Ofertas e solicitações no inglês

aeronáutico: um estudo pelo viés

da Linguística de Corpus

Malila Carvalho de Almeida Prado

Prof. Stella Tagnin
Universidade de São Paulo
Contexto de estudo
• Série de acidentes

• Proficiência linguística – pilotos e ATCOS

• Níveis 1-6 (mínimo 4)

• Pronúncia, estrutura, vocabulário, fluência,

compreensão e interação

• Materiais didáticos e avaliações – sem ou pouca

correspondência com a realidade
 Av English

Fraseo
English logia
Corpus

• Comunicações via rádio entre pilotos e ATCOs

• Situações anormais

• Texto inicia quando o problema é abordado, e encerra na resolução

• Transcrições - quebras prosódicas (TLA, CRESTI, 2000)

• 119 áudios – 93.391 palavras (complementado)

 Padrões
Fluência e
Corpus léxico-
interação
gramaticais
N Word Freq. N Word Freq. N Word Freq.

1 WE RE GONNA 106 13 AND UH WE 33 25 YOU WANT TO 27

2 HOLD SHORT OF 71 14 DO YOU WANT 33 26 TO THE RAMP 26

3 ON THE RUNWAY 56 15 I M SORRY 33 27 DON T KNOW 25

4 I DON T 47 16 SOULS ON BOARD 33 28 OKAY WE RE 24

5 D LIKE TO 42 17 AT THIS TIME 32 29 WE VE GOT 24

6 LET ME KNOW 41 18 AND WE LL 31 30 BE ABLE TO 23

7 UH WE RE 40 19 TO THE GATE 31 31 DECLARING AN EMERGENCY 23

8 WE D LIKE 39 20 DO YOU NEED 29 32 THAT S FINE 23

9 DO YOU HAVE 38 21 IF YOU CAN 29 33 HOLD YOUR POSITION 22

10 I M GONNA 35 22 WE NEED TO 29 34 IF YOU NEED 22

11 THANK YOU VERY 35 23 YOU RE GONNA 29 35 LET YOU KNOW 22

12 YOU NEED TO 35 24 OKAY THANK YOU 28 36 UH WE LL 22

Linguística de Corpus

01 02 03 04
Análise da Descrição Corpus- Fenômeno
língua real linguística based x social – uso
corpus- recorrente
driven
Aijmer &
Ruhlemann, 2015,
p.8
• Efeito no usuário

• Interação entre as pessoas

• Uso da língua
Pragmática
• Contexto
Aijmer &
Ruhlemann, 2015,
p.3
Corpus Pragmatics
Linguística de Corpus Pragmática
• Língua como dado • (Função) – força ilocucionária

• Significado no entorno (léxico- • Teoria dos atos de fala

gramática)
• Dêiticos
• Convencionalidade

Adolphs, 2008
O´Keefe, Clancy & Adolphs, 2011
Aijmer & Ruhlemann, 2015
Aijmer &
Ruhlemann, 2015,
p.12
 Chunks…
• …somewhere between the traditional poles of lexicon and syntax,
conventionalised form/function composites that occur more frequently and
have more idiomatically determined meaning than language that is put
together each time (Nattinger & DeCarrico, 1992, p.57).
• Language function thus becomes part of the unit of meaning of a lexical
item which also includes information about its grammatical integration,
collocations and semantic preference (see Sinclair [1996] 2004).
• Some longer strings of language recur frequently and are often
connected with the functional usage of language (Schmitt & Carter,
2000, p.6)
• [..] conventional indirect speech acts, that is, speech acts which habitually
display a particular lexico-grammatical construct which is closely
associated with a specific function (Adolphs, 2008, p. 27)
Solicitações
Fraseologia Aeronáutica: Plain English

REQUEST (ICAO, 2007, p.2-7) Request – 64 entradas

“I should like to know” Would / ´d like – 78 entradas

or

“I wish to obtain”
• Linhas de concordância

• Wordsmith Tools 6.0

(SCOTT, 2015)
Bradley ground / Cactus fifteen oh nine / request taxi to runway six //

Cactus fifteen oh nine / runway three three / taxi via sierra //

Yes sir uh / if able / we would like to request runway six for Cactus fifteen
zero nine //

Cactus fifteen zero nine / runway six / taxi via Charlie //

Via Charlie for runway six / Cactus fifteen oh nine //

MAC_Cactus
Mayday <unreadable> zero five <unreadable> fire on board / request immediate
turn back to Budapest //

Roger / two stations / say again your call sign //

Air France one six nine five / mayday / request turn back and descend to
Budapest //

Air France one six nine five uh roger uh / right is approved / descend to flight level
two zero zero //

Descend flight level two zero zero / Air France one six nine five // Air France one
six nine five / can we turn back to Budapest? //

Air France one six nine five / affirm / cleared to turn back to Budapest / right turn
and uh descend to flight level two zero zero //

Right turn flight level two zero zero / Air France one six nine five //

Air France Budapest

Uh KLM 73E //
Go ahead //
Uh we have some uh unruly passengers on board so we would like to return to
the gate //
Okay / KLM 73E / umm what would like <break> would you like to return to
the gate? / that’s fine / taxi down the runway and escape via S4 //
Vacate via S4 / KLM 73E / thank you // and Tower / KLM 73E / uh we would
like to request uh the police at the gate //
KLM 73E / that’s copied / we’re working on that //
Thank you //
KLM 73E / we’ve called the police for you / contact Ground on 121.705//
121.705 / thank you / KLM 73E//

FLYBE Gear
Ground / Delta nine eighty-seven //

Delta nine eighty-seven / Ground //

Uh yes ma’am / we’ve got smoke in the cockpit / we’d like you to roll trucks to
our present position / please //

You said you have smoke in the cockpit over there? //

We have smoke in the cockpit / it’s clearing but please roll the trucks //

Delta nine eighty-seven / wilco / we’ll call them right now //

EVAC_Delta987
Radar / Lufthansa four one niner / request to level off at flight level three
hundred //

<blocked>

Lufthansa four one niner / we have a crack in our window / so we we we´d like
to maintain this altitude ´til we advise //

Lufthansa four nineteen / just advise when you´re done dumping fuel //

We would like to divert to Boston //

Lufthansa four nineteen / roger / we´ll have direct to Boston uh whenever

you´re done // attention all aircraft in the vicinity of the Norwich VOR / fuel
dumping in progress at eight thousand feet by a seven forty-seven //

Lufthansa cracked windshield

Ofertas
Fraseologia Aeronáutica Corpus

A station replying to an aircraft in Do you want – 23 entradas

distress or urgency should provide such
advice, information and instructions as Would you like – 21 entradas
is necessary to assist the pilot.
If / wh* would like – 10 entradas
Superfluous transmissions may be
distracting at a time when the pilot´s
hands are already full. (ICAO, 2007,
p.9-2)
Eagle forty sixty-nine turn right heading two seven zero and uh just stay at
that two thirty heading / and do you want to stay stopped on the runway or do
you think you’ll be able to clear? //

Well we uh don’t know yet / most likely we’ll able to clear / Eagle forty sixty-
nine //

Alright / Just to verify if your gear is stuck down? //

Uh we don’t know / we’re having a disagreement message//

Okay // Eagle forty sixty-nine / if you wanna do a flyby / I can have the
tower look at the gear before you land //

RE_AAL4069
08 left / ATIS F and understand you’re minimum fuel //

uh confirm it’s the runway 08 left for us / Emirates 229? //

that is correct / runway 08 left / I can offer you the right side if you’d like / whatever you want //

Mayday Mayday Mayday / Emirates 229 heavy / we have a mayday fuel and we require runway 08 right //

Ok / I check the mayday Emirates / just plan runway 08 right and I’ll have the vectors for you very shortly here
//

Emirates 229 / thank you //

And Emirates 229 / are you in need of immediate landing? //

Affirmative / Emirates 229 heavy //

Ok / would you like to land at Victoria airport? / it´s about ten fifteen miles closer //

Uh negative / we are set up for Vancouver / we’ll go to Vancouver //

Ok thanks / Emirates 229 / I just wanna uh be clear here / I can offer you either Abbotsford Airport or Victoria
Airport / they are both a little closer and they both have east west runways / and uh either that or you can
continue to Vancouver //

It is going to be Vancouver for us Emirates 229 / thanks for the offer //

Emirates Fuel
Mayday mayday mayday / Alitalia six one golf / maintaining runway heading / we
have uh one engine failure //
okay six one golf heavy / Boston Departure / radar contact / say your intentions //
uh request uh long radar vectoring / please //
Roger six one golf heavy / climb and maintain two thousand / turn right heading
two two zero / expect ILS runway <break> expect runway four right //
Okay two <break> okay / negative / request three thousand //
okay six one golf roger climb and maintain three thousand / fly heading two two
zero //
okay / cleared to alt<break> heading two two zero / Alitalia <pause> six one golf //
Alitalia six one golf / roger / altitude your discretion / do you want to maintain
two thousand / two thousand is fine / did you wanna climb to three thousand?
//
Okay / three thousand <pause> is okay / I’ll call when ready to climb three
thousand / Alitalia six one golf //

LOLI_Alitalia61G
 Solicitações Ofertas

request would / ´d like do you want would you like if/wh * would like
Conclusões parciais
• LC + Pragmática √

• Investigações estão alinhadas com outras pesquisas – a relação forma e

significado + perfil funcional

• Ampliação do corpus com material “internacionalizado” – importante para

demonstrar que a polidez está na interação entre os profissionais

• O uso da linguagem rotineirizada da Fraseologia Aeronáutica ainda é

preferência entre os profissionais; a migração para o plain English é feita
quando há negociação (situacional)

• Os chunks parecem facilitar a produção de linguagem também de “não-

nativos”, que se utilizam dos recursos ao migrar ao plain English

• Relação piloto x ATCO

Aplicações
• Análise de outros chunks recorrentes

• Fluência: chunks (Wray, 1998, 2000; Wood, 2006)

• Interação: pilotos e ATCOs

1. impressões dos profissionais ao escutarem as enunciações que contêm os
itens estudados.
2. aplicação das funções examinadas (em sala de aula) e investigação do
resultado
malila.prado@gmail.com