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TuU*W*ThvxwhRjGTlJzy nOW^JhR=R*aXZ F (t)
Z
L F (t) = f (s) = est F (t) dt .
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0
nOT\W=T
r GTXi rOJhWUAW=JbTXiz F (t) = 1
Z " #
st est 1
L F (t) = L 1 = e dt = = .
s s
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iece]VcU*JR=rPn JhW^ceZfW<R=JTlpbZ\NfvxJhW=g\JhNfU*Jfq e 0 rGTXNPjPZ t
0 0
s>0
st

F (t) f (s) = L F (t) JhRU*W^co`baXZ


1
1 s s>0

1
t s2
s>0

n!
tn sn+1
s > 0 , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

1
eat sa s>a

a
sen at s2 +a2 s>0

s
cos at s2 +a2
s>0

a
senh at s2 a2
s > |a|

s
cosh at s2 a2 s > |a|

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nPW^JhR=JhNxUTX]1ZfRTR=Jhg\rPceW%phZ\NOjPce`hJbRDR=rPLOphceJhNxU*JhR%nOTXW=TBTJzyPceRUhNPphcoT~jOTXR?UW=TXNPR=Y[Z\W=]VTX`hJhR%jPJAkmTXnOioTXphJ\
Tf F (t) nOW^JhphceR*TlR=JhWbqPnJbieZ1]VJhNPZ\RbqPR=JhphphcoZ\NOTXie]VJhNfU*J~phZ\NxU*eNrGTlnOT\W=T 0 t N
F (t) nOW^JhphceR*T1R^JbW<NPZV]VuyPce]1Z1jOJZ\W^jOJh]|JMy nZ\NOJhNPpbcoTXi nOTXW=T t > N
kJh] PW^Jh]VZ\R rPJArO]VT~Y[rONP`baXZBR=JhphphcoZ\NOTXie]VJhNfU*JphZ\NfU*eNrOT qfUT\]3wb]pOTX]_TXjOT~pbZ\NfU*eNrOT~nZ\W%nGTXWU*JbRhq
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|F (t)| < M et .
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kceNOJbTXW^cejGTXjPJf?nOT\W=T rGTXceR rPJhWNO]1JhW^ZfR a, b J~Y[rPNO`hJhR F, G q
L (aF + bG) = a LF + b LG
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c

h i
L eat F (t) = f (s a)

cecJ^TX]
LF (t) = f (s) ,
(
F (t a) , t > a
G(t) =
JhNxUaXZ
0 , t<a

LG(t) = eas f (s) .


srOjOTXNP`}TljPJJhR=pbT\ioT q
1 s
LF (at) = f( )
W=TXNOR^YZ\W^]VTX`bJhRjOJjPJbW^cv\TXjGTXR ec ]1nZ\WUT\NfU*J\Mq
a a

LF 0 (t) = sf (s) F (0)


\Z NPjOJ F (t) jPJMvxJR=JhWVphZ\NfU*eNrOTnGTXW=T 0 t N JjPJZ\W^jPJh]Jzy nZ\NPJhNOphcoTXi<nGTXW=T t > N
nZ\R=R=vxJhiGJhRU*JhNOjPJhWDJbR^R=JAW^JhR=rPiUzTXjPZBnOTXW=T~Z~pbT\R^ZBjPJ R=JhpbphceZ\NOTXio]1JhNfUJphZfNfU*eNrGT /R=J F (t) U*cvxJhWbq
nZ\WJzy Jh]VnPieZPqOrP]|R*TXiUZlLGNPcU*Z1jOJ~TXiU*rOW=T h = F (aF (t)) F (a ) Jh] t = a q
+

LF 0 (t) = sf (s) F (0) heas .


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LF 00 (t) = s2 f (s) sF (0) F 0 (0)
phZ\] F (t)
J F 0 (t)
pbZ\NfU*eNrGTXRJh] [0, N ]
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NfU*JhgfW=TXceRbq Z t
f (s)
L F (u)du =
s
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0

Z
F (t)
L = f (u)du

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t s

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J (t) = f (s) q6ceRU*Zwfq f (s) w_TdU*W=T\NPR=Y[Z\W^]_TXjOTjOJ_kmTXnPioTXphJ_jOTY[rONP`ba\Z F (t) q6JhNfUzaXZ F (t) wtT
U*W*TXNPR=Y[Z\LFW^]_TXjOTlcoNfvxJhW^R*T1jPJ~kmTXnOioTXphJ~jPJ f (s) q
Z +i
1
F (t) = L1 f (s) = est f (s)ds .
2i
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i

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nOT\W=TXieJhioTVTXZ1Jbcy Z1jGTXRZ\W^jOJhNOTXjGTXRbqPnOTXR=R*TXNOjPZ1nZ\W s =
ieg\rPNORtJzyPJh]1nOieZ\RtjOJUW=TXNPR=Y[Z\W=]VTXjGTXRtceNfvxJbW^R*TXRjPJkT\nPioTXphJnZjOJh]R=JhWtJbNPphZ\NxU*W=TXjGTXRtNOTUT\JhioT
TXGTXcy Z
f (s) F (t) = L1 f (s)

1
s 1

1
s2
t

n!
sn+1
tn

... ...

XT JhioT ieg\rO]VTXRATXNxU*cQU*W*TXNPR=Y[Z\W=]VTXjOT\R<jOJ~kmTXnOioTXphJ
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U*W=ZpbTXjOT
TX]1Z\RJh]|R=Jhg\rPcejGT NOZ\R<phZ\NOphJhNfUW=TXW<Jh]TXieg\rPNOR<JzyPJh]1nOieZ\R rOJ]VZ\RU*W=TX]|Z1rPR=Z rPJR^JnZjPJYTXhJhW
phZ\]TXRUW=TXNPR=Y[Z\W=]VTX`hJhRjPJBkTXnOioTXphJ
A ? ?W^JhR=Z\ivfT1TlJ rOTX`}aXZ1jOceY[JhW^JhNOphcoTXi
X + 2 X = 0


nZ\WU*W=T\NPR=Y[Z\W^]_TX`baXZVjPJ~kmTXnPioT\phJ D jPZXU*JphZ\]VZ1pbZ\NPjOce`hJhRceNPcepbcoTXceR X(0) = 0 q X(0) = v
Zf]VTX]VZ\RAT U*W=TXNPR=Y[ZfW^]VTX`}aXZ1jOJ~kT\nPioTXphJ~NOZ\R<jOZ\ceRioTXjOZ\RjOT1J rGTX`baXZ1jOceY[JhW^JbNPphcoTXinOTXW=T X q 0

" #
d2 X(t) 2 d2 X(t)
L + X(t) = L + 2 L X(t) = 0
dt2 dt2
J~pOTX]_TXNPjPZ LX(t) = x(s)
q
s2 x(s) sX(0) X 0 (0) + 2 x(s) = 0
jPJ~Z\NPjOJR^J~Z\Uwh]qGTXn\RrOR=T\WTXRphZ\NOjPce`hJhRceNPcepbcoTXceRbq
v0 v0
x(s) = = .
s2 + 2 s + 2
2
{ Z\NPR=rPiUT\NPjPZ_T3UT\JhioT nGTXW=T1JhNPphZ\NxU*W=TXWAT1TXNfUcQU*W=T\NPR=Y[Z\W^]_TXjOT qGTXpOTX]VZ\Rb
v0
X(t) = sen t .

A ? %IKJzU*JhW=]1ceNPJ~ZVpbTX]1nZVJhiewzU*W^cophZlU*W=TXNORvJhW^R*TXi E(x, t) nPW^Z\nGTXgfTXNPjOZQSR=JBTXZVieZ\NPg\ZVjOZ1JhcyPZ x q
Z\JhjPJhpbJhNPjOZVT
2 E(x, t) 1 2 E(x, t)
=
x2 v2 t2
JR=rXJhcU*ZXRphZ\NOjPce`hJbRdcoNPcephcoTXceR E(x, 0) = 0 q E(0, t) = E(t) R=JhNPjOZ E(t) rP]VTY[rONP`ba\ZjOTXjGTftJ
= 0
nPiecepbTXNOjPZ_T3U*W*TXNPR=Y[Z\W^]_TXjOTljOJ~kmTXnOioTXphJ~1J rGTX`baXZVjPceY[JhW=JhNPphcoT\inGTXW^phcoTXiq
[E/t] t=0

 
2 1 1 1 E
e(x, s) = 2 s2 e(x, s) 2 s E(x, 0) 2
x2 v v v t
Z\NOjPJ LE(x, t) = e(x, t) JhNOjPZVJh]vPceRUzT1TXRphZfNPjPce`bJhRjOJphZ\NfUZ\W^NPZPq
2 1
2
e(x, s) = 2 s2 e(x, s) ,
J~W^JhR=Z\ivxJhNOjPZ1JbR^R*T1J rOT\`baXZ1jOceY[JhW^JbNPphcoTXiR^co]1nPieJbRhq
x v

s s s
e(x, t) = a e v x + b e v x = b(s) e v x

a Y[Z\cNfJhU*R=cQphUZ\W=ieTXPNPcejOR=Y[Z1ZfW^ph]VZf]1TXNOZVjPhZPJhqPW^Z\ZO qPU*nOJhTX]VW*TlZ\Rb]V T\NfU*JhWATlY[rPNO`baXZ e(x, t)


iece]VcUTXjGTf

x
E(x, t) = B(t ) ,
v
R=JhNPjOZ LB(t) = b(s) { Z\]1Z E(0, t) = E(t) = B(t)
q
(
E(t xv ) (t > xv )
E(x, t) =
0 (t < xv ) .

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