQI$ a Ii Y]M XWLMUW[ TWKITQ`IZ I WZQOMU LI
M[KWTI$
7[KWTI" MU OZMOW" [QOVQNQKI W T]OIZ LW jKQW$ @ \MUXW LM[\QVILW IW jKQW$ 3Y]MTM[
Y]M LQ[X]VPIU LM TI`MZ" Y]M VeW XZMKQ[I^IU \ZIJITPIZ XIZI [WJZM^Q^MZ" \QVPIU Y]M
WK]XIZW \MUXWTQ^ZM" MM[\I WK]XIfeW LW jKQWMZI\ZIL]`QLIXMTIM_XZM[[eW3<1960!?I
;LILM >gLQI" QVKT][Q^M" M^QLMVKQW]#[M I M_XZM[[eW TI\QVI 9=5>7 1>7 25485=0=3 W jKQW
KWU LQOVQLILM" Q[\W g" I UIVMQZI LM [M WK]XIZ W \MUXW TQ^ZM LM NWZUI VWJZM M LQOVI$
3 XITI^ZI OQVb[QW XW[[]Q WZQOMU [MUMTPIV\M$ 9QVb[QW MZI" M IQVLI g" W TWKIT WVLM [M
XZI\QKIU W[ RWOW[" I OQVb[\QKI1 MZI" XWQ[" W TWKIT ]\QTQ`ILW XWZ IY]MTM[ Y]M LQ[X]VPIU
LMTI`MZ"LM\MUXWTQ^ZM"LMjKQW$
r UMLQLI Y]M VM[[M[ LWQ[ \QXW[ LM [WKQMLILM" IV\QOI W] M[KZI^Q[\I M UMLQM^IT W]
NM]LIT" PI^QI ]UI LQUQV]\I KTI[[M LM XZWXZQM\bZQW[ M ]UI OZIVLM UI[[I LM VeW
XZWXZQM\bZQW[" I M[KWTI IXIZMKQI KWUW ]UI UWLITQLILM LM ML]KIfeW KWUXTMUMV\IZ M
[MK]VLbZQI$ ;[\W XWZY]M I UWLITQLILM XZQVKQXIT LM ML]KIfeW KWV\QV]I^I [MVLW IQVLI W
\ZIJITPW" ]UI ^M` Y]M I OZIVLM UI[[I" I UIQWZQI" VeW [M ML]KI^I I\ZI^g[ LI M[KWTI
UI[ I\ZI^g[ LI ^QLI" W] [MRI" LW XZWKM[[W LM \ZIJITPW$ 7ZI \ZIJITPIVLW I \MZZI"
OIZIV\QVLW I []I [WJZM^Q^hVKQI M I LW[ [M][ [MVPWZM[" Y]M MTM[ [M ML]KI^IU$ 7TM[
IXZMVLQIU I K]T\Q^IZ I \MZZI" K]T\Q^IVLW I \MZZI" \ZIJITPIVLW [WJZM MTI$ 7 M[[M \ZIJITPW
N]VLI^I LM\MZUQVILI[ ZMTIflM[ MV\ZM W[ PWUMV[ I\ZI^g[ LI[ Y]IQ[ MTM[ KWV[\Z]iIU I
K]T\]ZI M" I[[QU" [M QV[\Z]iIU M [M NWZUI^IU KWUW PWUMV[$ 3 UIQWZQI" XWZ\IV\W" [M
ML]KI^IXMTW\ZIJITPW1[j]UIUQVWZQI\QVPIIKM[[WcNWZUIM[KWTIZLMML]KIfeW$
3 ML]KIfeW M[KWTIZ" XWZ []I ^M`" MZI ]UI NWZUI [MK]VLbZQI M LMXMVLMV\M LI VeW
M[KWTIZ"Y]MMZIW\ZIJITPW$
5WU I gXWKI UWLMZVI" MU LMKWZZhVKQI LW LM[MV^WT^QUMV\W LI[ NWZfI[ XZWL]\Q^I[
VW dUJQ\W LW NM]LITQ[UW" IK]U]TIU#[M ZMK]Z[W[ I\ZI^g[ LI[ I\Q^QLILM[ UMZKIV\Q[" Y]M
LM[TWKIU I \MZZI LI KWVLQfeW LM UMQW LM XZWL]feW XZQVKQXIT$ @[ UMQW[ LM XZWL]feW
XI[[IU I I[[]UQZ I NWZUI LM KIXQ\IT" W Y]IT QVKT]Q VeW IXMVI[ I \MZZI UI[ W[ UIQ[
^IZQILW[ QV[\Z]UMV\W[ LM \ZIJITPW$ D]ZOM MV\eW ]UI VW^I [WKQMLILM" KPIUILI
UWLMZVI W] KIXQ\ITQ[\I W] J]ZO]M[I$ 7[\I LM[TWKI W MQ_W LW XZWKM[[W XZWL]\Q^W" LW
KIUXW XIZI I KQLILM" LI IOZQK]T\]ZI XIZI I QVLm[\ZQI$ 7 I KTI[[M LWUQVIV\M LM[[I VW^I
[WKQMLILM"Y]MgIJ]ZO]M[QI"LQNMZMV\MUMV\MLW[XZWXZQM\bZQW[LM\MZZI"LW[[MVPWZM[LM
M[KZI^W[ LI 3V\QOnQLILM M LW[ [MVPWZM[ NM]LIQ[ LI ;LILM >gLQI" VeW MZI ]UI KTI[[M
WKQW[I$ 3 J]ZO]M[QI VeW XWLM [MZ KWV[QLMZILI ]UI KTI[[M WKQW[I" IW KWV\ZbZQW" g ]UI
KTI[[MMUXZMMVLMLWZI"Y]M \MUI VMKM[[QLILM LM M[\IZXZWL]`QVLWKWV\QV]IUMV\M"XIZI
ZMXZWL]`QZ QVLMNQVQLIUMV\M" LM NWZUI QV[IKQb^MT" W KIXQ\IT$ 7U KWV[MYnhVKQI" I
J]ZO]M[QI ZM^WT]KQWVI I[ ZMTIflM[ [WKQIQ[ LM XZWL]feW M XI[[I I KWVY]Q[\IZ KILI ^M`
UIQ[ M[XIfW[" I LWUQVIZ I VI\]ZM`I I\ZI^g[ LW KWVPMKQUMV\W UM\jLQKW" M KWV^MZ\M I
KQhVKQI" Y]M g ]U KWVPMKQUMV\W QV\MTMK\]IT" ]UI XW\hVKQI M[XQZQ\]IT" MU XW\hVKQI
UI\MZQIT" I\ZI^g[ LI QVLm[\ZQI$ ?M[[M Y]ILZW" []ZOMU I[ KQLILM[ KWUW TWKIT
LM\MZUQVIV\M LI[ ZMTIflM[ [WKQIQ[$ 7U T]OIZ LW Y]M WKWZZQI VI ;LILM >gLQI" MU Y]M W
KIUXW LM\MZUQVI^IIKQLILM"IIOZQK]T\]ZILM\MZUQVI^IIQVLm[\ZQI"VIgXWKIUWLMZVI"
g I KQLILM Y]M XI[[I I LM\MZUQVIZ I[ ZMTIflM[ LW KIUXW M g I QVLm[\ZQI Y]M ZMOM I
IOZQK]T\]ZI$ ?M[[M [MV\QLW" I gXWKI UWLMZVI ^IQ [M KIZIK\MZQ`IZ XWZ ]UI KZM[KMV\M
QVL][\ZQITQ`IfeW LI IOZQK]T\]ZI M ]UI XZWOZM[[Q^I ]ZJIVQ`IfeW LW KIUXW1 ^IQ [MZ
UIZKILI XWZ ZMTIflM[ [WKQIQ[ JI[MILI[ VW LQZMQ\W XW[Q\Q^W$ 3 KQLILM g ]UI KWV[\Z]feW
IZ\QNQKQIT" I[ ZMTIflM[ [WKQIQ[ Ii Rb VeW [eW UIQ[ VI\]ZIQ[1 [eW ZMTIflM[ MU Y]M W [WKQIT
XZMLWUQVI [WJZM W VI\]ZIT" MU Y]M W KWV\ZI\W M[\IJMTMKQLW MV\ZM W[ PWUMV[

(.

XZMLWUQVI [WJZM I[ NWZUI[ KWV[]M\]LQVbZQI[ Y]M XZMLWUQVI^IU IV\MZQWZUMV\M$


AWZ\IV\W" IW LQZMQ\W VI\]ZIT" []KMLM W LQZMQ\W XW[Q\Q^W$ 7 g VM[\M Y]ILZW Y]M I
M_QOhVKQILMKWVPMKQUMV\WQV\MTMK\]IT[M\WUIVMKM[[QLILMOMZIT$
5WV[MYnMV\MUMV\M" I XIZ\QZ LI gXWKI UWLMZVI" W KWVPMKQUMV\W [Q[\MUb\QKW # I
M_XZM[[eW TM\ZILI" I M_XZM[[eW M[KZQ\I # [M OMVMZITQ`I LILI[ I[ KWVLQflM[ LI ^QLI VI
KQLILM$ 7Q[ XWZY]M g VI [WKQMLILM J]ZO]M[I Y]M [M ^IQ KWTWKIZ I M_QOhVKQI LM
]VQ^MZ[ITQ`IfeW LI M[KWTI Jb[QKI$ :b ]U KWVR]V\W LM KWVPMKQUMV\W[ Jb[QKW[ Y]M
MV^WT^MUWLWUiVQWLW[5jLQOW[M[KZQ\W["Y]M[M\WUIUQUXWZ\IV\M[XIZI\WLW[$
5WU W IL^MV\W LM[[M \QXW LM [WKQMLILM" ^IUW[ KWV[\I\IZ Y]M I NWZUI M[KWTIZ LI
7L]KIfeW [M OMVMZITQ`I M [M \WUI LWUQVIV\M$ 3[[QU" [M I\g W NQVIT LI ;LILM >gLQI I
NWZUIM[KWTIZMZIXIZKQIT"[MK]VLbZQI"VeWOMVMZITQ`ILI"Y]MZLQ`MZ"MZILM\MZUQVILIXMTI
NWZUI VeW M[KWTIZ" I XIZ\QZ LI gXWKI UWLMZVI MTI [M OMVMZITQ`I M XI[[I I [MZ I NWZUI
LWUQVIV\M"cT]`LIY]IT[eWINMZQLI[I[LMUIQ[$
7 g M[\I I [Q\]IfeW MU Y]M VW[ MVKWV\ZIUW[ PWRM$ AWZ Q[[W g Y]M" PWRM MU LQI"
^Q^MUW[ ]UI [Q\]IfeW ]U \IV\W XIZILW_IT" LW XWV\W LM ^Q[\I M[KWTIZ$ 6M ]U TILW" I
M[KWTI g [MK]VLIZQ`ILI0 INQZUI#[M Y]M VeW g [j I\ZI^g[ LMTI Y]M [M ML]KI1 ML]KI#[M
I\ZI^g[ LM UmT\QXTI[ NWZUI[" I\ZI^g[ LM W]\ZI[ QV[\Q\]QflM[" KWUW W[ XIZ\QLW[" W[
[QVLQKI\W[" I[[WKQIflM[ LM JIQZZW[" I[[WKQIflM[ ZMTQOQW[I[" I\ZI^g[ LM ZMTIflM[
QVNWZUIQ[" LI KWV^Q^hVKQI" LW[ UMQW[ LM KWU]VQKIfeW LM UI[[I # Q[\W g" LW KQVMUI"
LW ZbLQW" LI \MTM^Q[eW$ AWZ\IV\W" Pb UmT\QXTI[ NWZUI[ LM 7L]KIfeW" MV\ZM I[ Y]IQ[ [M
[Q\]I I M[KWTIZ$ DMO]VLW M[[I \MVLhVKQI" I M[KWTI VeW g I mVQKI M VMU UM[UW I
XZQVKQXIT NWZUI LM ML]KIZ1 Pb" QVKT][Q^M" IY]MTM[Y]M KWV[QLMZIUI M[KWTIVMOI\Q^I" LW
XWV\W LM ^Q[\I ML]KIKQWVIT" W Y]M NWQ NWZU]TILW M_XTQKQ\IUMV\M XMTI XZWXW[\I LM
LM[M[KWTIZQ`IfeW" K]RW XZQVKQXIT UMV\WZ NWQ ;^IV ;TTQKP$ 6M IKWZLW KWU M[\I XZWXW[\I"
I M[KWTI VeW IXMVI[ g LM[VMKM[[bZQI M XZM[KQVLi^MT" KWUW I\g XZMR]LQKQIT$ AWZ\IV\W" W
Y]M LM UMTPWZ I [WKQMLILM XWLM NI`MZ g [M TQ^ZIZ LI[ M[KWTI[1 g ]U XM[W QVm\QT$ >IQ[
LW Y]M QVm\QT" I M[KWTI g KWV[QLMZILI VWKQ^I$ @ZI" M[\I ^Q[eW VI []I ZILQKITQLILM" VW
[M] M_\ZMUW" \IT KWUW NWZU]TILI XWZ ;TTQKP" M[\b ]U XW]KW I\MV]ILI" M[\b MU
ZMNT]_W$ >I[ LM Y]ITY]MZ UWLW" IQVLI M_Q[\M PWRM" LQN]VLQLW" ]U [MV\QUMV\W LM
[MK]VLIZQ`IfeW LI M[KWTI$ ;[[W" LM ]U TILW$ >I[" LM W]\ZW TILW" KWV\ZILQ\WZQIUMV\M"
Vj[I[[Q[\QUW[I]UIPQXMZ\ZWNQILIM[KWTI$
3 M[KWTI g \IUJgU" VI [Q\]IfeW I\]IT" PQXMZ\ZWNQILI \IV\W ^MZ\QKIT KWUW
PWZQ`WV\ITUMV\M$ 7U [MV\QLW ^MZ\QKIT" Pb VeW IXMVI[ I \MVLhVKQI I IUXTQIZ W \MUXW
LM M[KWTIZQLILM LW (q OZI] XIZI I ]VQ^MZ[QLILM" LI OZIL]IfeW XIZI I Xj[#OZIL]IfeW M
I[[QU XWZ LQIV\M" KWUW \IUJgU I IUXTQb#TI" IV\MKQXIVLW [M] QViKQW$ 6Ii I
ZMQ^QVLQKIfeW UIQ[ W] UMVW[ OMVMZITQ`ILI LM ML]KIfeW M[KWTIZ XIZI I NI[M IV\MZQWZ c
QLILM XZWXZQIUMV\M M[KWTIZ$ 3 KPIUILI ML]KIfeW XZg#M[KWTIZ W] ML]KIfeW QVNIV\QT g
ZMY]MZQLI PWRM VeW UIQ[ MU \MZUW[ LM IXMVI[ ]U W] LWQ[ IVW[" KWZZM[XWVLMV\M[ IW
IV\QOW K]Z[W XZg#XZQUbZQW" UI[ LM[LM W `MZW IVW$ 3 ZMQ^QVLQKIfeW M[\b VI[ Z]I[ M NWQ
XW[\I \IUJgU XIZI I 3[[MUJTgQI 5WV[\Q\]QV\M$ @ 8jZ]U LI[ 7V\QLILM[ 7L]KIKQWVIQ[
MU 6MNM[I LI 7[KWTI AmJTQKI IXZW^W] W LM^MZ LW 7[\ILW LM K]QLIZ LI ML]KIfeW LI[
KZQIVfI[ LM[LM W `MZW IVW LM QLILM$ :b" XWQ[" ]UI \MVLhVKQI I PQXMZ\ZWNQIZ I M[KWTI" I
IUXTQIZ I []I M[NMZI LM IfeW ML]KI\Q^I" ZML]`QVLW W[ LMUIQ[ M[XIfW[$ 3 XZjXZQI
NIUiTQI"MUT]OIZLMZMY]MZMZXIZI[QIM_KT][Q^QLILMLIML]KIfeW"VIXZQUMQZIQVNdVKQI"
\MVLM I M_QOQZ I ML]KIfeW M[KWTIZ LM[LM I UIQ[ \MVZI QLILM1 [M XW[[i^MT" LM[LM W
VI[KQUMV\W$ 3TgU LM[\I M_\MV[eW ^MZ\QKIT" Pb I M_\MV[eW PWZQ`WV\IT$ CMKTIUI#[M I
IUXTQIfeWLIRWZVILIM[KWTIZ$AZM\MVLM#[MY]MI[KZQIVfI[VeWNQY]MUIXMVI[\Zh[PWZI[

(/

XWZ LQI VI M[KWTI UI[ [QU [MQ[" W] I\g WQ\W PWZI[$ 7U []UI" ZMQ^QVLQKI#[M I M[KWTI LM
RWZVILIQV\MOZIT$B]ITW[QOVQNQKILWLM[[I\MVLhVKQI2
7[[I PQXMZ\ZWNQI LI M[KWTI" LM ]UI KMZ\I NWZUI" KWTWKI I [MO]QV\M Y]M[\eW0 I XIZ\QZ
LI [WKQMLILM UWLMZVI" IQVLI ^QOMV\M XMTW UMVW[ VW @KQLMV\M" I NWZUI LWUQVIV\M LM
ML]KIfeW g I M[KWTIZ$ ;[[W g \eW KTIZW Y]M g LQNiKQT XMV[IZUW[ MU ML]KIfeW [MU I
M[KWTI$
3 ML]KIfeW M[KWTIZ g [QUXTM[UMV\M I ML]KIfeW1 Rb I[ W]\ZI[ UWLITQLILM[ [eW
[MUXZM LMNQVQLI[ XMTI ^QI VMOI\Q^I$ CMNMZQUW#VW[ I MTI[ I\ZI^g[ LM LMVWUQVIflM[
KWUW ML]KIfeW VeW M[KWTIZ" VeW#NWZUIT" QVNWZUIT" M_\ZI#M[KWTIZ$ AWZ\IV\W" I ZMNMZhVKQI
LMIVbTQ[M"Q[\Wg"WXIZdUM\ZWXIZI[MKWV[QLMZIZI[W]\ZI[UWLITQLILM[LMML]KIfeW"g
I XZjXZQI ML]KIfeW M[KWTIZ$ 7[\I g I [Q\]IfeW KWU I Y]IT VW[ LMNZWV\IUW[ PWRM$ a
VM[[M Y]ILZW M I XIZ\QZ LM[[I[ JI[M[ PQ[\jZQKI[ Y]M W Y]M KPIUIUW[ LM AMLIOWOQI
:Q[\jZQKW#5Zi\QKI[MMUXMVPIVILMNM[ILIM[XMKQNQKQLILMLIM[KWTI$7UW]\ZW[\MZUW["
I M[KWTI \MU ]UI N]VfeW M[XMKiNQKI" ML]KI\Q^I" XZWXZQIUMV\M XMLIOjOQKI" TQOILI c
Y]M[\eW LW KWVPMKQUMV\W1 g XZMKQ[W" XWQ[" ZM[OI\IZ I QUXWZ\dVKQI LI M[KWTI M
ZMWZOIVQ`IZ W \ZIJITPW ML]KI\Q^W" TM^IVLW MU KWV\I W XZWJTMUI LW [IJMZ
[Q[\MUI\Q`ILW"IXIZ\QZLWY]IT[MLMNQVMIM[XMKQNQKQLILMLIML]KIfeWM[KWTIZ$
3 AMLIOWOQI :Q[\jZQKW#5Zi\QKI MV\MVLM Y]M I \MVLhVKQI I [MK]VLIZQ`IZ I M[KWTI
\ZIL]` W KIZb\MZ KWV\ZILQ\jZQW Y]M I\ZI^M[[I I 7L]KIfeW" I XIZ\QZ LI KWV\ZILQfeW LI
XZjXZQI [WKQMLILM$ 3 UMLQLI Y]M M[\IUW[ IQVLI V]UI [WKQMLILM LM KTI[[M[ KWU
QV\MZM[[M[ WXW[\W[ M Y]M I QV[\Z]feW OMVMZITQ`ILI LI XWX]TIfeW KWV\ZIZQI W[ QV\MZM[[M[
LM M[\ZI\QNQKIfeW LM KTI[[M[" WKWZZM M[\I \MV\I\Q^I LM LM[^ITWZQ`IfeW LI M[KWTI" K]RW
WJRM\Q^WgZML]`QZW[M]QUXIK\WMUZMTIfeWc[M_QOhVKQI[LM\ZIV[NWZUIfeWLIXZjXZQI
[WKQMLILM$ 7[\I g ]UI KIZIK\MZi[\QKI Y]M M[\b XZM[MV\M VI [WKQMLILM J]ZO]M[I LM[LM I
[]I KWV[\Q\]QfeW" UI[ Y]M I[[]UM KIZIK\MZi[\QKI[ UIZKIV\M[ VI NI[M NQVIT" W] [MRI" VW
UWUMV\W MU Y]M [M IKQZZIU I[ KWV\ZILQflM[ MV\ZM W I^IVfW [MU XZMKMLMV\M[ LI[
NWZfI[ XZWL]\Q^I[ M I[ ZMTIflM[ LM XZWL]feW JI[MILI[ VI XZWXZQMLILM XZQ^ILI M"
XWZ\IV\W" VI WXW[QfeW LM KTI[[M[$ 5WVNWZUM [M IKQZZI I KWV\ZILQfeW MV\ZM I IXZWXZQIfeW
XZQ^ILI LW[ UMQW[ LM XZWL]feW M I [WKQITQ`IfeW LW \ZIJITPW ZMITQ`ILI XMTI XZjXZQI
[WKQMLILM KIXQ\ITQ[\I" W LM[MV^WT^QUMV\W LI[ NWZfI[ XZWL]\Q^I[ XI[[I I M_QOQZ I
[WKQITQ`IfeW LW[ UMQW[ LM XZWL]feW" W Y]M QUXTQKI I []XMZIfeW LI [WKQMLILM
KIXQ\ITQ[\I$ 5WU MNMQ\W" [WKQITQ`IZ W[ UMQW[ LM XZWL]feW [QOVQNQKI QV[\I]ZIZ ]UI
[WKQMLILM [WKQITQ[\I" KWU I KWV[MYnMV\M []XMZIfeW LI LQ^Q[eW MU KTI[[M[$ @ZI"
KWV[QLMZIVLW#[MY]M W[IJMZ" Y]M gWWJRM\W M[XMKiNQKWLW \ZIJITPWM[KWTIZ"g]UUMQW
LM XZWL]feW" MTM \IUJgU g I\ZI^M[[ILW XWZ M[[I KWV\ZILQfeW$ 5WV[MYnMV\MUMV\M" I
M_XIV[eW LI WNMZ\I LM M[KWTI[ KWV[Q[\MV\M[ LM UWLW I I\MVLMZ I \WLI I XWX]TIfeW
[QOVQNQKI Y]M W [IJMZ LMQ_I LM [MZ XZWXZQMLILM XZQ^ILI XIZI [MZ [WKQITQ`ILW$ EIT
NMVkUMVW MV\ZI MU KWV\ZILQfeW KWU W[ QV\MZM[[M[ I\]ITUMV\M LWUQVIV\M[$ 6Ii I
\MVLhVKQI I [MK]VLIZQ`IZ I M[KWTI M[^I`QIVLW#I LM []I N]VfeW M[XMKiNQKI" Y]M [M TQOI c
[WKQITQ`IfeW LW [IJMZ MTIJWZILW" KWV^MZ\MVLW#I V]UI IOhVKQI LM I[[Q[\hVKQI [WKQIT"
LM[\QVILI I I\MV]IZ I[ KWV\ZILQflM[ LI [WKQMLILM KIXQ\ITQ[\I$ ?W TQUQ\M" KWUW Rb NWQ
I[[QVITILW" M[[M[ UMKIVQ[UW[ [M M_XZM[[IU VI XZWXW[\I LI tLM[M[KWTIZQ`IfeWu Y]M
[QOVQNQKIIVMOIfeWKIJITLIXZjXZQIM[KWTI$7Q[XWZY]MKZQ\QY]MQM[[IXZWXW[\I"LM[LMW
[M] []ZOQUMV\W" KWV[QLMZIVLW Y]M MTI XZW^gU LW[ Rb M[KWTIZQ`ILW[" W[ Y]IQ[ Rb [M
JMVMNQKQIZIU LIY]QTW Y]M I M[KWTI XWLMZQI WNMZMKMZ M" XWZ\IV\W" VeW [MZeW I\QVOQLW[
XMTI LM[M[KWTIZQ`IfeW$ 5]UXZM I[[QVITIZ Y]M W XZWJTMUI MU XI]\I Rb IXIZMKQI VW[
QViKQW[ LI [WKQMLILM J]ZO]M[I" XMTW UMVW[ V]U ^M\WZ LM[[I [WKQMLILM ZMXZM[MV\ILW

)&

XMTI MKWVWUQI XWTi\QKI$ @[ MKWVWUQ[\I[ \QVPIU KTIZI KWV[KQhVKQI" LM ]U TILW" LI
VMKM[[QLILMLM[MOMVMZITQ`IZIM[KWTIM"LMW]\ZW"Y]MM[[IOMVMZITQ`IfeW\QVPIY]M[MZ
TQUQ\ILI c M[KWTI Jb[QKI$ 7[\M g W [MV\QLW LI NIUW[I NZI[M LM 3LIU DUQ\P" U]Q\W
ZMXM\QLI" MU Y]M MTM ILUQ\QI I QV[\Z]feW QV\MTMK\]IT XIZI W[ \ZIJITPILWZM[" UI[
IKZM[KMV\I^I0 tXWZgU" MU LW[M[ PWUMWXb\QKI[u$ B]MZ LQ`MZ" W[ \ZIJITPILWZM[ \hU Y]M
\MZ QV[\Z]feW" UI[ IXMVI[ IY]MTM UiVQUW VMKM[[bZQW XIZI XIZ\QKQXIZMU LM[[I
[WKQMLILM" Q[\W g" LI [WKQMLILM UWLMZVI JI[MILI VI QVLm[\ZQI M VI KQLILM" I NQU LM [M
QV[MZQZMU VW XZWKM[[W LM XZWL]feW" KWVKWZZMVLW XIZI W [M] LM[MV^WT^QUMV\W$ @ZI" VI
[WKQMLILM KIXQ\ITQ[\I" LM[MV^WT^QUMV\W XZWL]\Q^W [QOVQNQKI OMZIfeW LM M_KMLMV\M[" Q[\W
g" \ZIJITPW Y]M" XWZ OMZIZ UIQ[#^ITQI" IUXTQI W KIXQ\IT$ ;[[W MZI Vi\QLW MV\ZM W[
MKWVWUQ[\I[XWTi\QKW[$
@[ QLMjTWOW[ LI J]ZO]M[QI KWTWKI^IU I VMKM[[QLILM LM ML]KIfeW LM NWZUI UIQ[
OMZIT M" VM[[M [MV\QLW" K]UXZQIU W XIXMT LM PMOMUWVQI" W] [MRI" LM IZ\QK]TIZ \WLI I
[WKQMLILM MU \WZVW LW[ QV\MZM[[M[ LWUQVIV\M[$ 7VY]IV\W I J]ZO]M[QI MZI
ZM^WT]KQWVbZQI" Q[[W NI`QI [MV\QLW1 Y]IVLW MTI [M KWV[WTQLW] VW XWLMZ I Y]M[\eW
XZQVKQXIT VeW MZI []XMZIZ I ^MTPI WZLMU" W 3V\QOW CMOQUM$ 7[\M" KWU MNMQ\W" Rb NWZI
[]XMZILW M I J]ZO]M[QI" MU KWV[MYnhVKQI" Rb KWV[WTQLI^I W [M] XWLMZ1 VM[[M
UWUMV\W" W XZWJTMUI XZQVKQXIT LI J]ZO]M[QI XI[[I I [MZ M^Q\IZ I[ IUMIfI[ M
VM]\ZITQ`IZ I[ XZM[[lM[ XIZI Y]M [M I^IVKM VW XZWKM[[W ZM^WT]KQWVbZQW M [M KPMO]M I
]UI [WKQMLILM [WKQITQ[\I$ 3 J]ZO]M[QI" MV\eW" [M \WZVI KWV[MZ^ILWZI M XI[[I I \MZ
LQNQK]TLILM[ IW TQLIZ KWU W XZWJTMUI LI M[KWTI" XWQ[ I ^MZLILM g [MUXZM
ZM^WT]KQWVbZQI$ 7VY]IV\W I J]ZO]M[QI MZI ZM^WT]KQWVbZQI MTI \QVPIQV\MZM[[M VI^MZLILM$
B]IVLW XI[[I I [MZ KWV[MZ^ILWZI" I ^MZLILM MV\eW I QVKWUWLI" KPWKI#[M KWU W[ [M][
QV\MZM[[M[$ ;[\W WKWZZM XWZY]M I ^MZLILM PQ[\jZQKI M^QLMVKQI I VMKM[[QLILM LI[
\ZIV[NWZUIflM[" I[ Y]IQ[" XIZI I KTI[[M LWUQVIV\M # ]UI ^M` KWV[WTQLILI VW XWLMZ #
VeW [eW QV\MZM[[IV\M[1 MTI \MU QV\MZM[[M VI XMZXM\]IfeW LI WZLMU M_Q[\MV\M$ 3
IUJQOnQLILM Y]M I\ZI^M[[I I Y]M[\eW M[KWTIZ PWRM g UIZKILI XWZ M[[I [Q\]IfeW [WKQIT$
7IKTIZM`ILQ[[WgY]M\ZIL]`W[MV\QLWKZi\QKWLIAMLIOWOQI$5WUMNMQ\W"IAMLIOWOQI
5Zi\QKI QUXTQKI I KTIZM`I LW[ LM\MZUQVIV\M[ [WKQIQ[ LI ML]KIfeW" I KWUXZMMV[eW LW
OZI] MU Y]M I[ KWV\ZILQflM[ LI [WKQMLILM UIZKIU I ML]KIfeW M" KWV[MYnMV\MUMV\M"
KWUW g XZMKQ[W [M XW[QKQWVIZ LQIV\M LM[[I[ KWV\ZILQflM[ M LM[MVZMLIZ I ML]KIfeW LI[
^Q[lM[ IUJiO]I[" XIZI XMZKMJMZ KTIZIUMV\M Y]IT g I LQZMfeW Y]M KIJM QUXZQUQZ c
Y]M[\eW ML]KIKQWVIT$ 3i M[\b W [MV\QLW N]VLIUMV\IT LW Y]M KPIUIUW[ LM AMLIOWOQI
:Q[\jZQKW#5Zi\QKI$ ?M[[M Y]ILZW" \MVPW QV[Q[\QLW MU ITO]V[ XWV\W[ Y]M" LM KMZ\W
UWLW" XWLMZQIU [MZ KPIUILW[ LM jJ^QW[$ ?W MV\IV\W" g XZMKQ[W QV[Q[\QZ XWZY]M MTM[
IKIJIZIU [MVLW WJ[K]ZMKQLW[$ AWZ M_MUXTW" Y]M I M[KWTI Jb[QKI g QUXWZ\IV\M XIZI
\WLW[" Y]M I ITNIJM\Q`IfeW LM^M [MZ IKM[[i^MT I \WLW[ g W jJ^QW$ ?W MV\IV\W" Q[[W NQKI
WJ[K]ZMKQLW XWZ \WLI ]UI [gZQM LM \MZOQ^MZ[IflM[ I[ Y]IQ[ [MZ^MU XIZI ZM\IZLIZ I
KWV[MK]feW LM[[M WJRM\Q^W" KWV\MUXWZQ`IZ M" VM[[M [MV\QLW" XZWTWVOIZ I[ LM[QO]ITLILM[
^QOMV\M[$ ?M[[M [MV\QLW" \MVPW [QLW KZi\QKW LW[ KPIUILW[ UWLQ[UW[ VI ML]KIfeW"
XWZY]M IXIZMKMU KWUW ITOW U]Q\W I^IVfILW UI[" VI ^MZLILM" IXMVI[ WJ[K]ZMKMU
Y]M[\lM[ I\g KMZ\W XWV\W jJ^QI[" Y]M VeW XWLQIU [MZ XMZLQLI[ LM ^Q[\I M Y]M LQ`MU
ZM[XMQ\W IW \ZIJITPW M[KWTIZ$ 7Q[ XWZY]M MU ]U LM UM][ \M_\W[( MV]VKQMQ I LQ[\QVfeW
MV\ZM W \ZILQKQWVIT M W KTb[[QKW$ EZILQKQWVIT g W Y]M [M ZMNMZM IW XI[[ILW" IW IZKIQKW"
]T\ZIXI[[ILW$ ?M[[M [MV\QLW" Vj[ \MUW[ Y]M KWUJI\MZ I XMLIOWOQI \ZILQKQWVIT M
($ 6MZUM^IT DI^QIVQ$ t@ 7V[QVW Jb[QKW M W XZWKM[[W LM LMUWKZI\Q`IfeW LI [WKQMLILM JZI[QTMQZIu$
'.)*"%&/#')"'/.*$

)'

ZMKWVPMKMZI^ITQLILMLMITO]UI[LI[KZi\QKI[Y]MI7[KWTI?W^INWZU]TW]cXMLIOWOQI
\ZILQKQWVIT$ ?W MV\IV\W" Q[\W VeW XWLM WJ[K]ZMKMZ ]U MTMUMV\W KTb[[QKW VI ML]KIfeW"
XWQ[ M[\M VeW [M KWVN]VLM KWU W \ZILQKQWVIT$ 5Tb[[QKW g IY]QTW Y]M ZM[Q[\Q] IW \MUXW"
TWOW []I ^ITQLILM M_\ZIXWTI W UWUMV\W MU Y]M MTM NWQ XZWXW[\W$ a XWZ Q[[W Y]M I
K]T\]ZI OZMKW#ZWUIVI g KWV[QLMZILI KTb[[QKI0 MUJWZI \MVPI [QLW XZWL]`QLI VI
3V\QOnQLILM" UIV\gU#[M ^bTQLI" UM[UW XIZI I[ gXWKI[ XW[\MZQWZM[$ 6M NI\W" IQVLI
PWRM ZMKWVPMKMUW[ M ^ITWZQ`IUW[ MTMUMV\W[ Y]M NWZIU MTIJWZILW[ VIY]MTI gXWKI$ a
VM[\M [MV\QLW Y]M [M KWV[QLMZI 6M[KIZ\M[ ]U KTb[[QKW LI 8QTW[WNQI UWLMZVI$ 3Y]Q W
KTb[[QKW VeW [M QLMV\QNQKI KWU W IV\QOW" XWZY]M ]U UWLMZVW g \IUJgU KWV[QLMZILW
]U KTb[[QKW$ 6W[\WQM^[SQ" XWZ M_MUXTW # [MO]VLW I XMZQWLQ`IfeW LW[ UIV]IQ[ LM
:Q[\jZQI" ]U I]\WZ KWV\MUXWZdVMW # g \QLW KWUW ]U KTb[[QKW LI TQ\MZI\]ZI ]VQ^MZ[IT$
6I UM[UI NWZUI" LQ`#[M Y]M >IKPILW LM 3[[Q[ g ]U KTb[[QKW LI TQ\MZI\]ZI JZI[QTMQZI"
IXM[IZ LM W 4ZI[QT [MZ UIQ[ ZMKMV\M I\g UM[UW Y]M I ;LILM >gLQI" Y]IV\W UIQ[ Y]M I
3V\QOnQLILM$ 7V\eW" W KTb[[QKW VeW [M KWVN]VLM KWU W \ZILQKQWVIT" ZI`eW XMTI Y]IT
\MVPW XZWK]ZILW KPIUIZ I I\MVfeW XIZI KMZ\I[ KIZIK\MZi[\QKI[" KMZ\I[ N]VflM[ KTb[[QKI[
LI M[KWTI Y]M VeW XWLMU [MZ XMZLQLI[ LM ^Q[\I XWZY]M" LW KWV\ZbZQW" IKIJIUW[
QV^MZ\MVLW W [MV\QLW LI M[KWTI M KWV[QLMZIVLW Y]M[\lM[ [MK]VLbZQI[ M IKQLMV\IQ[ KWUW
[MVLWXZQVKQXIQ["XI[[IVLWXIZIWXTIVW[MK]VLbZQWI[XMK\W[XZQVKQXIQ[LIM[KWTI$
7_MUXTW LQ[[W [eW I[ KWUMUWZIflM[ VI[ M[KWTI[" Y]M [M M[XITPI^IU XWZ \WLW W
IVW TM\Q^W" \IQ[ KWUW I DMUIVI LI CM^WT]feW" 8M[\I LI[ >eM[" DMUIVI DIV\I" I[
8M[\I[ <]VQVI[" DMUIVI LW xVLQW" DMUIVI LW 8WTKTWZM" DMUIVI LI Ab\ZQI" <WOW[ LI
AZQUI^MZI" DMUIVI LI wZ^WZM" DMUIVI LI 5ZQIVfI" DMUIVI LI 3[I$ 3W NQVIT LW IVW
TM\Q^W" IXj[ \WLI[ M[\I[ I\Q^QLILM[ KWUMUWZI\Q^I[" NQKI I Y]M[\eW0 I[ KZQIVfI[ NWZIU
ITNIJM\Q`ILI[2 3XZMVLMZIU AWZ\]O]h[2 3XZMVLMZIU >I\MUb\QKI" 5QhVKQI[ ?I\]ZIQ["
:Q[\jZQI" 9MWOZINQI2 @ZI" M[\M[ [eW W[ MTMUMV\W[ KTb[[QKW[ LW K]ZZiK]TW M[KWTIZ" \eW
KTb[[QKW[ Y]M VQVO]gU KWV\M[\I$ r[ ^M`M[ [M KWV\M[\I I NWZUI0 [MZb Y]M [M LM^M
ITNIJM\Q`IZ I[[QU W] [MZQI UMTPWZ LM W]\ZI NWZUI2 >I[ ITO]gU W][IZQI INQZUIZ Y]M I
M[KWTI VeW LM^M ITNIJM\Q`IZ2 ?W MV\IV\W" M[[M[ MTMUMV\W[ IKIJIU [MVLW
[MK]VLIZQ`ILW[" LQT]iLW[ V]UI KWVKMXfeW LQN][I LM K]ZZiK]TW$ 3NQZUI#[M Y]M \]LW W
Y]M I M[KWTI NI`" QUXWZ\IV\M W] VeW" ^bTQLW W] VeW" g K]ZZiK]TW$ AIZI M^Q\IZ M[[M \QXW
LM MY]i^WKW" XZWX][) I ZMK]XMZIfeW LI LQ[\QVfeW MV\ZM 1>;;51>60; M 3@=;0 1>;;51>60;!
6M[[I NWZUI" ZM[MZ^I#[M XIZI W \MZUW K]ZZiK]TW I[ I\Q^QLILM[ M[[MVKQIQ[ Y]M I M[KWTI
VeW XWLM LMQ_IZ LM LM[MV^WT^MZ" [WJ XMVI LM [M LM[KIZIK\MZQ`IZ" LM XMZLMZ I []I
M[XMKQNQKQLILM$ 3[ LMUIQ[ I\Q^QLILM[" \IQ[ KWUW I[ KWUMUWZIflM[ IV\M[ UMVKQWVILI["
VeW [MVLW M[[MVKQIQ[" LMNQVMU#[M KWUW M_\ZI#K]ZZQK]TIZM[$ ?M[[I KWVLQfeW MTI[ [j
NI`MU [MV\QLW VI UMLQLI MU Y]M XW[[IU MVZQY]MKMZ I[ I\Q^QLILM[ K]ZZQK]TIZM[" VeW
LM^MVLW"MUPQXj\M[MITO]UI"XZMR]LQKb#TI[W][]J[\Q\]i#TI[$
5ZMQW \MZ IXZM[MV\ILW W [QOVQNQKILW N]VLIUMV\IT LI AMLIOWOQI :Q[\jZQKW#5Zi\QKI$
EZI\I#[M LM ]UI KWVKMXfeW Y]M" KWUW W VWUM QVLQKI" XZWK]ZI [M NQZUIZ [WJZM ]UI
JI[M PQ[\jZQKI M PQ[\WZQKQ`IV\M$ 7U \M_\W ZMKMV\M* WJ[MZ^W Y]M >IZ_" IW IVITQ[IZ I
XZWJTMUb\QKIPQ[\jZQKI"KPMOW]cKWVKT][eWLMY]MgIXIZ\QZLWUIQ[LM[MV^WT^QLWY]M
[M KWUXZMMVLM W UMVW[ LM[MV^WT^QLW$ AWZ Q[[W MTM INQZUW] Y]M g XW[[i^MT
KWUXZMMVLMZWKIXQ\IT[MUIZMVLILI\MZZIUI[VeWgXW[[i^MTKWUXZMMVLMZIZMVLILI
\MZZI[MUWKIXQ\IT"]UI^M`Y]MVI[WKQMLILMUWLMZVIIZMVLILI\MZZIgLM\MZUQVILI
)$ 6MZUM^ITDI^QIVQ"9:!15=!
*$ 6MZUM^IT DI^QIVQ$ t5WV\ZQJ]QflM[ c MTIJWZIfeW LI VW^I =$6$4$0 ]U QViKQW LM KWV^MZ[Iu$ '.)*
#$&+#'*"'/..$

)(

XMTW KIXQ\IT$ @ZI" VI [WKQMLILM I\]IT XWLM#[M XMZKMJMZ Y]M Rb VeW g XW[[i^MT
KWUXZMMVLMZIML]KIfeW[MUIM[KWTIXWZY]MIM[KWTIgINWZUILWUQVIV\MMXZQVKQXIT
LM ML]KIfeW$ 3[[QU" XIZI [M KWUXZMMVLMZ I[ LQNMZMV\M[ UWLITQLILM[ LM ML]KIfeW"
M_QOM#[M I KWUXZMMV[eW LI M[KWTI$ 7U KWV\ZIXIZ\QLI" I M[KWTI XWLM [MZ KWUXZMMVLQLI
QVLMXMVLMV\MUMV\MLI[LMUIQ[UWLITQLILM[LMML]KIfeW$
5WU ZMNTM_lM[ M IVbTQ[M[ LW \QXW LI[ IXZM[MV\ILI[ VM[\I XITM[\ZI" XZWK]ZIUW[
N]VLIZ M WJRM\Q^IZ PQ[\WZQKIUMV\M I KWUXZMMV[eW LI Y]M[\eW M[KWTIZ" I LMNM[I LI
M[XMKQNQKQLILMLIM[KWTIMIQUXWZ\dVKQILW\ZIJITPWM[KWTIZKWUWMTMUMV\WVMKM[[bZQW
IW LM[MV^WT^QUMV\W K]T\]ZIT" Y]M KWVKWZZM XIZI W LM[MV^WT^QUMV\W P]UIVW MU OMZIT$
3 M[KWTI g" XWQ[" KWUXZMMVLQLI I XIZ\QZ LW LM[MV^WT^QUMV\W PQ[\jZQKW LI [WKQMLILM1
I[[QU KWUXZMMVLQLI" \WUI#[M XW[[i^MT I []I IZ\QK]TIfeW KWU I []XMZIfeW LI[WKQMLILM
^QOMV\M MU LQZMfeW I ]UI [WKQMLILM [MU KTI[[M[" I ]UI [WKQMLILM [WKQITQ[\I$ a LM[[I
NWZUI Y]M [M IZ\QK]TI I KWVKMXfeW AWTi\QKI DWKQITQ[\I KWU I KWVKMXfeW AMLIOjOQKI
:Q[\jZQKW#5Zi\QKI" IUJI[ N]VLILI[ VW UM[UW KWVKMQ\W OMZIT LM ZMITQLILM" Y]M MV^WT^M
I KWUXZMMV[eW LI ZMITQLILM P]UIVI KWUW [MVLW KWV[\Z]iLI XMTW[ XZjXZQW[ PWUMV[" I
XIZ\QZ LW XZWKM[[W LM \ZIJITPW" Y]MZ LQ`MZ" LI XZWL]feW LI[ KWVLQflM[ UI\MZQIQ[ IW
TWVOWLW\MUXW$

))

Você também pode gostar