Operational Amplifiers

Smbolo do Amplificador Operacional

1965 primeiro circuito integrado amplificador operacional A 709

1 entrada inversora 2 entrada no inversora 3 sada

vo = A(v 2 v1 )

v2

+ _

vo

v1
Figure 2.1 Circuit symbol for the op amp. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 2

Fontes de Alimentao

Figure 2.2 The op amp shown connected to dc power supplies. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 3

Circuito equivalente do Amplificador Operacional

Caractersticas Ideais

Ganho diferencial infinito. Resistncia de entrada infinita. Resistncia de sada nula. Faixa de passagem infinita.

Exemplo: LM 741

A = 200.000 Ri = 2 M Ro = 75
Figure 2.3 Equivalent circuit of the ideal op amp. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 4

Porqu um amplificador com estas caractersticas?

xs

xi
_

xf

xo

A Af = 1 + A

R1 = R1 + R2

xi 0

A >> 1 A f

Terra virtual
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Sinais de modo diferencial e de modo comum

v Id v1 = v Icm 2

v Id = v 2 v1

v Id v 2 = v Icm + 2

v Icm =

1 (v1 + v 2 ) 2

Figure 2.4 Representation of the signal sources v1 and v2 in terms of their differential and commonmode components. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 6

Exerccio 2.3
Um A.O. modelado pelo circuito equivalente da figura. Determine v3 em funo de v1 e v2. Se Gm = 10 mA/V, R = 10 k e = 100, Determine o ganho diferencial do A.O.

Figure E2.3 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 7

Amplificador Inversor

Figure 2.5 The inverting closed-loop configuration. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 8

Anlise do amplificador inversor

Figure 2.6 Analysis of the inverting configuration. The circled numbers indicate the order of the analysis steps. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 9

Anlise do amplificador inversor considerando o ganho A finito

Figure 2.7 Analysis of the inverting configuration taking into account the finite open-loop gain of the op amp. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 10

Exemplo 2.2
Determine o ganho vO /vI . Projete o circuito para ganho igual a 100 e resistncia de entrada igual a1MHz.

Figure 2.8 Circuit for Example 2.2. The circled numbers indicate the sequence of the steps in the analysis. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 11

Amplificador de corrente Quanto vale a relao i4/i1?

Figure 2.9 A current amplifier based on the circuit of Fig. 2.8. The amplifier delivers its output current to R4. It has a current gain of (1 + R2/R3), a zero input resistance, and an infinite output resistance. The load (R4), however, must be floating (i.e., neither of its two terminals can be connected to ground). Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 12

Exerccio 2.5 O circuito da figura (a) um amplificador de transresistncia. Determine a resistncia de entrada Ri, o ganho de transresistncia, Rm e a resistncia de sada Ro do amplificador de transresistncia. Se a fonte de sinal da figura (b) conectada na entrada do amplificador, determine a sada.

Figure E2.5 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 13

Exerccio 2.6 Determine o ganho vo/vi. Determine o ganho de corrente iL/ii. Determine o ganho de potncia Po/Pi.

Figure E2.6 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 14

O circuito somador

Figure 2.10 A weighted summer. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 15

outro somador

Figure 2.11 A weighted summer capable of implementing summing coefficients of both signs. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 16

O amplificador no inversor

Figure 2.12 The noninverting configuration. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 17

Anlise do amplificador no inversor

Determine o ganho deste amplificador considerando o ganho A finito.

Figure 2.13 Analysis of the noninverting circuit. The sequence of the steps in the analysis is indicated by the circled numbers. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

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O seguidor de tenso

Figure 2.14 (a) The unity-gain buffer or follower amplifier. (b) Its equivalent circuit model. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 19

Exerccio 2.9 Use o teorema da superposio para determinar vo.

Figure E2.9

Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

20

Exerccio 2.13 Determine as correntes e tenses indicadas no circuito. Determine os ganhos de tenso, corrente e potncia.

Figure E2.13 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 21

Amplificadores de Diferenas

Figure 2.15 Representing the input signals to a differential amplifier in terms of their differential and common-mode components. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 22

Figure 2.16 A difference amplifier. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 23

Figure 2.17 Application of superposition to the analysis of the circuit of Fig. 2.16. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 24

Figure 2.18 Analysis of the difference amplifier to determine its common-mode gain Acm ; vO / vIcm. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 25

Figure 2.19 Finding the input resistance of the difference amplifier for the case R3 = R1 and R4 = R2. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 26

Figure 2.20 A popular circuit for an instrumentation amplifier: (a) Initial approach to the circuit; (b) The circuit in (a) with the connection between node X and ground removed and the two resistors R1 and R1 lumped together. This simple wiring change dramatically improves performance; (c) Analysis of the circuit in (b) assuming ideal op amps. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 27

Figure 2.21 To make the gain of the circuit in Fig. 2.20(b) variable, 2R1 is implemented as the series combination of a fixed resistor R1f and a variable resistor R1v. Resistor R1f ensures that the maximum available gain is limited. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

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Figure 2.22 Open-loop gain of a typical general-purpose internally compensated op amp. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 29

Figure 2.23 Frequency response of an amplifier with a nominal gain of +10 V/V. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 30

Figure 2.24 Frequency response of an amplifier with a nominal gain of 10 V/V. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 31

Figure 2.25 (a) A noninverting amplifier with a nominal gain of 10 V/V designed using an op amp that saturates at 13-V output voltage and has 20-mA output current limits. (b) When the input sine wave has a peak of 1.5 V, the output is clipped off at 13 V. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 32

Figure 2.26 (a) Unity-gain follower. (b) Input step waveform. (c) Linearly rising output waveform obtained when the amplifier is slew-rate limited. (d) Exponentially rising output waveform obtained when V is sufficiently small so that the initial slope (vtV) is smaller than or equal to SR. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 33

Figure 2.27 Effect of slew-rate limiting on output sinusoidal waveforms. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 34

Figure 2.28 Circuit model for an op amp with input offset voltage VOS. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 35

Figure E2.23 Transfer characteristic of an op amp with VOS = 5 mV. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 36

Figure 2.29 Evaluating the output dc offset voltage due to VOS in a closed-loop amplifier. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 37

Figure 2.30 The output dc offset voltage of an op amp can be trimmed to zero by connecting a potentiometer to the two offset-nulling terminals. The wiper of the potentiometer is connected to the negative supply of the op amp. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 38

Figure 2.31 (a) A capacitively coupled inverting amplifier, and (b) the equivalent circuit for determining its dc output offset voltage VO. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 39

Figure 2.32 The op-amp input bias currents represented by two current sources IB1 and IB2. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 40

Figure 2.33 Analysis of the closed-loop amplifier, taking into account the input bias currents. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 41

Figure 2.34 Reducing the effect of the input bias currents by introducing a resistor R3. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 42

Figure 2.35 In an ac-coupled amplifier the dc resistance seen by the inverting terminal is R2; hence R3 is chosen equal to R2. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

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Figure 2.36 Illustrating the need for a continuous dc path for each of the op-amp input terminals. Specifically, note that the amplifier will not work without resistor R3. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 44

Figure 2.37 The inverting configuration with general impedances in the feedback and the feed-in paths. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 45

Figure 2.38 Circuit for Example 2.6. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 46

Figure 2.39 (a) The Miller or inverting integrator. (b) Frequency response of the integrator.

Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

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Figure 2.40 Determining the effect of the op-amp input offset voltage VOS on the Miller integrator circuit. Note that since the output rises with time, the op amp eventually saturates. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 48

Figure 2.41 Effect of the op-amp input bias and offset currents on the performance of the Miller integrator circuit. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 49

Figure 2.42 The Miller integrator with a large resistance RF connected in parallel with C in order to provide negative feedback and hence finite gain at dc. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 50

Figure 2.43 Waveforms for Example 2.7: (a) Input pulse. (b) Output linear ramp of ideal integrator with time constant of 0.1 ms. (c) Output exponential ramp with resistor RF connected across integrator capacitor. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 51

Figure 2.44 (a) A differentiator. (b) Frequency response of a differentiator with a time-constant CR. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 52

Figure 2.45 A linear macromodel used to model the finite gain and bandwidth of an internally compensated op amp. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 53

Figure 2.46 A comprehensive linear macromodel of an internally compensated op amp. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 54

Figure 2.47 Frequency response of the closed-loop amplifier in Example 2.8. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 55

Figure 2.48 Step response of the closed-loop amplifier in Example 2.8. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 56

Figure 2.49 Simulating the frequency response of the A741 op-amp in Example 2.9. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 57

Figure 2.50 Frequency response of the A741 op amp in Example 2.9. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 58

Figure 2.51 Circuit for determining the slew rate of the A741 op amp in Example 2.9. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 59

Figure 2.52 Square-wave response of the A741 op amp connected in the unity-gain configuration shown in Fig. 2.51. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 60

Figure P2.2

Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

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Figure P2.8 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 62

Figure P2.16 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 63

Figure P2.22 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 64

Figure P2.25 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 65

Figure P2.30 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 66

Figure P2.31 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 67

Figure P2.32 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 68

Figure P2.33 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 69

Figure P2.34 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 70

Figure P2.35 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 71

Figure P2.43 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 72

Figure P2.46 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 73

Figure P2.47 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 74

Figure P2.49 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 75

Figure P2.50 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 76

Figure P2.51 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 77

Figure P2.59 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 78

Figure P2.62 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 79

Figure P2.68 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 80

Figure P2.69 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 81

Figure P2.70 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 82

Figure P2.71 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 83

Figure P2.77 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 84

Figure P2.78 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 85

Figure P2.108 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 86

Figure P2.117 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 87

Figure P2.118 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 88

Figure P2.119 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 89

Figure P2.122 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 90

Figure P2.125 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 91

Figure P2.126 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 92