!#"%$'&)(+*-,/.10324"%&)24$'05,/.10768907*:056;89*-<3=-&'>?0A@B*)C?DE*-F50/G
2 = 0 ,
CH&>?0I(J052K(J05C9*-21*->9*L05$MF3&&)24>905,9*->N*-( 05(4OQP524"%F3*-(3GRD%0TS)*-,9>?&VU-( OW89,?<5X03(K>?0Y@B05Z)03,?>?2J0)[]\+03(^._0IF3*-C?`a._8?D%&?G
05OW0b.189*-2J05$c&)(d89$'*:(J05CN*-2J*-<3=)&c>?0#S)*-2J"Ee5Sf05"%(d03$gF5&&/24>?05,N*->9*-(dF3"%D%`%,?>924"%F3*-(3G
(, , z) = R() () Z(z) ,
(J05,?>9&c6890h,?05(J(1*-(dF5&;&)24>?03,9*->9*)(i&j@k*-C?DE*-F5"l*-,?&'Ph05(JF52J"a.1&?m
2 1 1 2 2
2 = + + + .
2 2 2 z 2
n &)$o"%(4(J&?G
!
d2 1 d 1 d2 d2
Z 2
+ R + RZ + R Z=0
2 d2 dz 2
07>?"aS "%>9"%,?>?&'Cp&)2 G
d d
RZ
!
1 d2 1 d 1 1 d2 1 d2
+ R+ + Z = 0.
R d2 d 2 d2 Z dz 2
q#r .1032405$c&/(i>N*-`H.12Js5(d05689*)<5X05(d>9"%OW052403,?F5"E*-"%(d&/24>?"%,Ne-24"E*-(3G
Z 2 Z = 0 ,

+ m2 = 0 ,
2 R + R + (2 2 m2 )R = 0 .
t 05(JF5&)D%u9*+>N*+F5&),?(v._*-,f.10w>?0w(J05CN*-2J*-<3=-& +m ,N*+05689*)<3=-&xCN*-2J* .10bSf0w$c&y._"aS)*-<3=-&zOW`%(J"%F3* mk>905(J0v{v*-$c&/(
6890K*j(J&)D%8?<|=-&I(J0v{v*I*j$c03(4$j*'CN*-2J*j&Y}-,?Z/8?D%& &)8]C9*-2J* + 2 G + 4 Gp0T._F)[+~*-DF5&),9>?"%<3=-&I(JICp&;>?0
2

(J052wSf0524"NF3*->N*KCN*-2J* 8?$j*KOW89,?<3=)& CH0524"%>9"%F3* []*)"%(i*-"%,9>9* mR& CN*-2J}-$'0T.124& m .105$6890z(J052"%,/.103"%24&?G F5&/$c&

OW&)"B$c&)(v.121*->?&c6;89*-,9>?& .121*._*-$'&)(d>?&)(dCH&)D%"%,?)$'"%&)(d>?0A@B05Z)05,9>?240)[
\x&cF3*-(J&'>?0h03(4F3&)D%u?052J$c&)( ,N*:0568N*-<3=-&'C9*-2J* Z(z) G?*)(d(J&)D%8?<5X;05(d(1=-&?m
2

Z(z) = Ae+z + Bez ,

() = C cos m + D sen m .

 ] 8?>N*-,?>?&d*S)*-2J"Ee5Sf05D C9*-21* G|0C9*-(J(1*-,?>9&i>?0 CN*-2J* G*i0568N*-<3=-&d2J*->?"E*)Dy.12J*),?(JOW&)24$j*
(J0h03$Y x = R() y(x)

x2 y + xy + (x2 m2 )y = 0 ,
6890hP7*cF_u9*-$j*->9*c0568N*-<3=-&c>90705(J(J05D>90h&)24>905$ m [
&)2&)8 .124&ADE*->9&?G(J0+05(JF5&)D%u?052J$c&)( + ,N*70568N*-<3=-&A>?0 Gf(J052J05$c&)(wD%0TS/*->?&)(U705689*)<3=-&A>?0x05(J(J05D
$c&;>?"NF3*->9*:>90h&)2J>?05$o$G 2 Z(z)

x2 y + xy (x2 + m2 )y = 0 .
*-2J*'*-(d>9"%2405<5X03( 0 z .1032405$c&/(5G9,?05(J(J0hF3*)(4&9G
() = C cos m + D sen m ,

Z(z) = F cos z + G sen z .

d1 K K #AgN9K J4H9j4
n &),9(4"%>905240A*:056;89*-<3=-&'>?0705(J(J05D>90h&)2J>?05$ G9(403,?>?& 8?$g,;?$'0524&c240|*-D&)8F5&)$'C?D%0T &9G
x2 y + xy + (x2 2 )y = 0 .
d.1"%D%"%3*-,9>?&'&c$'PT.1&>9&c>?07924& r 05,9"%8?(3G

X
y= ai xk+i

F_u?03Z/*(J0AU-(d0568N*-<5X05(d"%,9>?"%F5"l*-"%(d(J05Z)8?"%,f.105(3G
i=o

F5&;0b9F5"%05,f.10h>90 x ,
h i
a0 k(k 1) + k 2 = 0 k

a (k + 1)k + (k + 1) = 0
h
1
i
2 F5&0bNF5"%05,/.107>?0 x , k+1

h
a (k + j)(k + j 1) + (k + j) + a
i
2
=0
F5&;0b9F5"%03,/.107>?0 x , k+j

>?0&),?>?0(40F5&),?F3D%8?"i6;8?0 k = &)8 k = G a = 0 &)8(J0v{v* G.1032405$'&)('8?$'*(4P324"%0>90Cp&y._s5,?F5"E*-(

j j2

8?,9"%F3*-$'05,/.10hF3&)$S)*-D%&)2403(dC9*-2403(d>?0h" 0h& r .1P5$:(J07*:2403DE*-<3=-&'>?072405F5&)2J24s5,?F3"E* m

1

1
aj = aj2 .
(k + j)2 2
t >?&y._*-,9>?& k=
G
1
aj = aj2 .
(k + j)2 2
89(J*),?>?&'*cC?2J&)C?24"%03>9*->?0
( + 1) = () ,
^yvb3|
dy dR() 1 dR()
= = .
dx d d

0705OW0T.18N*-,?>9&'*-D%Z)8?$j*ce-D%Z/0 r 2J*?G?P7Cp&)(J(J`aSf05DB05(JF5240TSf032d*:(J&)D%89<3=-& y F5&)$'&?m
   +2  +4
1 x 1 x 1 x
+
(1)( + 1) 2 (2)( + 2) 2 (3)( + 3) 2
~*)Dp(JP52J"%0xPzF_u9*-$j*->9*+T;p|/'fxz__55HH_WjbW4I_?1b>?0x&)2J>?05$ G;(J05,9>?& >?05,?&-._*->9* J (x)
G

X (1)i (x/2)2i+
J (x) =
i! (i + + 1)
5F &),fSf0524Z)03,/.10xC9*-21*76;89*-D%689052 x 9,9"a.1&?G;,9=-&K*)Cp05,N*-(wC9*-21* x 2403*)DG$j*-(._*-$ r P5$,?&KF3*-(J&K>?0 x F5&)$'C?D%0b &?[
i=0

z*5S `E*-$'&)('u9eCH&)8?F5&*->9&y._*->?& k = 0& r ._"%>?& J (x) F3&)$c&(J&)D%89<3=-&?[;0 OQ&)2c,9=-&y"%,/.105"E24&?GwP

CH&)(4(J`aSf03D& r .1052i89$'*:(J05Z/8?,?>N*:(J&)D%8?<3=)&cCp&/2d924& r 03,?"%8?(3G?CH&),?>9& k = m

X (1)i (x/2)2i
J (x) = .
i! (i + 1)
,9=)&jPK2405Z)89DE*-2x,9*'&/24"%Z)05$[+DE*'PKD%"%,903*-24$'05,/.10K"%,?>905Cp03,?>?03,/.10 D["[ F5&)$2403DE*-<3=-&Y* G
i=0

0T F30TJ.1&'6(x)89*-,9>?& = m OW&)2d8?$o"%,/.103"%24&?G9F3*-(J&c05$o68?07(1=-&cD%"%,903*-24$'05,/.107>?05CH 05,?>9 05,/._05( D[>B[ G

J (x)

Jm (x) = (1)m Jm (x) .

t 9Z/8?2J* [ $c&)(v.121* 89$Z)21ey9F5&c>90h*-D%Z)89$'*-(dOW8?,9<5X05(i>90h05(J(J05D J C9*-2J* n "%,/.103"%24&?[ J (J0#CN*-2405F50
8?$CH&)8?F5& F5&)$89$F5&/(4(J05,9&?G;$j*-((J89* *-$cC9D%"a.18?>90+S)*-"H>?"%$'"%,8?"%,9>?& UK$'05>?"%>N*A6;8?0 F52J05(JF50)[
n 0

(J0dC9*-2403F505$F5&)$*hOW8?,9<3=-&7(403,?&?GfF5&)$*-$'C?D%"a._8?>?0d>?05F32405(JF505,/._0)[V*-(& r (4032^Sf0d68?0d&)x(50324&)(>N*-J(OQ,8?J,?<5,X;. 05. ( .

1 2

>?0zw03(4(J05D Cp&),f.1&)(w05$6890+&AZ)2JeyNF5&KF5&)2^._*7&K05"a & ,9=-&KZ)89*-24>N*-$*-(w$'05(J$'*-(w>?"%(v._}),?F5"E*-(w03,/.1240+(J"[R&)2

0T 03$cC?DE&?GH,?&'.12J05F_u?&I$'&)(v.12J*->9&I,9*'NZ)8?21* G J CH&)(J(489"50524&)(z6;8?07S)=)&I(J0K>?"%(v._*-,9F5"E*-,9>?&I8?,9(x>9&)(z&)8;.12J&)(
C9*)2J*KS/*-D%&)2405(dF32405(JF505,/._05(d>?0 x [ 0

 "%Z)8?21* [ m98?,9<5X05(d>?0A05(J(405D J (x) G J (x) G J (x) [

0 1 2

/ecC9*-2J*'*:056;89*-<3=-&'>?0705(J(J05DB$c&>9"9F3*->N* G
x2 y + xy (x2 + 2 )y = 0 ,
*c*)C?D%"%F3*-<|=-&c>9&c$'PT.1&>9&c>?07924& r 05,9"%8?(dD%0TS)*'U:(J05Z)89"%,/.107(4&)DE8?<3=-&'05$o(JP524"%07>?0hCH&y.1s5,9F5"E*-(3m

X  2i+
1 x
I (x) = .
i=0
i! (i + + 1) 2

 P *A_;p|ffAxT_55B'3) J//K>?0K&)2J>?05$ [zRDE*I(40K2J05DE*-F5"%&),N*jF5&)$*jOW8?,9<3=-&I>?0 05(J(J05D
*.121*5SfP5(d>90)m
I J

i/2

,f.124&>98?T(40#._*-$ r P5$o*cOW8?,9<3=-& I G
I (x) = e J (x) .

X  2i
1 x
I (x) = .
i! (i + 1) 2
#*$'05(J$'*OW&)24$j*6;8?0]C9*)2J**)(IOW89,?<5X03(I>?0V05(J(J05D Gd*-(Y(J&)D%8?<3X05( 0 (J052J=)&D["[
i=0

(J&)$c03,/.107(40 ,9=-&cOQ&)2i89$g"%,/._05"%24&?[\+&cF|*-(J&c05$o6890 = mJ "%,/.103"%24& G S)*-D%0/m I (x)

I (x)

Im (x) = Im (x) .
w;NLBN)H/f?N
t OW89,?<3=-&'Z)052J*._24"%hCN*-2J*'*-(dOW8?,9<5X05(d>90705(J(403D>?07C?24"%$'05"%2J*:03(4CHP5F5"%07P)m
x 1
g1 (x, t) = e 2 (t t )
6890)GH0b C9*-,9>?"%>N*j05$(JP52J"%0 >?0:@k*-8?2403,/.#>90A. "%(^._&YP)G05$(JP524"%0 >?0 Cp&-.1s5,?F3"E*-(zCH&)(J"a.1"aS)*-(#0 ,?05Zf*.1"aS)*-(#>?0
. G?OW&)24,905F50)m
+
X
x 1
e 2 (t t ) = Jm (x) tm .
#q r (J052^Sf068?0j.T*-DC?2J&F505>9"%$c05,f.1&VOW&)24,?03F50YF5&)$'&VF5&;0b9F5"%05,f.105(:>N*]0T C9*),?(1=-&*-(:OW8?,9<5X05(:>90w03(4(J05D
m=

*-(J(J&F5"E*->N*-(+*KS/*-D%&)2403( m "%,/.105"%2J&)(3G9*-CH05,9*)(5[
z07&)8;.12J&c$c&;>?&?G?CH&>90524`E*-$'&)(d0T C9*),?>?"%2i(J05CN*-2J*->N*-$c05,f.107*-(+>?89*-(d0T?Cp&),905,?F5"E*)"%(5G
 p p X
X  q q
xt x
2t x t q x t
e 2 e = (1)
2 p! 2 q!
&c6;8?0h,9&)(dCp0324$c"a._"%24"E*:& r .10525G9F5&)$c&'F5&0bNF5"%05,/._0h>?&:.10524$'& t GN*:0T?C?2405(J(1=-&
p=0 q=0

 m+q
X  q q
x tm+q x t
(1)q
2 (m + q)! 2 q!
6890h>?0TS0h(J052i"%>905,/.1"NF3*->N*:F5&)$ G
q=0

Jm

X  2q+m
(1)q x
Jm (x) = .
q! (q + m)! 2
\x&cF3*-(J&'>?&cF3&0b9F3"%05,/.107,?05Zf*.1"aSf&'>9*:OW89,?<3=)&c>?0Aw03(4(J05DG
q=0

X  2pm
(1)p x
Jm (x) = ;
p! (p m)! 2
,?&05,/._*-,f.1&?G,9&Y>?05,9&)$c"%,N*->?&)2#*)C9*-2403F50 (p m)! G0 05(J(J0 OQ*._&)24"E*-D.105,9>?0 C9*-21*I"%, 9,9"a.1&Y,9&)(#F3*-(J&)( p =
p=0

G+Cp&)2v._*-,/._&Cp&;>?05$'&)(YF5&),?(J"%>9052J*-2Y68?0*(JP524"%0VC9*)2J* J F5&)$'05<3*05OW0b.1"aS)*-$'05,/.10V05$
[ t J
(
0, 1, . . . , m 1
p=m
4
( %
"
$ ?
G 240305(JF5240TSf05$'&)(+*c0T C?2J05(J(J=)&'*-,/._0524"%&)25G9(J8 r (v.1"a._8?"%,?>9& p Cp&/2 p + m G m

X  2p+m
(1)p+m x
Jm (x) = .
p=0
(p + m)! p! 2

 x\ 05(v.10ICH&),/._&]CH&>?0I(J052 "%,/._052405(J(1*-,/.10YF5&/$cC9*)2J*-2 *)( ?Da._"%$'*-( 0b C?2J05(J(4X;05( C9*-21* J 0 J F5&)$*-(
0T CN*-,?(JX03(z>9*I(J05<3=-&*-,/._0524"%&)2zC9*)2J* 0 [+!#sb(J0K>905(J(40 $c&;>?&Y68?0:*-(z(JP524"E05(zF5&),9(403Z)8?"%>N*-(#*-F3"%$'* G
m m

C9*)2J*KS/*-D%&)2405(d"%,f.105"%24&/(d>?0 m G?CH&>?03$gJ(J052i0TJ;.105,9>?"%>9*-(dCN*-2J* ,N=-&y"%,f.105"%24&?[

\x&cF3*-(J&'>9*:OQ8?,?<|=-&c>?0Aw03(4(J05DB$c&>9"9F3*)>9* G I G9*cOW8?,9<3=-&cZ/052J*.12J"%hP7>9*->N*:Cp&)2
m

x 1
g2 (x, t) = e 2 (t+ t )
6890hCp&/(4(J8?"k*:0T CN*-,?(1=-&
+
X
x 1
e 2 (t+ t ) = Im (x) tm .
m=

Q ]pB NL)N k/
H9

n &)$&:*-8;?`%D%"%& >9*-(OW89,?<5X;05(Z)0521*.124"%503(>9*-(OW8?,9<5X05(>?0#05(J(J05D J 0 I G;PxCH&)(J(J`aSf05DH& r ._052w2403DE*-<5X05(
C9*)2J*:>90524"aS)*)>9*-(d>?05(J(1*-(dOW89,?<5X;05(3G?0h&)8;._2J*-(d2405Dl*-<5X05(d>90h2403F5&)2424s3,?F5"E* [
m m

!*-$c&)("%D%8?(v.121*-2w&KC?24&;F505(J(J&K>?0x& r .103,?<3=-&K>90+89$'*A>?05DE*)(5[R~&)$j*-2405$'&)(*A>90524"aS/*->9* G;05$2405DE*-<|=-& *hG

,?&/(i>9&)"%(dDE*->9&)(d>9*c0T C9*),?(1=-&c>N*:OW8?,9<3=-&'Z)052J*.12J"%h>90 J G m

+
X
x (t 1 )
e2 t = Jm (x) tm .
x x
t >?052J"aS)*->N*:OW&)24,905F50)m
m=

  +
X
1 1 x
( t 1t ) 0
t e 2 = Jm (x) tm
2 t
*#DE"%,?u9*h05$ >905,?&y.T*#>?0524"aS/*->9*#03$ 2405Dl*-<3=-&7*z  8?(1*-,?>9&h,?&3S/*-$c05,f.10d*#0T?C9*-,9(J=-&7>9*#OW89,?<3=-&7Z)052J*._24"%)G
m=

J
  +
X +
X
1 1 0
t Jm (x) tm = Jm (x) tm
2 t
&c6;8?0h,9&)(dCp0324$c"a._0#F3&)$cCN*-2J*-2d&)(dF5&0bNF5"%05,f.105(d>?0 >90hF3*->N*:DE*->9&c>9*:"%Z/89*-D%>N*->?0)G9& r ._05,?>9&
m= m=

tm
0
Jm1 (x) Jm+1 (x) = 2Jm (x) .
q 8;.121*-(72405DE*-<3X05(7CH&>?03$(J0527& r .1"%>N*-(7>90c$c&;>?&(J05$'05D%u9*),/.10)[j@B"%(v._*-$c&)(K*-D%Z)8?$j*-(72J05DE*-<5X03(7>?0'240T
F5&)2J24s5,?F3"E*c*:(J05Z/8?"%25[
2m
Jm1 (x) + Jm+1 (x) = Jm (x) ;
x
m 0
Jm1 (x) Jm (x) = Jm (x) ;
x
m 0
Jm+1 (x) Jm (x) = Jm (x) ;
x
d m
[x Jm (x)] = xm Jm1 (x) ;
dx
d  m 
x Jm (x) = xm Jm+1 (x) .
t .12J*5SfP5(+>9*cOW8?,?<|=-&cZ)052J*y.124"%7C9*-2J*'*:OW89,?<3=-&'>?0705(J(J05DB$c&>9"9F3*->N*:Cp&;>?0T(40h$'&)(v.12J*-2d68?0
dx

0 m
Im (x) = Im+1 (x) + Im (x) ;
x

 0 m
Im (x) = Im1 (x) Im (x) ;
x

0
Im+1 (x) + Im1 (x) = 2 Im (x) ;

m 0
Im1 (x) Im+1 (x) = 2 I (x) .
x m
 C?2J05F5"%(J&& r (4032^S)*-276;8?0j*-(A2405DE*-<3X05(A>?0'2403F5&)2424s3,?F5"E*L*-68?"D%"E(^.T*->9*-(hS)*)D%05$._*-$ r P5$ C9*-2J*YS/*-D%&)2405(
,9=)&c"%,/._05"%24&)(d>9&)(d`%,?>9"%F505(3G?"%(v.1&'P)G?CN*-2J*:89$ ,9=)&y"%,/._05"%24&c,9&cD%8?Zf*-2i>9&c"%,/._05"%24& m [
  ] w)NyHk- N]k-9k)k
n &),9(4"%>905240A*:OW89,?<3=-&cZ/052J*.12J"%h>N*:OW8?,9<3=-&c>90705(J(J05D J G m

+
X
x 1
e 2 (t t ) = Jm (x) tm .

N*-503,?>?&j*:$K89>9*-,9<3*:>?0#S)*-24"Ee5S05D
m=

t = ei = cos + i sen ,
,?&-._*-$c&/(d68?0
x 1 x x x x
e 2 (t t ) = e[ 2 cos +i 2 sen 2 cos +i 2 sen ]
0A*-(4(J"%$G
+
X
eixsen = Jm (x) eim
m=
= J0 (x) + 2 [J2 (x) cos 2 + J4 (x) cos 4 + ] +
+2i [J1 (x) sen + J3 (x) cos 3 + ] .
@B&)Z)&?G

X
cos (xsen ) = J0 (x) + 2 J2m (x) cos 2m
m=1

X
sen (xsen ) = 2 J2m1 (x) sen [(2m 1)] .
]8?Da.1"%C9D%"%F3*-,9>?&c03(4(1*-(d0b C?2J05(J(4X;05(3G?2405(JCH05FT.1"aS/*-$c05,f.10)G?CH&)2 n 0 sen n G?"%,f.105Z)2J*-,9>?&'05$o2405DE*-<3=)&
m=1

*-&'}-,9Z)8?D%& 03,/.1240 0 0 G?0h8 .1"%D%"%3*),?>?&'*-(d2405Dl*-<5X05(d>?0h&)2v.1&),?&)cos 2J$'*-D%"%>N*->?0h>N*-(iOQ8?,?<3X05(i(J05,9&:0hF3&)(4(J05,9&?G

Z

cos m cos n d = m,n
0 2
Z

sen m sen n d = m,n
& r .1P5$ (40 0 2
Z ( CN*-25G
1
0
cos (xsen ) cos n d =
Jn (x) , n
0, n
`E$cC9*-23G

 Z ( 9C *-25G
1
sen (xsen ) sen n d =
0, n
Jn (x) , n
`E$cC9*-23[
&)$'*-,9>?&'05(v.105(d>?&)"%(d9Da.1"%$'&)(d2405(J8?Da.T*->?&)(3G?& r .1052J05$c&)(
0

Z
1
[cos (xsen ) cos n + sen (xsen ) sen n] d = Jn (x) ,

>?07&),?>90#9F3*c0TS "%>905,?F5"E*)>?&c6;8?0
0

Z
1
Jn (x) = cos (n xsen ) d .

*-2J*'*-(dOW89,?<5X;05(d>?0705(J(J05D$'&>?"NF3*->9*)(5G I (x) G;S/*-D%05$ *-(d2405C92405(J05,/.T*-<5X05(d"%,/._05Z)2J*-"%(+(J05Z)8?"%,f.105(3m
0

n
Z
1
I2n (x) = cosh (xcos ) cos 2n d ,
0
Z
1
I2n+1 (x) = senh (xcos ) sen (2n + 1) d .
0

d K K #AgN9K9 +K KN'J
n &)$'&j*)(+0568N*-<5X03(+>?"%OW032405,?F3"E*-"%(+>90A05(J(J05Dk(1=-&j>?0A(403Z)8?,9>9*'&)24>?05$GN0A&'&)CH052J*->9&)2+*)(4(J&F3"E*->?&jPA>?&
.1"%CH&jf._8?24$:@B"%&)8;S "ED%D%0)G?05DE*)(d>?0TSf05$oCH&)(J(489"%2i>?8N*-(d(J&)D%8?<5X;05(dD%"%,?0|*-24$c03,/.107"%,?>?03Cp05,9>?05,/._05(3[
q OQ*y.1&>?06;8?0 0 ,?05$ (J05$cC9240(1=-&D["[ &$'05(J$c&S)*-D%05,9>?&C9*-2J* 0 $'&y.1"aS)**
>?059,?"%<|=-& >90z89$(J05Z/J8?,?>9&AJ.1"%CH&:>?0#OW8?,?<|=-& >90#05(J(J05DG?*- (iF_u9*-$j*->9*-(iOW8?,9<5X05(>90h\+I058?$j*-I,?,BG; 03(^.T*-((J"%$G

D%"%,903*-24$'05,/.10h"%,?>?03Cp05,9>?05,/._05(F5&/$2405DE*-<|=-&cU)(OQ8?,?<3X05(i>?0h05(J(J05DG?(J05$cC9240 68N*-D%68905268?0#(J0v{4* &:`%,9>?"%F50

[
z0bN,?0T(J07*)(dOW8?,9<5X05(d>?0Aw03(4(J05DB>?07(403Z)8?,?>N*:05(JCpP3F5"%0 &)8OW89,?<5X;05(i>907\+038?$'*),?, *._2J*5SfP5(+>?0)m
J (x) cos J (x)
N = .
n )& $c& J 0 J (1=-& (J&)D%89<5X05(i>9* 05689*)<3=-&:>?0#05(J(J05DG 0TS?"%>?05,f.105$c03,/.10h*KF3&)$ r "%,N*-<3=-&:D%"%,?0|*-2>?05DE*-(3G
sen

.T*-$ r P5$ (J052JeV8?$j*](4&/D%8?<3=-&?[@03$ r 21*-,?>?&V6;8?0 J 0521*](J"%,?Z)89DE*-2 03$ x = 0 G,?&y._*-$'&)(:6890 N

._*-$ r P5$.1052Jec(J"%,?Z)89DE*-24"%>N*->?07,?05(J(J0hCp&/,/.1&?[
N

&)24P5$GR._*-D2403DE*-<3=-&P"%,?>?0b.10524$'"%,9*->N*VC9*-2J* = m "%,/._05"%24&  ,?05(v.10F3*)(4&?Gw*)C?D%"%F3*-$'&)('*V2405Z/2J*V>?0

@ +&)(JC9"a._*-DBC9*-2J*c*)F_u9*-2
Nn = lim N
n
 
(/) [cos J (x) J (x)]
=
(/) sen =n
sen nJn (x) + [cos n J (x)/d J (x)/d]=n
=

cosn
1 J (x) J (x)
= (1)n .
d d
] &)(v.12J*-2J05$c&)(+0T?C?D%"%F5"a.T*-$c05,f.1076890 N ,"E,/.105"%2J& P7(J&)D%89<3=-&'>N*c0568N*-<3=-&j>?0A05(J(J05D[*)2J* ._*-,f.1&?G
=n

>?03,?&y._*)2405$c&)(d&'&)Cp032J*->?&)2+*-(J(4&;F5"E*->?&jUc05689*)<3=-&c>90705(J(403DF5&)$'&
n

d2 d
L() = x2 2
+x + (x2 2 ) ,
dx dx

>?07$c&>9&c6890hC9*-21* =n "%,/._05"%24& G
d2 d
L(n) = x2 +x + (x2 n2 ) .
t 2405DE*)<3=-&'05,/.1240 0 P705,/._=)&c"%$'05>?"E*.T* G
dx 2 dx
L() L(n)
L() = L(n) + (n2 2 ) .
V*-(3G?F5&)$'& J
(1=-&c(J&)D%89<5X05(d>N*:0568N*-<3=-&'>?0705(J(J05DG
L()J (x) = 0 ,
078?(1*-,?>9&'*-(d>?8N*-(d?Da.1"%$j*-(d2405DE*-<3X05(3G
h i
L(n) + (n2 2 ) J (x) = 0 .
n &)$ *:>?052J"aS)*-<3=-&'C9*)24F5"E*-DB05$g2J05DE*-<3=-&j* >9&)(d>?&)"%(dDE*)>?&)(d>905(J(J*c0T C92405(J(1=-&?G?& r .1P5$:(J0

L(n) J (x) = 2J (x) + ( 2 n2 ) J (x) .
x(J*),?>?&j*:>90b9,?"E<3=-&c>?07OW8?,9<3=-&c>907\+0589$'*-,9,G;.1&)$j*->?&'&cD%"%$'"a.107C9*-2J*c,"%,/._05"%24&?G

 
L(n)
L(n)Nn (x) = J (1)n J
0A*.12J*5SfP5(+>9*:0b C?2403(4(1=-&'& r ._"%>9*:C9*)2J* GN*-F_u9*-$'&)(
=n

L(n)J /
 

L(n)Nn (x) = 2 [J (1)n J ]=n + ( 2 n2 ) J (1)n J .
x\ &jD%"%$'"a.10 = n &jC?2J"%$c05"%2J&c.10524$'&j05,/._240AF5&)D%F_u90T.105(x0K&c.10524$'&j05,/._240AC9*)24s5,/._05(J05(x>?&jDE*->9&j>?"%2J05"a.1&
=n

(J07*-,;8?DE*-$G?0#Sf05$c&)(d6;8?0
n &)$c&'68?0324`E*-$c&/(d$c&)(v.121*-25G N (x) P7(4L(n)N
&/D%8?<3=-&'>9*c05689*-<|=-&'>?0705(J(J05D>90h&)24>905$ n [
(x) = 0 . n

t (d(J&)D%8?<5X;05( J 0 N (1=-&'D%"%,?03*-2J$c05,f.10h"%,9>?05CH05,?>905,/.103(5G?(J05$'C?240)G?"%,9F5D%8?(J"aSf07CN*-2J* = n "%,/._05"%24&?[

n

n &)$*#"%,/.12J&>?89<3=-&#>N*zOQ8?,?<|=-&h>?0d\+0589$'*-,9,Gf*z(J&)D%89<3=-&h$j*-"%(RZ)032J*-D?>9*#0568N*-<3=-&h>?0d05(J(J05D?P03(4F324"a._*

y = A J (x) + B N (x) ,
(J0v{v* "E,/.105"%2J&c&)8,9=-&?[
*-2J**V03689*-<3=)&>?005(J(J05D$c&>9"9F3*->N* G05OQ0T.189*y(J0Y89$C?24&F305>?"%$'05,/.1&(J05$c03D%u9*-,/._0*-&2403*-D%"%|*->?&
,?03(^.T*:(J05<3=-&?[z0b9,90T(J07*cOW8?,9<3=-&c>?0A\+0589$'*-,?, K G

[I (x) I (x)]
K (x) =
0)G9F5&)$o&'*-8 `%D%"%&'>9*:2403Z)2J*:>907@ +&)(JC?"a.T*-DG 2 sen

 
(1)n I (x) I (x)
Kn = .
Z/89*-D%$'05,/.10h*-&:F3*-(J& >90 0 G *)(OW8?,9<5X05( 0 (J052J=)& D["[R(J05$'C?240)G 0#*)(4(J"%$G?*K(J&)D%8?<|=-& Z/052J*-D
2 d d =n

>9*c0568N*-<3=-&'>?0705(J(J05D$'&>?"JNF3*->9N*c05(JF5240TSf0b(J0 I
K

y = A I (x) + B K (x)
"%,/._05"%24&'&)8,N=-& [

d   +A+1JK+A
*-2v.1"%$c&/(d>9*:03689*-<|=-&c>90705(J(J05DG
x2 y 00 + xy 0 + (x2 2 )y = 0 ,
* ,9&y._*-<3=-&F5&)$D%"%,?uN* C9*-2J** >90524"aS)*)>9*P$j*-"%(F5&),/Sf05,9"%05,/._0,?05(v._* (J05<3=-& 68?0Cp&;>?0(4032Y03(4F324"a._*
-* Da.10324,9*._"aS)*-$'05,/.10
x (xy 0 )0 + (x2 2 )y = 0 ,
07OQ*-505$'&)(+*:$ 8?>9*-,9<3*:>90zS)*-24"Ee3Sf05D x bx
x (xy 0 )0 + (b2 x2 2 )y = 0 .
?* r 05$'&)(h68?0:89$'*Y(J&)D%8?<|=-&>90K._*-D056;89*-<3=)&P [K(JF5240bS)*-$c&/(#89$'*Y(J05Z)89,?>9*Y03689*-<|=-&
(J05$c03D%u9*-,/._0)G?2403(489Da._*->9&c>9*c$K8?>N*-,?<3* x cx G y = J (bx)

x (xw0 )0 + (c2 x2 2 )w = 0
F5&)$(J&)D%89<3=-& w = J (cx) [ L89Da.1"%C9D%"%F3*-,?>9&*0568N*-<3=-&05$CH&)20]*03689*-<|=-&05$CH&)2fG0
(J8 r .12J*-"%,9>?&?G?& r .105$'&)(

d  
wxy 0 yxw0 + (b2 c2 )xyw = 0 .
,f.105Z)2J*),?>?&'05$o2405DE*-<3=)&'UKG?05,f.1240 0 G
dx
0 1
Z 1
 1
wxy 0 yxw0 2 2
0 + (b c ) xyw dx = 0 ;
,?&-.1068?0&.10324$c&05,f.1240F5&)D%FTu?0T.103(5GF3*-D%F58?Dl*->?&,9&DE"%$c"a.10L"%,?OW052J"%&)25GOW&)2J,?05F50&S/*-D%&)2'50324&?G>90TS "%>?&U
0

C?2J05(J05,?<3*c>?0 x [w;89Cp&),9u9*:Cp&/2i8?$o"%,?(v._*-,/._0h6890 b 6= c G?0

y(1) = J (b 1) = J (b) = 0

w(1) = J (c 1) = J (c) = 0
"%(v.1&'P)G?(J8?CH&),?uN*:68?0 b 0 c (J0v{v*-$o5052J&)(d>?"%(v.1"%,f.1&)(d>?0 J [\+05(J(1*-(dF5&),?>9"%<5X05(3G9>?05F5&/24240h6;8?0

Z 1
xyw dx = 0
&)868?0 0

Z 1
J (bx)J (cx) x dx = 0 ,
6890#CH&>?0#(J052"%,f.10524C9240T._*->N* >9*:(J05Z)8?"%,f.10#$j*-,?05"%21* m*-(iOW8?,9<5X05(
0
0 G (J&)D%8?<5X;05(i>9* 03689*-<|=-&
>?0 05(J(J05DGH(1=-&Y&)2^.1&/Z)&),9*-"%(#05,/.12J0K(4"GH,9&I"%,/.1052vS)*-D%& (0, 1) GHF5&)$J&IC?(bx)
2J&>?8 .1&jJ 03(cx)

(4F|*-DE*-2z"%,?F5D%89"%,?>?&Y*IOW8?,9<3=-&

CH05(J& x [  C92405F5"E(4&c03,?OQ*._"%3*-2i6;8?0 b 0 c >?0bSf05$o(4032i>?&)"%(d30524&)(d>9"%(v.1"%,/.1&)(+>?0 J [

q C?2J&F505>9"%$c05,f.1&'*-F5"%$j*:CH&>?07(4052dZ)05,?032J*-D%"%3*->9&'>?0h$'&>?&'68?0z._05,?uN*-$c&)(

Z a
J (m x)J (n x) x dx = 0 ,
&),9>?0 G (1=-& .T*-"%(d6890
0

m n
J (m a) = J (n a) = 0 .


 / eC9*)2J*&F3*-(J& m = n G68?0',?&)(AOW&)2J,?05F50j*"%,f.105Z)2J*)D>?0',?&/24$'*-D%"%|*-<3=-&>90 J G8?(1*-,?>9&89$'*>N*-(
2405Dl*-<5X05(d>90h2403F5&)2424s3,?F5"E*cC9*-2J* J D%"%(v._*->N*:03$g(J05<3=-&j*-,/.10324"%&)25G9Cp&;>?0T(40hF_u905Z/*-2+*
0

Z a
a2  0 2
[J (m x)]2 x dx = J (m a)
2
0)G){^8?,/.T*-,?>?&j*-(d>?8N*-(d0T C?2J05(J(4X;05(3G
0

Z a
a2  0 2
J (m x)J (n x) x dx = J (m a) m,n .
2
t "%,?>9*2405DE*-F3"%&),9*->9&F3&)$03(4(1*0T C?2J05(J(J=)&?GkPcCH&)(J(4`aSf03DROQ*-5032h89$'*0T?C9*-,9(J=)&>?0c89$'*OQ8?,?<|=-& f (r) G
0

"%,/._05Z)2Je5Sf03DH05$ (0, a) G;,N*KOW&)24$j*K>?0#8?$'*K(JP524"%0#"%, 9,9"a._* G F_u9*-$j*->9* (4P324"%0z>?0hw03(4(J05D&)8Y(JP524"%0#>?0#9&)8?2J"%052^

05(J(J05DG

X r
f (r) = a,m J (m ) ,
a
&),9>?0h&)(dF3&0b9F3"%05,/.105(+>9*:0T?C9*-,?(1=-&'(1=-&c>N*->?&)(d05$.1052J$c&)(d>90
m=0
m
G?&/(d50524&)(d>90 J G
Z a
2 r
a,m = 0
J (m ) f (r) r dr .
a [J (m )]2
2
0 a
d! K K #AgN9K"pR4H RN'J
!#"%$'&)(Y68?0 0 OW&)2J$'*5S)*)$ 8?$'*05(JCpP5F3"%0]>90 r *-(J0VC9*-21*& 05(JC9*-<5& >9*-((4&/D%8?<5X03(Y>9*
0568N*-<3=-&>?0L05(JJ(403(x)

D[+$'N* r (x)*-(J0*)Da.10524,N*.1"aS)*POW&)24$j*->9*Cp05DE*-(jOW8?,9<5X05('>?0Lx*-,$#)05D &)8OW8?,9<5X05('>?0

05(J(J05D>90z.10524F305"%2J*:03(4CHP5F5"%0 G?>90b9,?"E>9*-(dCp&)2
H(1) (x) = J (x) + iN (x) ,

H(2) (x) = J (x) iN (x) .

&)2^._*),/.1&?G9,N=-&c(J0z.121*._*:>90h,?&3S/*-(d(J&)D%8?<5X;05(3G?$'*)(d(4"%$o>90hF5&)$ r "%,9*-<3X05(dD%"%,903*-2405(d>90 0 [
 05D%&YO*.1&Y>90K(J052J05$F5&/$ r "%,N*-<5X05(#D%"%,903*-2405(3G& r 05>?05F3052J=-&U-(#$c03(4$j*-(#2405DE*-<3X05(#>?0 2405JF3&)2424s5N,9F5"E*I>N*-(

OW89,?<5X03(i>90705(J(J05DF5"a.T*->9*-(3G9F5&)$c&'Cp&)2d0T 05$'C?D%&
H1 (x) H+1 (x) = 2 H0 (x) ,
2
H1 (x) + H+1 (x) = H (x) .
x $'*#&)8;._2J*#OW&)24$j*z>90wS052*z"%,f.124&>98?<3=)&#>N*-(ROW89,?<5X03(R>?0dx*-, )05D?PiF5&)$cCN*-2J*-2*#$K89>9*-,?<|*z>90 J , N
x
$#
C9*)2J* H , H F5&)$*cC9*)(4(1*-Z)03$o>N* r *-(J0 sen , cos r *-(J07>9&'05(JC9*)<5&'>9*)(+(4&)DE8?<5X03(+>?&'C924& r D%05$'*c>9&

VzHG?$'&3S "%$c03,/.1&'u9*-24$'),?"%F3&c(J"%$cC9D%05( U r *-(J0hOW&)2J$'*->N*:CH05DE*-(d0T CH&),?03,?F5"E*-"%(dF5&/$cC?D%0b?*-(3G

1

2

ei = cos i sen .
$oC9*-2^._"%F58?DE*-23G?C9*)2J* = 1/2
G ._*-DBF5&)$cCN*-2J*-<|=-&cP r 05$o>?"%240b._* G
r
2
J1/2 (x) = sen x ,
x
r
2
I1/2 (x) = sen x ,
x
&%
 r
2
N1/2 (x) = cos x ,
x
r
(1) 2
H1/2 (x) = i eix ,
x
r
(2) 2
H1/2 (x) = i eix .
x
d' () +*i Hd++NpJ,-.H1/
0 (Sf05505(Px;._"%D9.1052w8?$j*A"%>?P5"E*A>90+F3&)$c& *AOW89,?<3=)&KF5&),?(J"%>9052J*->9*A(J0xF5&)$'Cp&)2v._*AC9*-2J*AZ/2J*-,?>905(S/*-D%&)2405(
>?&j*-24Z)89$c05,f.1&?G?&)8(J0v{v* G?P7"%$cCH&)2^.T*-,/.10hF3&),?u?03F5052d(4038F5&)$'Cp&)2v._*-$c03,/.1&'*-(J(J"%,/.1-.1"%F5&?[
n &)$c& 0T 05$'C?D%&K>9&KC?24&F305>?"%$'05,/.1&KCN*-2J*A(J0x>90T.1052J$c"%,9*)2._*-DpF5&/$cCp&/2^._*-$'05,/.1&9GF5&),9(J"%>?05240#*A0568N*-<3=-&
>?0Aw03(4(J05DG
x2 y + xy + (x2 2 )y = 0 ,
(J& r 2J07*:68N*-DOQ*)505$c&/(+*:$K89>9*-,9<3* y(x) = z/ x
G9C9*-2J*c& r ._052
" #
2 1/4
z + 1 z = 0.
x2
V*-(3G(J0x05(v._*-$'&)(w"%,f.1052403(4(1*->9&)(*-Cp05,N*-(w05$S/*-D%&)2405($K89"a.1&KZ)2J*-,9>?05(>?0dG&/8I(404{v* G;Cp&;>?05$'&)(
.1&)$j*-2+*:0568N*-<3=-&j*-C?24&3?"%$'*->N* G x

z + z = 0 ,
6890hP7*c0568N*-<3=-&c>9&'VzG?F5&)$g(J&)D%89<3=-&'F5&),?u905F5"%>N* G
z = A cos x + B sen x ,
0A*-(4(J"%$
cos x sen x
y 'A +B .
x(J*),?>?&:CH&)2^._*-,f.1&K._*-DD%"%,?uN*K>90#2J*-F5"%&F3`%,?"%&?G?PzCH&)(J(J`aSf05D& r .1032*)(F_uN*-$'*->N*-(0b C9*-,9(4X;05(i*-(J(J"%,/._y.1"%F3*-(
x x

(J05Z)89"%,/.105(3[
r  
2 2 + 1
J (x) cos x ,
x 4
r  
2 2 + 1
N (x) sen x ,
x 4
r
2 i (x 2+1 )
H(1) (x) e 4 ,
x
r
2 i (x 2+1 )
H(2) (x) e 4 ,
x
1
I (x) ex ,
2x
r
x
K (x) e .
2x

)
d1 K K #AgN9 251+
\+&L"%,?`%F5"%&L>?03(^._0'F3*-C9`a.18?D%&9G(J05C9*-21*-$c&)( *056;89*-<3=-&L>90j@k*-C?DE*-F50j03$ F5&&/24>?05,N*->9*-(KF5"%D%`%,?>924"%F3*-(3GF_u?0T
Z/*-,9>?&jU:0568N*-<3=-&'>?0705(J(J05D[
n &),?(J"%>?052J05$c&)(x*-Z)&)2J*'*:03689*-<3=)&c>?0A+05D%$'u?&)Da._)G
2 + = 0
07OQ*-<3*-$'&)(+*:(J05CN*-2J*-<3=-&'05$ J|-4fbp/fyKTW5bTJ-_G?6890hF5&),9(4"E(^._0h05$ *->?&-._*-2d*cOW&)24$j*
(r, , ) = R(r)Y (, )
,9*c0568N*-<3=-&'>?07+03D%$cu9&)Da.1)G?6;8?07,?05(J(1*-(dF5&&)2J>?05,9*)>9*-(d(J0h05(JF52J0TSf0
   
1 1 1 2
2
r2 + 2 sen + + = 0 .
r r r r sen r2 sen2 2
x\ &y.1068?068N*-,?>?& = 0 G*0568N*-<3=-&>?0L+05D%$'u?&)Da._(J02405>98?U0568N*-<3=-&>90@k*-C?DE*-F30)G68?0c{ve
OW&)"(J05C9*)2J*->9*I05$F|*-C?`a.189D%&*-,/.10324"%&)2 *)(z(J&)D%8?<3X05(3GHCN*-2J*Y*-(#F5&&)24>905,9*)>9*-( 0 GH0521*-$&)(zuN*-24$'),?"%F5&/(
05(JOWP52J"%F5&)(3G?07C9*-2J*'*:F5&;&)24>?03,9*->N*:2J*->?"E*)DG9*-(dOQ8?,?<3X05(d>?07@B05Z)03,?>?2J0 [
q#r .1P3$ (J0)G?CN*-2J*c*cC9*-2v.10h2J*->9"E*-D
h i
(r2 R0 )0 + r2 l(l + 1) R = 0
&)8BG?0T C9D%"%F5"a._*-$'05,/._0)G
h i
r2 R + 2r R + r2 l(l + 1) R = 0 ;
P7"%$cCp&/2^._*-,/._0h& r (J052vS)*-2i6;8?0h05(v._*c0568N*-<3=-&'05$ r ,9=-&'Ph0T?*y._*-$c03,/.107"%Z)89*-DkU:056;89*-<3=)&c>?0Aw03(4(J05D[
&)24P5$G?03OW0T.18N*-,?>9&'*-(d$K89>9*-,?<|*-(d>?0zS/*-24"Ee5Sf03"%(5G

y= rR,

*:03689*-<|=-&c2J*)>?"E*-D.1&)$j*c*:OW&)2J$'*
x = r ,

h i
x2 y + x y + x2 l(l + 1) 1/4 y = 0
6890hP7*c0568N*-<3=-&c>90705(J(J05DG9F5&)$o(4&/D%8?<5X03( J
0 N
G?(J05,9>?& >9*->9&cCH&)2
2 = l(l + 1) + 1/4 = (l + 1/2)2 .
*-2J*'*:CN*-2^.10A*-,?Z)89DE*-25G
 
1 Y 1 2Y
sen + + l(l + 1)Y = 0 ,
sen sen2 2
K* (J&)D%89<3=-& Y Pz>9*)>9*KCH05D%&)(u9*-2J$c),9"%F5&)(05(JOWP524"%F3&)(3G;0b?*._*-$'05,/.10#F5&)$c&:,?& F3*-(J&:>9*K056;89*-<3=)& >?0#@k*-C9DE*-F50
(J05C9*)2J*->9*c05$gF3&&)24>905,9*->N*-(d05(JOWP524"%F3*)(5[
n &)$o"%(4(J&?G905(JF5240TS0T(J07*c(4&/D%8?<3=-&'Z)052J*)D>N*:05689*)<3=-&'>?07x05D%$cu9&)Da.17F5&)$c&
1 h i
l,,m (r, , ) = A Jl+1/2 ( r) + B Nl+1/2 ( r)
r
[C Plm (cos ) + D Qm
l (cos )] [E cos m + F sen m] .

|
 t 68?"G Q 2405C92405(J05,/.T*89$'*(J05Z)89,?>9*(J&)D%89<3=-&>N*05689*-<|=-&L*-(J(J&F5"E*->N*>?0j@B05Z)05,9>?240/GkD%"%,903*-24$'05,/.10
"%,?>905CH05,?>?03,/.10IF5&)$ 2405DE*)<3=-&U-( OW8?,9<5X05(:*-(J(J&F5"E*)>9*-( >90Y@B05Z)05,?>9240 P [  Cp&)(J(J`aSf05D$c&)(v.12J*)2K6890'._*-D
m
l

(J&)D%8?<|=-& Q ,N=-&hPd2405Z/8?DE*-2C9*)2J* x = 1 [R+(J89*)D%$c05,f.10)G/F3&),/.105,f._*-$'&y,?&)(F5&)$*hC9*-2^._0 P >N*#(J&)D%89<3=-&

l
m

05$ G?03(4F3240TSf05,9>?&
m
l l
m

1 h i
l,,m (r, , ) = A Jl+1/2 ( r) + B Nl+1/2 ( r) Ylm (, ) .
r
 F5&/(^._8?$c07"%,/.12J&>?895"%2^(J07*-(dF_uN*-$'*)>9*-(_;p TAfhxT155kTW3TT1y*.121*5SfP5(d>90
43

r

jl (x) = J (x) ,
2x l+1/2
r r

l (x) = N (x) = (1)l+1 J (x) ,
(J05,?>9& l 8?$o"%,/.105"%2J&?[ 2x l+1/2 2x l1/2

n &)$o"%(4(J&?G90T C92405(J(1*(J07*:(J&)D%89<3=-&'Z)052J*)D ,9*cOW&)24$j*

l,,m (r, , ) = [A jl (x) + B l (x)] Ylm (, ) .
d.1"%D%"%3*-,9>?&j*-(d0T C92405(J(JX05(d>90 J1/2
0 N1/2
G9& r .1P3$ (J0
sen x
j0 = ,
x
cos x
0 = ,
0#._*-$ r P5$o*-(+2405DE*-<5X;05( x
 l
1 d sen x
jl (x) = xl ,
x dx x
 l
l 1 d cos x
l (x) = x .
t (dOW8?,9<5X05(d>?0Aw03(4(J05DB05(JOWP524"%F|*-(d(1*.1"%(JOQ*-503$ *:2405DE*)<3=-&'>?0h&)2v.1&),?&)2J$'*-D%"%>N*->?0
x dx x

Z a
a2 h 0 i2
r2 jl (l,m r) jl (l,n r) dr = Jl+1/2 (l,m a) m,n ,
4l,m
&),9>?0h&)( (1=-&'50524&)(+>?0 j [
0

t D%P5$o>9*-(dOW89,?<5X;05(i05(JOWP324"%F3*-( j 0 G?>?059,?"%$'&)(+*-(dOW8?,9<5X05(d>?0Ax*-,$#)05D03(4OQP524"%F3*-(3G
l,m l
l l
r
(1) (1)
hl (x) = H (x) = jl (x) + i l (x) ,
2x l+1/2
r
(2) (2)
hl (x) = H (x) = jl (x) i l (x) .
0A*-(dOW8?,9<5X05(d>?0Aw03(4(J05DB05(JOWP524"%F|*-(d$c&;>?"9F|*->9*-(3G
2x l+1/2

r

il (x) = I (x) ,
2x l+1/2
r

kl (x) = K (x) ,
2x l+1/2
3
S)*-DE05,?>?&
il (x) = il jl (x) ,
(1)
kl (x) = il hl (x) .

5 ) 768 t F_u?07*K.103$cCH052J*.1892J* u(r, , z) >?0h056;8?"%D%` r 2J"%&c>?0h8?$gF5"%D%"%,9>?24&c(J05$'"a"%,?9,?"a._&:>90#(J05<|=-&

240T.T*F5"%24F38?DE*-2'F3&)$ 2J*)"%& r = 1 G(J05,9>?&68?0(J8N*DE*.10521*-DdP$'*),/.1"%>N*UV.105$'Cp0521*.18?21* 0 G0L*V._*)$cC9*
"%,?OQ0524"%&)25G 68?0x2403Cp&)89(J*K(4& r 240x& C?DE*-,9& xy GPz$'*-,/._"%>9*K* 100 [ q 03"a & >?0x(J"%$c0T._24"E*K>?&KF5"%D%"%,9>?24& F5&)"%,9F5"%>?0

F5&)$o&'(405$'"a05"a?& z Cp&)(J"a.1"aS&?[

t 0568N*-<3=-&'>?0hF5&/,?>?89<3=-&c>90hF3*-D%&/25G
1 u
2 u = ,
,?03(^._0IC?24& r D%05$'*L2J05>?89T(J0IUL03689*-<|=-&]>?0Y@k*-C9DE*-F50)GRCp&)"%( r 89(4F|*(J0I*](4&/D%8?<3=-&V05(v._*-F5"%&),Ne-24"E* Cp&)2^.T*-,/.1&
k t

u/t
P7,8?D%& G
2
u = 0.
OW0T._89*-2403$c&)(+*c(403C9*-2J*-<|=-&'>?0zS)*)24"Ee5Sf05"%(
u = u(r, , z) = R(r)()Z(z)
C9*)2J*:& r .10524$'&)(
 
1 1 d dR 1 1 d2 1 d2 Z
r + + = 0.
#*-`B(J05Z)8?0)G9F5&)$'&c,?&'"%,?`%F5"E&c>?&'F3*-C?`.18?D%&?G
R r dr dr r2 d2 Z dz 2

Z k 2 Z = 0 Z = Aekz + Bekz ,

+ m2 = 0
Y0 PC?2403F5"%(J&V& r (J052^S)*-2:68?0*]0b Cp&),905,?F3"E*-DF52403(4F305,/.10,9=-&,?&)(:(J052^Sf0/GCp&)"%(c*L.105$'Cp0521*.18?2J*V,9=-&VCH&>90
= C sen m + D cos m ,

F52403(4F3052h(J05$ D%"%$c"a.10',9&(403,/.1"%>9&>?0 CH&)(J"a.1"aSf& Cp&)2v._*-,/._&?G Gk0cF3&)$c&*Y.105$'Cp0521*.18?21*YDE*y.1052J*-DP

5052J&?G?(J05$'C?240)G9,9=-&cuNe:>905Cp05,9>?s5,9F5"E*:z05$ >90h$c &;>?&c6890 mA == 00 [
9 89*-,f.1&'Uc05689*)<3=-&c21*->?"E*-DG

r2 R + r R + (k 2 r2 m2 )R = 0 ,
*:(J8 r (v.1"a.189"%<3=-& x = kr
D%0TS)*'U:0568N*-<3=-&'>?0705(J(J05DG9F5&)$o(J&)D%8?<3=-&
R = Jm (kr)
& r (J052^Sf0768907*c(J&)D%8?<|=-& G?Cp&/2i(J052d(J"%,?Z)89DE*-2d,9*c&)24"%Z)05$ G9OW&)"B0T F5D%89`%>9* [ n &/$c&j*K._05$cCH0T
J2 *._8?2J*:,N*:DE*._052J*-DB>?&cF3"%D%"%N,?>?2J(kr)
m
&cP7,8?DE* G9(J05Z)8?07,?05F503(4(1*-2J"E*-$c05,f.10h6;r8?=0 0
R(1) = 0 Jm (k.1) = Jm (k) = 0
i0 Sf05$c&/(68?0 k = (1=-&A&)(5052J&)(>?0 J [R(v.105(50324&)((1=-&A24&y._8?DE*->9&)( *-D%P3$>?& m G`%,?>?"EF50d>9*7OW89,?<3=-&
>?0Aw03(4(J05D Cp&/2i8?$o`%,?>?"EF50 n = 1, 2, . . . 6890h05,;8?$c032J*:&)(S/e-24"%&)(d50324&)(d>?0 J [
mn m

\z=-&c,9&)(d05(J68?03F505,?>9&c6890 m = 0 GN*:(J&)D%89<3=-&cZ)032J*-DG m

X
u = u(r, , z) = c0n J0 (0n r) e0n z
n=1

.105$o6890h(1*.1"%(JOQ*-3052d*-"%,9>9*'*:F5&),9>?"%<3=-&'>?0hF3&),/.1&)2J,?& u = 100
CN*-2J* z=0
G

X
100 = c0n J0 (0n r) .

]8?Da.1"%C9D%"%68905$c&)(#&)(z>9&)"%(#DE*->?&)(#>?03(^.T*j056;89*-<3=-&Cp&)2 0 "%,/._05Z)2405$'&)(#05$2405DE*-<|=-&U r 05$

n=1

(0, 1)
G?CN*-2J*c05,?F5&),f.12J*-2 r J0 (0N r)

Z 1
X Z 1
100 J0 (0N r) rdr = c0n J0 (0n r) J0 (0N r) rdr .
0 0

#*c2405DE*-<|=-&c>90h&)2^._&),?&)24$j*-D%"%>N*->?07>9*-(dOW8?,9<5X05(d>90705(J(J05DG?& r .1P5$:(J0
n=1

Z 1
1 0 2
J0 (0n r) J0 (0N r) rdr = J0 (0N ) n,N ;
0 2
Z 1
2
c0N = 100 J0 (0N r) rdr .
[J0 0N )]2
*-2J*cF3*-D%F38?DE*-2+*:"%,f.105Z)2J*)D>?&'DE*->?&'>?"%2403"a.1&?G9OQ*-505$'&)(+*:$ 8?>9*),?<3*:>90zS)*-24"le5Sf05D x = r G
0 0

0N

Z 1 Z
1 0N
I= J0 (0N r) rdr = J0 (x) xdx
0 20N 0
0)G98?(1*-,?>9&c2405DE*-<3X05(d>?072405F3&)2424s5,9F5"E*:D%"E(^.T*->9*-(+*-,f.10524"%&/24$c05,f.10)G
d m d
[x Jm (x)] = xm Jm1 (x) [xJ1 (x)] = xJ0 (x) ,
dx dx

m 0
Jm+1 (x) Jm (x) = Jm (x) J1 (x) = J00 (x) ;
F5&)$.189>?&c"%(J(J&?G
x

Z
0N d
1
I = [x J1 (x)] dx
20N 0 dx
1
= [ J1 (0N ) 0]
20N 0N
1
= J1 (0N ) ,
0N

200 1
c0N = 2 J1 (0N )
[J1 (0N )] 0N
200
= ;
0N J1 (0N )
t (J&)D%8?<3=)&cF5&)$'C?D%0T.T*:P/G?05,/.T=-&?G?>N*->9*:CH&)2

X 200
u = u(r, , z) = J0 (0n r) e0n z .
n=1
0n J1 (0n )

4
5 )768 qzr ._05,?uN*:*)(S " r 21*-<5X05(._2J*-,?(vSf0324(1*-"%(d>?0h89$'*:$'05$ r 2J*-,9*cF5"%24F589DE*-2d>?0h2J*)"%& r = a [
(v.10jC924& r D%03$'*& r {^0b.1"aS)*>90T.10524$'"%,9*-2A&)(K$c&>9&)(A>90cS " r 2J*)<3=-&L>?&/(ACp&/,/.1&)(K>9*$c05$ r 2J*),9*>?0j8?$
"%,?(v._248?$'05,/.1&cF3&)$c&'& ._*-$ r &)23[
n u9*-$'*),?>?&'>?0 &c>?03(4D%&;F3*-$'05,/.1&'>?&)(+Cp&),/._&)(d05$oOW8?,9<3=-&c>N*:CH&)(J"%<3=-&'0h>9& ._05$cCH&?G9*-(
F5&/,/,.1&)24t),9&j(J0K*-C?D%"%F|*-$[ n &/$c&I*'$'05$ r 2J*-,N*'05(v._e'C?2J05(1*',9*'F5"%2JF58?,9OW0524s5,9F5"E*'>?0
(J05Z)89"%,/.105(xF5&),9>?"%<5X;05z(x=>?0Az(r,
2J*-"%& a G
z(a, , t) = 0 ;
h* OQ&)24$'*7>9*7$c05$ r 2J*-,N* 0d&A$c&;>?&7F5&)$'&7(J0+$c&3S "E* 05$ .T*-$ r P5$>90TSf0d(J052F5&),?u905F5"%>N* [z"%Z/*)$c&)(
6890h>?8N*-(dOW8?,?<3X05( 0 03$g05(J(1*-(dF5&),9>?"%<5X;05(d"%,? "%F3"E*-"%(3tG = 0
z(r, , 0) = (r, ) ,

z(r, , 0) = (r, ) ,
&),9>?0 z = z/t 2405C?2J05(J05,/._*7*zS05D%&F5"%>N*->?0d>9&)(CH&),/.1&)(>N*#$'05$ r 2J*-,9*h,N*#>9"%2405<|=-&7Cp052JCp05,9>?"%F589DE*-2Uh03DE* [
q c$ &3S?"%$c05,f.1&c>90hF3*->N*:CH&),/.1&'>9*:$'05$ r 21*-,9*:& r 05>?03F5052Je'U:056;89*-<3=-&'>9*-(d&),9>9*-(3G
2z
v 2 2 z = .
t2
t 68?"G v P:*cSf05D%&;F5"%>9*->90K>90KC?24&/C9*-Z/*-<|=-&I>N*-(z&),?>N*-(3GH0K>?05CH05,?>90K>?0KC924&)C?2J"%05>9*->905(z>?0K05Dl*-(^._"%F5"%>9*)>?0
>9*c$c05$ r 2J*),9* G r 05$gF5&/$c&c>N*K.121*-<3=-&'F5&)$o68?0h03(^.Te:C?2J05(1*:05$o(J058F5&),f.1&)24,9&cF5"%2JF58?DE*-23[
~03,/._*-,9>?&'*c(J05C9*-21*-<3=-&'>?0zS/*-24"Ee5Sf05"%( z(r, , t) = u(r, ) T (t) G
1 2 2 1 2T
v u= = 2 ,
(J05Z)890h6890 u T t2

T + 2 T = 0 T = A sen t + B cos t
)& 8*-Da.10524,N*.1"aS)*)$c05,/._0 GkOW&)24$'*05(J(J*6;8?0 S/*-$c&)(7C?2J05OW0524"%23['/e u (1*.1"%(JOQ*-j*0568N*-<3=-&
>?"%OQ052405,9F5"E*-DCN*-24F5"E*-D T = sen (t + )

2
2 u + u=0
&)8 v2

2 u + k 2 u = 0 ;
Ph&c,;?$'0524&c>?07&),?>N* G?,9*cD%"%,?Z)8N*-Z)05$o>9* .105&)24"E*c&),9>?8?DE*y.1)24"E* [
05C9*-21*-$c&)(
k = 2/ = /v
u(r, ) = R(r)()
G
 
1 1 d dR 1 1 d2
r + + k2 = 0 .
R r dr dr r2 d2
t CN*-2^.10A*-,?Z/8?DE*-2d>9e
+ m2 = 0
F5&)$ *c(4&)D%89<3=-&
= C sen m + D cos m .
&)24P5$G >90TSf07(4032i8?$j*:OW89,?<3=-&cCH0524"%;>?"%F3* G9"%(v.1&cP)G
() = ( + 2) eim = eim2 eim eim2 = 1

&

>?0h&),9>?0h(J0hF5&),?F5D%89"6890 m .105$g6;8?0h(4052i89$g,9$c0524&c"%,/._05"%24&?[ t C9*-2v.10#21*->?"E*-D(J0521e & r .1"%>N*:2405(J&)DaSf03,?>?&

r2 R + r R + (k 2 r2 m2 )R = 0 .
&),?>9& x = kr
G
x2 R + xR + (x2 m2 )R = 0
0A*:(J&)D%8?<3=)&c(1=-&'*)(dOW8?,9<5X05(d>?0Aw03(4(J05DG
R(r) = F Jm (x) + G Nm (x) = F Jm (kr) + G Nm (kr) .
n &)$c& >90TSf0(4032 D%"%$c"._*->9*V05$ G0T?F5D%8?"a(J0 Cp&/,?>?& [03D%&$c05(J$c&$c&y._"aSf&?G
,9=)&j(40KF5&),9R(4"E>?052J*'&/(dS)*-D%&)2J05(+,905Z/*._"aSf&)r(x=>90 0m GN6890AD%0TS)*-2JN"E*-$ *'OW8?,9<5XG05( =J 0 >9"aSf0524Z/05,/.105(x,N*'&)24"%Z/05$[
m

&)2^._*-,f.1&?G m

q ( r &)2J>?&)(d>9*c$c05$ r 2J*-,N*:,9=-&:S " r 21*-$G

R(r) = Jm (x) (m 0) .

z(a, , t) = 0 R(r = a) = 0 Jm (ka) = 0

0 >?0TSf03$gF5&)2J2405(JCp&),9>?052+*-&)(d5052J&)(d>?0 G?6890h(1=-&'05,8?$'052J*->9&)(dCp05D%&'`%,?>?"%F30
t (4(J"%$G9*:(J&)D%89<3=-&'Z)D%& r *-DP7>9*->9*cCp&)2
ka = mn a Jm n = 1, 2, . . .

X
X
z(r, , t) = Jm (mn r) [Cmn sen m + Dmn cos m] sen (t + )

0)GN*-C?D%"%F3*),?>?&j*-(dF5&),9>?"%<5X03(d"%,?"%F5"E*)"%(5G
m=0 n=1

X
X
z(r, , 0) = (r, ) = Jm (mn r) [Cmn sen m + Dmn cos m] sen () ,
m=0 n=1

X
X
z(r, , 0) = (r, ) = Jm (mn r) [Cmn sen m + Dmn cos m] cos () .
*-2J*d*-F_uN*-2B*-(BF3&),?(v._*-,f.105( G$K89Da.1"%C?D%"%F|*(J0*-(B>989*-(B9Da.1"%$'*-(B03689*-<3X05(BCp&)2 N J
m=0 n=1

07Cp&)2 cos N J ( r) G?0h"%,/,._05CZ)2J*(4, 0 DR d R rdr [x(J*),?>?&j*-(d2405DE*)<5X05(d>90h&)2^._&),?&)24$j*-sen

N
mn mn
a D%"%>9*)>?0)G N (N P r)
NP 0 0
Z a
a2  0 2
JN (N m x)JN (N n x) x dx = JN (N n a) m,n ,
0 2
Z

cos m cos n d =m,n ,
0 2
Z

sen m sen n d = m,n ,
& r .1052405$'&)(d&c(J"%(v.105$j*:>90h0568N*-<5X03( 0 2

Z Z a
4
CN P = 2 0 ( 2
d sen N rdr JN (N P r) (r, ) ,
a sen [JN N P a)] 0 0
Z Z a
4
DN P = 2 0 ( 2
d cos N rdr JN (N P r) (r, ) .
a sen [JN N P a)] 0 0
Z Z a
4
CN P = 0 ( d sen N rdr JN (N P r) (r, ) ,
a2 cos vN P [JN N P a)]
2
0 0


 Z Z a
4
DN P = d cos N rdr JN (N P r) (r, ) ,
6 890)G?2403(4&/DaS "%>?&'C9*-2J*c&)( C , D , D%0TS/*cUc(4&/D%8?<3=-&'F5&)$cC9D%0T._*c>?05(v.107C?24& r D%05$'* [
0 (
a2 cos vN P [JN 2
N P a)] 0 0

]&)(v.12J*-$'&)(3G),9*+NZ)8?21* [ G)&)(C924"%$c05"%2J&)($c&>9&)(,?&)2J$'*-"%(>?0wS " r 21*-<3=-&#>9*x$'05$ r 21*-,9* G)6890Cp&;>?052J"E*

NP NP

(J0525GyCH&)2k0T 03$cC?DE&?Gy>?089$ .T*-$ r &)25[ q ((J"%,9*-"%( + 0 F5&)D%&F|*->?&)((J& r 2J0w*d$c05$ r 2J*-,N*dF5"%24F589DE*-2k>9&i._*-$ r &)25G

68N*-,?>9&'S?"%(v._*I>?0 F5"%$j* G(J"%Z),?"NF3*-$CN*-2^.105(#>9*I$'05$ r 21*-,9*I6;8?0 (J0 05D%0TS)*-$&)8*-OW89,?>9*)$05$2405DE*)<3=-&U
CH&)(4"E<3=-&>9*I$'05$ r 2J*-,9*Y05$2405CH&)8?(J&?[A@B&)Z)&* r *-"a?&>9*I2J05C?2403(403,/._*-<3=)&Y>N*I$c03$ r 21*-,9*'S?"%(v._*Y>?0 F3"%$'* G
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q `a.105$ * >9* NZ)8?2J* [ 05(v._ec*-(J(J&F5"E*)>?&j*-&c$'&>?&c,9&)24$j*-DF5&)$ m = 0 0 n = 1 G
z = J0 (01 r) D01 cos (0 . ) sen (t + ) ,

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(c) (d)

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z = J1 (11 r) D11 cos (1 . ) sen (t + ) ;
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$c&/(^._2J*->?&:,9*AS "%(v._* DE*.10521*-D }-,?Z/8?D%& = 0 $c03>?"%>?&:05$2405DE*-<|=-&c*K89$05" & 89,?"%,9>?& &/((J"%,9*-"%( 0 + >9*
S "%(v._*Y>90 F3"%$'* *._P:8?$'**-$'C?D%"a.189>?0:,89DE* G,9*YD%"%,9u9* 6890:*)C9*-2403F50:,9*I9Z)892J*Y>9*Y$c03$ r 21*-,9*YF5"%24F38?DE*-2
S "%(v._*I>90KF3"%$'* GF5&)$'&Y8?$j*jD%"%,9u9*'Sf052^._"%F3*-D F5&)2J2405(JCp&/,?>?03,?>?&* = 90 [ q#r (J052^Sf0A._*-$ r P5$6890 C9*-2J*
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r=a
\x&c`a.103$ F G m = 0 J0 n = 2a/a G = 1 11 11 1

z = J0 (02 r) D02 cos (0 . ) sen (t + ) ;

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0

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01 02

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:

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2m
Jm1 (x) + Jm+1 (x) = Jm (x) .
x
[L&)(v._240z6890)G;(J0 OW&)2,N=-&y"%,f.105"%24&?G 05,/.T=-& 0 (1=-& D["G &)8(404{v* G $c&)(v.1240z6;8?0z&DC24&),?(B#"E*),?& >N*-(
>?8N*-(d(J&)D%8?<5X;05(dPh,N=-&y,;8?D%&?G J J

2 sen
W (J , J ) = .
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x

D[>B[%[
[L&)(v.12J0h68?0 N = (1) N [ m
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m m

+
X
eiz cos = im Jm (z) eim .
m=

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"%,?"EF5"E*-D%$c03,/.10j*89$'*Y.105$'u(r,
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F5&),9>?89<3=-&c>9u&cF3*-D%&)23G f (r) > u
0 0

1 u
2 u =

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k t

[ t F_u?0A*-(+*-8 .1&)OW89,?<5X03(i,9&)24$j*-D%"%3*->9*)(d>?&j@B*-C9DE*-F5"E*-,9&c,9&cF5`%24F38?D%&
r = a G?"E(^._&cP)G92405(J&)DaS)*
2 f + 2 f = 0
F5&)$ f (a, ) = 0 [
 [ t F_u?0A*-(+*-8;.1&)OQ8?,?<3X05(i,9&)24$j*-D%"%3*->N*-(d>?&'@k*-C?DE*)F5"E*-,?&',9*:05(JOW032J*:>?072J*-"%& G90h68?0h(J07*),8?DE*-$o,9*
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2 (r, , ) + 2 (r, , ) = 0

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t r
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o 0 0

t = 0
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o
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