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Mma12 Res CF 3 PDF
Mma12 Res CF 3 PDF
5π 5π sin 2 × 5π 9 3 3
2sin cos π 1
1.3.
5π
cos sin
5π
= 8 8 = 8
= Como a ∈ , π ,cos a < 0 pelo que cos a = − .
8 8 2 2 2 3
5π sin π + π
2
π 2 3
sin − sin − ▪ cos 2 b + sin 2 b = 1 , isto é, + sin 2 b = 1 ⇔
= 4 = 4
= 4 = 2 =−
2 5
2 2 2 2 4 9 16
⇔ sin 2 b = 1 − ⇔ sin 2 b = ⇔
5π 5π 5π 5π 25 25
1.4. sin 2 − cos 2 = − cos 2 − sin 2 =
12 12 12 12 4 4 π
⇔ sin b = − ∨ sin b = , como b ∈ − , 0 ,
5π 5π 5 5 2
= − cos 2 × = − cos =
12 6 4
sin b < 0 pelo que sin b = − .
π π 3 3 5
= − cos π − = − − cos = − − = Voltando a (1):
6 6 2 2
2 2 3 4 1 2 2 4
4 π 3π π sin ( a + b ) = × + − − = +
2. sin α = ∧ α ∈ , ⇒ α ∈ , π 3 5 5 3 5 15
5 2 2 2
π π π
sin ( 2α ) = 2sin α cos α ; cos ( 2α ) = cos 2 α − sin 2 α e 5. cos − β = cos cos β + sin sin β (1)
4 4 4
sin ( 2α ) 2
tan ( 2α ) = . 4
sin 2 β + − = 1 ⇔ sin 2 β = 1 −
16
⇔
cos ( 2α )
5 25
Pela fórmula fundamental da trigonometria, tem-se: 9 3 3
⇔ sin 2 β = ⇔ sin β = − ∨ sin β =
sin 2 α + cos 2 α = 1 , ou seja, 25 5 5
4
2
3π 3
16 Como β ∈ π , , sin β < 0 , pelo que sin β = − .
+ cos α = 1 ⇔ cos α = 1 − ⇔
2 2
5 25 2 5
Voltando a (1):
9 3 3
⇔ cos 2 α = ⇔ cos α = − ∨ cos α = , como π 2 4 2 3
25 5 5 cos − β = − + − =
4 2 5 2 5
π 3
α ∈ , π , cos α < 0 , pelo que cos α = − . 4 2 3 2 7 2
2 5 =− − =−
10 10 10
4 3 24
sin ( 2α ) = 2 − = − π π π
5 5 25 6. sin − α = sin cos α − sin α cos =
24 4 4 4
−
9 16 7 24 2 2
cos ( 2α ) = − =− ; tan ( 2α ) = 25 = = cos α − sin α =
25 25 25 7 7 2 2
−
25 2
24 7 24 481 = ( cos α − sin α )
sin ( 2α ) − cos ( 2α ) + tan ( 2α ) = − − − + = 2
25 25 7 175 1
Como cos α − sin α = , substituindo:
3. cos ( 2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ⇔ cos ( 2θ ) = 1 − sin 2 θ − sin 2 θ 5
⇔ sin θ = −
3
∨ sin θ =
3 1 2 3 2 2 6 2+ 6
= × + × = + =
3 3 2 2 2 2 4 4 4
π 3
0 < 2θ < π , isto é, 0 < θ < pelo que sin θ = .
2 3
1
3. Trigonometria
π π π π π π π 1 3 1 π π 1
sin = sin − = sin cos − sin cos = 9.3. cos x − sin x = ⇔ cos cos x − sin sin x = ⇔
12 3 4 3 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 2
3 2 2 1 6 2 π 1 π π
= × − × = − = ⇔ cos + x = ⇔ cos + x = cos ⇔
2 2 2 2 4 4 3 2 3 3
6− 2 π π π π
⇔ + x = + 2kπ ∨ + x = − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔
=
4 3 3 3 3
2+ 6 6− 2 2π
cos
π π
+ sin = + = ⇔ x = 2kπ ∨ x = − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ
12 12 4 4 3
9.4. sin x = − cos x − 1 ⇔ sin x + cos x = −1 ⇔
2+ 6+ 6− 2 2 6 6
= = = 2 2 2
4 4 2 ⇔ sin x + cos x = − ⇔
2 2 2
π π 2
Pág. 55 ⇔ sin x cos + sin cos x = − cos ⇔
8.1. 4cos α − sin ( 2α ) = 4cos (α ) =
2 2 4 4 4 2
π π
= 4cos 2 α − sin ( 2α ) =
2
⇔ sin x + = sin − ⇔
4 4
= 4cos 2 α − ( 2sin (α ) cos (α ) ) =
2
π π π π
⇔ x + = − + ∨ x + = π − − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔
= 4cos 2 α − 4sin 2 α cos 2 α = 4 4 4 4
= 4cos 2 α (1 − sin 2 (α ) ) =
π
⇔ x = − + 2kπ ∨ x = π + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ
2
= 4cos 2 α ( cos 2 (α ) ) = 4cos 4 α x x
9.5. sin x = − sin ⇔ sin x + sin = 0 ⇔
sin 2 α cos 2 α − sin 2 α 2 2
1−
1 − tan 2 α cos α =
2
cos 2 α x x x x x
8.2. = = ⇔ 2sin cos + sin = 0 ⇔ sin 2cos + 1 = 0 ⇔
1 + tan 2 α sin 2 α cos 2 α + sin 2 α 2 2 2 2 2
1+
cos 2 α cos 2 α x x
⇔ sin = 0 ∨ 2cos + 1 = 0 ⇔
cos α − sin α
2 2
= = cos ( 2α ) 2 2
1 x x 1
⇔ sin = 0 ∨ cos = −
8.3. cos 4 ( 3α ) − sin 4 ( 3α ) = 2 2 2
x x 2π x 2π
= cos 2 ( 3α ) − sin 2 ( 3α ) =
2 2
⇔ = kπ ∨ = + 2kπ ∨ = − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔
2 2 3 2 3
= cos 2 ( 3α ) − sin 2 ( 3α ) × cos 2 ( 3α ) + sin 2 ( 3α ) 4π 4π
⇔ x = 2kπ ∨ x = + 4kπ ∨ x = − + 4kπ, ℤ
= cos 2 ( 3α ) − sin 2 ( 3α ) × 1 3 3
9.6. cos ( 2 x ) − sin x = 0 ⇔ cos 2 x − sin 2 x − sin x = 0 ⇔
= cos 2 ( 3α ) − sin 2 ( 3α ) =
⇔ 1 − sin 2 x − sin 2 x − sin x = 0 ⇔
= cos ( 2 × 3α ) = cos ( 6α )
⇔ −2sin 2 x − sin x + 1 = 0 ⇔
sin α ⇔ 2sin 2 x + sin x − 1 = 0 ⇔
2
2 tan α cos α = 2sin α cos α =
2
8.4. = −1 ± 1 − 4 × 2 × ( −1)
1 + tan α
2
1 cos α ⇔ sin x = ⇔
cos 2 α 2× 2
= 2sin α cos α = sin ( 2α ) −1 + 3 −1 − 3
⇔ sin x = ∨ sin x = ⇔
4 4
1 1
9.1. sin x cos x = ⇔ 2sin x cos x = 2 × ⇔ 1
4 4 ⇔ sin x = ∨ sin x = −1 ⇔
4
1 π
⇔ sin ( 2 x ) = ⇔ sin ( 2 x ) = sin π π
2 6 ⇔ sin x = sin ∨ sin x = sin − ⇔
π π 6 2
⇔ 2 x = + 2kπ ∨ 2 x = π − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔ π 5π π
6 6 ⇔ x = + 2kπ ∨ x = + 2kπ ∨ x = − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ
π 5π 6 6 2
⇔ x = + kπ ∨ x = + kπ, k ∈ ℤ 9.7. cos ( 2 x ) − 5cos x + 3 = 0 ⇔ cos x − sin x − 5cos x + 3 = 0 ⇔
2 2
12 12
3 3 ⇔ cos 2 x − (1 − cos 2 x ) − 5cos x + 3 = 0 ⇔
9.2. cos 2 x − sin 2 x = − ⇔ cos ( 2 x ) = − ⇔
2 2 ⇔ cos 2 x − 1 + cos 2 x − 5cos x + 3 = 0 ⇔
5π ⇔ 2cos 2 x − 5cos x + 2 = 0 ⇔
⇔ cos ( 2 x ) = cos ⇔
6 5 ± 25 − 4 × 2 × 2
5π 5π ⇔ cos x = ⇔
⇔ 2x = + k 2π ∨ 2 x = − + k 2π, k ∈ ℤ ⇔ 2× 2
6 6 1
5π 5π ⇔ cos x = 2 ∨ cos x = ⇔
⇔x= + kπ ∨ x = − + kπ, k ∈ ℤ 2
12 12
2
3. Trigonometria
1
⇔ cos x =
π
⇔ cos x = cos ⇔ π 5π
Como x ∈ − , :
2 3 2 3
π π
⇔ x = + 2kπ ∨ x = − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ x = 2kπ π
x= + 4kπ
3 3 k =0⇒ x=0 3
1 3 1 k = 1 ⇒ x = 2π π
9.8. cos x + 3 sin x = 1 ⇔ cos + sin x = ⇔ k =0⇒ x =
2 2 2 k = −1 ⇒ x = −2π 3
π π 1 π
⇔ sin cos x + cos sin x = ⇔ k = 1 ⇒ x = + 4π
6 6 2 3
π π π
k = −1 ⇒ x = − 4π
⇔ sin + x = sin ⇔
6 6 3
π π π π 5π
⇔ + x = + 2kπ ∨ + x = π − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔ x= + 4kπ
6 6 6 6 3
2π 5π 5π
⇔ x = 2kπ ∨ x = + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ k =0⇒ x= ; k = −1 ⇒ x = − 4π
3 3 3
Pág. 56 π
Portanto, x = 0 ∨ x = .
3 1 1 3
10.1. 3 cos x + sin x = 1 ⇔ cos x + sin x = ⇔
2 2 2 π π π
10.3. sin cos x + cos sin x = 1 ⇔ sin + x = 1 ⇔
π π 1 8 8 8
⇔ sin cos x + cos sin x = ⇔
3 3 2 π π
⇔ + x = + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔
π π 8 2
⇔ sin + x = sin ⇔ π π 3π
3 6 ⇔ x = − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔ x = + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔
π π π π 2 8 8
⇔ + x = + 2kπ ∨ + x = π − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔ 3π 3π
3 6 3 6 Como x ∈ ]0 , π[ , vem x = . Logo, x = .
π π 8 8
⇔ x = − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ∨ x = + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ
π
6 2 10.4. cos 2 x + = cos 2 ( 3 x ) − sin 2 ( 3 x ) ⇔
π 4
Como x ∈ − π , :
2 π
⇔ cos 2 x + = cos ( 2 × 3 x ) ⇔
π π 4
x = − + 2kπ x = + 2kπ
6 2 π
⇔ cos 2 x + = cos ( 6 x ) ⇔
π π 4
k =0⇒ x=− k =0⇒ x =
6 2 π π
⇔ 2 x + = 6 x + 2kπ ∨ 2 x + = −6 x + k 2π, k ∈ ℤ ⇔
11π 5π 4 4
k =1⇒ x = k =1⇒ x =
6 2 π π
⇔ −4 x = − + 2kπ ∨ 8 x = − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔
13π 3π 4 4
k = −1 ⇒ x = − k = −1 ⇒ x = −
6 2 π kπ π kπ
⇔x= − ∨ x = − + , k ∈ℤ
16 2 32 4
π π
Portanto, x = − ∨x=
6 2 π kπ π − 8kπ π kπ − π + 8kπ
x= − = x=− + =
x x x x 16 2 16 32 4 32
10.2. 1 = cos x + sin ⇔ 1 = cos 2 − sin 2 + sin ⇔
2 2 2 2 π π
k =0⇒ x = k =0⇒ x=−
x x x 16 32
⇔ 1 = 1 − sin 2 − sin 2 + sin ⇔
2 2 2 7π 7π
k =1⇒ x = − k =1⇒ x =
2 x x 16 32
⇔ 0 = −2sin + sin ⇔
2 2 15π 15π
k =2⇒ x=− k =2⇒ x=
x x 16 32
⇔ sin −2sin + 1 = 0 ⇔
2 2 9π 23π
k = −1 ⇒ x = k =3⇒ x =
x x 16 32
⇔ sin = 0 ∨ −2sin + 1 = 0 ⇔
2 2 17π 31π
k = −2 ⇒ x = k =4⇒ x=
x x 1 16 32
⇔ sin = 0 ∨ sin = ⇔
2 2 2 39π
k =5⇒ x = −
x x π 32
⇔ sin = 0 ∨ sin = sin ⇔
2 2 6 9π
k = −1 ⇒ x = −
x x π x π 32
⇔ = kπ ∨ = + 2kπ ∨ = π − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔
2 2 6 2 6 17π
k = −2 ⇒ x = −
π 5π 32
⇔ x = 2kπ ∨ x = + 4kπ ∨ x = + 4kπ, k ∈ ℤ
3 3
3
3. Trigonometria
Portanto: AC × BM 4 × 2 tan ( 2 x )
7π 9π π π 7π Área ∆ [ ABC ] = = = 4 tan ( 2 x )
x=− ∨x=− ∨x=− ∨x= ∨x= ∨ 2 2
16 32 32 16 32
π
15π 9π 23π 31π Portanto, A ( x ) = 4 tan ( 2 x ) , x ∈ 0 , .
∨x = ∨x= ∨x= ∨x= 4
32 16 32 32
π 4 4
10.5. 2 ( cos x + sin x ) = 1 ⇔ 2 cos x + 2 sin x = 1 ⇔ 12.2. sin + β = ⇔ cos β =
2 5 5
2 2 1 2
⇔ cos x + sin x = ⇔ 4 16
2 2 2 sin 2 β + = 1 ⇔ sin 2 β = 1 − ⇔
5 25
π π 1
⇔ cos cos x + sin sin x = ⇔ 9 3
4 4 2 ⇔ sin 2 β = ⇒ sin β = , pois β ∈ 1.º Q
25 5
π π
⇔ cos − x = cos ⇔ 3 4 24
4 3 sin ( 2 β ) = 2sin β cos β = 2 × × =
5 5 25
π π π π cos ( 2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β =
⇔ − x = + 2kπ ∨ − x = − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔
4 3 4 3 2 2
π π π π 4 3 16 9 7
⇔ − x = − + 2kπ ∨ − x = − − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔ = − = − =
3 4 3 4 5 5 25 25 25
π 7π 24
⇔ x = − − 2kπ ∨ x = − 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ sin ( 2 β ) 24 × 25 24
12 12 tan ( 2 β ) = = 25 = =
cos ( 2 β ) 7 7 × 25 7
π π
Como x ∈ − , , vem que 25
2 6
24 96
π 7π A ( β ) = 4 tan ( 2 β ) = 4 × =
x = − + 2kπ x= + 2kπ 7 7
12 12
96
π 7π Portanto, A ( β ) = .
k =0⇒ x=− k =0⇒ x= 7
12 12
π π
23π 17π 13.1. sin x cos − cos x sin > 0 ∧ x ∈ ]0 , 2π[ ⇔
k =1⇒ x = k = −1 ⇒ x = − 3 3
12 12
π π π 5π
25π ⇔ sin x − > 0 ∧ x − ∈ − , ⇔
k = −1 ⇒ x = − 3 3 3 3
12
π π π
π ⇔0< x− <π⇔ < x<π+ ⇔
Portanto, x = − 3 3 3
12
x π π 4π
⇔ x∈ ,
11. x ∈ ]π , 2π[ ⇔ ∈ , π 3 3
2 2
13.2. cos ( 2 x ) + 3cos x ≥ 1 ∧ x ∈ ]− π , π[
x x 2
3cos = − 2 ⇔ cos = − ⇔ cos 2 x − sin 2 x + 3cos x ≥ 1 ∧ x ∈ ]− π , π[ ⇔
2 2 3
⇔ cos 2 x − (1 − cos 2 x ) + 3cos x ≥ 1 ∧ x ∈ ]− π , π[ ⇔
2
x x 2 2 x 2 x 2
cos 2 + sin 2 = 1 − + sin =1 ⇔ sin =1− ⇔
2 2 3 2 2 9 ⇔ 2cos 2 x + 3cos x − 2 ≥ 0 ∧ x ∈ ]− π , π[ ⇔
x 7 x 7 x 7 Cálculo auxiliar:
⇔ sin 2 = ⇔ sin = ∨ sin = − 2 cos 2 x + 3cos x − 2 = 0
2 9 2 3 2 3
−3 ± 9 − 4 × 2 × ( −2 )
x 2 π ⇔ cos x =
Se cos = − < 0 ∧ x ∈ , π 2× 2
2 2 2
−3 + 5 −3 − 5
x x 7 ⇔ cos x = ∨ cos x =
então, sin > 0 , pelo que, sin = . 4 4
2 2 3 1
⇔ cos x = ∨ cos x = −2
π
cos ( x − π ) + cos − + x = − cos x + sin x =
2
2 2cos 2 x + 3cos x − 2 ≥ 0 ∧ x ∈ ]− π , π[ ⇔
x x x x 1
= − cos 2 − sin 2 + 2sin cos = ⇔ cos x ≤ −2 ∨ cos x ≥ ∧ x ∈ ]− π , π[ ⇔
2 2 2 2 2
2 7 7 2 1
= − − + 2
− = ⇔ x ∈ ∅ ∨ cos x ≥ ∧ x ∈ ]− π , π[ ⇔
9 9 3 3 2
5 2 14 5 − 2 14 1
=
− = ⇔ cos x ≥ ∧ x∈]− π , π[ ⇔
9 9 9 2
12.1. Seja M o ponto médio de [ AC ] ,tem-se que π
⇔− ≤x≤
π
3 3
BM
tan ( 2 x ) = ⇔ BM = 2 tan ( 2 x ) π π
2 Portanto, x ∈ − , .
3 3
4
3. Trigonometria
2
Pág. 57 ⇔ cosθ sin ( 4θ ) − cos ( 4θ ) sin θ = ⇔
RQ × PQ 3
14. Área ∆ [ PQR ] = 2
2 ⇔ sin ( 4θ ) cos θ − sin θ cos ( 4θ ) = ⇔
3
cos α = OQ ; sin α = PQ
2 2
RQ = RO + OQ = 1 + cos α ⇔ sin ( 4θ − θ ) = ⇔ sin ( 3θ ) =
3 3
Assim: Por outro lado:
A( x ) =
(1 + cos x ) sin x = sin x + sin x cos x = cos ( 6θ ) = cos 2 ( 3θ ) − sin 2 ( 3θ ) =
2 2
= 1 − sin 2 ( 3θ ) − sin 2 ( 3θ ) =
2 ( sin x + sin x cos x )
= = 2
2× 2 2 8 1
= 1 − 2sin 2 ( 3θ ) = 1 − 2 × = 1 − =
2sin x + 2sin x cos x 2sin x + sin ( 2 x ) 3 9 9
= =
4 4 1 sin β cos β
17. tan β + =3⇔ + =3⇔
2sin x + sin ( 2 x ) tan β cos β sin β
Portanto, A ( x ) = .
4 sin 2 β + cos 2 β
⇔ =3⇔
15.1. Perímetro ∆ [ ABC ] = AB + BC + AC cos β sin β
1
BC BC ⇔ =3⇔
tan x = ⇔ tan x = ⇔ tan x = BC cos β sin β
AB 1
⇔ 3cos β sin β = 1 ∧ cos β sin β ≠ 0 ⇔
AB 1 1
cos x = ⇔ cos x = ⇔ AC = 1 2
AC AC cos x ⇔ cos β sin β = ⇔ 2cos β sin β = ⇔
3 3
1
f ( x ) = 1 + tan x + = 2
cos x ⇔ sin ( 2 β ) =
3
sin x 1 cos x sin x 1
=1+ + = + + = sin (α + β )
cos x cos x cos x cos x cos x 18.1. tan (α + β ) = =
cos (α + β )
1 + sin x + cos x
=
cos x sin α cos β + sin β cos α
=
1 + sin x + cos x π cos α cos β − sin α sin β
Portanto, f ( x ) = , x ∈ 0 , .
cos x 2 • O triângulo [ ADC ] é isósceles e retângulo em A
1 + sin ( 2 x ) + cos ( 2 x ) π 2
15.2. f ( 2 x ) = = Logo, α = pelo que cos α = sin α = .
cos ( 2 x ) 4 2
1 + 2sin x cos + cos 2 x − sin 2 x • AB = 1 + 1 + 3 = 2 + 3
= =
cos 2 x − sin 2 x
( )
2 2
BC = 12 + 2 + 3 =1+ 4 + 4 3 + 3 = 8 + 4 3
1 − sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 2sin x cos x
= =
( cos x − sin x )( cos x + sin x ) Como BC > 0 , vem BC = 8 + 4 3 .
cos 2 x + cos 2 x + 2sin x cos x AB 2 3 AC 1
= = cos β = = ; sin β = =
( cos x − sin x )( cos x )( sin x ) BC 8+4 3 BC 8+ 4 3
2cos 2 x + 2sin x cos x 2 2+ 3 2 1
= = × + ×
( cos x − sin x )( cos x + sin x ) tan (α + β ) =
2 8+4 3 2 8+ 4 3
=
2cos x ( cos x + sin x ) 2
×
2+ 3
−
2
×
1
= =
( cos x − sin x )( cos x + sin x ) 2 8+ 4 3 2 8+ 4 3
2cos x 2 2 + 3 +1
= = ×
cos x − sin x 2 8+ 4 3 3+ 3
= = =
2cos x π 2 2 + 3 −1 1+ 3
= = , pois ∀x ∈ 0 , , cos x ≠ 0 . ×
sin x 2 2 8+ 4 3
cos x 1 −
cos x
2 =
(3 + 3 )(1 − 3 ) = 3 − 3 3 + 3 − 3 = −2 3 =
= 3
1 − tan x (1 + 3 )(1 − 3 ) 1− 3 −2
2
Logo, f ( 2 x ) = . 18.2. cos ( 2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β =
1 − tan x
2 2
π 3π 2 2+ 3 1
16. sin − θ sin ( 4θ ) + sin + 4θ sin ( π − θ ) = ⇔ = − =
2 2 3 8+ 4 3 8+ 4 3
2
⇔ cos (θ ) sin ( 4θ ) + ( − cos ( 4θ ) ) ( sin θ ) = (2 + 3 )
2
⇔
32 1
= − =
8+4 3 8+ 4 3
5
3. Trigonometria
=
4 + 4 3 + 3 −1
=
( 6 + 4 3 )( 2 − 3 ) = tan x
sin x
cos x = lim sin x =
(
4 2+ 3 ) 4 ( 2 + 3 )( 2 − 3 ) 19.6. lim
x →0 x
) lim
x → 0 x x → 0 x cos x
12 − 6 3 + 8 3 − 12 2 3 sin x 1 1
= = =
3 = lim × lim = 1× = 1
x→0 x → 0 cos x
4 ( 4 − 3) 4 2 x 1
0
sin ( 3 x )
3
Como cos ( 2 β ) = tan ( 3 x ) 0 cos ( 3 x ) sin ( 3 x )
e 2β é um ângulo agudo, então
2 19.7. lim = lim = lim =
2β = 30º , ou seja, β = 15º .
( )
x → 0 sin 4 x
( )
x → 0 sin 4 x
( ) ( )
x → 0 sin 4 x cos 3 x
sin ( 3x ) 4x 1 3
= lim × lim × lim × =
Pág. 58
x→0 3x x→0 sin ( 4 x ) x → 0 cos ( 3 x ) 4
sin ( 4 x ) sin ( 4 x ) sin ( 4 x ) sin ( 3 x ) 1 1 u = 3x
19.1. lim = lim × 4 = 4 × lim = = lim × × = Se x → 0, u → 0
x →0 x x → 0
4x x → 0 4x 3
x →0 3x sin ( 4 x ) 1
4 lim v = 4x
x→0
sin ( 4 x ) sin ( y ) y = 4x 4x
Se x → 0, v → 0
= 4 × lim = 4 × lim = 3 1 3
x→0 4x y → 0 y Se x → 0, = ×1× =
y →0 4 1 4
= 4 ×1 = 4
0 sin x
2x x 3x 1 sin x 0
sin x
19.2. lim = 2lim = 2lim × = 19.8. lim = lim = lim x =
( ) x → 0 sin ( 3x ) x → 0 sin ( 3x ) 3
x → 0 sin 3 x
y = 3x
x→0 3 x − tan ( 2 x ) x →0
3x −
sin ( 2 x ) x→0 3x sin ( 2 x )
−
2 3x 2 1 cos ( 2 x ) x x cos ( 2 x )
= lim = × = Se x → 0,
3 x → 0 sin ( 3 x ) 3 sin ( 3 x ) y →0 sin x
lim lim
x →0 3x x→0
x 1
= = =
2 1 2 1 2 sin ( 2 x ) sin ( 2 x ) 1
= × = × = 3 − lim 3 − 2lim × lim
x → 0 x cos ( 2 x ) x → 0 cos ( 2 x )
3 sin ( y ) 3 1 3 x→0 2x
lim
y →0 y 1
= = y = 2x
sin ( x ) + sin ( 5 x )
1 sin ( x ) + sin ( 5 x ) 3 − 2lim
sin y 1
× Se x → 0,
19.3. lim = lim = y →0 y 1
x →0 3 x→0
3x x y →0
1 sin ( x ) sin ( 5 x ) =
1
=1
= lim + lim = 3 − 2 × 1× 1
3 x →0 x x→0 x
sin 2 x sin x
1 sin ( 5 x ) 19.9. lim = lim × limsin x = 1 × 0 = 0
= 1 + 5lim =
x →0 x x→0 x x→0
3 x → 0 5x 0
sin ( 5 x ) cos x − 1 0 1 − cos x
1 5
= + lim = 19.10. lim = − lim =
x →0 x x →0 x
5 3 x → 0 5x
1 5 sin ( y ) =−
(1 − cos x )(1 + cos x ) = − lim 1 − cos 2 x =
= + lim = y = 5x
3 3 y →0 y x (1 + cos x ) x → 0 x (1 + cos x )
Se x → 0,
1 5 1 5 y →0 sin 2 x sin x sin x
= + ×1 = + = 2 = − lim = − lim × lim =0
x → 0 x (1 + cos x ) x→0 x x → 0 1 + cos x
3 3 3 3
sin ( 6 x ) sin ( 6 x ) 5x 6 0
19.4. lim = lim × × = 1 − cos x 0 (1 − cos x )(1 + cos x ) =
( ) x →0 6 x
x → 0 sin 5 x sin ( 5 x ) 5 20.11. lim
x →0 x2
= lim
x→0 x 2 (1 + cos x )
6 sin ( 6 x ) 5x
= lim × lim = 1 − cos 2 x
5 x→0 6 x x → 0 sin ( 5 x ) = lim =
x→0 x (1 + cos x )
2
6 sin ( 6 x ) 1
= lim × = sin 2 x sin 2 x 1
5 x → 0 6x sin ( 5 x ) = lim = lim 2 × lim =
lim u = 6x x→0 x (1 + cos ( x ) )
2 x → 0 x x → 0 1 + cos x
5 x→0 5x
Se x → 0 2
6 sin u 1 sin x 1 1 1
= lim × = u →0 = lim × = 12 × =
5 u →0 u lim
sin v
v = 5x x →0 x 1 + 1 2 2
v→0 v 0
Se x → 0
sin 2 x cos 2 x (1 + cos x )
6 1 6 sin 2 x cos 2 x 0
= ×1× = v→0 19.12. lim = lim =
5 1 5 x →0 1 − cos x x→0
(1 − cos x )(1 + cos x )
0
sin 2 x cos 2 x (1 + cos x )
x (3 + x )
3x + x 2 0 x = lim =
19.5. lim = lim = lim × lim ( 3 + x ) = x→0 1 − cos 2 x
x → 0 sin x x →0 sin x x → 0 sin x x →0
sin x cos 2 x (1 + cos x )
2
= lim =
1 1 x→0 sin 2 x
= ×3 = ×3 = 3
lim
sin x 1 = lim cos 2 x (1 + cos x ) = 1 × (1 + 1) = 2
x→0
x→0 x
6
3. Trigonometria
sin x 1 π
19.13. lim = lim sin x × = 0 cos x − 00
x →−∞ x x →−∞
x
19.20. lim 2
=
1 x →0 sin ( 2 x )
dado que ∀x ∈ ℝ, − 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1, lim = 0 e o limite de
x →−∞ x
sin x
= lim =
uma função limitada por uma função de limite nulo é x→0 sin ( 2 x )
igual a 0.
tan ( x ) = lim
sin x
= lim
1
=
1
19.14. lim , temos de calcular os limites laterias: x→0 2sin x cos x x → 0 2cos x 2
π π
2 x−
x→
2 1 1 1
19.21. lim x sin = y= ⇔x=
tan ( x ) +∞ tan ( x ) −∞ x →+∞
x x y
lim− = − = −∞ e lim+ = + = −∞
π π 0 π π 0 1 sin ( y ) Se x → +∞, y → 0
x→
2 x− x→
2 x− = lim × sin y = lim =1
2 2 y →0 y y →0
y
tan ( x )
Portanto, lim = −∞ 0
0
π π x
2 x−
x→
19.22. lim = , calculemos os limites laterais:
2 x →0 sin x
x2 − x x ( x − 1) x x 1 1
19.15. lim = lim = lim = lim+ = = =1
x → 0 sin x x→0 sin x x → 0+ sin ( x ) x→0 sin x lim sin x 1
x 1 1 x → 0+ x
= lim ×lim ( x −1) = ×( −1) = ×( −1) = −1
x→0 sin x x→0 sin x 1 x −x 1 1
lim lim = lim− =− = − = −1
x →0 x x → 0− sin x sin x
x→0 sin x 1
sin ( − x ) sin x x
lim
x → 0− x
19.16. lim = − lim × lim =
x → 0 sin ( 4 x ) x →0 x x → 0 sin ( 4 x )
x x x
Como lim+ ≠ lim− , não existe lim .
1 4x x → 0 sin x x → 0 sin x x → 0 sin x
= −1 × × lim =
4 x → 0 sin ( 4 x ) sin ( x )
− sin ( x )
1 1 1 y = 4x tan ( x ) − sin ( x ) cos ( x )
=− × =− 19.23. lim = lim =
4 lim sin y 4 Se x → 0, x →0 x3 x →0 x3
y→0 y y →0 sin ( x ) − sin ( x ) cos x
0
π π cos ( x ) sin x − sin x cos x
cos ( x )
0 y = x− ⇔x= +y = lim = lim =
19.17. lim = 2 2 x→0 x3 x →0 x 3 cos x
π π
x→
2 −x π
Se x → , y → 0
2 2 sin x (1 − cos x )
π = lim =
cos + y x→0 x 3 cos x
= lim 2 =
sin x 1 − cos x 1
y →0 −y = lim × lim × lim =
x→0 x x→0 x2 x → 0 cos x
− sin sin y
= lim = lim =1
= 1 × lim
(1 − cos x )(1 + cos x ) × 1 =
y →0 −y y →0 y x →0 x 2 (1 + cos x )
0
sin ( x − 3) 0 sin ( x − 3)
1 − cos 2 x 1
19.18. lim = lim = = lim × lim =
x →3 x2 − 9 (
x →3 x − 3
)( x + 3) x→0 x2 x → 0 1 + cos x
sin ( x − 3)
2
1 sin x 1 sin x 1 1
= lim × lim = lim × = lim × =
x →3 x + 3 x →3 x−3 x→0 x2 1+1 x 2 2
y = x−3
1 sin y 1 cos x − sin x cos x − sin x
= × lim = Se x → 3, y → 0 19.24. lim = lim =
π cos 2 x − sin 2 x
3 + 3 y →0 y 6 x→
π cos x x→
4 4
sin x cos x − sin x
0 1− = lim =
cos ( x )
1 − tan x 0
x → ( cos x − sin x )( cos x + sin x )
π
19.19. lim = lim =
x → cos ( 2 x )
4
x → cos x − sin x
π π 2 2
4 4
1 1 1 2
cos x − sin x = lim = = =
x→
π cos x + sin x 2 2 2 2
cos x cos x − sin x 4 +
= lim = lim =
x → cos x ( cos x − sin x )
π cos 2 x − sin 2 x π 2 2 2 2
x→
4 4
Pág. 59
1 20. Assíntotas verticais
= lim =
x → cos ( x )( cos x + sin x )
π
π 3π
4
A função é contínua em − , pois é definida pela
1 1 1 2 2
= = = =1
2 2 2 1 1 1 soma e quociente de duas funções contínuas (função
+ + polinomial).
2 2 2 2 2
7
3. Trigonometria
π 1
A função g não tem zeros. h ( 3) = lim+ h ( x ) = k + cos =k+
x →3 3 2
22. A função h é contínua no intervalo ]0 , + ∞[ pois é aí 0
definida pela soma e quociente de funções contínuas (função 3x 2 − 8 x − 3 0
lim− h ( x ) = lim− =
polinomial e função seno). x →3 x → 3 sin ( 3 − x )
8
3. Trigonometria
π π y y
⇔x= + 2kπ ∨ x = − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ = −2 × lim = −2 × lim =
3 3 y →0 sin ( πy + π ) y → 0 − sin ( πy )
π π 1 πy 2 1 u = πy
Portanto, Dh = ℝ \ x : x = + 2kπ ∨ x = − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ = 2 × × lim = × =
3 3 π y → 0 sin ( πy ) π lim sin u Se y → 0, u → 0
sin ( 3 x ) sin ( 2 x + x ) u →0 u
26.2. ∀x ∈ Dh , h ( x ) = = = 2 1 2
1 − 2cos x 1 − 2cos x = × =
sin ( 2 x ) cos x + sin x cos ( 2 x ) π 1 π
= = 0
1 − 2cos x sin x − cos x 0
sin x − cos x
2sin x cos x cos x + sin x ( cos 2 x − sin 2 x ) 27.3. lim = lim =
π 1 − tan x π sin x
4 1−
x→ x→
= = 4
1 − 2cos x cos x
2sin x cos 2 x + sin x cos 2 x − (1 − cos 2 x ) = lim
sin x − cos x
=
= = x → cos x − sin x
π
1 − 2cos x 4
cos x
2sin x cos 2 x + sin x ( 2cos 2 x − 1) ( sin x − cos x ) cos x ( sin x − cos x ) cos x =
= = = lim = lim
1 − 2cos x x→
π cos x − sin x x→
π − ( sin x − cos x )
4 4
2sin x cos 2 x + 2sin x cos 2 x − sin x
= = π 2
1 − 2cos x cos
cos x 4 2 2
4sin x cos 2 x − sin x sin x ( 4cos x − 1)
2 = lim = = =−
π −1 −1 −1 2
= = = x→
4
1 − 2cos x 1 − 2cos x
( 2 x − 1 + 1) =
0
sin x ( 2cos x − 1)( 2cos x + 1) sin ( x − 1)
0 sin ( x − 1)
= = 27.4. lim = lim
1 − 2cos x x →1 2x − 1 − 1 ( 2 x − 1 − 1)( 2 x − 1 + 1)
x →1
9
3. Trigonometria
sin ( x − 1) 0
1
= lim
2 x →1 x − 1
× lim
x →1
( 2x − 1 + 1 =) 29.1. ▪ lim+ f ( x ) = lim+
x2 + 2 x 0
= lim+
x ( x + 2)
=2
x→0 x →0 x x →0 x
1
= lim
sin ( )×2=
x − 1
0
sin x 2 (1 + cos x )
2 x →1 x − 1 sin x 2 0
y = π −1 ▪ lim− f ( x ) = lim− = lim− =
1 sin y x→0 x → 0 1 − cos x x → 0 (1 − cos x )(1 + cos x )
= × lim =1 Se x → 1, y → 0
2 y →0 y
sin x 2 (1 + cos x ) sin ( x 2 ) (1 + cos x )
0 = lim− = lim− =
sin ( 2 x ) − cos ( 2 x ) − 1
0 x →0 1 − cos x
2
x →0 sin 2 x
27.5. lim =
π cos x − sin x sin x 2 x2
= lim− 2 × 2 × lim (1 + cos x ) =
x→
4
x →0
x sin x x →0
2sin x cos x − ( cos 2 x − sin 2 x ) − 1
= lim = sin x 2
1
x→
π cos x − sin x = lim 2 × 2
× (1 + 1) =
x→0
4 x sin x y = x2
= lim
(
2sin x cos x − cos 2 x − (1 − cos 2 x ) − 1 ) =
xlim
→ 0 −
x
Se x → 0− , y → 0+
x→
π cos x − sin x sin y 1
4 = lim+ × 2 × 2 = 1×1× 2 = 2
y →0 y 1
2sin x cos x − 2cos 2 x
= lim = ▪ f (0) = 2
x→
π cos x − sin x
4
Como lim− f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) , existe lim f ( x )
−2cos x ( cos x − sin x ) x→0 x →0 x →0
= lim = lim ( −2 cos x ) =
x→
π cos x − sin x x→
π pelo que f é contínua no ponto x = 0 .
4 4
29.2. Assíntotas verticais
π 2 f é contínua em ]−2π , + ∞[ , pois é contínua em ]−2π , 0[
= −2cos = −2 = − 2
4 2 por ser definida pela composta, diferença e quociente entre
0
duas funções contínuas (função seno, função cosseno e
funções polinomiais)e em ]0 , + ∞[ por ser definida pelo
x 0
27.6. lim =
x →0 1 + sin x − 1 − sin x quociente entre de funções contínuas (funções polinomiais)
= lim
x ( 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x ) =
bem como no ponto x = 0 . Logo apenas a reta de equação
x = −2π poderá ser assíntota vertical do seu gráfico.
x→0
( 1 + sin x − 1 − sin x )( 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x ) sin ( 4π 2 )
sin x 2
lim + f ( x ) = lim + = = +∞
= lim
x ( ) =
1 + sin x + 1 − sin x x→2−π x →−2π 1 − cos x 0+
Portanto, a reta de equação x = −2π é assíntota ao gráfico
( 1 + sin x ) − ( 1 − sin x )
x→0 2 2
de f .
x ( 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x ) Assíntotas não verticais ( y = mx + b ) :
= lim =
x→0 1 + sin x − (1 − sin x ) f ( x) x2 + 2x x2
m = lim = lim = lim =1
x →+∞ x x →+∞ x2 x →+∞ x 2
= lim
x ( 1 + sin x 1 − sin x )= x2 + 2x
x→0 2sin x b = lim ( f ( x ) − mx ) = lim − x =
x →+∞ x →+∞ x
1
= lim
x
× lim
2 x → 0 sin x x → 0
( 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x = ) = lim
x2 + 2x − x2
= lim
2x
=2
x →+∞ x x →+∞ x
1 1 1 1 A reta de equação x = x + 2 é assíntota ao gráfico de f em +∞ .
= × × 2 = × × 2 =1
2 lim sin x 2 1
3π
x →0 x 29.3. A função f é contínua no intervalo −6 , − , pois
2
Pág. 61 3π
28. D f = Dg = ℝ −6 , − 2 ⊂ D f e como vimos na alínea anterior, f é
f ( x ) = sin ( 3x ) = sin ( x + 2 x ) = contínua.
= sin x cos ( 2 x ) + sin ( 2 x ) cos x = ▪ f ( −6 ) =
sin 36
≈ −24,900
1 − cos ( −6 )
= sin x ( cos 2 x − sin 2 x ) + 2sin x cos x cos x = 2
3π
= sin x (1 − 2sin 2 x ) + 2sin x cos 2 x = 3π
sin −
▪ f − = 2 ≈ −0,214
= sin x − 2sin 3 x + 2sin x cos 2 x = 2 1 − cos − 3π
= sin x − 2sin 3 x + 2sin x (1 − sin 2 x ) = 2
10
3. Trigonometria
3π 3
g ( 0) =
Como f é contínua no intervalo −6 , − e ▪
2 2
3π Como lim+ g ( x ) = lim− g ( x ) = g ( 0 ) , podemos então
f ( −6 ) < −4 < f − , podemos então concluir, pelo x→0 x→0
2 concluir que existe lim g ( x ) pelo que a função g é
x →0
3π
Teorema de Bolzano que ∃c ∈ −6 , − : f ( c ) = −4 . contínua no ponto x = 0 .
2
( 0×∞ ) sin 2 x Ficha para praticar 12
30.1. lim (1 + sin x ) × tan 2 x = lim (1 + sin x ) × =
x→
3π
2
x→
3π
2
cos x Pág. 62
1 + sin x x ′ x ′ x ′ x 3 x
= lim × lim sin 2 x = 1.1. f ′ ( x ) = 3cos = 3 cos = 3 − sin = − sin
x→
3π cos 2 x x → 3π 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
3π π ′ π ′
1 + sin + y 3π 3π 1.2. g ′ ( x ) = 2 x + sin = ( 2 x )′ + sin =
= lim 2 × sin 2 3π = y = x− ⇔x= +y
x x
y →0 2 2 2
3π 2
π′
cos + y 3π
Se x → ⇒ y → 0+ π π π π π
2 2 =2+ cos = 2 + − 2 cos = 2 − 2 cos
x x x x x x
= lim
1 − cos y
× ( −1) = lim
2 (1 − cos y )(1 + cos y ) × 1 =
y →0
( sin y )
2 y →0 sin 2 y (1 + cos y ) 1.3. h′ ( x ) = ( sin x cos x )′ =
2 ′
2sin 3 x
3 1.5. p′ ( x ) = ( sin 2 x )′ = ( sin x ) =
sin x 1
= lim 3 = 2 lim lim =
x→0 x (1+ cos x ) cos x (1+ cos x) cos x
x →0 x x →0
= 2sin x ( sin x )′ = 2sin x cos x = sin ( 2 x )
1
= 2 ×1 × 3
=1
(1 + 1) × 1 1 + sin x + cos x ′
1.6. r′ ( x ) = =
0 cos x
sin ( −3x ) 0
31. ▪ lim− g ( x ) = lim− = y = −3 x (1+ sin x + cos x )′ cos x − (1+ sin x + cos x )⋅(cos x )′
x→0 x→0 −2 x = =
(cos x )
2
Se x → 0− , y → 0+
sin ( −3 x ) −3 x 3 sin y 3 3
= lim− × = ylim = ×1 = (cos x − sin x) cos x − (1+ sin x + cos x)⋅( − sin x)
x →0
− 3 x −2 x 2 → 0+ y 2 2 = =
cos 2 x
x 0 x
2 x − tan
tan cos x − sin x cos x + sin x + sin 2 x + sin x cos x
2
0
= =
▪ lim g ( x ) = lim+ 2 = lim+ 2 − 2
= cos 2 x
x → 0+ x→0 x x→0 x
cos 2 x + sin x + sin 2 x
= =
x cos 2 ( x )
sin
2 1 + sin x 1 + sin x 1 + sin x 1
x x = = = =
tan cos cos 2 x 1 − sin 2 x (1 + sin x )(1 − sin x ) 1 − sin x
= 2 − lim+ 2 = 2 − lim+ 2 =
x→0 x x→0 x 1 ′
x x 1.7. s′ ( x ) = 2 + tan x − =
sin sin cos ( 2 x )
2 = 2 − lim 2 × lim 1 =
= 2 − lim+
x→0
x cos
x x → 0+
2×
x x → 0+
cos
x 1 ′
= ( 2 )′ + ( tan x )′ − =
2 2 2 cos ( 2 x )
x x
sin
1
= 2 − lim+ 2 ×1 = y=
2 1 −1 × ( cos ( 2 x ) )′
x =0+ − =
2 x →0 1 Se x → 0+ ⇒ y → 0+ cos ( x )
2
( cos ( 2 x ) )
2
2
1 sin y 1 1 1 3 1 − ( −2sin ( 2 x ) ) 1 2sin ( 2 x )
= 2 − lim+ ×1 = 2 − × 1× = 2 − = = − = −
2 y0 y 2 1 2 2 2
cos x cos ( x )
2
cos x cos 2 ( 2 x )
2
11
3. Trigonometria
sin x = =
=1− ( 2sin x cos x ) = 1 − 2sin 2 ( x ) ( sin x − cos x )
2
cos x
Cálculo auxiliar
(8 − 4cos ( πx ) )′ ( sin x − cos x )
( ) ′
2
= sin 2 x − 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x =
1.9. v′ ( x ) = 8 − 4cos ( πx ) = =
2 8 − 4cos ( πx ) = sin 2 x + cos 2 x − sin ( 2 x ) = 1 − sin ( 2 x )
( sin x + cos x )
2
= sin 2 x + 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x =
0 − 4 ( cos ( πx ) )′ −4 ( − πsin ( πx ) )
= = = = 1 + sin ( 2x )
2 8 − 4cos ( πx ) 2 8 − 4cos ( πx )
− (1 − sin ( 2 x ) ) − (1 + sin ( 2 x ) )
f ′ ( x) = =
4π sin ( πx ) 2πsin ( πx ) 1 − sin ( 2 x )
= =
2 8 − 4cos ( πx ) 8 − 4cos ( πx ) −2 2
= =
1 − sin ( 2 x ) sin ( 2 x ) − 1
1 ′ −2
1.10. w′ ( x ) = tan x + + sin x = = =
2
tan x 1 − sin ( 2 x ) sin ( 2 x ) − 1
−1( tan x )′
g ′ ( x ) = ( sin 3 ( 2 x ) )′ = 3sin 2 ( 2 x ) ( sin ( 2 x ) )′ =
1
= + + cos x = 2.2.
cos 2 ( x ) ( tan x )
2
= 3sin 2 ( 2 x ) × 2cos ( 2 x ) =
1
− = 3sin ( 2 x ) × 2sin ( 2 x ) cos ( 2 x ) =
1 cos 2 ( x )
= + + cos ( x ) = = 3sin ( 2 x ) sin ( 4 x )
cos 2 ( x ) tan 2 ( x )
1 2.3. h′ ( x ) = ( sin 2 x + sin x )′ = ( sin 2 x )′ + ( sin x )′ =
1 cos 2 ( x ) 1 1
= − + cos ( x ) = − + cos x = 2sin x ( sin x )′ + cos x = 2sin x cos x + cos x =
cos 2 ( x ) sin 2 ( x ) cos 2 x sin 2 x
cos 2 ( x ) = sin ( 2 x ) + cos x
′
2 − cos x ′ 1
′ 2.4. j ( x ) = tan 2 ( x 4 ) + =
tan ( x )
2 − cos x 2 − sin ( 3 x )
1.11. i′ ( x ) = = =
2 − sin ( 3 x ) 2 − cos x ′
′ −1 × ( tan ( x ) )
2
2 − sin ( 3x ) (
= 2 tan ( x 4 ) tan ( x 4 ) − ) =
( tan ( x ) )
2
=
( 2 − sin (3x ))
2
= = 2 tan ( x ) ×
4 ( x )′ + cos ( x ) =
4 2
= = cos 2 ( x )
2 − cos ( x )
2
2 − sin (3x ) sin ( x 4 ) 4 x3 1 8 x 3 sin ( x 4 ) 1
=2 × + = +
2sin x − sin x sin (3 x ) + 6cos (3 x ) − 3cos x cos (3 x ) cos ( x ) cos ( x ) cos ( x ) ( x)
4 2 4 2 3 4 2
sin x sin
=
2 − cos ( x ) Pág. 63
2 ( 2 − sin (3 x ))
2
2 − sin (3 x )
3.1. f ′ ( x ) = ( sin 2 x + 2cos3 x )′ =
1.12. l ′ ( x ) = ( cos ( sin x ) − x 2 )′ = − ( sin x )′ sin ( sin ( x ) ) − 2 x =
= 2sin x ( sin x )′ + 2 × 3cos 2 x ( cos x )′ =
= − cos x sin ( sin x ) − 2 x = 2sin x cos x + 6cos 2 x ( − sin x ) =
= 2sin x cos x − 6cos 2 x sin x
12
3. Trigonometria
sin ( y )
= 2 x cos ( x 2 ) − 2sin x cos x = 2 − 2lim = 2 − 2 ×1 = 2 − 2 = 0
y →0 y
2
π π π π π
h′ = 2 × cos − 2sin cos = Portanto, f ′ ( 0 ) = 0 .
2 2 2 2 2
π2 πx ′ πx ′ πx
= π cos
π2
− 2 × 1 × 0 = π cos 5.1. ▪ f ′ ( x ) = 2sin = 2 cos =
4 3 3 3
4
2π πx
′ =
3.4. (
j′ ( x ) = cos ( x 3 ) − x cos ( 2 x ) = ) 3
cos
3
2 ′
= ( − x 3 )′ sin ( x 3 ) − ( x )′ cos ( 2 x ) + x ( cos ( 2 x ) )′ = ▪ g ′ ( x ) = ( sin x + cos x ) =
= −3 x 2 sin ( x3 ) − cos ( 2 x ) + x ( −2sin ( 2 x ) ) = = 2 ( sin x + cos x )( sin x + cos x )′ =
= 2 ( sin x + cos x )( cos x − sin x ) =
= −3 x 2 sin ( x 3 ) − cos ( 2 x ) − 2 x sin ( 2 x )
= 2 ( cos 2 x − sin 2 x ) = 2cos ( 2 x )
2 3
π π π π π π
j′ = −3 sin − cos 2 × − 2 × sin 2 × =
2 2 2 2 2 2 ▪ h′ ( x ) = ( x − cos ( 2 x ) )′ = x′ − ( cos ( 2 x ) )′ =
π 2 π3 = 1 − ( −2sin ( 2 x ) ) = 1 + 2sin ( 2 x )
= −3 sin − cos π − π sin π =
4 8 2π πx
Portanto, f ′ ( x ) = cos , g ′ ( x ) = 2cos ( 2 x ) e
3π 2
π 3
3π π 2 3 3 3
=− sin − ( −1) − π × 0 = − sin + 1
4 8
4 8 h′ ( x ) = 1 + 2sin ( 2 x )
f ( x ) − f ( 0) sin ( 2 x ) − sin ( 2 × 0 ) 5.2. Zeros de f ′ :
4.1. f ′ ( 0 ) = lim = lim =
x →0 x−0 x→0 x−0 2π πx πx
sin ( 2 x ) sin ( 2 x ) f ′ ( x) = 0 ⇔ cos = 0 ⇔ cos = 0 ⇔
y = 2x 3 3 3
= lim = 2 × lim =
x→0 x x →0 2x Se x → 0, y → 0 πx π
⇔ = + kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔
sin y 3 2
= 2lim = 2 ×1 = 2
y →0 y 3π 3
⇔ πx = + 3kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔ x = + 3k , k ∈ ℤ
2 2
Portanto, f ′ ( 0 ) = 2
Zeros de g ′ :
π π π π
f + h − f cos + h − cos g ′ ( x ) = 0 ⇔ 2cos ( 2 x ) = 0 ⇔ cos ( 2 x ) = 0 ⇔
f ′ = lim 2 = lim 2
π 2 2
4.2. =
2 h →0 h h→0 h π π kπ
⇔ 2x = + kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔ x = + , k ∈ ℤ
2 4 2
− sin h − 0 sin h
= lim = − lim = −1
h→0 h h→0 h
13
3. Trigonometria
Zeros de h′ :
2 2
π π π 2
f = 2cos 2 = 2 cos = 2 = 1
1
h′ ( x ) = 0 ⇔ 1 + 2sin ( 2 x ) = 0 ⇔ sin ( 2 x ) = − ⇔
2
4
4 2
2
π π
π f ′ = − sin = −1
⇔ sin ( 2 x ) = sin − ⇔ 2 2
6
π π
π 7π Assim, y − 1 = −1 x − ⇔ y = − x + + 1 .
⇔ 2x = − + 2kπ ∨ 2 x = + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔ 2 2
6 6
π
π 7π Portanto, y = − x + + 1 é uma equação da reta pedida.
⇔x=− + kπ ∨ x = + kπ, k ∈ ℤ 2
12 12
sin x
π 6.4. f ( x)
6.1. f ( x ) = 2 x + sin 1 − 2sin x
x
sin x ′ ( sin x )′ (1 − 2sin x ) − sin x (1 − 2sin x )′
π ′ π ′ f ′ ( x) = = =
f ′ ( x ) = 2 x + sin = ( 2 x )′ + sin = 1 − 2sin x (1 − 2sin x )
2
x x
cos x (1 − 2sin x ) − sin x ( −2cos x )
= =
π ′ π π π
(1 − 2sin x )
2
= 2 + cos = 2 − 2 cos
x x x x
cos x − 2sin x cos x + 2sin x cos x cos ( x )
Uma equação da reta tangente ao gráfico de f no ponto de = =
(1 − 2sin x ) (1 − 2sin x )
2 2
abcissa x = −1 é:
Uma equação da reta tangente ao gráfico de f no ponto de
y − f ( −1) = f ′ ( −1) ( x − ( −1) )
abcissa x = − π é:
f ( −1) = −2 + sin ( − π ) = −2 + 0 = −2
y − f ( −π ) = f ′ ( −π ) ( x − ( −π ))
π π
f ′ ( −1) = 2 − cos = 2 − π cos ( − π ) = 2 + π sin ( − π ) 0 0
( )
−1
2
−1 f ( −π ) = = = =0
1 − 2sin ( − π ) 1− 2× 0 1
y + 2 = ( 2 + π )( x + 1) ⇔ y = 2 x + 2 + πx + π − 2
cos ( − π ) −1 −1
f ′ ( −π) = = = = −1
⇔ y = 2 x + πx + π ⇔ y = ( 2 + π ) x + π (1 − 2sin ( −π ) ) (1 − 2 × 0 )
2 2
1
Portanto, y = ( 2 + π ) x + π é uma equação da reta pedida. Assim, y − 0 = −1( x − ( − π ) ) ⇔ y = − x − π
6.2. f ( x ) = 3 + tan x − tan 2 x Portanto, y = − x − π é uma equação da reta pedida.
x ′ x x ′
f ′ ( x ) = 2 cos 2 = 2 × 2cos cos = = − ( 2 x )′ sin ( 2 x ) − 2 x = −2sin ( 2 x ) − 2 x
2 2 2
f ′′ ( x ) = ( −2sin ( 2 x ) − 2 x )′ = ( −2sin ( 2 x ) )′ − ( 2 x )′ =
x x ′ x x 1 x
= 4cos − sin = 4cos − sin =
2 2 2 2 2 2 = −2 ( sin ( 2 x ) )′ − 2 =
x x
= −2cos sin = − sin ( x ) = −2 ( 2 x )′ cos ( 2 x ) − 2 = −4cos ( 2 x ) − 2
2 2
Uma equação de reta tangente ao gráfico de f no ponto de Portanto, f ′′ ( x ) = −4cos ( 2 x ) − 2
π
abcissa x = é: 7.3. f ( x ) = tan ( 2 x )
2
π π π
f ′ ( x ) = ( tan ( 2 x ) )′ =
( 2 x )′ = 2
y − f = f ′ x −
2 2 2 cos 2 ( 2 x ) cos 2 ( 2 x )
14
3. Trigonometria
′ Para x = 0 , tem-se:
2 ′ ( 2 )′ cos 2 ( 2 x ) − 2 ( cos 2 ( 2 x ) )
f ′′ ( x ) = = = f ( x ) − f ( 0)
cos 2 ( 2 x )
( cos2 ( 2 x )) f ′ ( 0+ ) = lim+
2
=
x→0 x−0
x + sin ( x ) x sin ( x )
= lim+ = lim+
+ lim+ =2
−4cos ( 2 x ) − ( 2 x )′ sin ( 2 x ) x →0 x x→0 x x→0 x
= = 8cos ( 2 x ) sin ( 2 x ) =
16 − 4 x
cos ( 2 x )
4
cos 4 ( 2 x ) f ( x ) − f ( 0) −0
f ′ ( 0 ) = lim− = lim− − 6 x + 8
2
− x =
8sin ( 2 x )
x →0 x−0 x →0 x
= −4 ( x − 4 )
cos3 ( 2 x ) −4
= lim
( x − 2 )( x − 4 )
= lim− − 2 = lim− 2
x −4
= −∞
8sin ( 2 x ) x→0 x − 2 x
Portanto, f ′′ ( x ) =
x → 0− x x→0 x
.
cos3 ( 2 x )
Logo, não existe f ′ ( 0 ) .
cos x
7.4. f ( x) = A função f ′ pode ser caracterizada do modo que se segue:
1 + sin x
f ′ : ℝ \ {0} → ℝ
cos x ′ ( cos x )′ (1 + sin x ) − cos x (1 + sin x )′
f ′ ( x) = = = 1 + cos ( x ) se x > 0
1 + sin x (1 + sin x )
2
x1 4
x−2 2 se x < 0
=
− sin x (1+ sin x ) − cos x cos x − sin x (1+ sin x ) − cos x cos x
= ( )
(1+ sin x)
2
Para x = 0 , tem-se:
g ( x ) − g ( 0) cos x − cos ( 0 )
g ′ ( 0− ) = lim− = lim−
− sin ( x ) − 1 1 + sin x 1 x→0 x−0 x →0 x
= =− =− =
(1 + sin x ) (1 + sin x ) 1 + sin x cos ( x ) − 1 ( cos x − 1)( cos x + 1) =
2 2
= lim− = lim
x →0 x x →0 −
x ( cos x + 1)
f ′′ ( x ) = −
1 ′ (1 + sin x )′
cos x
=− =
= lim−
cos 2 x − 1
= lim−
− sin 2 x
=
1 + sin x (1 + sin x ) (1 + sin x )
2 2
x →0 x ( cos x + 1) x →0 x ( cos x + 1)
Portanto, f ′′ ( x ) =
cos x sin x − sin x 0
= lim− × lim− = 1× =0
(1 + sin x )
2
x →0 x x → 0 cos x + 1 1+1
g ( x ) − g ( 0) sin ( 2 x ) − cos ( 0 )
8.1. Para x > 0 , tem-se: g ′ ( 0+ ) = lim+ = lim+
x →0 x−0 x →0 x
f ′ ( x ) = ( x + sin x )′ = ( x )′ + ( sin x )′ = 1 + cos x sin ( 2 x ) − 1 0 −1
= lim+ = = −∞
x →0 x 0+
Para x < 0 , tem-se:
Como g ′ ( 0+ ) = −∞ não existe g ′ ( 0 ) .
16 − 4 x ′
f ′ ( x) = 2 = Assim, uma caracterização da função g ′ é:
x − 6x + 8
g ′ : ℝ \ {0} → ℝ
(16 − 4 x )′ ( x 2 − 6 x + 8 ) − (16 − 4 x ) ( x 2 − 6 x + 8 )′
= = − sin ( x ) se x < 0
(x − 6 x + 8)
2
2 x1
2cos ( 2 x ) se x > 0
−4 ( x 2 − 6 x + 8 ) − (16 − 4 x )( 2 x − 6 ) sin x
= = x se x > 0
(x − 6 x + 8)
2
2
sin x
se x ≠ 0 sin x
9.1. f ( x) = x ⇔ f ( x) = se x < 0
−4 x 2 + 24 x − 32 − 32 x + 96 + 8 x 2 − 24 x −1 se x = 0 −x
= = −1 se x = 0
(x − 6x + 8)
2 2
4( x − 4)
2
4 x 2 − 32 x + 64 sin x
= == =
4 lim f ( x ) = lim+ =1
(x − 6x + 8) ( x − 2 )( x − 4 ) ( x − 2) x → 0+ x →0 x
2 2 2 2
15
3. Trigonometria
se x > 0
x2
x1 − sin ( x )
sin x − x cos x h′ ( x ) = 0 ⇔ =0⇔
se x < 0
(1 + cos ( x ) )
2
x2
π π ⇔ − sin ( x ) = 0 ∧ x ∈ Dh ⇔
10.1. Para x ∈ − , , tem-se:
2 2
π
⇔ sin ( x ) = 0 ∧ x ∈ − π , ⇔ x=0
′ = 2
g ′ ( x ) = ( 2sin 2 ( 2 x ) )′ = 2 ( sin ( 2 x ) )
2
16
3. Trigonometria
π 3π 1
12.1. Para x ∈ , , tem-se: A função g tem, na realidade, um único mínimo, igual a
2 2 2
1 para x = π .
f ′ ( x ) = ( tan x )′ = f ( x) −1 1 − x + sin ( 2 x ) − 1 − x + sin ( 2 x )
cos 2 x 14.1. lim = lim = lim =
x →0 x x→0 x x →0 x
′
1 ′ (1) cos x − 1( cos x )
′
sin ( 2 x ) sin ( 2 x )
2 2
−x
f ′′ ( x ) = = = = lim + lim = −1 + 2lim =
( cos2 x )
2 2
cos x x→0 x x→0 x x → 0 2x
sin y y = 2x
0 − 2cos x ( − sin x ) 2sin x cos x sin ( 2 x ) = −1 + 2lim = −1 + 2 × 1 = 1
Se x → 1, y → 0
= = = y →0 y
cos 4 x cos 4 x cos 4 x
14.2. Para x ∈ [ 0 , π[ , tem-se:
π 3π sin ( 2 x )
Portanto, ∀x ∈ , , f ′′ ( x ) =
2 2 cos 4 ( x ) f ′ ( x ) = (1 − x + sin ( 2 x ) )′ = −1 + 2cos ( 2 x )
sin ( 2 x ) f ′ ( x ) = 0 ⇔ −1 + 2cos ( 2 x ) = 0 ∧ x ∈ [ 0 , π[ ⇔
12.2. f ′′ ( x ) = 0 ⇔ = 0 ⇔ sin ( 2 x ) = 0 ∧ x ∈ D f ⇔
cos ( x )
4
1
∧ 2 x ∈ [ 0 , 2π[ ⇔
⇔ cos ( 2 x ) =
⇔ 2 x = kπ, k ∈ ℤ ∧ x ∈ D f ⇔ 2
π π π 5π
kπ π 3π ⇔ 2 x = ∨ 2 x = 2π − ⇔ x = ∨ x =
⇔x= , k ∈ℤ ∧ x∈ , ⇔ x = π 3 3 6 6
2 2 2
π 5π
π 3π x 0 π
x π 6 6
2 2
f ′′ f′ + + 0 – 0 +
+ 0 –
f ∪ ∩
f ր ց ր
P.I. Mín. Máx. Mín.
O gráfico de f tem a concavidade voltada para cima π π π π π π 3
f = 1 − + sin 2 × = 1 − + sin = 1 − +
6 6 6 6 3 6 2
π 3π
em , π e voltada para baixo em π , . f ( 0 ) = 1 − 0 + sin ( 2 × 0 ) = 1 + sin ( 0 ) = 1 + 0 = 1
2 2
Tem um único ponto de inflexão cuja abcissa é x = π . 5π 5π 5π 5π 5π
f =1− + sin 2 × = 1 − + sin =
13.1. A função g é contínua no intervalo ]0 , 2π[ pois é definida 6 6 6 6 3
pela diferença e quociente defunções contínuas (função 5π π 5π 3
=1− + − sin = 1 − −
cosseno e função polinomial). 6 3 6 2
1 1 π 5π
lim g ( x ) = lim+ = + = +∞ Assim, f é o máximo absoluto e f é o mínimo
x → 0+ x → 0 1 − cos ( x ) 0 6 6
absoluto, logo:
1 1
lim g ( x ) = lim− = + = +∞ 3 5π 3
x → 2π − x → 2π 1 − cos ( x ) 0 M − m =1− +
π
− 1 − − =
6 2 6 2
Portanto, as retas de equação x = 0 e x = 2π são assíntotas
ao gráfico de g . π 3 5π 3 2π
+ =− + + = + 3
O gráfico de g não tem assíntotas não verticais, já que o 6 2 6 2 3
14.3. Para x ∈ [ 0 , π[ , tem-se:
domínio é um conjunto limitado.
13.2. Para x ∈ ]0 , 2π[ , tem-se: f ′′ ( x ) = ( −1 + 2cos ( 2 x ) ) = 0 + 2 ( −2sin ( 2 x ) ) = −4sin ( 2 x )
f ′′ ( x ) ⇔ −4sin ( 2 x ) = 0 ⇔ sin ( 2 x ) = 0 ⇔
1 ′ (1)′ (1 − cos x ) − 1(1 − cos x )′
g′ ( x ) = = = kπ
1 − cos ( x ) (1 − cos x ) ⇔ 2 x = kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔ x = , k ∈ℤ
2
2
0 − ( − ( − sin x ) ) − sin x Como x ∈ [ 0 , π[ , tem-se que f ′′ ( x ) = 0 ⇔ x = 0 ∨ x =
π
= =
(1 − cos x ) (1 − cos x ) 2
2 2
π
− sin ( x ) x 0 π
g′ ( x ) = 0 ⇔ = 0 ⇔ − sin ( x ) = 0 ∧ x ∈ D f ⇔ 2
(1 − cos ( x ) )
2
f ′′ 0 – 0 +
⇔ sin ( x ) = 0 ∧ x ∈ ]0 , 2π[ ⇔ x = π f 1 ∩ ∪
x 0 π 2π P.I.
O gráfico de f tem um único ponto de inflexão de abcissa
g′ – 0 +
π
g ց ր x= .
2
Mín.
17
3. Trigonometria
5π 5π 5π 5π π
2
−2π π
g = sin 2 + cos = sin + cos 2π − = = − sin =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
π
2
π π π
2
2π 3 3π
= sin 2π − + cos − = sin − + cos =− − =
3 3 3 3 3 2 3
2
π 1
2
3 1 3 1 5 3π
A velocidade pedida é m/s.
= − sin + = − + = + =
3 2 2 2 4 2 4 3
5π 5
A abcissa pedida é x = e a equação y = .
3 4
18
3. Trigonometria
2π πt ′ ′
2π πt
x′′ ( t ) = − sin + π = − sin + π =
3 6 3 6
2π πt ′ πt
=− + π cos + π =
3 6 6
2π π πt
=− cos + π =
3 6 6 Pág. 67
π2 πt
= − cos + π 19.1. Para t ∈ [ 0 , 3[ , tem-se:
9 6
π
Assim, −1 ≤ cos πt + ≤ 1 , portanto,
4
π2 2π π2 π
x′′ ( 2 ) = − cos + π = − cos π + = π π
9 6 9 3 −3 ≤ 3cos πt + ≤ 3 ⇔ 1 ≤ 3cos πt + ≤ 7
4 4
π2 π π 2 1 π2
=− − cos = − − = Logo, a distância máxima e mínima do corpo C ao solo é,
9 3 9 2 18
respetivamente, 7 metros e 1 metro.
π 19.2. A amplitude é 3.
A aceleração da partícula no instante t = 2 é, portanto, .
18 2π 1 1
19.3. O período é T = = 2 e a frequência é f = =
18. ▪ Zeros π T 2
πt πt π
x ( t ) = 0 ⇔ 2cos + π = 0 ⇔ cos + π = 0 ⇔ 19.4. A fase é .
4 4 4
πt π 19.5. ▪ Contradomínio
⇔ + π = + kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔
4 2 [1 , 7 ]
πt π ▪ Maximizantes
⇔ = − + kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔
4 2 π
⇔ πt = −2π + 4kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔ D ( t ) = 7 ⇔ 3cos πt + + 4 = 7 ⇔
4
⇔ t = −2 + 4k , k ∈ ℤ π
⇔ cos πt + = 1 ⇔
Como t ∈ [ 0 , 8[ , tem-se que x ( t ) = 0 ⇔ t = 2 ∨ t = 6 4
▪ Contradomínio π
⇔ πt + = 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔
πt 4
∀t ∈ [ 0 , 8[ , − 1 ≤ cos + π ≤ 1
4 π
⇔ πt = − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔
4
πt
Ou seja, −2 ≤ 2cos + π ≤ 2 , pelo que o π
4 ⇔ πt = − + 2kπ, ∈ ℤ ⇔
4
contradomínio é [ −2 , 2] .
1
▪ Maximizantes ⇔ t = − + 2k , k ∈ ℤ
4
πt πt
x ( t ) = 2 ⇔ 2cos + π = 2 ⇔ cos + π = 1 ⇔ Como t ∈ [ 0 , 3[ , tem-se que t =
7
4 4 4
πt πt ▪ Minimizantes
⇔ + π = 2kπ, k ∈ℤ ⇔ = − π + 2kπ, k ∈ℤ ⇔
4 4 π
D ( t ) = 1 ⇔ 3cos πt + + 4 = 1
⇔ πt = −4π + 8kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔ 4
⇔ t = −4 + 8k , k ∈ ℤ
π
⇔ cos πt + + 4 = 1
Como t ∈ [ 0 , 8[ tem-se que t = 4 . 4
▪ Minimizantes π
⇔ πt + = π + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ
πt πt 4
x (t ) = −2 ⇔ 2cos + π = −2 ⇔ cos + π = −1 ⇔
4 4 3π
⇔ πt = + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ
πt 4
⇔ + π = π + 2kπ, k ∈ℤ ⇔
4 3
⇔t = + 2k , k ∈ ℤ
πt 4
⇔ = 2kπ, k ∈ℤ ⇔
4 3 11
Como t ∈ [ 0 , 3[ , tem-se que t = ∨t =
⇔ t = 8k , k ∈ ℤ 4 4
Como t ∈ [ 0 , 8[ , tem-se que t = 0 .
19
3. Trigonometria
20
3. Trigonometria
23.1. x ( t ) = cos t − 3 sin t = 24.2. A função definida por sin ( cx + d ) , com x ∈ ℝ , tem
1 3 contradomínio [ −1 , 1] .
= 2 cos t − sin t =
2 2 Portanto, se b > 0 , a função definida por b sin ( cx + d ) tem
π π
= 2 cos cos t − sin sin t = contradomínio [ −b , b ] , donde vem que o contradomínio da
3 3
função definida por a + b sin ( cx + d ) é [ a − b , a + b ] .
π
= 2cos + t 2π π
3 25.1. O período positivo mínimo da função g é = .
4 2
π
23.2. x ( t ) = 0 ∧ t ≥ 0 ⇔ 2cos + t = 0 ∧ t ≥ 0 ⇔ 25.2. O contradomínio da função g é [ 2 − 3 , 2 + 3] , isto é,
3
π
[ −1 , 5] .
⇔ cos + t = 0 ∧ t ≥ 0 ⇔
3
π π Pág. 69
⇔ + t = + kπ, k ∈ ℤ ∧ t ≥ 0 ⇔
3 2 26. f ( x ) = a + b sin ( cx + d )
π π O contradomínio da função h é um intervalo de números
⇔t = − + kπ, k ∈ ℤ ∧ t ≥ 0 ⇔
2 3 reais do tipo [ a − b , a + b ] . Como o contradomínio é
π π
⇔ t = + kπ, k ∈ ℤ ∧ t ≥ 0 ⇔ t = + kπ, k ∈ ℤ +0
6 6
[ −3 , 2] , tem-se que:
23.3. Determinemos uma expressão da função x′′ . a − b = −3 a = −3 + b a = −3 + b
⇔ ⇔ ⇔
′ a + b = 2 −3 + b + b = 2 2b = 5
π
x ( t ) = 2cos + t =
3 5 1
a = −3 + 2 a = − 2
π ⇔ ⇔
′ π b = 5 b = 5
= 2 − + t sin + t =
3 3 2 2
Por outro lado, o período mínimo positivo da função h é 6,
π
= −2sin + t 2π 2π π
3 portanto, =6⇔c= ⇔c=
c 6 3
′
π Assim, h é definida por uma expressão da forma:
x′′ ( t ) = −2sin + t =
3 1 5 π
h ( x ) = − + sin x + d
π 2 2 3
′ π
= −2 + t cos + t =
3 3 7
Como o ponto de coordenadas 0 , − pertence ao gráfico
4
π
= −2cos + t de h , vem que:
3
7 1 5 π 7
Assim, vem que: h ( 0) = − ⇔ − + sin × 0 + d = − ⇔
4 2 2 3 4
π π
x′′ ( t ) = −k × x ( t ) ⇔ −2cos + t = −k × 2cos + t 5 7 1
3 3 ⇔ sin d = − + ⇔
2 4 2
⇔ −1 = − k ⇔ k = 1
5 5 5 2 1
Portanto, k = 1 . ⇔ sin d = − ⇔ sin d = − × ⇔ sin d = − ⇔
2 4 4 5 2
24.1. f ( x ) = a + b sin ( cx + d ) , b ≠ 0 e c > 0 π 7π
⇔d =− + 2kπ ∨ d = + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ
Para todo x ∈ ℝ 6 6
f ( x + P0 ) = f ( x ) ⇔ π
Portanto, um valor possível para d é − .
6
⇔ a + b sin c ( x + P0 ) + d = sin ( cx + d ) b≠0
Assim, a função h pode ser definida por
⇔ sin ( cx + d + cP0 ) = sin ( cx + d ) 1 5 π π
h ( x ) = − + sin x −
Como a função seno é periódica de período fundamental 2π 2 2 3 6
vem π
2π 27.1. f ( x ) = 3cos x + + 5
cP0 = 2π ⇔ P0 = ( c > 0) 4
c
▪ Df = ℝ
2π
Logo, f é periódica de período fundamental
c
. ▪ D′f = [ −3 + 5 , 3 + 5] = [ 2 , 8]
2π
▪ Período: = 2π
1
21
3. Trigonometria
22
3. Trigonometria
3π 3 10 8. ▪ Contradomínio de h
Como α ∈ π , , cos α < 0 , pelo que cos α = − Para x ∈ ℝ :
2 10
Assim, π
− 1 ≤ cos 3 x + ≤ 1 ⇔
sin (α + x ) − sin (α − x ) 18
lim = 2cos α =
x →0 x π
⇔ − 5 ≤ 5cos 3 x + ≤ 5 ⇔
3 10 6 10 3 10 18
= 2 − = − =−
10 10 5 π
⇔ − 7 ≤ 5cos 3 x + − 2 ≤ 3
Resposta: (A) 18
π π Portanto, D′h = [ −7 , 3] , pelo que a opção (A) é rejeitada.
4. Se a função g é contínua no intervalo , então é
4 2
2π π
π ▪ O período da função g é e não pelo que a opção
contínua no ponto pelo que existe lim g ( x ) . 3 8
2 x→
π
2 (B) é rejeitada
lim− g ( x ) = lim−
cos x
= y = x−
π
⇔ x= +y
π 17π 17π π
π π 2 2 • h = 5cos 3 + − 2 =
x→
π
x→ −x + 54 54 18
2 2
2 π
Se x → , y → 0+
2 17π π
π = 5cos + −2=
cos y + 18 6
= lim+ 2
=
−y 17π + 3π
y →0 = 5cos −2=
18
− sin y sin y
= lim+ = lim+ =1 20π
y →0 −y y → 0 y = 5cos −2=
18
π
lim− g ( x ) = g ⇔ 1 = k − 1 ⇔ k = 2 = 5cos
10π
−2=
x→
π 2 9
2
Resposta: (D) π
= 5cos π + − 2 =
2 ′ 9
5. f ′ ( x ) = ( cos 2 x 2 )′ = ( cos x 2 ) = 2cos x 2 ( cos x 2 )′ =
π
= −5cos − 2
(
= 2cos x 2 − x 2′ sin x 2 = ) 9
17
= 2cos x 2 ( −2 x sin x 2 ) = −2 x × 2cos x 2 sin x 2 = h ≠ 3 .
54
= −2 x sin ( 2 x 2 ) 17π
Logo, não é maximizante de h .
Resposta: (A) 54
53π 53π π
• h = 5cos 3 + − 2 =
Pág. 71 18 18 18
π 54π
O declive da reta r é igual a g ′ . = 5cos 3 × −2=
6.
6 18
g ′ ( x ) = ( sin ( 2 x ) )′ = ( 2 x )′ cos ( 2 x ) = 2cos ( 2 x ) . = 5cos ( 3 × 3π ) − 2 =
Assim, tem-se que: = 5cos ( 8π + π ) − 2 =
π 2π π 1 = 5cos π − 2 =
g ′ = 2cos = 2cos = 2 × = 1
6 6 3 2 = 5 × ( −1) − 2 = −7
Retas paralelas têm o mesmo declive, pelo que o declive da
53π
reta s é igual a 1. Logo, é um minimizante de h .
Por outro lado, esta reta passa pela origem , pelo que é 18
definida por uma equação do tipo y = mx , onde m é o Resposta: (D)
9. Por definição:
declive. Portanto, y = x é a equação reduzida da reta s .
sin ( π + h ) − sin ( π )
Resposta: (B) lim = g ′ ( π ) , sendo g ( x ) = sin x .
h→0 h
7. Como a função é contínua em ℝ então é contínua em x = 0 .
Assim existe lim f ( x ) , g ′ ( x ) = ( sin x )′ = cos x , pelo que g ′ ( π ) = cos π = −1 .
x →0
23
3. Trigonometria
⇔ sin ( x ) =
−7 ± 81
⇔ sin ( x ) =
−7 ± 9
⇔ Como g é contínua no intervalo [3 , 4] e g ( 3) < π < g ( 4 ) ,
−4 −4 podemos então concluir, pelo Teorema de Bolzano-Cauchy,
1
⇔ sin ( x ) = 4 ∨ sin x = − ⇔ que a equação g ( x ) = π tem, pelo menos, uma solução, no
2
intervalo ]3 , 4[ .
1
⇔ x ∈ ∅ ∨ sin ( x ) = − ⇔ 13. A função h é contínua.
2
Assim, as retas de equação x = −2π e x = 0 são as únicas
1 π
⇔ sin x = − ⇔ sin x = sin − ⇔ possíveis assíntotas verticais do gráfico de h .
2 6
x − sin ( x )
π 7π lim + h ( x ) = lim + =
⇔ x = − + 2kπ ∨ x = + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ x →−2π x →−2π x
6 6 2sin
2
−2π − sin ( −2π + )
11. Tem-se que:
−2π − 0
BD ⋅ DC = BD × DC × cos BD ɵ, DC ( ) =
−2π +
=
0−
= +∞
2sin
DC = AB = AB = 2 2
0
x − sin ( x ) 0
2 2 2 2
BD = AB + AD ⇔ BD = 22 + 62
lim− h ( x ) = lim− =
2
⇔ BD = 4 + 36 ⇔ BD = 40
2
x→0 x→0 x
2sin
2
Como BD > 0 , BD = 40 = 2 10 .
sin x sin x
Logo, BD = BD = 2 10 . 1− 1 − lim−
= lim− x = x→0 x =
x →0 sin x x
A amplitude do ângulo formado pelos vetores BD e DC é 2× sin
x 1 2
π 2 × × lim−
dada por + α . 2 x→0 x
2 2
Assim, vem: 1−1 x
= = y=
sin y 2
π 1 × lim−
BD ⋅ DC = 2 10 × 2 × cos + α = y →0 y Se x → 0 − , y → 0 −
2
0
= 4 10 × ( − sin α ) = = =0
1×1
= −4 10 sin α =
α α Como lim + h ( x ) = +∞ e lim− h ( x ) = 0 , apenas a reta de
= −4 10 2sin cos = x →−2π x→0
24
3. Trigonometria
π π
14.1. 0,8sin wt + = 0,8 sin ( wt ) cos cos ( wt ) 15.2. f ′ ( x ) = 0 ⇔ sin ( 2 x ) = 0 ⇔ 2 x = kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔
6 6 kπ
⇔x= , k ∈ℤ ⇔
π π 2
= 0,8 sin ( wt ) cos + sin cos ( wt ) =
6 6 3π π 3π
Como x ∈ 0 , , vem x = ∨ x = π ∨ x = .
4 3 1 2 2 2
= sin ( wt ) × + cos ( wt )
5 2 2
π 3π
2 3 2 x 0 π
= sin ( wt ) + cos ( wt ) 2 2
5 5
2 3 f′ + 0 – 0 + 0
14.2. f ( t ) = cos ( wt ) − ⇔
5 5 f ր 1 ց 0 ր 1
2 3 2 2 3 Máx. Mín. Máx.
⇔ sin ( wt ) + cos ( wt ) = cos ( wt ) − ⇔ A função f , neste intervalo, é estritamente crescente em
5 5 5 5
π 3π
2 3 3 0 , 2 e em π , 2 e é estritamente decrescente em
⇔ sin ( wt ) = − ⇔ 2 3 sin ( wt ) = −3 ⇔
5 5
π π
⇔ sin ( wt ) = −
3
⇔ sin ( wt ) = −
3
⇔ 2 , π . Tem dois máximos relativos, são eles f 2 = 1 e
2
2 3
3π
π f = 1 e tem um mínimo relativo que é f ( π ) = 0 .
⇔ sin ( wt ) = sin − ⇔ 2
3
16. A reta t tem declive igual a –1, pelo que a abcissa do ponto
π 4π
⇔ wt = − + 2kπ ∨ wt = + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ A é a solução da equação g ′ ( x ) = −1 , com x ∈ ]− π , π[ .
3 3
g ′ ( x ) = ( sin x − cos x )′ = cos x − ( − sin x )
π 2π 4π 2π
⇔t=− + k ∨t = + k, k ∈ ℤ
3w w 3w w
= cos x + sin x
= − sin x × 1 × 0 + cos x = π
⇔ y − ( −1) = −1 x + ⇔
= cos x 2
π
Portanto, f ′ ( x ) = sin ( 2 x ) ⇔ y + 1 = −x − ⇔
2
π
⇔ y = −x − − 1
2
25
3. Trigonometria
π 2 3 π π
Portanto, a equação reduzida da reta t é y = − x − −1 . =− cos ( πt ) cos − sin sin ( πt ) =
2 3 3 3
17.1. Para x ∈ ]0 , π[ , tem-se: 2 3 π
=− cos πt + =
h′ ( x ) = ( x + cos ( 2 x ) )′ = ( x 2 )′ + ( cos ( 2 x ) )′ =
2 3 3
2 3 π
= 2 x − 2sin ( 2 x ) = cos πt + + π =
3 3
h′′ ( x ) = ( 2 x − 2sin ( 2 x ) )′ = ( 2 x )′ − ( 2sin ( 2 x ) )′ = 2 3 4π
= cos πt +
3 3
= 2 − 2 ( sin ( 2 x ) )′ = 2 − 2 × 2cos ( 2 x ) = 2 − 4cos ( 2 x )
Trata-se de um oscilador harmónico, uma vez que, é dada
h′′ ( x ) = 0 ⇔ 2 − 4cos ( 2 x ) = 0 ⇔ cos ( 2 x ) =
1
⇔ por uma expressão da forma x ( t ) = A cos ( wt + ϕ ) , onde
2
A > 0, w > 0 e ϕ ∈ [ 0 , 2π[ .
π π
⇔ 2x = + 2kπ ∨ 2 x = − + 2kπ, k ∈ ℤ ⇔
3 3 2 3
18.2. Amplitude:
π π 3
⇔ x = + kπ ∨ x = − + kπ, k ∈ ℤ
6 6 2π
Período: =2
π 5π π
Como x ∈ ]0 , π[ tem-se h′′ ( x ) = 0 ⇔ x = ∨ x =
6 6 1
Frequência:
2
π 5π 4π
x 0 π Ângulo de fase:
6 6 3
h′′ – 0 + 0 – 18.3. Determinemos uma expressão da função x′′ .
h ∩ ∪ ∩ ′
2 3 4π
P.I. P.I. x′ ( t ) = cos πt + =
3 3
2 3 4π
O gráfico de h tem a concavidade voltada para cima em
4π ′
π 5π π 5π = − πt + sin πt + =
6 , 6 e voltada para baixo em 0 , 6 e em 6 , π . 3 3 3
π 5π 2 3 4π
Tem dois pontos de inflexão de abcissas e . = − πsin πt + =
6 6 3 3
17.2. A função h é contínua em ]0 , π[ pois é definida pela 2 3π 4π
=− sin πt + =
composta e soma de funções contínuas (função cosseno e 3 3
funções polinomiais).
2 3 ′
7 4π
Como , 2 ⊂ ]0 , π[ , a função h é contínua no intervalo x′′ ( t ) = − πsin πt + =
4 3 3
7 2 3 4π ′
4 , 2 . 4π
=− π πt + cos πt + =
3 3 3
2
7 7 7
−2 3 4π
h = + cos 2 × ≈ 2,126
4 4 4 = π π cos πt + =
3 3
h ( 2 ) = 2 + cos ( 2 × 2 ) ≈ 3,346
2
2 3π 2 4π
7 7 =− cos πt +
Como h é contínua no intervalo , 2 e h < π < h ( 2 ) , 3 3
4 4 Logo,
podemos então concluir, pelo Teorema de Bolzano que x′′ (t ) = −k ( xt ) ⇔
7
∃x ∈ , 2 : h ( x ) = π , isto é, que a equação h ( x ) = π tem, 2 3 2 4π 2 3 4π
4 ⇔− π cos πt + = − k cos πt + ⇔
3 3 3 3
7
pelo menos, uma solução no intervalo , 2 . ⇔ π2 = k
4
Portanto k = π 2 .
3
18.1. x ( t ) = sin ( πt ) − cos ( πt ) = Interpretação de −kx ( t ) : trata-se da força exercida (pela
3
mola) sobre o ponto P («Lei de Hooke»).
3 3
=− cos ( πt ) − sin ( πt ) =
3 3
3 3 3
=−
3
3
(
cos ( πt ) − 3 sin ( πt ) = ) 3
=
3
= 3
3 1 3
=− × 2 cos ( πt ) − sin ( πt ) =
3 2 2
26