© GEOGRAPHIC | MAGAZINE JULY, 1911 CONTENTS Reptiles of All Lands Ay | The Indian Census of 1911 iris’ Agricultural Clubs nbs in the High Alps is, the Bees haverearions PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY iB ' HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHINGTON, D.C.NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL SIXTEENTH ANO M STREETS, WASHINGTON, D.C. HENRY. GANNETT =... pkesioeént) «OL HOTITTMANN O.PAUSTIN . . . . . secneramy, JOHN JOY EDSON GILBERT H.GROSVENOR, pinecTom AND EDITOR F, B. FICHELBERGER JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE, assmrawr Eoiram BOARD OF MANAGERS igos-1919 isto-te12 foyt-tars 0. P, Austin Henry FP. Blount: ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Cet Darel ales Veron Am Seaity Invewor ae ese CHapLes J, Brees, Crass Hexay Ganxner C.MU Chasran ‘Chatrtan of LS, Geographic Wess Admiral Uy 8 ne eee GAN a ‘ Sen Howann Gone TCCHAMBENLIN |g. Phinbenick V. CoVLit Ppl. Emeritus ‘aity of Chiengo. ‘Botanist, US, Department of aetcmliee ‘ayes Gee Grorce Davinson Jou E, Piecsnury Arctic Expturer, Major Profane of Gnaeeps Unk BES ees Vetalty of Cailfers Ginsert M. Grosvenor Joux Joy Epson a Rates [Haitor uf Nsiomal Geogruslle ‘Magazine Presideit Washington Loan & % raeeduit Maoasing Ballon The EVRInE Groene Ores SMITH Davin Fameniiy PRankiin K. Lane Director at U.S, Keotogieat ‘Survey InChargeot Agricultural: xe Mernber ofthe tnterstateCom= ‘ploralons, tent of Agric. ‘herce Comiminuon O. HL Trremann Superintendent of Uk 8. Co Harr MERRIAM ‘Tele MACDONALD, M.D. tnd Geode Suva Chief US. Miotosial Survey S.No D. Nowves 2M, WILSON Pormerty. Diteetor Us cies Qeneral U.S” Arve: Guorae Sumas, 30 temas Se Me ee remees To catry out the purpase for which it was founded twenty-two years ago, namely, ‘the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge,” the National Geographic Society publishes this Magszine. 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Dirmars ‘Cosator or Rertinus, N. ¥, Boi," N THE four orders of scaled and shielded forms that make up th eptiles, we haye a vivid a rapidly degenerating race of creatures, ‘The reptiles of for- thet periods—of hundreds of thousands: far the most globe comparison with the ages of ather groups of the earth's varied vertebrate life, the reptiles have passed through some abruptly terminated epochs. Pale- ontology. teaches us that the age of g- _gantic reptiles came to a sudden close. ortant climatic changes oc disturb anees were probably responsible for thi for warmth is one of the absolute neces~ sities of a réptile's Tite, undoubtedly a far cooler sphere than during the age of the great reptiles. Tn consequence we find the legions of modern reptiles, the members greatly reduced in size, occurring compactly around the world within the equatorial parallels, As we lonk to the narth or the south, away from the region of greatest heat, the number of species and the size of their representatives will be scen to rapidly decline. The reptiles of the temperate zones are of comparatively insignificant size and pass the cold. season in an absolutely dormant and. helpless condiden. ‘The earth is: 1» Pank, ano Aurion om Tae Reerre EVTILES OF THE Wort,” ure, While the trend of evolution has beet 4 greatly reduce the size of the surviv- ing reptiles, the variability and number of forms have as substantially increased. In the ages that are gone a bird's-eye view of the carth’s surface youll have revealed) varied, monstrous forms lim bering here and there, reveling in an atmosphere reeking with humidity ; some browsing in giraffe-like fashion amony high branches, others churning ane the sea in pursuit of their prey; even in the murky atmosphere itself cold-blooded creatures like gigantic bats flapped thel way in pursuit of equally gigantic sects, ‘While but a very few examples of the modern reptiles anywhere approach the ze of their rock-bound and now fossil ancestors, they occur to the number of ‘over, 4,000 It should have been explained. a fifth order of reptiles has its place in classification. It is made up of a single genus and species, the tiatera, a lizard-like creature of New land. It is the oldest surviving type f reptile and apparently related to the long-extinet Pesiosaurns. ceoconn.Es D ALLIGATORS OF direct, anctent lineage, the modern crocodiles and alligators furnish us with a hint of the gigantic forms of reptile lifein "Antal of the Pant Photo frogs were mated throuigt the w cadence marked. by he tenmperatPUIG MAGAZINEREPTILES OF ONE OF NATLRE'S NoNTHESE Man, The fattened! head ter the sal Photo by Raymond L. Ditmars Yows low ‘coastal regions warmed by nts from the tropics he largest modern reptile occurs in India, along the Gang puta. ‘Thi is the gavial, reptile attaining a length of 30 feet De: its great. size and bulk and it studded jaws, it is a tin ing into the silty, opaq ght of matt. Judging from the massive structure of a big specirm ht be led to beliewe i would lite the water when frightene: ¢ nimble, however ALL. LANT 605 anata (Chelys fimbriata), ¢ the neck pitigg with runs for he prey ev: derous creature ly sheltering current actu the ists « perk informs the the shot a go-foot gavial with The three feel iti diameter eature whout the gavin! nf the head: Prem in fror the eyes: the ch slender ared to an enorme ike bill. A. photog608 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE SNAKI The serpen eckep TURTLE (Chelodina longicollis): susTRALIA neck: i» too Tong to be tucked buck into the shell When the animal is the neck is folds idewars aleng the imnee iargin of the shell, (see by Raymond [. Ditmars (Sphargis covidcea) : tRomeaL Seas of the tarttes, There are records of 1.00 of an ancient grotip of reptiles. Photo by R: jad ond608 ne te with the ra eilible ( Tmandibles, tt deals a The speckes 1 groups of istands inthe tropical Pacific and the Indian (leean. Though the crocodilianis and the great kea turtles outelass the present creatures in weight the latter are, in comparison to other tortoises, of astonishing propertions As fossils of closely related species are fund on the vuriols continents far north and south of the habitat of the survivors, it is reasqnable to assure that the races of great tortoises of these min- jature: tropical archipelagnes have passed throwgh ages when v jisteerhances shattered great portions of the globe and numeers sealed arid plated monsters de- generated and perished. In mpanying photograph the reader 1) npare one of these island patriarchs with a modem tortoise of x foros) SOUTHERN UNITED STATES means defenseless, Provided with keen and, ity of a scepent’s stroke. A hie speciinen © 609), Phot by Raymoni L. Ditmars the giant Ista Six spe s inhabit the Gy average size tortol which South Americ: the Equator ; they the New World ts and about under cur nowhere else in 607) The Aldabra Islands. in, the Indian Ocean, form the Mubital of four other species. and four species are also found in the Mauritins-Rodriguez group. A ibet of expeditions have been dis= J to the colonies of these interest- nals and they are rapidly nearing Mf the members of the turtle and tortoise order are the t ata and the snake-necked turtle. 7 rer is found in Brazil and the Guianas. It has a broad, low shell andOF ALL LANDS 0 SHELLED MISSISSIPIL VALIIY With th 1 speck he Triouys are this ale shell by Ray Di head and neck so wide and fat that dperation throws the head to one side. ese members look as Hf Pie: characteristic has been: responsible hetween rollers, In line with this gi for another popular name—the “sid 1¢ structure magi necked" turtle (see pie 60%) inge on the neck, the snout is provided Not far behind the two me i id the eyes species im eccentricity of developm This creature are the soft-shelled turtles. About ming the fami New World species North America c and prefer mud and leathery ¢ turtles are with a tubular appen are as small ax pinheads attains a weight of go pounds habits are in keeping with its ugly | Austratia and New Guinea £0) c smke-necked tur- are strictly a ck is so long that rivers. ‘The ature mst double it back in lat- with flabby border. bot th draw the i the shell within protecNOOK 40 IMEore NATIONAL GEOGRAFREPT emtingedges. They bite with the rapid- ity of a serpent’s stroke, and a three-foot specimen can amputate a niaii’s finger, Soft-shelled turtles are good citing. and to cook them is not difficult, As the shell itself is edible. the entire animal goes imo the frying-pan with no othe preparation than cleaning, The negroes appropriately call the small examples “flapjack” turtles Very young. speci- mens are beautifully marked. and in the water look like variegated leaves (acc pages 608 and 609). tne LizARES ‘the lizards forny the largest order of reptiles, They are particularly interest- ing as representing the ancestral forms of the serpents. All stages of limb de velopment are ta he noted. from the powerfl runners and jumpers te species wholly destitite of limbs, that glide like serpents, and other dimintitive legless forms. that are blind and! burrow deep into the soil Tike earthworms. The im- mediate relationship between lizards ani stakes is strongly evident by the posses- siom-among a timber of the less special- jeed serpents of well-developed (inte nal) hind limbs, whi are actually funetional, Anwag the lizards, hubits run fit, and among the members of this order Nature has. scen fit to lavish the imost brilliant colors A grand chart showing the phi- cal distribution of Tzards would demon- strate that these reptiles require a greater degree of heat than the turtles er the snakes. ‘They absunil in the equatorial latitudes and are but ‘sparingly distril- uted in the temperate zones, he com= paritively-very. small number of speci that oecur north or south of the trepies are of small size and quite uniform de~ velopment. As with the serpents, several faiilles are cosmopolitan. The exten- sive distribution of the members of genera, however, is particularly marked among the lizards. Largest among the licards are the members of a small family—the motii- tors, genus Marans. There are species, occurring in Africa, India, Ma- ay oF ALL LANDS 61s Tnysia, and Avstralia, Some of them ch a length of 8 fect and a weight of All are Heet and powerful, re fo pounds, fierve arid carnivorous ( see page 619). Largest of the Uving Hizards is the Malayan kabare-goya of the Singhulese. ‘This powerful brute attains a length of S feet. It frequents the jungtes, and many tiger hunters hive been startled by the mah of a hig monitor, the reptile tiuking as timch noise as some big hoofed animal as it tears its yay through the undergrowth away from danger. ‘The feeding habits are typi¢al of all the niembers of the gensts. ‘The method of attacking a smuill ani- uml more elosely resembles the actions of metnbers of the cat tribe than of a reptile. Rushing atits il-fared pr monitor shakes it in the same fashion usa terrier treats a rat. aninial’s struggles become so violent that there is.a possibility of it escaping, the Ticard holds it to the ground under its long claws—as long as those of a leop- ard, “Then the jaws take a better held. When the prey is killed it is tossed tibout in the jaws antil the head poituts down the lizard’s throat. ft is then gulped down chtire, when the monitor wipes the jaws with the enormonsty Jong, forked tongue, 4 kabara-goya can awallow a whole pigeon. The species is fond of-egis, and one the sights of a reptile-houre is the feeding of the larger monitors, Prom & to to hen's eggs ure taken ut a meal. The egus are swallowed without. break- ing the shell and with such ra they click against each other in passing dow the throat. Digestion is rapid. Within 24 hours the gastric juices have disinte- grated the shells and the fragments of these aire entirely dissolved, A imonitor of sinaller size inhabits the ders of the Sahara Desert. It is of pallid hue, to march the sterile soil: this coloration also relating to the eves, which, with their staring black pupil, gives the animal a fierce appearance As if deter- mined to qossess some added feature in its makeup, the desert species startles the intruder by widely apening its jawsGt THE NATIONAL, GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINREPTILES OF ALL LANDS 615 listurbed, thence the fact that sare as black a eped in ink Other big Ties the ving to 8 family that ree and Differing 1 contains small mem fram the mont > amas are omnivorous ES an protuberane = 3 appeal tr > ke the dered de abject att, iguana at six. feet in the South Americar re ite tlesh ts mueh Tile that The ip = & omeach & t with a = he teri= 5 nthe te 2 5 means of th 2 1 tendons theoui THE NATIONAL BLACK TK ‘The tength Of a big specimen is threr feet Te poultry. Phote by R. A batch of iguanas from Ditch Guiana were the means of nearly de- populating the reptile-touse in the New York Zoole al Park. An alnvost croscapic parasite spread fri these lie- ards among other exhibits of their kint thence among the serpents Ag number of valuable sjiex the severe inflammation bites of the tiny posts th masses that looked Tih coarse, redl dust. The | hasts suf- fered little inconvenience. ‘The parasites themselves defied disinfecting and gen eral painting of cages The epidemic came to as abrupt a termination as its startling beginning From the writer's ohscrvations he is led to believe that a fingus attacked the in+ vaders. and we have Nature to thank for # a situation that threatened the reptile-house untenable. niens diel f following: the swarmed ir i sprinkling of | Tuepinumibis nigropunctitic) : EOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE L-Dituars ‘andoften destenctive THE MOKED TOADS THAT SPIT in,OND Various member vbaraet by of the: J guanide iz their droll form « decoration of colors. The horned “toads” to this family. ‘These squatty, ave anything but. toudtike in it, a3 (hey inhabit the hot wastes of the desert and run with the speed of the Wind fee page 14) ‘Occasie specimens evince a: sturt- ting habit of squirting a stream of blood from the eyelid. A Mexican specimen about four inches long gave a fine demon- stration of this puzzling while. be- @ photographed. and measured itt the writer's laboratory, A pair of shining calipers seemed to greatly excite the lizard. Tt puffed up its body, the eves bulged, when a jet of blood as-fine as a hait shot a distance cf fully five feet, spattering the wall with a shower of tiny dropREPTILES OF ALL LANDS BFREPTILES OF Ali. wt mostrok (Iarauus gouldi) LIA Among {he monitors are the largest know: Species @ ‘ its are steletly exrnivorau: ce pane toh members of the Boide is the pair af int < of stomt spurs at the range in size from of I i the burr es of five inches and a body not thicker than a goose-quill te th the great pythons, which attain a length his condition shows the immedi of 30 feet anda weight of 300 portt jonship between the sorpents and { rtinn of the snakes ave — the Jizard beews ccialized: It is ame The largest known 7 these so-called fowly creatures that the Mala insula : find the most extra v and deadly Sumatra is the regal o! the purpose of Killing the lated pyt Tt ate length of 30 is the Indian nian Peninsutl thon ranks Ihe latter smith imiensions given of these are ennsiderably in. tural difference between a boa. a a python. One of the characteristicsi} NATIONAL RUBUEI I fartl Din A snake of this sige will weigh, well nourished coniition, about pounds. In the wilds these big serpents on wild swine, In fer pigs 10 any other i feed at about ro-day feed largely 1 tivity they ‘pre hey verre wens Boo inhabiting attain a qaximeant vb 12 to 14 Feet. They are richly and, together with smaller: ex amples of the Indian constrictor, Python anolurus, are in much; demand anwrug the cireuses for ““snake-charming’” exhibi- tions. ‘The method of procedure with rally different. from the tnetics of the Hindu snake “charmer in neither exhibi= tion is hypnotism en 1, nor are the the circus enchantress. is + (Charing batter) ; CALE jan sny other ypecies of the B. TEQGRAPHIC MAGAZINE the family 4. Te ranger mond Le smiles drugged, as is often alleged. The circus snake-charmer employs a batch of tame constrictors that haye not the least objection to heing handled, while the Hindu, t the contrary, keeps his snakes wild and excitable, as will be FEN: plained when we consider the poisonous arte sim SNAKES AW USEitt, Throughout the te ani tropic! regions of the globe are species of ser pents of high economic ‘value. These fire nostly the members of the largest snakes, the Colubride. The munity f the aor-venomous its elotge to this family. Our ck snake and king snake are. f this family, In same parts membersREPTILES OF ALL LANDS G2 em (Bitie st WEST AERICA (SHE RAGE 631) HIFERAIOOS V penta srikes, but the height. hues mn ave Di pugh we find some of the of ithe world the rodententing-spee tected by law. Distritintesd Known serpents belonging to out India is a large and active spe the same family as. the non-venomous known as the rat snake, Its useful habit The Indian Ocean and the puny areas," the tropieal Pacific are in- wnitber of serpents th d s swim at the ¢ribo, and in the ‘These re the bubortie plague fine imposed for the killing o Lssist 1 size eight feet in Tength. and the greater number of them are vividly eful ringed: a few are longitudinally banded subfanuly farm ize the w serpents, and The marine may habits of seve writer iilely seattered are- > asking al 1 of a large ake, Pitnophis-says letters from at the offshoot ins the | possible prapiag: reptile—the bat nother «THE NATIONAL (Lachests lanceolatis) The members of this important subfamily are treacherously deceptive in appearance. Here we ha rable Mtstrs f how incorrect it is. to be Fieve a poismons: stake may be told hy the passession ef a heart-shaped head. A. nuimber of the most deadly. known snakes belong to this subfamily The most diabolical in temper and ter rile of thet all is as innocent ooking in bodily makeup as the typical and rmless. snakes Phe New World és sing such reptiles, a single genus # the subfamily. Tada, Malays Africa are infested) with these ehipine snakes. The head in Australia and New Tl they constitute the great majority of ser SOUTH AMERICA AND THLE Le wade 633) Karma OGRAPHIC MAGAZINE ANT rasly develo fed and th dies are at haiti, Injections of att ri ‘The fer-de-lgnce is greatly feared mid Le Ditmar pent life, ‘These are'the only 1 ¢ world where poisonous te Most specta pents are the cobras, or “hooded™ snakes, he genas Vasa, af India, Malaysia, and Africa, contains 10 of these reptiles, of which the most conspicnoms is the Indian or spectacled cohira, Members af several lied genera tear the bedy from the ground and spread the neck in similar fashion. TIE NOISON*SUTTING SNAKE sme OF the ‘African cobras display a angerpus habit of spitting poisom at the intruder, ‘The ringhals, genus Scprdow of souitherti Africa, is a pitehy black, ex- ccedingly vicious cobra that receives its name from one or two broad whiteMAGA? NATIONAL GEOGRAPHTL bands that show on the neck when the shake is reared in fighting pose. As the snake arches its neck to glare at the intruder it is! liable to eject tine jets of paison for a distance of six to eight fect. ‘hese deadly streams are dangerously well aimed. The poison 1s ejected. by, contracting the lower jaw in suclra fashien that the permanently erect dangs overlap it. At a movement of the adversary the reprile arches the meck to ad that thins the head backward, bringing the lips Of the hypodermic teeth to hear. ‘The mus- sles over the poison glands are then con- tracted and a thin stream of vetiom leaves cach fang. ‘The olserver is Hable to re- ceive the deadly stream directly in the ‘es, and the amonnt of poison expended Irprising. ‘The writer has seen the entire lower part of a large glass panel peppered with tiny dreps. When photographing ar watching the antics of snakes oi this Keitd. the writer wears a. pair of ante gogules to protect his eyes, In obtaining. the photograph of a ringhals whiels is fioblished “herewith, the front of the camera was well spattered with tiny drops of poison, ae the snake became infuriated at the movements of the writ ers hinds in fore It was this type is ne. Hype of reptile that Colonel Roosevelt refers to in his “African Game. Trails.” ‘The author suys: “Mt this camp we killed five poigonons snakes—-a light. colored tree snake, two puff adders. and. two seven-font cobras. One af the latter three times ‘spat’ oF ejected its poison at us, the poison coming ont from the fas: like white filma, or threads. to a dis tance of several feet. A few vears ago the singular power of this snake, gnd perhaps of certain other African spe thus to eject the poison at the fave of an assailant was denied by scientists: but it is now well known, Selous fad al- ready told me of an instance whieh eame unider his own observation, and ‘Tarltan had once been struck in the eves and for 3 moment nearly blinded Iry the poison, He found that te wash the eves with milk was of nitteh relief,” OF All. LANDS 627 ‘THE Commas OF Til HEXbES ‘The Indian cobras selcim eject their ni in this way. They are the most pectacular of their group, owing to the vivid markings om the “hood,” With mane spain these ayypear like a grin- ming reath's- head. ‘These are much songht by the Hindu for his simke- charming" exhibitions. ‘The greatest requisite of the snake- charmer is nerve, and this must he backed bya thorough knowledge of the serpents” habits, Ne hypnotism is employed. nor Tas music the slightest Inthience upon a snake's wetions, “Phe Hindi carries his poisonous reptiles in baskets, and, as he prepares to perform, squats down in front of these snd begins & crooning re= frit) upon areed, With a barnboo stick the performer renwoves the eovers frum the baskets. ‘The coltas rear inta view with dilated hioods, and the Hindu sways his body fram side toside, with quicken- i strains pon his Hite The deadh cobras begin swinging to the music and the eclebrated snake dance is on. The actual conditions are these: ‘The shrill notes of the reed appeal only to the imagination of the spectators. ‘The cobra’s natural attitude of defense ix a graceful, rearing pose, with hood widely spread, From this position the snakes follow the swaying motions of the [Him- u's body a8 they alter their aim in ant endeaver to strike. "The snakescharmer heews just far enough away from his serpentitie troop to render his bate legs safe from their fangs ‘The wily fakir knows very well! that if his snakes become accustomed to teas- will “dance” with less energy. He consequently keeps a fresh supply undisturtied speciinens on bane Some of the more daring Hind snake- chariners immunize themselves agaist the action of snake venom hy thing a course of diluted injections. gradually increased in strength until the desired condition is attained. These men reck- leasly handle their snakes, The more clumsy fakiz, whi gives a less finished exhibition. is not taking any. chances He extracts the fangs irom his poison628 THE NATIONAL GROGRAPITIC MAGAZINE fan es Alene © EiREPTILES OF ALL LANDS 62gREPTILES OF ous suiikes; so. mintilating the animals’ mouths in the process that they have no desire to bite. The Hindu of this type ostentationsly handles a few. hiemess snakes, mostly small pythons. While the cobras and their allies must Be rated among the most deadly serpents known, the venoin apparatus is rather ‘crude in its developmient. The fangs ate small, but these diminutive venom-con- ducting teeth inflict wounds more speed- jly fatal thar the enormously elongated hypodermics of the vipers, unless the Ss of a reptile of the Litter kind should wound att important blooil-vessel, ‘Among the allies of the cobras is a fiumber of dangerous snakes that evolu tion has handled it an incompreben: manner. The species of Poliophis, of Indo-China and Malaysia, are inoffensive in appearance, but remarkable in haying enormously developed paison-secreting glands, which, instead uf being confined to the head, extend a third the length of the body. “This extraordinary develop- ment has pashed the heart farther down the body than with ny other snake. Te virens In strong contrast to the graceful ela~ i » the members of ck-bodied and Africa is the home of the typival vipers, and a number ‘of these: snakes inhoiming that continent are the most hideously ugly reptiles, in existence. They. exh ery outline that is formidable and villainows in a aud are exceedingly sluguish in Quite incongruous with the strae- are their exquisitely beautiful colors and patterns, ‘The most widely aistributed is the deadly putt adder, with its sooty-hlack chevrons separated by cream - colored crescents, This snake hhisws vocifer- onsly when disturbed. [t lies in brishy places in watch for rodents. A dart of the hend seals the fate of the victim. whic, pierced by the terrible fangs. sehlant aitters as much ax an agonized squeal, Colonel Roosevelt quotes several observations of this snake during his re- cent trip. ALL LANDS: as Near allies are the rhinoceros viper jad the gaboon viper. ‘The former is gorgeously colored, after shedding. the skin, in a Fantastic pasiere ‘of rich blue, yellow, catmine, and green, Being semi- aquatic, its skin is soon soiled by muddy waters; and, with the pattern hidden, the bloated body and horned head make up 4 most forbidding combination, The gaboon viper ranges over the whole ar cepke Africa, “The body is exceedingly thick. ‘stub-tailed, with a huge, spnde-shaped head. The purplish markings form outlines like a chain of hour-glisses, and the silyery white eves glare in vivid contrast, Instead of pro- giessing it ordinary fashion, this reptile throws forward lateral Inops of the body and moves along in ar oblique direction to that in which the head! is pointing, A captive specimen displayed the trait of striking hiackwards, his same example was a voracious feeder and om one occasion swallowed hat anly its own portion of rats, hut those intended for its eage-mates. Tt was discovered in the morning so gorged that it was unable to entirely engulf the lasi rat it had eaten, and the tail of which was protruding from the viper’s month. The snake appe ired quite eott- tent to await developments: but, rather than hive the reptile’s gluttony cause its death, ie writer withdrew two of the rats with a pair of forceps and the ser- pent quietly oiled up to digest the re mainder, No. species of true viper inhabits the New World. The viperine snakes of the Western Hemisphere belong to a sub- family of the vipers, which 4 technically as the Crotaline ‘These-are pit vipers, so called froma mysterious organ between the eye and the nostril ‘The pit appears to perform some iniporiant anctlon, ax Mi ied with a network of nerves and there is a large nerve-lead connoctine it with the brain, It has been alleged to bean organ of a sixth sense, but as man lacks the sunt, it is dificult to imagine what this should be. ‘The rattlesnakes. copperheat snake, water moccasin, huslunaster, and feride-lanee are typical pit vipers.THE INDIAN CE THI RATTLESNAKE AND PeeDELANCE "The most dangerous snake of the New World is the big bushmaster of tropical Anietica. This pit viper appears to rep~ resent the ancesttal af the rattle snakes, ‘In grows to be t2 feet long and the tail is armed with a long. spine. Other species of the genus to whieh it helongs, Laciesis, are very deadly, Test known among them is the fer-de-tanee, common et the mainland of South Ame ica, but also abundant in some of the istinds of the Lesser Antilles, While this serpent is alleged to posses a dia- Lelical temper. it is net panicnlasts vicious, and captive examples become far more docile than many other poison ‘ons snakes. ‘the mast dangerous North American serpent is the big. diumond-buck, rattle- snake of the southeastern United States. Bas 36U" e 411 Fight-foot specimens are net rate, and, armed as it is with fangs that with a six- oF seven-foot ‘specimen are ga inch Jong, this burly brute must be rated as among the most dhingerous snakes of the world. ‘Thirteen distinct species of rattlesnakes inhabit the United States proper. TE they are all considered ander the general head of “rattlesnakes” we may say that four “kinds” of poisonoms serpents inhabit this country, thus: The water moccasin, copperhead snake, tat flestake, and coral snake. ‘The latter is ua elapine species, anally of the Old World cobras, As paisonous snakes are not atall par~ | to cnitivated areas, and the humin habitants of this continent don't wy about hare-legged, aecidents from snake= jhite in the United States are exceeilingly rare, THE INDIAN CENSUS OF 1911 By Jonw J. Baxntxca, Pasumarat, Sour Txpia COUNT. 300,000.00. people inside of five hours is a task worthy of any government: yet it was done, and done well, by the gov ernment of India pn the evening of March 10, 1911. From Cape Comorit on the south to the rugged hills and valleys of the Himalayns on the nérth, and from the mountains and deltas of Burma to the slopes of the westert Ghats, every man, woman, and child was carefully ciunted and tabitlated by. ar army of more than two million enumer- ators. ‘To say that no mistakes were sacle would be assuring too much, but that the record is as accurate, as that of any other conntrs, even though the lntter take months for the work. is not saying ‘toms much, That this work coulil tie done by men utiprepared for their work and without instruction must not be supposed. Tn fact, for many months beforehand. the government set apart men of experience who panned carefully for all. the details involv | They traveled ‘all over the country, made careful investigation into minute caste distinctions and religious fffevences, heard all manner of peti- sions from all classes: of pointed their army of slipervisors, and cimerators, ‘The country was divided inte more than two milfion “blocks.” and an emu- Incrator was appointed for each block, Groups of “blocks” were called “circles,” and several clrcles made a “charge, Esch “block” contained. not less than twenty-five houses tor more than fifty. Sone weeks befor: the actual date of the census every house was numbered, and then the enumerator went around and made the preliminary. census by mmking owt a list of the’ names of all the persons ordinarily, residing in the ‘houses of his block. ‘This list was eare- fully revised hy the supervisor of the citele, and his lists were all checked byTHE INDIAN CENSUS OF 111 687 This is aceon lace in the citi Mo: the rom the: primberG88 TH eral tricts to increase their popnis- tion, Madras Mresidency reports a total gait of Bi. per ect, as against 7.3. per cettt for tie previous decale. “As in other countries, cities have gained tar more than: rural cottimumities The Madras Mail reports the follow- ing interesting incident; A deta sus of the inhabi was made for the first time this year: All the people of the islands were enn tmerated exeept the Shom Pen, a wild, irrecktimable tribe in the. ceiter of the islands. Tt was feared that no census contd be taken af them, but by a forter- mate coincidence the people themselves supplied the information upon which a fairly aceurate estimate could be made, Just before the census party arrived at their island they had sent a tiessige to the people living on, the coast, saving that they were intending tw attack them. ‘These tribes, being friendly to the Eug- lish, banded over to them the two tally- sticks on which notches had. heen cut to show the munber of the ately party Notches hat! heen eut to show the nut ber of fighting men in cach settlement, the settlements being divided of hy lat: notches, ‘One of the enimerators discovered a TuWrriage party at one of his houses, and instead of the six persons reported in the preliminary survey, there were now over ascore, In another village th had heen a large fire and a whole section of the town was burned down, ut the people were found in improvised sheds hot far away, and were counted as if nothing: had “happened Plague and cholera accounted. for many decreases in the mmmber in any given house. A fow days before the vemsus three bodies were carried out of one house in Maslin asa result of ehal- NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE. era, In the plague-affected areas whole districts. in the cities were depopulated and the people required to live in boaths and tents ontside the city: Tn sotte places the enomerators: had great difficulty in getting men to give the names of thetrsvives, or wives those f their hushanils, It is considered un Speak the smme of one's hel meet in this land. pwiting. of siine of the wards F the cities is dlustrated by the follaw- ing-story Irom Bombay: An enumerator found a taahting with Toots, in each ef whieh thirty people were living, A other birding, a kind of improved wene- tent, in each rpm of which four penple were supposed! to live, was found to hi an average of thirteen in a soom. Th cuuttierator was asked fn this ease te ace the part of a confidential frien and re- purt only four tea room. The home- s anil wanderers, in which each city abounds, were gathered together in st al fe places where the necessary. det vere taken, ‘The final returns will he awaited with a great deal of interest, All the sections of the community will want to know how they. stand with reference to the list census. The Christians then rejoiced in a a8 per cent yain, Have they made as great progress in the last decade? The Hinilus Jost in the closing decade last century, Have they made up ti loss ornot? ‘The past has been a decade of wanderfol progress in politics and cotmmercial affairs, and afl will lok eagerly to the disclosures of the present cemas to sce what hearing the figures gathered may have on these subjects, Tt may take a year before the final rettens are published, but when they will have sienificant faets those who know India and her people.AZINE GEOGRAPHIC MAG NATIONAL 40Hepuatinent of Agéigaliare, rg0y iS STANDEN HOW YO MAKE A BASIN: FHE HOY WHID GIOTW THE CORN SHLOW3 JUS DEMONS BOYS’ AND GIRLS’ AGRICULTURAL CLUBS een more, or less agricultural They have learned the il character. ized effort We uM promise ;-and the vhs it mnay nb is an planting, ¢ exhibit of thetr ing .clib Ww npetition in prot Kor girls these contestA WOMAN'S CLIMBS IN THE HIGH ALPS By Dora Kren With Hbtstrations from Photographs by the Author and Others IBING in the High Alpe ina bad season may mean exhausti rock. werk, at times very) mud lengthened and conplicated by & cover= ing of snow. [t may mean very fatiguing ‘for dangeroms experiences on’ snaw an ice, or sudden storms, with peril of ize ing to death or of losing one's wax, or there may he varios thrilling eombina- tions of experiences The Alps are not, however, to be named with what may be experienced in higher mountains in other lands; for when very*hard work has to be done at very high altitudes, or js combined with problems of intense cold, a jungle tase, an exhausting approaelt, or two or more of these conditinns combined, the diffi- culties of motirtaineering mously complicated. The / no. stich problems. ‘They are not to be cmprred with the brilliant achievements of such spirited and versatile explorers asthe Duke of the Abrizzi and others, in the Hima~ Tyas, in Alaska, in Africa, in the Andes, and even in the Caucasus, My story of two shart seasons in the Alps is thercfore presented in all modesty, with no claim to have dene any more than others under like conditions, ancl no space to try to make the reader frel the call ot the mottntains, to dwell on why Ht all pays. The High French Alps, in the region of Chamonix, Haute Sayoie, and Dau- phing, and the Swiss peaks abont Grin- delwald anil Zermatt, present about as difficult actual motmtameering work, 1 believe, ax has yet been attempted any- where. Especially is this trae when had weather makes the condition of the mountains such as it has been for the last two summers, This is the way thar T Know them; for what serious motmtain climbing T have done has been done dur inig a month at Zermatt, in 1909, and a Tittle tess time at Chamonix, in 1910 wane 1 curstt ‘To those whose Inve ni sport and ad venture need not yield before consilera- tions of time and cast, the little explored peaks of distant Asia and other lands, and even the Canadian Rockies, of course have greater charm, since in those regions are lofty and diffientt mountains that have not vev_been climbed, ‘To me however, mountain climbing is a sport that is worth while in itscli—to those who enjoy it—apart from any question of fame or of new achieverienti My ob- jects have been neither. f elimb for pleasure. fer the wonder ful views and the vigorons exertion, for the relaxation of a complete change for mind and body, and beraitse of the inspi- tation to the spirit. ‘To combine explo- ration with mountaineering must, np doubt, < increase the interest as to well Tepay the augmented difficttities, AN T would emphasize is that to. climb any- where repays the effurt, even if it must be within reach of civilization and where others have gone before, ‘To me there #8 ample reward in the uplift of the spi in the moral discipline, the keen interest and the training tm think, of a hard bat tle carefully planned; in the satisfaction of a love of adventure, and in the invig- oruting physical exercise, CLIMBING FACILEATED IN THE ALIS "The Alps are necessihle, far mare ar cessible as yet, even ta Americans, than are the finer peaks of America. Rail- wavs, villages, and huts make approach to. their very bases easy. No extensive and expensive camping ontfit is required Food and clothing do not have to be car- ried great distances by porters or mules, and shelter from cold at night or fromG4 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE‘A WOMAN'S CLIMBS'IN THE ‘enilden storm may be found im huts at the hase of all the principal peaks. The Jarge membership of the Al- pine club—sometimes. 20,000-—iurnishes them: with the means to erect anil main- tain huts or cabins at such points as they: ana}! be needed, bnt where private enter= would tint find sufficient induce- The highly specialized business ‘of guiding mountain climbers is also under their direction. ‘They Hieense the guittes and porters and fix the miles and tarifis for their direction; for, vmnlilee the English and American Alpine elsbs, the Alpine elabs of Continental Barope are not, for the most part, limited) to those whe have miae mountaineering records of a certain standard. ‘They ure made up chiefly of members whe desire to encourage the sport for iis own sake ant also as a tiethod of attracting tonrists, In the course of travel, a love of exer ‘else and adventure had given me a, fow easy experiences in the mountains, They began as a chitd in the Adirondacks and the White Mountains, were continued! in the Selkirke of Canada, in Norway, and the Dolomites, and finaily in the Andes To climb the Matterhorn gradually be- came a dream, and quite unexpectedly, in Anguat, 190, 1 found elf within reach of it at the right season and with time ty get in trait to Zermatt, te German Switzerland, 1 went, At the head of a smiling valley, itself 54315 feet above sea level, towers the mighty Matterhorn, its isolated grandeur dominating the scene from every point. fly means of a funicnlaire, even ee qho do not climb may here behold the panorama. iliase” of these finest peaks of the Alps, and as. they gaze, from its center the eomimanding ridge of the Gornengrat, rising: as it. does 4,975 feet above Zermatt, in the very heart of the High Alps, even the least imaginative traveler feels the inspiration nf the scene. It i¢ 4 complete amphitheater of snow, ice, anid rock peaks. Butto him who has mounted thus easily it is not given to know the jay af the mountaineer, the fecling of triumph and exhilaration it HIGH ALPS BAS such a spectacle, ‘To him it means most, since to hin it has cost soniethting—in- the way of effort, and difficulty, anil ana~ jet —to attain the summit fram whieh he fain would gaze To climb requires a-gooil heart anid endirance. ‘The rest comes with ex- perience. The technical problems have all been solved by the earlior adven- turers. A gradual training of the mus- cles ix best, in order that they may not get too fired, and for the fect, in, order that they may mot blister. Two. heurs on a steep path the first day, five the next, nine the next, and after that almost anything—that i all the training it re- kites to make ascents lasting anywhere Fees ua to igus Bours, ab macnt of the serions ones do, without any lid effects. Ome goes up a path to the base hot ‘or cabin two to five hours above the vale ley, the aiternoon before, is asleep by 8p. m., ets op ati the mext morning, and starts at a.m. "The early start 1 in order to have plenty of time to get off the mountain before night. and also to have the snow ingnod condition, That night one has a long sleep comfortably in the valley, and the next day wakes up fresh and ready for the afternioun's walk to the base of another peak. Bad weather interrupts the program, often enough to afford variety and Tespite, or, rather, the climbing affords a relief fron te frequent ‘bad weather of the high mountains. satearaTt OF the tet ascents that the weather rmitted of my making at Zermatt, only our could be of “first-class” peaks, for the high and difficult rock climbs are dangeroas whet covered with excessive gmounts of soft. snow, and even when T arrived an/untstial quantity of the win- ter's snow still remained on the moun tains. ‘The four first-class ascents were the Zinal Rothorn, Monte Rosa, the Weisshorn, and the Mutterhorm, and with these only does space permit me to eal My first four climbs were in prepara tions for the Matterhorn, but on the day:oy THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE'S CLIMBS A WOM. that Twas ready to start for its hase there came a had ’storm, whieh made this ascent quite out of the question for a time, and $0. it continued for three weeks, Not in years had it been so white, so -perpetitally ‘white, for bad weather contimied to come about every third day. When for a day or two the sin shone again, other ascents would be e—the lower and less steep . the snow mountains, even jam, but not the steep and lofty Matterhorn, THe AIFFERHORN, 9,017 Piet, 3 HOURS* ‘The little Riffelhorn (see picture, page 638) was chosen to begin ori, just for a litlle rock practige, and for my guide to- judge what training | needed. Even rom its harder side it meant only 40 minutes of teal effort, roped to one guide. Til, UNTERGABELTORN, HOURS ‘The ‘text day came the Untergabel- horn (see , page fiz), ‘This like- ji id by its harder side, from and one bit wasidiffienit ; but even so it required only one guide. A. hailstorm overtook us as we ap= proached the jagged rock ridge, making it cold and sispery work, ‘Three guide- less gentlemen below, although ascend~ ing by the easier route, tured back. Recanse ef the route and the storm, we were four hours from the hotel to the rent, FYE top, After the first grassy slopes and gravel—for all ascents hegin way above timber Tine—came a “couloir”, or gulch, in the rocks filled with snow and debris. Moumting directly up it, we gained the rock ridge which we were to follow to the top. Going by this route. at one point.on the ridge was a: rock slab that slanted’ down rather steeply and con- nected with the next high point only by a crotch at one of its lower corners, ‘he number of hotirs given for each astent cates the time from the bise, where the surt is inade on the morning of the ascent, to ‘the surmmit ane down again all the way to the place where that night fe spent. IN THE HIGH ALPS wT had to tie on my back and slide down it six inches at a time for 15 fect, fenriul of sliding off into space, yet secured by the guide from above as he carefully Jet out the slack im the rape. He fol- lowed, with no one to hold hit, stepped over my head, while | sat astride the eroteh Imgging the rock overhead, and climbed wp it 25 feet perpendicularly above me, I folldwing, THE WELLENKUETE, 12,830 FEET, 8 HOURS The Wellenkuppe (sce pictiire, aye 659), four days later, proved more inter- esting. colder—for it was higher and 9 snow summit—tur not much longer, be case less rock work. Only below its summit were there any rocks, but there was much snow on them and my feet became numb: ‘The snow-covered ‘Trift Glacier had to be traversed, both going and coming. ‘Two guides were there fore necessary. for safety dictates thar there should never be less than three ee to cross a glacier. If one should fall in a “crevasse,” or crevice, the weight of the other two would more than. the drag on the rape and enable them fo pull him out, THE ZINAL KOTHORN, 13.853 FEET. 13 Hous At the worst point om this easy Trift Glacier, (see picture, page G44), jutting rocks at one side led the eye up to a steep slope of snow along whose crest Jay the route to the diffiealt Zinal Kot- horn. “Tt was here that Mr, — and his guide were killed,” said my guides, pointing out to me the spot on the ridge where he had slipped and had dragged his guide down the slippery snow and over the cliffs, to be dashed to pieces on this glacier far below. ‘This was my next climb, twa days later, so I took care to have guides who knew their business id be trusted to hold me if 1 ascont of the Zinal Rothorn took half as Hon again as the Wellenkuppe, 6% hours from the Trift Hotel to the top. for instead of a level glacier to cress,uas HE NATIONAL merwe nit see ESH TORN GEOGRAPHIC AxD MONTE MAGAZINE, HOSA WAS VAST EXPANSE OF icH AND SNOW St-was likes heamiful bitlowy 3 there is first a tiresome mo steep snow slope. then rocks, on which the cart ine, then & shaw -covered morning. cold was si great that we could hardly stop long enough to eat, and finally tle real work af the long snow ridge and the aw-covered rocky stint. ‘To me the nw Tidges are the worst part of moune tain climbing. So long as I have rocks held to T do not mind how perpen dicularly [look dew; but at is an un- fecling to walk along a ridge-pole of snow where one’s foot may easily slip, and where the only ati te lance is an ice-pick that may alse slip as he leans on it The rocks at the top of the Zinal Rot- horn also require care. Tw lere ts where Mr. So anc leader with doids covering Italy be Keen md. Photo ‘by Dora killed"; and again, “Hete Mr. So and So aiid his guide slipped and were Killed.” which my reply was al hold the ropes well for me, T had the comforting thought that care anid roped between two good guides tne light tourist could hardly cause the entire “carayane" to éatl At one point Were steep slabs with no hadbolds Over them one must pass with scarcely any footholds, and these almost too far apart fur my reach. Around a corner, too, they went. At such points only one moves at atime, and the others hold on tightly until he has reached a place where he in turn can brace himself while the next person moves. This is one reason why it takes so long te make a difficult asvent. AtMAGAZINE IRAPHIC THE NATIONAL GEOIonthe arms that. is. the main diffienlty ‘on the Matterhorn, rock climbing was my object; but when fresh snow: ruled eat the higher and harder rack clumbs, the sniow climbs could be made and were ait their greatest beauty, Always possi Ie in good weather, they became only more fatiguing after a storm, whon one rst toil up. trough snow that was deep and soft instead of hurd and smooth. emphasize what bad weather conditions ‘mean, because it is often the conditions that make a mountain cusy or hurd, safe or thimgerous, and also beeause it was the excecdimgly bad conditions that made the ascents of the harder peak at Chamw- nix the next year so very much, worse than these at Zermatt, ‘As soon as it cleared 1 set out forthe twei-suecescive ascents of the Rimpfisel- horn and Monte Rosa, passing directly from one hut to the other. SFI REMEPFISCHIIORN, 13,700 VEER, 1625 1OUBS ‘The Rimpfiselhorn (see _ pictures, pages 6y6 and (go) was similar in char acter to the Wellenkuppe. It was. a title longer, a lite harder, aid, 0 to its ‘position, the near views from it were much finer, for it directly over- Jooks the billowy niaises of snuw and ice that He between it and Monte Rosa. {sce picture, page G48}. The first hit was troublesiine, since, antike the be~ ginning of most ascents, we had to make our way for three-quarters of an hour up down among huge boulders; where it was hard not to fall, with three: people lighted only by a one-sanille Ian- tern. Coming alter the Rothorn, its saow fields and snow-covered rocks of moderate steepness and difficulty did not seem hard. Starting at 2.30 a.m. by about 1 p.m, we were back at the little base hotel, and at clock off again over the Findelon Glacier and across the Gornergrat for the eabin at the base of Monte Rosa, Five hours and a half it took us to reach it, and brought us in rather tired, for my guides had never done this before, and to gain the Corner- grat had meant finding 3 way. without a IN THE HIGH ALPS @5L path, for two lotig hemes jumping and climbing up and down amid a succession, of great rock falls, MONTE ROSA, 15.227 FEET, 1344 TOURS: After this 16t4-hour day, an hour of sleep on a mattress on the Moor in. the servants’ rocin—amd the kitchen floor for my giides—was all we could get, Sinee 7t.Wae-7.30 p, m. and the eahin was already full, 45 people seeking food and Yodghig in space intended for 35. Tt was therefore with a little miagiving, be- cause of swenriness, that 1 started agnin at 2.30 4 m. for a very high summit, to which we intended to climb by its much harder and steeper rock side "The usual Toate up Monte Rosa takes five hours up its long snow slope as fat as ‘the saddle,” at thenee 114 hours up the ‘tock ridge, or west “aréte.’ “Tres dichirée,” wery ji , Baedeker well calls this ridge, but its slope is gradual. The ascent by this route is much easier and less steep thin by the harder south west side, which we had chosen; but it is exposed to the north wind, and be- cause of the height and the long time on the snow, theré is danger of freezing a hand or a foot, Snow climbs are far more beautiful than rock elimibs, but they are less difficiit and less varied, and therefore considered) | interesting. For the sake of protection from, the north wind, and because it would be more interesting, we had therefore qde- termined to go by way of the long Grenagletscher, the glacier that tises. ott the boundary crest of Monte Rosa, and then directly up a rock ridge as hard and steep as the Matterhorn (see picture, page 050). Tour npon hour we mounted thismost beautiful glacier that | have ever seen. lis luge, bottomless crevasses, its pure white mantle of snow on which, by their lanterns, could be followed three cara- vanes ahead and three behind, bound for other points, filled me h wonder. At oir right rose the terrifyingly steep slope of the Lyskamm (see picture, page 6: up ahead of us an immense expanse of snow and ice broken only where erev-IGRAPHIC MAGAZINE MOST BEAU THE AMM. Ww Ly Fry vie Wh 2 might strike us before asses had ruptured, Atour left were thé snowy rocks of our peak: above, far aeross the great Matter- the Dent Blanche, and even the tip of Mont filanc, faraway. ‘These. indeed, were sights to give joy to the eve and wings fo the imagination, and on i gradually, as we rose, came. the lights and colo the. Tomy dawn and the first rays the And horn, < base of the ridge, we ster hours it had be bitterly cold, and although we climbed mp 1 a point where the suns warmth n this brief stop,and 1 kicked my feet against the every step, still for the whole of the next hour they were sp persistently numb that ane of the guides had to werk over them. Jong and exhausting did this ridge seem, that T remember, after an hot and a half of it. looking up in silent des v that it would take me an hows more to teach that fur glistening: summit, towering as it did. almost directly overhead. Ty dered whether 1 should reach it, or whether fi tigue, cold, of alitude would conipe! me te give it up. Bat once on top of Monte I I forgot the cold and effort ani felt it to be the mest beautifnl climb | halve ever hal: for, almost the on! expericnce, on this Tigh summit there was litle wind and) sufficient time and warmth for an hour of enjoyment and rest.HIC MAGAZINE GRAF! E NATIONAL, GEOA WOMAN'S CLIMBS IN THE HIGH ALPS THREE CARAVANS ON THE MREITHORN MaTEAU Those qearest are seated on ice-axes hreakfasting. The asce all now, and hae tut it way so cold that three out of twenty caravans turned hack beeanse of freecing feet. Photo by Dora Kes Down by the usual route took as anly down again hy this dasier ponte. Run- two hours and a half, That is the differ- ace between a snow ‘monntain, where ‘one cant occasionally tun or slide, and a rock sommit, down which one nist limb: with care, which takes time. To reach the salle was an hour's descent, and extremely distressing to me, for the rock ridge from the summit to thar point, although not te be compared for steep. ness to the one by which we had as conded, was very marr Tr consisted in, a series of rock points between which one must descerl steeply on the crest of deep snowdrifts. which sloped sharply away ‘on one sifle, while on the other was a precipice Below the saddle, however, we fairly ran dawn the snow slopes im the broail track of the seven or ¢ight other cara vanes that had already gone up and ning and Jling in the deep snow that a naonday sun had by this time thawed, leaping ayer the crevasses om the wity in an hour and a half fram the saddle we were down at the cabin, Twas panting and perspiring, but not tired now, and my guides were exultant when they foumi that the only other tourist that had gone by onr route, althongh he had done nothing the day before, lay asleep, exhausted, ‘THe wRETTITORN, 14,683 FHeT. AND Tite LISTLE MATTERIIORS, 12.730 FEE, To 10URS More snow made it necessary to wait in the valley again now for three davs, nd then to content eurselves with the Breithorn, which was a short and very beautiful snow climb. The ascent of66 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINEAZINE OGRAPHICWt ALPS THE HI660 {HE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINEA WOM S$ CLIMBS the Rithorn. Baedeker puts therm both, togetlier with three others at Zermatt— the Ober-Gabelhorn, Dent Blanche, the worst. and the Deat d'Heérens—as “very difficult (for thorongl experts only, with first-rate guides) Because of its cofulition, sion after we feached the rocks it was clear that we qmust abandon our play to “traverse” jt— that is, to descend into a different valley ‘by its other, steeper, side. _Jitst to real the top took cight honrs of amsintis and very fatiguing work, and a light sow storm and clouds, which veiled all views for the last two hours, chilled us even ds we toiled. Tn entllest series the “gen- darmes” seemed tn rise, and to climb them was a two-hour task. At times the only way to get tp at all was for the first guide and me in tury te mount to the shoulders of the secend guide. [would then stand aside: while hie was pulled up by the rope. This wie Inbor, but worse jet were the last tivo hours, for the top is a pyramid of snows as the name implies, and to climb its ridge meant nice julament to determine how to go most sifely between an over hanging edge or snow “cornice.” which might freak off with our weight if we got too far over ott it. and a slope so ‘Steep on the other side that to miss a step might mean to slide’ to the bottom. While we were waiting for the steps to be cut we grew coli, and when we weit forward 1 panted from the steepness. But more anxious still was the de- scent from this snowy summit, for at every reach to. the next step. far below, emed as if T should certainly lose balance or ep. The descent of the gendarines” was difficult, too, but ti limb down at least is.no such strain on ‘one's breathing. powers as to climb up, «0 that to me it is always worse to go up. Finally came a couloir, or gully, in whieh several flying stones from a caravane be- hind made ts take refiige under a rock wutil they also, were down, “Killed. on the Weisshorn by a falling stone” I had. read two days before on a grave in the English church-yard) The Dent Blanche js called the worst climb) at Zertiatt, but IN THE HIGH ALPS GOL my guides.assured me that it was hardly wort—a little longer, but of the same character. THE MATTENORS, 14,780 FEET, 195% HOURS Agaift it stormed and shone again, #9 it was ember ( before I could at last start for the Schwarxce Hotel, two hours above Zermatt, and the next morn- ing wp the Matterhorn (see pictures, pages (58; 650, andl bo). My guides urged that it would be better to wait for another day's suin'to do ite work, bot they thought it could new be ascended. sifely, and [ did not trust the weather. ‘The season. was iow so late that |_pre- ferred hater work the risk of fot getting up at all. Eight other parties Tad likewise been waiting from two to three weeks, but al] decided to wait another day, All the ext day they watched us by telescope, and when they save that we had succeeded they all wel+ comed us at the base hut, whither they had mounted, ready to profit by our step- cutting by going up on the day following: Profit they. div and had much. less anuw—even as we came down at night the lower stretches had melted—but for them the mountain was enveloped in vlouds after 7a. m., and L-was glad that T had. pot waited ‘One of my guides had an ugly sear from a falling stone that bad nearly killed him on the Matterhorn, and this was one of my teasons for preferring Wo go when not many others were going In fact, there was only one other cara- vane on the mountain me, that of the president of the Swiss Alpine Club, and he had to turn around exhausted within an hour of the summit Under good conditions the Matterhorn is not now reckoned aS presenting extra- ordinary difficulties to-experienced clinly- cre in good training. but it is “knmer aristrengend,” as the Germans say. “Tk is always a great strain, a great test of endurance, because it is hard every min- ute, is very high above the Int, and takes almost as long-to cotne down as to go up: ‘This és the case under all conditions, and aw, care and, step-entting ayer, so mnch662 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINEA WOMAN'S CLIMBS snow made it much longer mn] more anxious. We were 19/4 hours from hotel to summit and. back, anid 16 of thent meant tinuous hatd muscular effort. From 4am. to/8 p.m f was pulling myself up of Tet ting myselt dewa the roo by sheer force of muscle, never stopping except a few. tines for a few moments: to tinke a hasty, meal or a hasty snapshot. Starting at 2am, and-going as fast 1s cantion and breath would permit, it was 1 pom, when we reached. the sumenit and & p.m when we got off the rocks. There were na easy bits and never a plice ta make time by “ghssering’; that is, sli erect down show ant reach and tug, om seemed im- here is no shelter base hut, and this was a the miserable shanty only, two hours above the hotel, still 00 feet belove the summit An old hut. tw the rocks is icesfilled, Okt the Italian side there is an Italian Alpine Club Refuge at 12,763 feet, only 2,000 feet below the top, By this der T had wished to desreni as om the Weisshorn, 1S. HOW, made this “traverse” impossible. From Zermatt the the northeast tidge, the one that i eat in the familiar view of the mountal One paint is named for a man who lost is ife there. ‘Tyrthirds of the way up is a break that appears as a white atch at the tight in the pictures. This is “the shoulder,” and this we reached at To a, om. eight Iywurs going and all the worst still aincadl (see picture. page 059) Here ropes have heen Rctached to staach ions 40 feet aysirt, for this slope is ustially: hours up on Tt proved to be Amoth and the altitude was begin My guide stands sure. He never slips, oi making the steps. Photo by Dora Keen. IN THE HIGH ALPS 663 WHAT C TOOK TO ne TE SUMISIIT CF MONT BLANG fo minutes to the teal sursenit ing to make ile go mor slowly. avd he tras the worl re ice on which “crampons,” or climb: nig irons, are useful, But now. for half the three-quarters of nn hour across this part, the ropes were out of reach, burier tinder two fect of snow. Tt was steep and every step had to be cut; but at least it was not glare ice. js brought ns to the worst part of all, the almost perpendicular ascent of an hour and a ropes only help a panting half, where struggle:THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE STARTING DOWN THE GLACIIR DU DOME (MONT BLANC) WE sTOPrED To ENJOY THE VIEW OF ITALY, AND TO DISCARD WKAr TH FINAL “EASY” GHRANE OF THE HEAD Ta BASS TW (MONT oLaNc) we Te fs such more to climb te ible we wer na Keen\ WOMAN'S CLI i was pull- foutholids ment’s halt th J, andl the fir snowy: Tock-pile, up which All ay from the shout the top one is exposed to the bitter north wind. The summit was now wy, am Over cornice of sr hanging shelf, up and down along Ww h we had to walk for 20 ntinutes to hh the highest point vind came in freezing e the guides toward me, fearful 1 off ud kW tt cold was it and so windy on top that after all our exertion we could not Teave the two guides prepari ft, below the Col du Géant reves, face, and lips hen on sow on witich 1 gull down 2. we z . foth banda, mininites At 7 ared the « s here that the fatal went the first ascent. quite we could take shadow: anterr ky, and at sthes torn Down, down, down we 1 except aMAGAZINE RAPHICIN THE HIGH ALPS 667 X WOMAN'S CLIM little inthe knees, from long ds 6 the next morning for 2 r to pack ip an Teave that day Thad) thought th matt. climbs dificult nc exhilarating ered 1 ad per snow, anid ve weather were uch i further he mann bad been al Kew climb- ad ventured to come, ad some had yone quay. in the ennditior ad of they ‘grew Tia DENT DE se, few were 4.000 FEET BELOW ITS SUMDNTT ANT FROM! ACHOSs THY GLACIER DU GEA had been #t Dora ‘Keen La half weeks I was able quent storms, 1 fay after iy ents and pur tival [star at oree for a climb b enough to make me being the first arte, bi nor very hard W the Dent ie the Aiguilles Rouges, on f the \ from Mont e climb, those nd the Aiguill tee quite cnt of the cu Warned by the previ‘A WOMAN'S CLIMBS HY AGUILLA DE Vo, 9,302 FRAT, AND THE SIGUILLE ES METITS CHARMOL, 9.409 Hit, g HOURS Next came what is termed “a nice little climb,” the comparatively difficult anil interesting but short rock climbs of the Aiguille de ['M. (see picture, page (62) and the adjoining Aiguille des Petits Charmoz. Ser MLANG, 15.782 FEET, 19/4 HOURS While not af “first class,” these two days’ climbs had each meant an ascent of 6000 feet above the Valley of Cha- monix, and all the muscles ad been ex~ crcised, A day of rain bad intervened Tctween them, and fearing that the weather ‘would again break, my guides started me off the very next day, my fifth at Chamonix, on a_ hard “six-day tour whieh was to include Mt. Blane (see pictare, page 652) and two of the hard- est of the Aiguilles. ‘The ascent of Mt. Blane fron Cha~ tonix is not difficult. There are: no rocks. Hecause of the cold and story weather the Glacier dex Boksons, in the. niiddle of which is the half-way cabin, was in such good condition that the cre~ wasces had hardly had a chance to qpen anil were still filled with snow. The only very steep parts of the ascent are fear the top, on the second diy. ‘The first day's ascent lasted only seven hears, When we rose again at midnight, wind, clouds, and the promise of snow mae it improbable that we would be able to reach the top, 0 we stayed comfortably ai the Gratids Mulets cabin until the nest day. ‘Two, caravanes that tried for the top got only as far as the last hut, twee hhonts below. the top, and hack again, for jt blew and snowed. the whole day; but we were not coming: back, and would Tiave hid 10 stay miserably in a-cold but, ‘The only real danger on Mt. Blane from sudden sttirms, for the whole of the geoond day's route, up fo the top and down again to, Chamonix, is an sriow, and the beaten tracks quickly hhecome obliterated. If one strays far in the Serong direction, he will wet among im- IN THE HIGH ALPS ooo passable crevasses, ar will come too near to the slopes at the side and may be over= whelmed by avalanches of snow and, ice from them; Or he may perish fram cold. ‘The ascent. from the Grands Mulets: to the Refuge Vallot above takes four or five hours, int good weather, and to the tiny stiinmit observatory is another two Tiowrs, The Refuge Vallot has mat- tresses and blankets, but ti wood and, no food, and its altitude is 14.312 feet. With the best of conditions, the ascent is. therefore, 2 Jong pull, ane for the last few hours very cold, because all snow and. so high, Hence it is never safe to start for the top withaot extra. warm wraps, special protection for the: fect, and a two divs’ supply of food, Because of the number ‘af people that have been lost, one short section of the ronte has now been stakeil, yet shortly after my ascent two cara vanes nearly perished fur above this point, both from bad judgment. Many people ga as far as the Grands Mulets, Hut one-third of. those that start thence for the top turn back at the Grand Pia teau, 12.990 fect, when two-thirds of the way tip, for there it is tut the. freezing. the mountain, sickness, heart failure, vit fent headache, or difienlt breathing begins, Starting from the Grinds Molets at 2.45 a. mh... we went as fast as was possi: ble over the fresh snow, up ame up artic faire-tike scenes first of full moonlight, then of dawn, and finally of stintise on ‘the mnssive stretches and slopes and summits of snow om every side. In seven hours we had reached the top, inclusive Of about ah hour and = balf of stops, to eat, to make adjustments, and to photo- graph. From the Grand Plateau on, it had been intensely cold, T had a violent headache, and the wind was piercing. ‘Above 18,000. feet T hepan 10 breathe Jess easily and cnuld not continue te go quite so fast. ‘The day was sitperb, anid we were the only caravane. Rut we could linger only a half hour at the top, for we were to make the long and for a time difficult descent by the Ttalinn side. A. snow-covered ive cornice of great670 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINEA WOMAN CLIMBS steepness took what seemed an intermi- table half hour to descend, Ever steps cutting and crampons did not seen to make it safe fram slipping. From it we had to descend the very steep Glacier dit Dome, which was a mass of crevasses at every turn. To descend it thus in the afternoon of a hot day meant plunging 10 the knees for two honts in soft snow andl going in to the hips helow every crevasse over which 1 jumped.’ ‘The tiny hut at the fot was alteady filled hy an ascending caravane, so five hours of interminable walking down the Ghicker de Miage ani over tough ggtonitd on a valley path must be added to our day's work. At io po ms 1924 hours after aur start, we came into Courmay- enr, Ttaly, 11800 feet helow the summit but not’ especially. tired and. with np worse cninplaint than toes a little sore from the long descent with wet feet, 1 was the first woman who had reached the top that season and otirs the first caravane that had “traversed” Mt. Blane that year. chee Graxt's Toorir—oeNt pr CANT 13070 FEET. 734 HOURS By 4.30 the text morning Iwas awake: again. tested and ready to start Tater in the day for the formidable Dent di Geant, of Ginnt’s “Tooth. From Cour- imayeur ta the Col da Geant, the snow- pass from which the ascent was to be made, was 5 five-hour climb, first up a. steep path, then over easy snow slopes and snewy rocks We intended to spent two nights at the Col; that is, after ax centing the Dent du Géant. to return to the Ttilian Alpine Club's Refnge below the Col, in omer to clinib the Reqitin en route to Chamonix the next day. The ascent of the Géant was thus to he a Short ene. Only an hott af level snow was to be cfossed, so this time there was no need for an early start After the stow stretch that lay he- tween the Col and the base of the “tooth” there came threequarters of an hour of steep. snowy rocks and then nearly two hours of the most exhansting: cwork that | have ever done. ‘The tooth, IN THE HIGH ALPS O71, or rock tower, rises almost perpendicu- larly 300 feet in the air (see pictures, pages” 606, 667, anid 668). A few fixed cables there are, but they are poor sub- stitutes for a firm grip on rock. ‘They hang lwosely: and were sometimes above my reach, Harder than the Mattertiorn was this Aiguille. while it lasted. ‘To find a hand- hoid or foothold, to step or kneel as hiek asone:conld, to reach ax far and pall as ard as one could. in order to lift one's stlf up—this was what it meant, and withal hurried, when already gasping, of ent in two by the rope of = well-meaning: Amt overzeal seol ore above, Once on 108 he expl ‘that the snowstorm in whieh we were now climbing might turn ‘inte an electrical storm, and two guides had onee been struck by lightning on this Aiguille. But once down, the steain and. the anaiety over, 1 was tot tired, for there had been only five hors of great effort or care, and altogether we had been out only 72] hours. ‘The Dent da Requin is not as high as the Dent du Geant, but its ascent is jonger, hecatse it. ig further from any base, and its “neeille" isan even sharper point, with no ropes to pnllan. After we had waited 2) hours at the Col for the snow to cease, clearly the Requin ‘could not be done, so down to Chamonix we went—down the full length of the beautiful Mer de Glace. for ite upper? part, above the Géant, is beautiful, very different from its dirty. tongue at the Moritanvert. ALGUILLY DES BRANDS CHARS, 11,253 TERT, 13}4 WOURS ‘twenty-four hours of sunshine steted ts up again the next day for the hard Niguille des Grands Charmoz (see piic- tire, page 67o); but it was with clouds and uncertain weather that we set out the day following. and conditions proved to be very bad, indeed, The toute to the base was the same as for the Petite Charmos before. Tastead of the short snow couloir to the latter, we had now. however, to ascend the worst glacier 1 have ever been on, The Glacier des672 THE NATIONAL GEOSRAMIC MAGAZINEA WOMAN'S CLIMBS illons must be iniatnted amd de= ended, part of the way right in the possible avalanches from its ng-onl hiet ditt culty Chive in mountain chinbing is, in Deing so much shorter than my: guides that I fail te rea teep snow, on which I umist keep exactly in their steps, for safety and speed, is therefore. muck wrder for me than ‘rocks. Instead of letting me follow my tiormal psice, kibor- ing as | always had, toon snow in otder to stride in the steps of my tall leader, be had rio mercy, Int fairly dragged me along by the rope, He had na choice. Tt would not de tu ge under and aero: where We were going except at a most rapid! pace Nor was this the worst. ie rise the snow Slopes of the tw mice and the Above the ery. stee uille de Aiguille de Grépoa. on the other the Aiguille de Maitiee the sinew ont! thel stopes lay fot oily deep, bat so: hen vie. ‘To gain the between the Cherm from which both are ascended, requiced an hour's ascent ef a couloir of sn which was soft enough and steep enough to pl tts in constant dread of our weigitt starting a whole miass down. Every step had. to be ki ax far as the foot would go, and far above the last one, so as not fo fave ahy step wnidermined by the one below. It ns steep a8 i ladder and just like one, The steps abe were the only handholds, and the pick must he plunged to its hilt and far je at every step in order to he the line of pressure in case of eed to hold to it, At the top cumc meks, already steep and dificult enough, and now mare slip cry by decp snowdrifts, and finally, a up which | could not gle hold and had to be pulled for some 20 feet. ‘The descent was even for before we could get down, midway on the snow conloir, a fierce surt came full on it, increasing its softness nd our concern lest it avalanche, Never z ard the Grépen, out IN THE HIGH ALPS 673 Oie of the man cher du. Plat with di o hy Dora imate than ten minutes did we stop the whole day, and-as [ used those mintites aph, | had had mo more than a bite to eat for 12 hours, when at last, at > p.m., we reached the end of the Cols GHANDYS stoNTEts, 10.634 7 11 HOURS M rain and snow alterns briefest sunshine, One u tempt of eight hours was made on the Reqnin, and finally, while waiting for the snow on it te melt, we set out for a very fine snow pass, the Col des Grindsa74 Momtets, Although bigh, this escent in- volved no rocks. Tt was therefore passi- ble even now, and its location under the Aigwitle Verte and the Aiguille du Dru afforded wonderful views of both, as well asa pe view of “The Aiguilles.” with Mt, Blanc for a background. DENT DU MEQUIN, F1,214 FRET, 1715 HOURS ‘The ascent of the Aiguille, or Dent du Requin, “The Shark's Tooth.” ranks as the third hardest at Chamonix, ‘The ap- roach was Inmg—three hers tip the Met de Glace. two hours up the steep Glacier du, Plan, and. finally, two, hours stong the face «if snowy and precipitous rocks. On the Gineier du Plan it had been hard to find a way among the d ‘Chovasaen (sée: pietute, lene fog), whieh were on every side and were filled or covered with treacherous snow. (leca- sionally one af us would sink in to the waist, [itt the rocks were fir worse. Generally bare, we must now take twee hours to reach the “shoulder,” instead of the usual go minutes, for every step wetoss the snow had to be pounded be fore venturing to tread cn it. Even then every fifth step would give way from under our very feet, Only one person could move:cat a tite, and we had to be careful every moment in order pot to go down in the small avalanches that we started, ‘Tt was 6.45 under a hot sun, seven houts since the start, when we began the acrobatic and difficult.ascent to the sum- mit. We saw it close by, ane sot much higher up: yet i took twe houts to reach it im safety, and an hour and a half get back from the tip t the shoulder, Moreover we “traversed” it, and to come down the steeper side invalved.,a ehim- ney, Or crack, 113 feet deep, A heavy rope carried nlong all day—and on the previons six-day tonr—for just this pur jnise was doubled over a projecting rock at the top. and each person in turn slid down it to a ledge half way, Since to carry a rope longer than irs feet would be too heavy, and loose it must be, in order to be “pulled down again, an iron THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE staple had here beet driven into the rock On the -slanting, slippery, small shelf opposite it three must “find lodgment while the rope was pulled dovet and doubled over te staple for the other half of the descent, Tt was thus 245 p.m. by the tine we started down from the shoulder, Far two, hours we had been hearing ava- Janches on every stile every few minutes, ami[ this was our real anxictr, Just a= carefully as we had come up must we go (own the precipitous base rocks, for how the snuw wis softer, therefore mory ready. to loosen itself fram the rocks and slide, This was, in fact. what act- ally happened Three times did I sce the guide below me, to whom | was roped, shding down, to, 18, or 20 feet, carried down by. snow that had been too soft te bear his weight. hut each time he wheeled as he slid slowly down, dug his ice-pick into. the stiow’ far above his head, stopped. fin seli, and climber up without once drag- ging me down, A truly thrilling day had it been, and 1744 hours long by the time we got hack to the Montaivert. CONTRASTS Ini smintarizing and contrasting these clitpbs, [should rank the Matterhorn ats the hardest, because it was so long under the wonditions thar we had, and was hard all the time, but the Chamonix guides do, not admit that it is harder than the Aiguilles. In general, except for the Matterhorn. the ascents at Cha monix were harder, moze interesting, nd more ofan anxious strain than those at “ermatt. 1 one wishes to eonvinee himself of this he has only to consult the tariff for guides for these different as- cents as given in Bavleker. The wart ones at Chamntix are more expensive than the worst Hermatt. because harder and involving: more risk, and the very worst at Chamonix have no. tariff Even Mt. Blane, as we did it. was a rts hau day, the enfdest, too, and sone hours ef it were amstons because of the: descent by the Ttafian Monte Rosa and the Weisshorn were also hard TatOUR PRIE the hardest exertion of all was probably on the short Dent du Geant, the most contimaous anxiety om the Grands Char miog, anct the must thinling and most in- teresting experiences am the Dent du Requin. As for views, too, perhaps the Requin was the finest, although they were quite different in character and per- haps not more beautiful than those on Monte Bose and Mit. Blane. Clouds veiled the views oa the Weisshorn and the Grands Chermoz, but views through orist and peeps through flitting clouds have the added chatm of mystery and constant variet, YDS. THE, WRI How one climbs, why one feels that is safe to gu, on such ascents, whiat one's acnsations actually are, and, above all. whnt thee is to pffset such strain and anxiety imve hardly een suggested. So simmimary a review of merely the chi of 16 climbs. | cannot hope h any of the feeling of the won- ff the High Alps even am ines of what it is-really like | must trast to the ilmstrations. and fer the rest can only hope that T have aroused enin interest to stimulate the reader's own imagination. or to-make him wish to find out for himself the rewards of mountain climbing OUR FRIENDS, THE BEES By A. 1. Roor asp E. R. Roor Growing bees for pleasure arpa i one of those American industries tohote magnitude ts entirely unsuspected by the muerage citicon, cording to a recent report there are approximately Sov,io0 persone keeping bees in the United States, and the annual output of honey and llecohiee ts astileted aa stort $22,000,000, One reason that bre-koeping ix 20 poptilar in thix country is that cluterican ingenuity hate i id’ miany devices which siniplify the work and cnable the owner at all times readily to ascertain the henith of his bee colony (see pictures, pages O80- 683). The following article and photographs are frget he ABC ond X V2 of Bee Culture,” by A. 1. Root and E. R Root. Root family, of Medina, Ohio, are practical apiarists, whe have beew x lt and keeping bees for yo wars and who have originated many of the methods aud apparutus that are used thousands of bee-lavers in all parts of the wortd. Their hook, which may te justly called “a exclopedia of everthing pertaining to the care of the honey-for,” contains the results of their long experisnce aan the observations of tens of thousends of correspondents, His ane of the most fascinating vatumes. published in a long tite, The illustrations, of which there are several hundred, are pur- Fiewarly good, iby F. CONFESS we do pot like the term “anger,” when ap- plied to bees, and it almost makes us angry when we hear people speak of their being “mad,” as if they were ahways.in a towering rage and de- Hight to inflict severe pain en everything ani! everybody coming near them.” Hoes are, on the contrary, the plensantest, mot sociable, genial, sane good-natured Tittle fellows one mteets in all animated creation, when one understands them. Why, we can tear their beantiful all tn bits right before their very eves; and without a particle of resentment, hat with all the patience in the world, y will at once set to work te tepair . and that, toc, without 2 word of re- muoristrance. Lf you pinch then they will sting: and anybody who bas energy enough to take care of himself would much had he the weapon. We as yet know comparatively very Tittle of bees. amd the more we learnOUR FRIENDS. TH! the easier we find it to be to get along without any clashing in regard to who shall Le aster. In fact, we: take all their honey tot, aliost as fast as they ther it; and even if we are 50 thought starve them to death, moa word ‘There are a few circumstances under which bees scem “cross,” and, ilthowgl: we may nut be able to aceoimnt exnetly for it. we can take precautions to avoid these yaplcasant features by a little care, ‘A few yearsagoa very intelligent friewt procured some Italians, an extractor, cte., and commencetl bee culture, Te soon tearied to handle them and sac- ceciled finely. When, it came time 1 extract, tht whole business went on 50 casily that he was surprised at what had been said about experienced hands being needed to do the work. He had been in the habit of doing this work as directed, toward the middle of the day, whtile the great mass of the bees: were in the fields: but in the midst of a heavy yield of clover honey, when the hives were full to overflowing. they were one day. stopped by a heavy thunder shower. ‘This, of course, drove the bees home, and at the same time washed! the opt of the blosscms so completely y had nothing todo but renisin res until more was secrete ot so with their energetic and en thusiastic owner. soon as (he rain had ceased, the hives were agnin opeited and an attempt made to take out the frames, as but a few hours before: but the bees that were all gentleness then seemed naw possecced of the very spirit of mischief and matice; and when all hands had been severely stung, they ein cluded that pridénce was the better part ee valor and Stopped operations for the . While loads of honey were: coming in all the while and every ‘bee refoieme. nome were disposed te he cross: but after the shower all hands were standin arennd idle, andl when a hive was 0 nat each was ready to take a grab from its neighbor, and the result was pefree fight a very shott time. i 617 ‘There is oothing in the world that will jnduce bees to ating with such wicked recklessness as tw have them get ti quar. teling over combs oF honey left exposed when they have nothing t# de, From a little carelessness in this respect, and Hothing, else, whole apiaries have been so (eitoralized that people were stim: whien passing along the street seve rads distant. During the middle of the day, when bees were busily engaged on the flowers during a good yield, we have frequently left filled combs standing on the top of a hive from noon tntil stypper time without @ bee touching then; hurt to do this after a hard rain, or ata time when fittle or no honey’ is to be gathered in the fields, might result in the ruin of several colonies and you and your bees being voted a muisance by the whole neighborhood. HEMONSTRATING BEES AT FATES ‘The operator begins his performance by stepping inside, the eage Of live bees and shutting the door beh im, He then tells the crow] that he is going to handle, live bees, every one of which 1 armed with a sting, and, if any one doubts it, ty come forward and he will fyrnish the “proof” He then proceeds to take off his coat_and yest and roll up 2. take off his collar, and tue) shitt-band, then be necessary for hii to: put on bieyele pants or slip his trousers inte his sto ‘The crowd will quickly appreciate this part of the performance. because the operator tells thent the bees will sting if they get inside of his clothing. With a lighted smoker he opens up the hive, After pulling ont the fraiies he shows the bees and queen om the foam ‘Then he calls out for everybody tovwait and see the next stunt, for he is going to minke a swarm. With # large dishpan, which he bas previously pro- vied, he shakes two-thirds uf the bes eff the combs into this pan. Then he ~ takes it up and tims to the crow, say> ing: “The bees are not real mad yet, so TIL begin to shake themeup to make them678 PHE NATH HIG MAGAZINE = The people wonder what he is shaking is the very thiny that seeing him barearmed and them gentle iv He now runs his ier the | under gently ng until he has the of bees, pushing it bees all in one hig ball, amd tw the un- careful not to pinch ney would sting must bey no; the contimmal deed. that the hand initia eli beOUR: FRIENDS. move. He picks up a tmndfial and them up for the crowd te to has good) nerves he can shake the hand- ful on top of his heail and in the ment time pick up another handful YOUNG HEES AT Wan The first Way after the young bee pnaws its way out of the cell it docs little hut crawl around; but about the wext day it will be found dipping greed- > the cells of unsealed honey, and on fora week or more. After about st day it will also begin tw look The wants of the wnsealed lurve, { very soon assists in furnishing the milky food for them, While doing so a large amount of pollen is used, and it is supposed that this Intval food is pallen d honey, partially digested by these young murrscs. Bees of this age, or a litle alder, supply royal jelly for the queen-cells, which #& the sime, probably, as the food given very snail linwe. Just before they are sealed op, larve “to produce worker-bees and drones are fed on a d mixture coarser, less perfectly dige ff honey and pollen, Young bees have. white, downy lavk until they ace a full week old, and con tinue a peculiar young aspicet until they are quite two Weeks old. At about this latter age they are generally active comb tuilders of the hive. When a week or ten days old they take their first flight out of doors. We know no prettier sight in the apiary than a host of voung Ital ians taking a playspell’ jn the open air in from of their hive. Their antics and yambols remind ane of a lot of young limbs at play It is also Very interesting 16 sec little chaps bringing their first load of fields. [f there these pollen from the plenty of other bees in the hive of th sper age, they will not usually take mp this work until about twe weeks old The first Toad of pollen is to a young hee just about what the first nf pants i= toa bey-haby Instead of going stra with its load, as the vete amonnt Of circling ream Fit inte the hive 3 do, a vast the entrance 79 “THE BEES Ame € ¥ Lat ioe Can toy Amand Fe BL Re Pheote-feem A LAV ine thntst he dane be ahted it takes wing 3; pefore: rushing all Uhrouh the hive, jostle iirses, dre J perhaps the saying as plainly as. could Look! Here am 1.1 gathered elf. Es it stot nive?” gine some old veteran, whe ands of such loads, answering ‘Well, suppose you did; what You had better put it ina cell t off after more instead of making all this row and wast ing time, when there are so many mouth to feed.” We said we m sive never be 4 of unkindness ins we680 SATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC M GAZINE WAT ha Ie Mo Ee O PULLING To PIECESOUR FRIENDS, THE BEES BSL No one scolds or finds fault, and the children are mever fc to work, Lf they are int provident and starvation conies, they all suffer aalike.and, we dev believe. jut a single hit of cling or cert dany once. Ty all work. together as your tight hand contr left, ami if we would understand) the cnomy of the beehive. it were well to hear this int in mind, hortly following the jmput y= cole lecting comes that for honey-gathering, and the probably in. its asa worker when a month old At this age it can, like f go, “turn its almost any. do lies: but if the well supplied witk ers of all ages, probably does most. service in the CHARLES MONKENG AND HIE SON NORMAN DEMONSTRATING ae ADEL BEES AT THE MINNESOTA STATE FALE SWARMING, TEES ites bees Mr. Mott st prize for bee dl . a first prise on Can NY Z of Bee Where a col ssively stron nV pre ment, ilivide themselves aff info. two parties, one re ing in the cld hive and the other ing out to seeks their fortunes © where instanee), and the bee fallow from tof natiira nce she is the mother of the an absolute necessity to their We have carefully, watched this pro- prosperity. After seeing a number of ceeding with w view of determining haw — sivarms issue, and finding that the queen the matter comes about: that is, whether among the last tu leave the hive, we it is because a part of the bees | meluded that the bees take the lead, fed with their old hottie and seek and that the queen simply follawed us to better their eoniition, or because the a matter of course i general melée. on leaves. for some reason of her — Suppese, however, that the queen ‘own (because she has not Toom to lay should not take a Notion to join the new come682 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE adventure, Swarms out without a gue but they ust Ta time, to try 1 the e. taken f al miles away at the next show that the que they can of the hive in the anew quent, and then go off with occupied After we were Miter a day or twe this is the correc formed us that we had cin trick on him, for our queen had gone home and taken his quart of bees with her. We told him it was impossible, for she had never been out of the hive. ex- in next day nor on which it then is neighbor in yed a fi wanting to make servatory hive, drummed perhapsOUR FRIENDS. THE BEES 6st ERTING THE CAPTIVE SAND QUEENS ARE PUT UE INA QUEEN INH NG CAGE, IN WHICIE A QU N SAFELY TRAVEL FROM THTPhone from "A. 11C anil X YZ of Thee Cultwre” ty A EFFECT oF A STING NEAR THE when we carried her over in. the cage We went and looked in the bive she same from, and there she was, true enough, with the bees she had brought with her stung to death in front aad on the bottem-board swarmed out fits; but, even if th they certainly followed the queen did, i going back to her old home. We also Know that bees soietimes follow a young queen w her wedding-Hight It is our opinion that neither queen nor workers alone make the first start, but all bunds join together and act in convert ile it is true that a swarm will issne without any previous preparation when a swarining éraze is of im the yard, the great majarity of colonies preparing to Swarm send out senuts, oF prospectors ‘These bees hunt up cavities in hollow trees, of even seek ouit empty hives, anil commence “cleaning house”. ‘Ihe num- she goes out to take THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAC It is possible that the: AZINE seomts having Iicated a home will increase tntil tere appears to be quite « little swarm, and sometimes one is led to believe there is a ease of robbitig go- ing on, especially if the scouts have citered att empty hive contaising combs, ‘They will continue to make their visita- tions day by day, and in the meantime they busy themselves by cleaning housc. When the day comes for the swarm to issue, the scouts appear to make it their business to lead the fying bees to this.mew Ineation. Just how they do this cannot be definitely’ shown ; bat that they do lead these swarms ty particelar abodes has been sq clearly proven that there is no further question abut it ‘This shows why a swarm will sometimes “light out’ without even, elustering, Following the led of their siouts, ther Will go directly to their new home, which has beet already prepared. As a general rule a swarn clusters firs. Whether this is for the purp ‘of getting the scouting party * nd into action ne one om ‘Outs hive nob already found a location, it is possible that the clustered swarm is sending out some soouts to prospect and, having found a hollow tree, they will go back to the cluster, when sll will “hike” for the new home. While these nay be fanciful sigges. ons, it may account for the reason why a swarm will sometimes hang on a tree for several days, the inference being that the scouts have failed to locate any suit. able heme, as BEES DO NOT INSFURE SOUND FRUTT ery now and then we hear come plaints ef how bees will attack and eat up fruit: and, to 9 casual observer, at least, they apparently do bite through the skin’ and extract the jtices until the specimen is shriveled up to a mere se1 blance of its. former shape and sire Careful investigation his shown repeat edly that bees never attack sound fruit ne matter how soft the skin not how Juicy and pulpy the cuntents within the skin. The authors have had, during the past 30 years. between 300 and 409 coloniesTWNAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 7 fred time the indispensable service they perform in pvolfinat in the season, other of mingling the pollen exist: Indeed. some of our best intit~ gtawers are Tow keeping hives of bees in eae their orchards. Ofter they invite hee-keepers 1 locate yards of t pression. that only snek: dam: iry, but actually prune ture and eat up sound fruit. Some years ag a neighbor sent word t as that he would Tike to haye us come up to. his viney he would give os anilisputable our bees were puneturing tis grapes and sucking out om °A HCandX ¥ Zot he Coupe by AT am wena TSS % MILO A TREE CUT OFF WITH THE SWARMEREADY TO HIVE We looked at the te m5 bunches as they ted in a vineyard at their he were hanging down, and, sure enough, apiary. | Notwithstanding hundreds and there were small, needle-lifee he hundreds of pounds of grapes are raised most every berry that the bees « ry year, the bunches hanging within working on. It fooked | ch four feet of the entrance of the af “caught-in-the-act” evidence aga hives, the sound fruit is never attacked, For the time being we were un but during-a dearth of honey, a broken able to’ offer a ‘satisfactory explanation otherwise brnised burch af grapes We brought the ma! will jamally be visited by a few of an old farmer who had bee. bees keeper for many years, Fin The writer article has attended morning he sent word to ws that he by huortig and pomoloyical found the guilty culprit, and that if enitions,.. be and national. would come dosrn to his il sexe fruit-growers morning he would point him out, ‘This a general we did Me showed us a little bird, quick of Hight, and almost or to be around the vines when any hnman Among the 1 horticuln acknowledgment th und fruit: that the Ii to damaged fruit is comNATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE about the Sze und called the e his. mis- the into. of the uy the honey : but, to « eemeil to careOUR FRIENDS, THE BEES 6s9 | PALESTINE and XV Z of Bee Culture,” WUTEH SWARM SPEC2 9OUR FRIENDS, THE those containing. only We soon determined that it was the warmth from the cluster that especially at- tracted them; and, as: the hives were directly on the ground, the ants soom moved into several thit contained only a sniall cluster and for a while both used one com= mon entrance. As the hees increased th began to show a decided avers to having two faniilies in the saime house, alibinrgh the ants were evis dently inclined to be peace able cnough until the bees tried to “push” matters, when they turned about and showed themselves fully able to: hold possession. The hees seemed to be studying over the matter for a while, and finally we found them one day taking the ants, one hy one, and carrying them high up in the air and letting them drop at such a dis- tance from their home that they would surely never be able to walk back again, became strong colonies, drove the ants out perience ever since has heen that a gaod colotiy of bees is never in any danger of beitg troubled jin the least by ants. One weak colony, after battling awhile with a strong nest of the ants, swarmed ont; but they might have done this any- not Tay much blanie to = F termpl to aa hese down with lown-mower, ‘The Tittle hillocks thar they make all over the yard d to some exterit, as well as forming more for less obstruction, to the seythe and lawnmower, PRKEDING NEES FoR TAPROVED VANNETTES In the breeding of domestic animals it is possible to mate together a choice male and a choice female. Much could be ac- complished in the way of improved stock Mito fron “AD Sand XY 2 of Boe Cui A comoxy WITH THE NEES HAVE PORMED TIE LOAFING MAnIT 6oL Wy ATi BM Moot AN ENTRANCE TOO SMALL, WiLKIY if we could also control the male parent age of bees, and we do not know but that inbreeding, according to modern meth- ods now known in stock-raising, might secure for us a race of bees greatly superior to anything we mow know. Just at present it seems very desirable that bees with longer tongues he bred, #9 that the nectar in the deep corolla tubes-of red clavet, in the horsemint of xas, and the mountain sages of Cali- fornia, as well as hundreds of other flowers, ‘could be reached, ‘Tons and tons of honey might thus be secared that otherwise goes to waste. *Bee-keeping is one of the best of the life-saving, nerve-healing avacations It lakes the mind from householl cares as completely as would a trip to Europe, for one cannot work with bees and think ‘of anything else Some of the attributes which make bee-keeping an interesting avocation | will mentios First of ‘all, bees are such wonderful creatures and so. far beyond our com- preliension that they have for us always the fascination of an ansalved problem. T never puss our hive without mentally asking. "Well, you dear little rascals, what will you dé nextBEES 698 ie pte 2 pe cata Phota trom “AB Cand XY Zot Bow Cube, ty Ay E anil RRL Hot MIVES OF NERS PACKED FOU EXPORT TO ARGENTINA Be of particular interest. to Het are, profoundly exasperating; qvoman for several reasons: if she likes yet how ‘worse than futile it is to good hon ning, then the hee is a e that exasperation by word or model; if she likes a woman of busi move No creature feacts more mickly against irritation than the bee She catinot be kicked nor spanked; and rke her too ich we ourselves There is only one way ng light; i : of the y mple of iis the hee a shi interested in the n is the bec EY believes: i fection; # the poli rights of wi will find tne highest ration with’ bees—that tical wisdom in the consti- is d this makes the he hee comm Tn fact, it wi bee is a little de of bee-keep too casual to s ideal, although as y arousing 2 widow she 5 certainly remar and ‘oman's interest perhaps iarions wr by bi a means of cultivating ealmiess ambler, and the patience, and seli-contrul, the bee is a uncertainties of tar supply and of market add to rather than de= well-re r, Beeood tract from her interest in her apiary. 1 know of several women who have made comfortable incomes and supported their families by, bee-keeping; nt, a5 yet, 1 think such instances are few. However, I believe there are a large number of women who have added a goodly sanr yearly to their amount of money, and have fi instead of a dradgery, Personally I have had. very little ex- rienve with the commercial side of e-keeping. Once, when our, madden- ingly sticcessiul apiary grew to 40 hives when we did not want more than a dozen at most, and the neighborhood was surfeited with otir bounty, we were “just twiturally" obliged to sell honey. We en- joved greatly getting the product ready for market, and were siimehow surprised that 30 much fun could be turned inte ready cash, AS a mutter of fact, both iy hisband and myself have absorbing vocations and avocations in plenty, so that our sole reason for keeping bees is because we love the ttle creatures, and find them so interesting that we would not feel that home was feally home without them The sight of our busy little co-workers adds daily to our psychic incame, We are so very Inisy that we have very little time to spend with them, and have finally formulated our ideal for aur own bee-keeping, and that is to keep bees for honey and, dor “fun™. We shall have plenty of honey for our own iable, and fust enough to bestow on. the neighbors so they will not get tired of it; and fun enough to season life with an out-of- door interest and the feeling that no sunt day is likely to pass without a surprise, REVIEW OF GOOD BOOKS “Roman Cities fm Italy and Dalmatia.” By AU 1. Frothingham, Ph.D, Pp, asi 84 ux and) map 6 inches. 100 _ iffustr: New York: Stungis & Walton. Professor Frothingham, who holds the chait f Ancient History and Archeology at Prince- versity, has produced in’ fhis a. aoat ble work. “The picture of Ancient Maly THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE and pre-Augustah Rote, drawn from her fivals, ds of absorbing inicrest, and the author presents his cbtervations in what might be termed popular form, After a trip through faly and Dalmatia, Where the evolution of these centtries cin be studied without forcigm admixture, this book brings ms back 10 Rome with a far giore gui plete idea oF its ancient art and culture. “Leagsoing WH Antimndls in Africa” By Guy Te Seal Tp a6; aie 28 inches photoxraphic, iastration. New Yurk: Frederick A. Stokes Cu.” Priee, $1.25 net. We have tiad!a number of valuable books om big wane nunting in Africa with guns, bet the account af thi expedition into the heart of thie hig game conntry.to lasts the lien, thinaceras, eheetali. jgitafhe hartebeest, ete, anid making. otograpihs af the operation is truly remark anid of ubworhing interest. Colonel velt has written an introduction, iti which he says in pare jo Mntieting tri) which rook place in Africa was more wurthy of com memoration, and the feats of roping these animals showed a coot gallantry and prowess Which would rejoice the hearts of all men.” [Th photographs of the actual operation, taken by the well-known ish. bird photogripher, Kearton, are splendi “A Guide to Great Cities—Westerh Europe” By Kether Singleton. Pp. 3 12 ita trations. New ork: The Baler & Taster Company, Price, $3.00 nut. ‘This book, for the younger generation of travelers and readers, describes the great cities ‘ai France and Spain and Portugal, ‘The valu of holding the interest of youth has been we considered, and the volume will most, certain! stimulate 4 geographical iiterest in the youth ful breast. “The Toll of the Arctic Sens." By Dette M. Edwards. Pp. 440. 64 x85 inches. 11+ lustrations with Half-tones and 4 mapa, itt cluding a map of the Arctic teqions by Gilbert H. Grasrener, New York: Henry: Holt & Co. Prive, $250 net. This is an accotint of the principal exploring gxeltions to The far north. commencing wit Barents in 1504. and ending with Peary's can juss OF the NOG Rote fr gop. The work of seventeen explorers § thus summarized Tr tem most uscfal book, for between its covers are told the mnin features of the ex- ploration of the north ard the search for. the Pole. Tt is rather surprising te find such a work, which of comrse, can hit only the Bish places—a series of very rcndable sturics,Built for those who use the Best Series “B” now ready ‘or delivery @ You have only to look at a Matheson to see wherein its beauty ies, Line Blends into line. proportion fits into proportion until the result is as pleasing to the eye of the discriminating tourist as it is gratifying to his bodily comfort. @ The acknowledged pawer, speed, and silence of the Matheson ate int full keeping with ite nots for five years pasenget car of four- MATHESON A NEW YORK CITY BRANCH : : Cor. Broadway and 62d Street DISTRIBUTORS CHICAGO, tirdSriere Co., 2210 Michi ‘Sains Co,, Van BOSTON FRANCISCO, Ny BUPEA\ ‘DELPHLA, Jetson Mator Car 60.4388 8. 8 Nett Ave, and J “Mention the Geographic—It identifies you.”'F you've never [elt the majesty and IT peace of mountains, drunk deep of cerystal air, known what sleep means a mile above the sea, you should go to Colorado, If you've been there youre going again, Colorado never surfeit And if you're travel-wise youre going via the Rock Island Lines, on the deserved ly Lamous Rocky Mountain LIMITED “trom Chicago every dary ln the yea~ ‘The most discriminating travelers do, The road of Supreme Service and the Train without a peer. Transportation at its utmost of Aastidious covulort A day's journey to remember all your days, upon a train that is a veritable surprise of luxurious ap- intment. A retinue of setvants at your bidding, Beds not borthe, Feasts sot sven ‘You may be an experienced traveler, but just for f bagless ai vaelig you di nt guess—Vietrala recitals, Oncol the many feat. tres that gives the Rocky Mountain Limited distinction in all that iasupzemely best in modern journeying ‘Geographic readers may dep: upon the integrity of our advertisers."Fire Fighting and Telephoning Both Need Team Work, Modern Tools and an Ever Ready Plant, Everywhere Twenty men with twenty buckets can pat out & small fire ifeach man works by. himself If twenty men form a fine sind pass the huekets from hand to hand, they can put out a larger fire. But the same twenty men on the brakes of a ‘hand tub’ can force a continuots stream of water through a pipe so fast that the bucket fbrigade scems futile by comparison The modem firefighter has gone away beyond the “hand tub." Mechanics build a steam fire engine, miners dig coal to feed it, workmen build feacrvoirs anid lay pipes so that each noxzleman dnd engineer Is worth a score of the olde fashioned firefighters. ‘The big tasks of today require not onty: team work but also modem tools and. a wast system of supply and distribution, ‘The Bell telephone system is an example of co-operation between 75,000 stockholders, 120,000 eitiployees and six million subscribers. But to tean work is added 2n up-to-date plant. Years of time and hundreds of millions of money have been put into the toals of the trade ; into the puilding of & nation-wide network of lines; fato, the training of men and the working out of meth ods. The tesult is the Bell system of today—a_ Union of men, money and machinery, to provide universal telephone service for nincty million people. AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH; COMPANY AND ASSOCIATED COMPANIES One Policy One System Universal Service “Mention the Geographic—It identifies you"3A Pocket Kodak So simple as to be readily understood and operated by the beginner; so efficient that he does not outgrow it. Pictures Pust Card size, (3% & 535), Price, $20.00. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, Babe ete ROCHESTER, N. ¥., The Kodak City. “Geographic readers may depend upon the integrity of our advertisers.”oR, UGHET qu €a, 0 Water sort HEALING $44.00 Per enn, 12 hall $4.00 9o eater, oF ‘Mention the Gcographic—It “THE fastest thing in motion—living or me- chanical—cannot escape the detection of the Rausch |omb;, Zeiss JTESSAR [ENS But speed is only one quality of this famous camera lens, which can be used for snapshots on grey days, and for difficult exposures in weak light when other lenses fail. Acquaint yourself with the many wonderful results achieved with the Teasar lens by young amateurs, as well as those of long experience. Booklet H treats of better photography in an interesting manner. Write for it today. WESTER.NY. Extabliahel 1528 Rensselaer =< Peeieciiale identifies you."| WHITE ROCK LEMONADE | | 5] FlatClasp Mie) ee PIONEER SUSPENDER Co. eee THE ROSS STEREO PRISM Binocular WILLIAMS, BROWN & EARLE, Inc. 918 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, Pa. V. S.A. HARRISON GRANITE COMPANY Ream 1311-A, 200 Fifthwr qlase comp DA-NITE. tor Send for Booklet Pal McIntire, Magee & Brown Ge., 723 Sansom Street, Philadephia, Pa “Round the World” ATTRACTIVE TOU! September, Qetober, and lat SOUTH AMERICA cauber, another in February RAYMOND & WHITCOMB co. i, Dera DRAWING INKS ETeeWAL WAITING In CHAS. M. HIGGINS & GO., Mirs. ‘eeoklrn. N.Y. 271 Ninth Street Your Confidence In Our } Tree Repairing 1 IR the henebit of our prospective friends who are atill'a bit undecided placed a M fog, sprosing, and fortlising hie tome HIZ8 them. A aaked him Munson. -Whitaker Co. ORESTERS mou ver, a ath Avene de Batace, bd Termom Bide Rerun. 304 Moaaoeck Bide ae rota eG BO) TNE re ROLe WN ale MAGAZINE Ena Gee BE {40 Fifth Avenue New York SPRATT'S Meat Fibrine and Cod Liver oa PRATT'S PATENT, and Chiat Offi “Mention the Geographic—It identifies you.”THE HOME OF THE WATIONSL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, WASMINGTON. 0c. An Assciition Onganined for “Tie ucrease nad Diffation Of ‘Oegraphne: enoniedge RECOMMENDATION FOR MEMBERSHIP National Geographic Society The Membership Fee Includes Subseription to the National Geographic Magazine $2.50; Lee memset NY. dal, a, istaacs remit by NY inane detach wi fl is Wank bite and penal to the Recvetary = 191 ‘Wo the Secretary, National Geographic Saciety, Siseenth and A Stveés Woithies, Washington, D.C. J nominate == a es Address _ = Sor membership in the Society.WO great map inventions origt- nated and were developed by our firm. The wax-engraving process was ene and the colored Jand and water divisions in half-tone was the other. ‘The wax. engraving gives « map as beantifal ns a copper engraved map, and with the half-tene color plates makes a prettier map than any other process will. Having originated the map business ns it is to-day, we have never been headed, but have continued to Publishers who want thelr maps to be a striking feature of their books should send far specimens of our worl and submit their map propositions for our planning Hulf-tones, color engraving, and printing. THE MATTHEWS-NORTHRUP WORKS. sew york BUFFALO CLEVELAND Summer Traveler or Veteran Explorer by weilstreveied highways. or untnown bywars The 3A Graflex Camera fitted with Steinheil Unofocal F-4-5 lens HERBERT & HUESGEN COMPANY SULA Matiion Avenue, Naw York City are riciiea WitonOGRAP HIE CHARTERED 1835 GIRARD TRUST COMPANY PHILADELPHIA. PA. CAPITAL AND SURPLUS, $10,000,000 OFFICERS (GHAM B, MORRES, Prosi VILLIAM NEWBOLD ELY Ist Vice-President ALBERT ATE CHARLES JR % tkTros, E, 5, PAGE i GEORGE HL STUART SAMUEL W. MOIS Avant Secretary ‘Mention the Geographic—tt identifies you.’J. M. TROXELL Dealer fa Braun's Carbon Prints 1 West 34th Street, New York Century Bailie) der Manneement that hos Un Lana Catered to the Dr ‘of Distrieninntt, enjoys 8 unique distinction among e- chuive and democratic travelers from all ‘parts of the Lisson. Ite COMFORTS AND LUXURY ‘appeal to the requirements of ench individual ‘The rooms, single or en suites with or With- eee cout bath, are at well attended), artanged, and patron Ages hoe ot Y | D ize ae the Royal mite, which ivalvayy in demand bated i Thegeill, public dining u room, and the cory saloon FED) secerved exclusively for ladies =, act New York's standan! in Switzerland. k i epicurnam net. swith over B00 ilfnerations $050 z 5 ‘TheHotel inadvantageaus! logue {French}, tit illuatrated, 1,00 litedia New ork Coyne ‘Mad Boot Na Von Rew Seopanlielionntak, Pictures Framed and Shipped Everywhere toad tations, 1 and PRINTS IN COLORS : é qi nA ‘hr the ofa pas Titan ttre pcs cui i $80 The Most Wonderful Mountain Photograph Ever Made O many inquiries have been received regard- _¥ ing the Panorama of the Canadian Rockies in this issue, and requests for unfolded copies on heavy art mat board, ready for framing or to be used as a frieze, that a small edition has been printed and copies can be had at fifty cents each, postpaid. Size—nine feet long by nine inches high. Department H, The National Geographic Magazine Sixteenth and M Streets Northwest Washington, D. C. “Geographic readers may depend upon the integrity of our advertisers.”JUDD AND DETWEILER, Inc. PRINTERS ——_ Booklets, We make a specialty of Catalogues, Briefs, Best Grade This Magazine Is trom Our Records, and ieee of Commercial Qut-oftown Work Solicited Motions ‘Two Phones Printing 420-422 ELEVENTH ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. The Hour of Prayer GG wonderfully comprehensive picture of the Great Sahara has been re- produced in sepia on heavy artist's proof beard, size 7x18 inches, unfolded and ready for framing. Only a limited edition being possible. your order should be sent in.at once. Price, postpaid, 50 cents, Dept. H, National Geographic Magazine, 16th and M Sts., Washington, D. C.2 ' Why Argue for / Method? 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