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RX
X X(s)
S
s
Y RY
Y(s)
pXY (x,y) = P ( X = x, Y = y)
p XY x i , y j
( ) se ( x, y) = ( xi , y j )
p XY ( x , y) =
0 se ( x, y) ( xi , y j )
Propriedades
pXY (xi, yj) 0 , i,j
j=1 i =1 (
m n p XY x i , y j = 1 )
Funo de distribuio conjunta (ou de probabilidade
acumulada de (X, Y) )
Propriedades
FXY ( x, y ) montona crescente
FXY ( - , y ) = 0, y
FXY ( x,- ) = 0, x
FXY ( + ,+ ) = 1
P(x1<X x2, y1<Y y2) = FXY (x2, y2) - FXY (x1,y2)-
- FXY (x2,y1) + FXY (x1,y1)
32
pX ( xi ) = P ( X = xi ) = m (
j = 1 P X = xi , Y = y j )
= m
j = 1 p XY ( x i , y j )
Nota:
pX (xi) 0 , i
ni = 1 p X ( x i ) = 1
Funo de probabilidade marginal da v. a. Y
(
pY ( yj ) = P ( Y = yj ) = in= 1 P X = xi , Y = y j )
= in= 1 p XY ( xi , y j )
Nota:
pY (yj) 0 , j
m ( )
j=1 p Y y j = 1
P(X = xi Y = yj) =
(
P X = xi , Y = y j ) se P (Y=yj) > 0
(
P Y = yj )
ento temos que:
(
p XY x i , y j )
p X Y= y
j
( )
xi y j =
pY y j ( )
se pY ( yj ) > 0
P(Y = yj X = xi) =
(
P X = xi , Y = y j ) se P (X=xi) > 0
P ( X = xi )
e portanto:
(
p Y X = x y j xi ) (
p XY x i , y j ) se pX ( xi ) > 0
=
i p X ( xi )
34
Nota: p X Y = y xi y j
j
e ( )
p Y X = x y j xi
i
( )
satisfazem as duas condies de uma funo de
probabilidade, isto :
(
p X Y = y xi y j 0
j
)
( )
p XY x i ,y j
j
( )
in=1 p X Y=y x i y j = in=1
p Y (y j )
=1
Propriedades
2
fXY ( x, y ) 0 , (x, y)
+ + f
XY ( x, y) dy dx = 1
u v
FXY (x,y) = P(X x ,Y y) = fXY ( u, v ) dv du
35
Propriedades
FXY ( x, y ) montona crescente
FXY ( - , y ) = 0, y
FXY ( x,- ) = 0, x
FXY ( + ,+ ) = 1
P(x1<X x2, y1<Y y2) = FXY (x2, y2) - FXY (x1,y2)-
- FXY (x2,y1) + FXY (x1,y1)
fX ( x ) = +
fXY ( x , y ) dy
Nota:
36
fY ( y ) = +
f XY ( x, y ) dx
Nota:
Ajuste dos limites de integrao e considerao de um
ou mais ramos na obteno de fY ( y ) se necessrio.
fY (y) 0 , y
+
f Y ( y ) dy = 1
fXY ( x, y )
f X Y= y ( x y ) = se fY ( y ) > 0
fY ( y )
37
fXY ( x, y )
f Y X= x ( y x ) = se fX ( x ) > 0
fX ( x )
Nota: f X Y = y ( x y ) e f Y X = x ( y x ) satisfazem as
condies impostas a uma funo densidade de
probabilidade, isto :
X Y= y ( x y )
f 0
+
f + f XY ( x, y ) = 1
X Y= y ( x y ) dx =
fY ( y )
v.a. discreta
p
X Y=yj ( xi y j ) = p X ( xi ) i,j
( )
p Y X = x y j xi = pY y j
i
( ) i,j
v.a. contnua
fXY ( x, y ) = fX ( x ) . fY ( y ) ( x, y )
f X Y = y ( x y ) = fX ( x ) ( x, y )
f Y X = x ( y x ) = fy ( y ) ( x, y )
+ +
fX1X 2 X 3 (x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) dx1 dx 2 = fX 3 (x 3 )
+
fX1X 2 X 3 (x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) dx 3 = fX1X 2 (x1 , x 2 )
( )
E [h ( X, Y )] = h x i , y j p XY x i , y j ( )
j i
E [h ( X, Y )] = + + h ( x, y ) f XY ( x, y ) dy dx
E ( Z ) = + z f Z ( z ) dz
41
PROPRIEDADES
i) E (X + Y) = E(X) + E(Y)
2
( ) ( )
2 2
ii) E ( X + Y ) = E X + E Y + 2 E ( XY )
iii) Var ( X Y ) = Var ( X ) + Var ( Y ) 2 cov ( X, Y )
iv) E (Z + W) = E(Z) + E(W)
( )
viii) E ( X1 + X 2 + ... + X n )2 = E X i2 + 2 E X i X j( )
i i j
i<j
42
Cov ( X,Y ) = E [ ( X X ) ( Y Y )] = XY
e portanto:
( ) (
Cov ( X,Y ) = ( x i X ) y j Y p XY x i , y j )
i j
Cov ( X,Y ) = + + ( x X ) ( y Y ) f XY ( x , y ) dy dx
43
Cov ( X, Y ) E [ (X X ) ( Y Y )] XY
XY = = =
Var ( X ) Var ( Y ) Var ( X ) Var ( Y ) X Y
1 XY 1
Demonstrao: .....
[
r s = E ( X X )r ( Y Y )s ]
45
'
com 10 = 1 = X , '01 = 2 = Y , 2 0 = 12 = 2X e
02 = 22 = 2Y .