Info-Comp Categoria1 v2

Info-Comp_Categoría1_v2
Categoría 1:
Artículos Web - Inglés
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Plataforma Virtual: www.e-dharmacon.net
Dharma Consulting ha sido revisada y aprobada como un proveedor de entrenamiento en Project Management por el
Project Management Institute (PMI). Como un Registered Education Provider (R.E.P.) del PMI, Dharma Consulting ha
aceptado regirse por los criterios establecidos de aseguramiento de calidad del PMI.
GESTIÓN DE LA INTEGRACION
Project Integration Management
1. Project Management Knowledge – Project Integration Management:
“The processes and activities needed to identify, define, combine, unify, and
coordinate process and project management activities within the Project
Management Group are included in the Project Integration Management
Knowledge Area. Characteristics of unification, consolidation, articulation
and integrative actions crucial to project completion fall within the context
of integration (…)”
Link: http://www.project-management-
knowledge.com/definitions/p/project-integration-management/
2. AntiClue – Project Integration Management:
“The seven processes in the project integration management knowledge area work
in concert to facilitate propor project coordination. The project integration requires
each process seamlessly links and fuels the next process. All project management
processes are divided into the following five project process groups> Initiating,
Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling (…)”
Link: http://www.anticlue.net/archives/000737.htm
3. YANCY – Project Integration Management:
“This site gives you an Overview, listing all the terms and key definition of the
Project Integration Management.”
Link:
http://www.yancy.org/research/project_management/integration.html
4. Aditya, PMP – Project Integration Management:
“One of the major & important roles performed by Project Manager is to

integrate different pieces developed by the teams of the Project. This task
will become more critical when the size of the project is getting bigger and
bigger. PMBOK helps us by defining lists of key activities those needs to be
performed in this area: Project Integration Management.”
Link: http://aditya369.com/integration.aspx
5. e-ProjectCoach – Project Integration Management:
“The Project Integration Management Knowledge Area includes the

processes and activities needed to identify, define, combine, unify, and
coordinate the various processes and project management activities within
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the Project Management Process Groups. In the project management context,

integration includes characteristics of unification, consolidation, articulation,
and integrative actions that are crucial to project completion, successfully
meeting customer and other stakeholder requirements, and managing
expectations. Integration, in the context of managing a project, is making
choices about (…)”
Link: http://www.e-projectcoach.com/The-Project-Integration-
Management-Knowledge-Area.html
6. hyperthot – Project Integration Management:
“The following table addresses vital aspects of project initiation and

integration management such as the project charter, the importance of
project stakeholders, and project life-cycle phases and milestones (…)”
Link: http://www.hyperthot.com/pm_meth1.htm
7. Docstoc – Project Integration Management:
“This article says (trough slides):

- Describe an overall framework for project integration management as it
relates to the other PM knowledge areas and the project life cycle.
- Explain the strategic planning process
- Explain project execution, its relationship to project planning, the factors
related to successful, results, and tools and techniques to assist in project execution.”
Link: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/11832908/Project-Integration-
Management
8. Business Dream - Project Integration Management:
“Integration is primarily concerned with effectively integrating the processes

among the project management process groups. It includes initiation
processes of developing project charter and preliminary project scope
statement, planning process of developing project management plan,
executing process of directing and managing project execution, controlling
process of monitoring and controlling project work, integrated change
control, and closing process of closing project.(…)”
Link: http://dreamofbiz.blogspot.com/2007/12/project-integration-
management.html
9. THE.PROJECT.MANAGEMENT.HUT – Project Integration Management:
"Integration is concerned with effectively integrating the various project

management processes that stem from the project management process groups to
accomplish the project the project objectives. As humans, the most difficult thing for
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us to do is “Change”, be it projects or operations. The project integration is an effort

that helps formulate strategies to this transition and make the changes go smoother
for all concerned (…)”
Link: http://www.pmhut.com/project-integration-management
10. Project Management Mobi – Project Integration Management:
“Site where you can find a list of related Articles about the Project Integration
Management.”
Link: http://www.project-management.mobi/Project-Integration-
Management/
11. Project Auditors LCC – Project Integration Management:

“In many project management environments, projects have project
managers and team members identified, but there is little communication
among the various team members who work on different phases of the
projects. For example, the people who do the testing almost never talk to the
users, yet the users' needs are the ultimate source of the testing
requirements. Our experts can show your company how to easily integrate
all aspects of the project so that the project is managed as an integrated
effort. (…)”
Link: http://www.projectauditors.com/Training/Integration.html
12. It World 2 – Project Integration Management:
“Unification, Consolidation, articulation and interactive actions that are

crucial to project completion. Integration is about making choices, about
where to concentrate resources and effort. It also involves making tradeoffs
among competing objectives and alternatives. PM and team must address
every process and level of implementation for Process. (…)”
Link: http://www.itworld2.com/pmpintegra.aspx
13. PMP Certification Portal – Project Integration Management:
“Because there are several questions about management by project integration

during PMP exam we decided to quickly recap the most important things from this
topic. Different processes that occur in the project group can be coordinate and
management within the integration sphere. In our opinion integration is very
significant in every project and includes special features, unified actions and
consolidates characteristics that can guarantee successful results of the project. Due
to integration you can manage and coordinate the project in the easier way (…)”
Link: http://www.pmpcertificationrequirements.com/Management-by-the-
project-integration_638.html
Stakeholders Management:
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1. Max’s Issacons – Stakeholders Management:
“This site shows you trough slides the importance of manage stakeholders.
Why do I need to manage stakeholders, and who might the all be?
Key Words: Communication, information, stakeholder management, stakeholder
analysis, stakeholder, constituent. (…)”
Link: http://www.maxwideman.com/issacons4/iac1440/index.htm
2. Coaching Business to Success – Stakeholders Management:
“Stakeholder Management is so often overlooked. And then someone

unexpected throws a spanner in the works. Too bad - and you could have
foreseen it. Based on your understanding of those who are impacted by your
activities, Stakeholder Management takes the sweat out of surprises. It's a
little like office politics - a bit of a pain, but once you've got the hang of it, it
can be very much on your side (…)”
Link: http://www.coaching-businesses-to-
success.com/stakeholder_management.html
3. PMP Project Smart – Stakeholders Management:
“Running a successful project requires a high degree of stakeholder

management. So who are stakeholders? A stakeholder is anyone who has an
interest in your project or will be affected by its deliverables or output. It is
important to understand the values and issues that stakeholders have in
order to address them and keep everyone on board for the duration of the
project. (…)”
Link: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/what-is-stakeholder-
management.html
4. Bright Hub – Stakeholders Management:

“Stakeholder management is a process that you set up before your projects
to identify and analyze what the stakeholders want. It also includes how you
plan on communicating with the stakeholders. Before any project, you need
to identify who the stakeholders are. Often, if you're working for a client,
there can be many stakeholders. Obviously the client is a stakeholder but
what does the client plan to do with your project or product outcome? Will
they be utilizing the process or product you deliver? If so identify who these
stakeholders are as well. (…)”
Link: http://www.brighthub.com/office/project-
management/articles/31350.aspx
5. PriceWaterHouseCoopers – Stakeholders Management:
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“Managing stakeholders well in difficult times is crucial to executing a

winning strategy. In today’s often complicated business environment, the
only way to manage these diverse relationships effectively is through good
communication. Shareholders and lenders need to be kept informed and
engaged in a positive dialogue about how the situation is being handled and
the opportunities it presents for the business. Information about what is
being done to address any underlying weaknesses in the business structure
and the strengths that set the business apart from its competitors should
also be shared. (…)”
Link: http://www.pwc.co.uk/eng/issues/stakeholder_management.html
6. PM War Stories – Stakeholders Management:
“Capital projects provide some of the best examples of some of the most
complex stakeholder relationships and portfolios that project managers can
face. (…) At the core of these projects are the multitudes of stakeholders that
need to be managed. Whether it be those who manage the purse strings
funding the project or the policy makers that can change the course of the
plan on a moment's notice; stakeholder management requires that all
involved parties are kept in the loop every step of the way (…)”
Link: http://www.pmwarstories.com/pmwarstories/religion/
7. JISC INFO – Stakeholders Management:
“Most project methodologies will take you through identifying your key
stakeholders, assessing their likely attitudes to the project and designing
strategies to keep them on board. In education you ignore this at your peril.
There are various approaches to involving stakeholders and you must think
carefully about the best approach for your particular circumstances in order
to get input from the right people at the right time.(…)”
Link: http://www.jiscinfonet.ac.uk/infokits/project-
management/stakeholder-management
8. Improvementandinnovation – Stakeholders Management:
“There are many different stakeholders whose requirements must be

managed as part of a business improvement programmed. This article
identifies the different kinds of stakeholder, highlights various methods of
engagement, and gives examples of best practice (…)”
Link: http://www.improvementandinnovation.com/features/articles/what-
stakeholder-management
9. UnArchive Articles – Stakeholders Management:
“(…) So how do you manage unruly stakeholders?
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I basically break it down into where they sit in relation to the project. Are they the
owner or sponsor of the project? Are they a senior stakeholder from another
department? Or are they a project team member or working level stakeholder from
another department?
If your unruly stakeholder is your project owner or sponsor, then you need to set
some clear boundaries with this person and with your team. Agree up front on a
regular get together to review and discuss with tem (…)”
Link: http://articles.webraydian.com/article21785-
Stakeholder_Management_or_the_Importance_of_Being_In_Charge.html
10. Enzine Articles – Stakeholders Management:

“Getting the best from everyone can make for success of failure in your
endeavor. And that means far more people than those directly involved. Here
we are looking at any 'impact' that you might be having. And sometimes
these can be pretty tenuous. To be good at stakeholder management, it's
vital that you consider anyone who could be affected, whilst not letting that
get in the way of your project's success. So here are some tips to get you
started.
1. See the Big Picture Practice, perhaps in experiences you have before it gets
important, having a broad and creative view on just who might be involved
and why. Think about when decisions affect you and whether those involved
in decision-making considered you - and, if not, how that made you feel.
Well, there are others you are doing just the same thing to. (…)”
Link: http://ezinearticles.com/?id=608579
11. Triplepundit – Stakeholders Management:
“The concepts behind stakeholder management seem to be so obvious, yet

have been largely ignored for a long time by corporations that are now
beginning to see the error of their ways. Taking into account all those that
can impact your business as well as those your business impacts would seem
to be common sense, if not for a 40-plus-year push from Milton Friedman
followers which decided that economic success can only come from focusing
on increasing shareholder value above all else. (…)”
Link: http://www.triplepundit.com/2009/04/purpose-vs-profit-
stakeholder-management/
12. Docstoc – Stakeholders Management:
“The first step in Stakeholder Analysis is to identify who your stakeholders are. The
next step is to work out their power, influence and interest, so you know show you
should focus on. The final step is to develop a good understanding of the most
important stakeholders so that you know how they are likely to respond (…).”
Link: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/21905617/Stakeholder-Analysis-
Stakeholder-Management
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13. ND8 Development – Stakeholders Management:
“Judging by the job adverts on the net, stakeholder management skills seem
to be the “must have” requirement for the modern project and programme
manager. Is this because the user community is becoming more demanding;
no longer prepared to sit on the sidelines and wait for a solution that doesn’t
meet their needs? Or is it because IS teams have realised that understanding
the real needs of their customers, and obtaining their full support, is key to
delivering a successful solution? Or perhaps it’s because scarce resources are
increasingly fought over. Whatever the reason the more active involvement
of the full customer community during the full (…).”
Link: http://www.systematic-one.co.uk/stakeholdermanagement.html
14. Themanager.org – Stakeholders Management: The Concept of Stakeholder

Management
“Today, all players in business face the interest and the impact of different
people and groupings. Especially larger corporations have to care not only
for the needs of their direct owners, but also of various other groups, like
employees, public interest groups like environmental organizations,
strategic partners, journalists or public monitoring bodies. According to each
companies individual situation, this list could easily be extended.
Therefore, all businesses operate within a complex system of interests and
influences. Management has to assess and evaluate these external forces in
order to adjust them with corporate objectives (…)”
Link:
http://www.themanager.org/Resources/Stakeholder%20Management.htm
15. Changedrivers – Stakeholders Management:
“(…)If you don't engage appropriately with stakeholders then you will put
your entire change process at risk. The key opinion leaders will not engage
and not communicate when you want them to. Those they influence will be
asking questions like, 'Why would I follow you if I don't trust you or your
motives?' Leading executives might support the logic of your business case
initially but your support will die away and you will see them changing
horses in mid-stream. Some very structured project managers follow what I
call a 'label and checklist' approach, using the right language and ticking off
the stakeholders as they go through motions of engaging them but it has
about as much long term value in managing change risks as reading chicken
entrails (…).”
Link: http://www.changedrivers.com.au/Articles/hope-is-still-not-a-
method.htm
16. ManageThatProject – Stakeholders Management:
8
“(…) I basically break it down into where they sit in relation to the project.
Are they the owner or sponsor of the project? Are they a senior stakeholder
from another department? Or are they a project team member or working
level stakeholder from another department?
If your unruly stakeholder is your project owner or sponsor, then you need
to set some clear boundaries with this person and with your team. Agree up
front on a regular get together to review and discuss status with them. The
more hands on they are, the more often you should (…).”
Link: http://www.managethatproject.com/project-stakeholder.html
Configuration Management
1. SearchCIO-Midmarket – Configuration Management:
“Configuration management (CM) is the detailed recording and updating of

information that describes an enterprise's computer systems and networks,
including all hardware and software components. Such information typically
includes the versions and updates that have been applied to installed
software packages and the locations and network addresses of hardware
devices. Special configuration management software is available. When a
system needs a hardware or software upgrade, a computer technician can
accesses the configuration management program and database to see what
is currently installed.(…)”
Link: http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/
Nota: Agregar al final de la URL:

sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci541468,00.html
2. Wikipedia – Configuration Management:
“Configuration management (CM) is a field of management that focuses on

establishing and maintaining consistency of a system's or product's
performance and its functional and physical attributes with its
requirements, design, and operational information throughout its life. For
information assurance, CM can be defined as the management of security
features and assurances through control of changes made to hardware,
software, firmware (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_management
3. Gennio.com – Configuration Management:
“Web site that contains a list of related Articles about the configuration
management.”
Link: http://www.gennio.com/etiquetas/Configuration-Management:-
Article-info
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4. InformIT – Configuration Management:

“Configuration, "to form from or after," derives from the Latin com-, meaning
"with" or "together," and figurare, "to form." It also means "a relative
arrangement of parts or elements." Configuration management therefore
refers to managing a relative arrangement of parts or elements. It's as simple
as that. Configuration management, as we know it today, started in the late
1960s. In the 1970s, the American government developed a number of
military standards, which included configuration management. Later,
especially in the 1990s, many other standards and publications discussing
configuration management have emerged. (…)”
Link: http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=31451
5. Oracle – Configuration Management:
“This paper examines configuration management and demonstrates specific

benefits to applying good configuration management techniques to a build
engineering process. Proper application of these techniques will lead to a
more robust and scalable system which is critical to the success of software
development efforts. It can also lead to a better relationship between build
engineering and development teams by increasing trust and allows for
greater efficiency within the build engineering team. The guidelines
presented here have been distilled from years of designing reliable build
systems for global development teams on a wide range of operating systems
and environments (…)”
Link:
http://www.sun.com/bigadmin/features/hub_articles/reducing_risk.jsp
6. ITSM Watch – Configuration Management:
“The IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL) describes configuration management as

a method for controlling infrastructure and services. Given the descriptions
of configuration management, it can appear that ITIL implementation is not
possible without a mature configuration management process and that most
mythical of beasts, the configuration management database (CMDB). This is
not true (…)”
Link: http://www.itsmwatch.com/itil/article.php/3647636
7. Datamation – Configuration Management:

“People sometimes ask if configuration management and change
management are the same functional set of tasks. Both in principle and
practice, they are two very different subject areas but they are dependent on
one another. To understand Configuration Management (CM) better, let's
review it through its four primary objectives and benefits. (…)”
Link: http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/columns/article.php/3552546
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8. EMBEDDED – Configuration Management:

“Many organizations have adopted the use of source configuration
management (SCM) tools. While having the right tool for the job is the
mantra of professional mechanics everywhere, knowing how to use the tool
is equally important. Hammers, screwdrivers, and wrenches are largely self-
explanatory; such is not the case with SCM tools. This article will review how
SCM delivers higher quality software and aids developers working together;
show how it should be used to gain maximum advantage; and how it fits into
the bigger CM picture (…). “
Link: http://www.embedded.com/2000/0009/0009feat5.htm
9. Codesecurely – Configuration Management:
“Creating a threat model and performing security code reviews play a

significant role in improving the security quality of an application. As part of
that effort it is imperative to ensure that architects, developers and testers
pay careful attention to configuration management issues during the design
and development of an application rather than leave it to administrators at
deployment (…)”
Link: http://www.codesecurely.info/Wiki/view.aspx/

/Security_Code_Reviews/Configuration_Management
Business Case
1. Wikipedia – Business Case:
“A business case captures the reasoning for initiating a project or task. It is

often presented in a well-structured written document, but may also
sometimes come in the form of a short verbal argument or presentation. The
logic of the business case is that, whenever resources such as money or
effort are consumed, they should be in support of a specific business need
(…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_case
2. Proj-Management – Business Case:
“A Business Case defines WHY the project is being undertaken. It is arguably

the most important document for any project. If you don't know why you're
doing a project you shouldn't be doing it in the first place.
Would any idiot start a project without knowing why?
Unfortunately the answer is yes - it happens frequently in business.
11
The precise content and format of a Business Case can vary between
different organizations and projects.
Local standards, financial and otherwise, may apply. A government sector

organization may have very different objectives from a commercial company
(…)”
Link: http://www.proj-management.com/PMBusinessCase.html
3. CIO Update – Business Case:
“Maybe the most essential component an IT Project Portfolio Management

(PPM) practice is the project business case. It is with a business case that the
various project ideas can be compared in an apples-to-apples fashion.
Business cases should also be leveraged to support decisions of whether to
build or buy a system or product and when to implement it. So, the first step
for most companies is to develop an enterprise-standard business case
template that can be used to compare project ideas across all business units
and regions. While a business case provides financial justification for an IT
investment decision, it must also evaluate the project idea on other
perspectives important to your company (…)”
Link: http://www.cioupdate.com/budgets/article.php/3550231/Making-
the-IT-Project-Business-Case
4. Project Connections – Business Case:
“A business case is a formal document that describes the business reason for
initiating a software development project. For example, a software project
might decrease processing time for a specific task, and the "business case"
may be that the existing staff can serve additional clients without adding
additional resources. A well-written business case provides a compelling
justification for a change by explaining what system or process is lacking and
describes a high-level recommendation for the best possible solution (…)”
Link: http://www.projectconnections.com/templates/detail/project-
business-case.html
5. Business Project Management Suite101 – Business Case:
“The business case allows the business to:

Decide if the perceived benefits of the project justify the cost of the project.
Assess the benefits against the organization’s strategic objectives.
Determine if the benefits and costs as outlined are realistic and achievable.
12
Any business with typically have more projects than is feasible, either cost-
wise, time-wise or resource-wise, to embark on. Decisions and choices must
be made and the business case is critical to this process (…)”
Link: http://business-project-
management.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_business_case_for_a_project
6. Business Project Management Suite101 – Business Case:
“(…) There are essentially five sets of questions that need to be addressed in
a project proposal or business. These are usually formalized in large
organizations into a set of standards that define the structure and format of
project proposals. Broadly a taste of the areas of consideration are indicated
in the following five questions (…)”
Link: http://business-project-management.suite101.com/
article.cfm/how_to_write_a_project_proposal_or_business_case
7. JISC InfoNet – Business Case:
“(…) preparing a Business Case need not necessarily be a lengthy or difficult

exercise. The amount of time worth spending on this is necessarily related to
the likely scale and cost of the project. Even if you are faced with the second
of the above scenarios, where the project is already something of a fait
accompli, it is worth drafting a short outline and confirming with your
sponsor that this is indeed what they have in mind. As a minimum this would
summarize what you are doing, why you are doing it and what alternatives
exist (…)”
Link: http://www.jiscinfonet.ac.uk/
infokits/project-management/business-case
8. Ontario – Business Case:

“Preparing a business case is an integral part of the planning and fundraising
process for any municipal or community project. It becomes more important
as the cost and complexity of the project increases. This Factsheet will help
municipalities and not-for-profit organizations prepare an effective business
case for raising funds — both within the community and through
government programs. A business case is similar to a business plan prepared
for private business. Its purpose is to outline the business rationale for
undertaking the project and to define the parameters and management
factors involved in the project itself. It provides the project manager with a
tool to guide the design, management and evaluation of the project (…)”
Link: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/busdev/facts/02-023.htm
Project Statement of Work
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1. Wikipedia – Project Statement of Work:
“A statement of work (SOW) is a formal document that captures and defines

the work activities, deliverables and timeline a vendor will execute against in
performance of specified work for a customer. Detailed requirements and
pricing are usually included in the Statement Of Work, along with standard
regulatory and governance terms and conditions (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_of_work
2. Suite101 – Project Statement of Work:
“(…) The SOW document must be in a logical, chronological order as it is not

only a list of work action items and functions, but also a sort of checklist of
the tasks, milestones, events, etc. that must be completed in order to achieve
the end results and obtain approval from the project manager and project
sponsor (…)”
management.suite101.com/article.cfm/project-management-statement-of-
work-sow
3. Bright hub – Project Statement of Work:
“Some companies use a statement of work to maintain compliance with

union guidelines or with contractual boundaries. In certain industries, a
statement of work can be used to help manage the flow of goods and services
across borders. However, regardless of the type of project or contract, a
statement of work is a written agreement that specifies the end result sought
by all parties, along with a detailed description of the resources required to
finish the job (…)”
4. Computer World – Project Statement of Work:
“Statement of work. As straightforward as it sounds, getting one right is no

easy task. But nothing is more fundamental to the success of a project. If the
statement of work is too vague, too broad or too generic, it can leave room
for various interpretations, which can lead to trouble down the road. That's
true for an internal project, and it's doubly true when there are vendors
involved (…)”
Link:
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/111327/How_to_Write_a_State
ment_of_Work
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5. Ita.doc – Project Statement of Work:
“A Statement of Work (SOW) is essential when purchasing commercial

services. A SOW should accompany a C. Request Action and address your
unique requirements of the product or service you want to purchase. Include
a complete description of services required, period of performance and how
or why the acquisition supports your program initiative. Using the following
categories as a guide, provide the following information for each section (…)”
Link: http://www.ita.doc.gov/ooms/ooms35.htm
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GESTIÓN DEL ALCANCE
Project Scope Management
1. Yancy.org – Project Scope Management:
“This site gives you an Overview, listing all the terms and key definition of the
Project Scope Management.”
Link: http://www.yancy.org/research/project_management/scope.html
2. ProjectPerfect – Project Scope Management:
“When people talk about scope, they immediately think time and cost. Time
and cost are outputs of scope. Determining scope is a different exercise. In
the context of this white paper, when we talk about defining the scope, we
are talking about developing a common understanding as to what is included
in, or excluded from, a project. We are not talking about deciding how long it
will take, or how much it will cost. That comes after the scope is defined (…)”
Link: http://www.projectperfect.com.au/info_define_the_scope.php
3. Preparepm Tutorial – Project Scope Management:
“The knowledge area of Scope Management includes the processes required

to ensure that the project includes all the work and only all the work
required to complete the project successfully. It is primarily concerned with
controlling what is and what is not in the scope (…)”
Link: http://www.preparepm.com/notes/scope.html
4. ProjectSmart – Project Scope Management:
“(…) Controlling the changes to the project is only half the battle in the war to
deliver projects that meet the needs of the client and are on time and on
budget. You need to manage and control the scope of your project. In this
article, I explore some tricks of the trade that will start you off on the right
path and help to keep you there. Combine these tips and tricks with a tight
change management process and your project will deliver what the client
needs (…)”
Link: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/scope-management.html
5. Project Management Knowledge – Project Scope Management:
“The project scope management plan refers specifically to the input/output

mechanism that consists of a formalized document that is used for the
purposes of detailing exactly how the project scope will be defined, what
means will be undertaken to develop the project scope, how the project
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scope will ultimately be verified, and exactly how any and all components of
the work breakdown structure will be ultimately created and defined (…)”
knowledge.com/definitions/p/project-scope-management-plan/
6. TechRepublic – Project Scope Management:
“Executing the scope management phase of your project will allow you to
create and maintain the scope statement that outlines the deliverables you
need to produce by the end of your project. This phase also helps you as the
project manager by ensuring and communicating that only the work that is
defined in the scope statement is actually executed (…)”
Link: http://blogs.techrepublic.com.com/tech-manager/?p=522
7. Tutorialspoint – Project Scope Management:
“Here is a list of sample questions which would help you to understand the
pattern of questions on Project Scope Management being asked in PMP
Certification Exams.”
Project Scope:
-Is of concern only at the start of the project
-Is mainly a problem to be handled by the change control procedures during
-the project execution phase.
-Should be managed and controlled from the project concept through close-
out
-Is usually not a problem after the contract or other document authorizing -
the project has been approved.
-(…)
Link: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/pmp-
exams/project_scope_management.htm
8. Scribd – Project Scope Management:
“(…) Scope is the description of the boundaries of the project. It defines what the
project will deliver and what it will not deliver. Scope is the view all stakeholders
have from the project; it is a definition of the limits of the project. Project scope
management includes the processes required to ensure that the project includes all
the Work required, and only the Work required completing the project successfully
(…)”
Link: http://www.scribd.com/doc/16172487/PM4DEV-Project-Scope-
Management
Project Requirement Management
17
1. Wikipedia – Project Requirement Management:

“Requirements management is the process of identifying, eliciting,
documenting, analyzing, tracing, prioritizing and agreeing on requirements
and then controlling change and communicating to relevant stakeholders. It
is a continuous process throughout a project. A requirement is a capability to
which a project outcome (product or service) should conform (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements_management
2. ProjectSmart – Project Requirement Management:
“(…) User Requirements Capture is a research exercise that is undertaken

early in a project lifecycle to establish and qualify the scope of the project.
The aim of the research is to understand the product from a user's
perspective, and to establish users' common needs and expectations. The
user requirements capture is useful for projects that have a lack of focus or
to validate the existing project scope (…)”
Link: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/requirements-management.html
3. IBM – Project Requirement Management:

“This is a complete Requirements Management Plan for a large real-life
project. It contains complete descriptions of requirement types, attributes
and their values, artifacts, and RequisitePro view descriptions. This is a good
place to look to see how complete one can make a requirements
management plan, even if you do not plan on making yours this large (…)”
Link: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/4421.html
4. eHow – Project Requirement Management:

“The requirements management process is designed to protect the company
that has hired a project management or IT company to develop a product
such as a new software program. A lot of time and money can be wasted in
developing software that does not meet the needs of the company. Through
requirements management, planning makes it clear exactly what the
company needs from the contractor (…)”
Link: http://www.ehow.com/about_5163816_requirements-management-
process.html
5. Project Perfect – Project Requirement Management:

“The article describes the importance of stakeholders in the requirement
management process. Many times, project requirements are defined and the
execution phase starts, but there is still a missing link. The missing link is the
disconnection between:”
The requirements being executed and
The expectations of the stakeholders.
Link: http://www.projectperfect.com.au/
18

info_requirements_management_and_stakeholders.php
6. Stickyminds – Project Requirements Management:
“Effective requirements management includes selective requirements

measurement. You can make sure your project is staying on track by
counting the number of requirements you plan to implement and tracking
their status during construction. You can stay focused on meeting delivery
targets by monitoring requirements change requests. You can even estimate
future projects better by tracking the time you spend on requirements
engineering and correlating requirements definitions with development
effort. Or alternatively, you could just ship the product when it “feels” done.
It’s your choice (…)”
Link: http://www.stickyminds.com/sitewide.asp
?ObjectId=2511&Function=DETAILBROWSE&ObjectType=COL
7. Sourcingmag – Project Requirements Management:

“So, the first phase of requirements analysis -- that of the user (or
stakeholder) requirements -- is almost invariably performed in-house. This
phase defines the goals that the system must achieve. For example, "The
customer shall be able to determine their account balance within two
minutes of initiating contact with the online banking system." The "user" in
user requirements isn't necessarily a person; it may be another system,
whether software or hardware.
The second phase of requirements analysis -- that of system requirements or

system specification -- involves analysis of the user requirements and
proposal of a solution. In other words, the system requirements specify,
from the user's point of view, how (…)”
Link: http://www.sourcingmag.com/content/c060628a.asp
8. MicroFocus – Project Requirements Management:
“Inaccurate requirements definition and the inability to manage change are

root causes of project failure and rework. According to CIO magazine,
ineffective requirements are the cause of over 70 percent of IT project
failures. Better defined software requirements and an effective way to
manage those requirements throughout the lifecycle are key to reducing this
rework activity and creating applications that accurately reflect end users’
needs (…)”
Link: http://www.microfocus.com/
Solutions/TestingASQ/RequirementsManagement/index.asp
19
9. Astrainfotech – Project Requirement Management:
“This site contains some FAQ (frequent ask questions about Requirement
Management). A requirement describes a condition or capability to which a
system must conform; either derived directly from user needs, or stated in a
contract, standard, specification, or other formally imposed document. In
systems engineering, a requirement can be a description of what a system
must do. In other words A statement identifying a capability, physical
characteristic, or quality factor that bounds a product or process need for
which a solution will be pursued.
What is requirement Engineering?
Requirements engineering is the process of establishing the services that the
customer requires from the system and the constraints under which it is to
be developed and operated (…)”
Link: http://www.astrainfotech.com/requirements-management.html
10. Evolt – Project Requirements Management:
“(…) So what are Requirements? Requirements are the necessary

characteristics of the Objectives that are likely to fulfill the Goals - and that
the Project therefore must deliver. So if I'm the Sponsor, and my Goal is to
develop online sales, the eCommerce site must be highly usable, support
customers browsing products, adding them to a cart and paying for them.
These would be (some - but by no means all - of) the Requirements. To put it
another way, Requirements are the detailed view of the Objectives. They are
the answer to the question "What exactly do you mean when you say you
want an eCommerce site?" Because Requirements are the things that the
Project must deliver, they are the absolute definition of whether the project
has achieved its Objectives. Meet all the Requirements in full, and you've
done the job. Fail to meet any element of any of them, and you haven't (...)”
Link: http://www.evolt.org/node/60393
Focus Group
1. Wikipedia – Focus Group:

“A focus group is a form of qualitative research in which a group of people
are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs and attitudes towards a
product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging. Questions are
asked in an interactive group setting where participants are free to talk with
other group members. The first focus groups were created at the Bureau of
Applied Social Research by associate director, sociologist Robert K. Merton.
The term itself was coined by psychologist and marketing expert Ernest
Dichter (...)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_group
2. Wikipedia – Focus Group:
20
“An online focus group is one type of focus group, and is a sub-set of online
research methods. A moderator invites prescreened, qualified respondents
who represent the target of interest to log on to conferencing software at a
pre-arranged time and to take part in an online focus group. Some
researchers will offer incentives for participating but this raises a number of
ethical questions. Discussions generally last one hour to 90 minutes. The
moderator guides the discussion using a combination of predetermined
questions and unscripted probes. In the best discussions, as with face to face
groups, respondents interact with each other as well as the moderator in
real time to generate deeper insights about the topic (...)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_focus_group
3. Useit – Focus Group:

“Focus groups are a somewhat informal technique that can help you assess
user needs and feelings both before interface design and long after
implementation. In a focus group, you bring together from six to nine users
to discuss issues and concerns about the features of a user interface. The
group typically lasts about two hours and is run by a moderator who
maintains the group's focus. Focus groups often bring out users'
spontaneous reactions and ideas and let you observe some group dynamics
and organizational issues. You can also ask people to discuss how they
perform (…)”
Link: http://www.useit.com/papers/focusgroups.html
4. WebCredibility – Focus Group:

“A focus group involves encouraging an invited group of participants to
share their thoughts, feelings, attitudes and ideas on certain subject.
Organising focus groups within an organization can also be very useful in
getting buy-in to a project from within that company.
How to make a focus group?
Invite around 6 to 8 people to participate for a session to last for about an
hour. Then, prepare an agenda including a list of the top-level issues to be
tackled (if appropriate). Prepare an introduction script explaining the
purpose of the day and how the day will be run. This can include issues of
consent and fire regulations (if relevant). Be sure to always use a quiet room
with few distractions and arrange people in a circle (...)”
Link: http://www.webcredible.co.uk/user-friendly-resources/web-
usability/focus-groups.shtml
5. Answers – Focus Group:
“A focus group is a marketing research tool in which a small group of people

(typically eight to ten individuals) engages in a roundtable discussion of
selected topics of interest in an informal setting. The focus group discussion
is typically directed by a moderator who guides the discussion in order to
obtain the group's opinions about or reactions to specific products or
marketing-oriented issues, known as test concepts. While focus groups can
21
provide marketing managers, product managers, and market researchers

with a great deal of helpful information, their use as a research tool is limited
in that it is difficult to measure the results objectively (…)”
Link: http://www.answers.com/topic/focus-group
6. Market Navigation Inc. – Focus Group:
“(…) The focus group seems to have cycles of popularity. In the last several
decades, the focus group has gone from a controversial method, to high
acceptance in certain industries, then fallen out of favor, and is now enjoying
a resurgence. It is often abused, misused and overused in some of its more
common uses. Yet, it is unused or underused for some of its most valuable
applications. There are Fortune 100 companies that do not run focus groups,
and others that conduct several a day. Some companies swear at them,
others swear by them. These differences are more a matter of approach to
research, rather than the applicability of focus group methodology to their
particular products and customers (...)”
Link: http://mnav.com/cligd.htm
7. Ucc.ie – Focus Group:

“The focus group interview is a qualitative method which can be used alone
or with other qualitative or quantitative methods to bring an improved
depth of understanding to the needs and requirements of users and
customers (Vaughan et al 1996). A focus group is an informal assembly of
users whose opinions to a selected topic are requested. The goal is to elicit
perceptions, feelings, attitudes, and ideas of participants about a selected
topic. Focus group interviews can be applied at any time in the development
process of electronic information applications in order to perform a market
analysis, a user needs and requirements analysis, to communicate with
target users about design concepts, ideas, and prototypes, and to investigate
users' views when the application is already in use. Although the best use of
this technique is in the early phases of the development process, it is also
frequently associated with (…)”
Link: http://www.ucc.ie/hfrg/emmus/methods/focus.html
8. Usabilitybok – Focus Group:

“A focus group is a focused discussion where a moderator leads a group of
participants through a set of questions on a particular topic. Focus groups
are often used in the early stages of product planning and requirements
gathering to obtain feedback about users, products, concepts, prototypes,
tasks, strategies, and environments. Focus groups can also be used to obtain
consensus about specific issues. Focus group moderators generally follow a
discussion plan that has the questions, prompts, tasks, and exercises for the
group. The success of a focus group is heavily dependent on the skill of the
moderator. The moderator must generate interest in (...)”
22
Link: http://www.usabilitybok.org/methods/p866
9. Hse.gov – Focus Group:

“Focus groups can form an important part of the process of using the
Management Standards to assess and control risks related to work-related
stress. Focus groups are basically:
-Ways of listening to employees and learning from them;
-One way of facilitating active participation of employees in the risk
assessment process for work-related stress; and
-One way for management to demonstrate commitment to a participative
process of managing the risks from work-related stress.
PURPOSE
The purpose of using focus groups is to discuss the findings from Step 2 of
the risk assessment process (…)”
Link: http://www.hse.gov.uk/STRESS/standards/pdfs/focusgroups.pdf
10. JusticeSolutions – Focus group:
“Focus groups techniques—also called “focused group discussions” or “user

groups”—were developed after World War II to evaluate audience response
to radio programs1. A focus group is a qualitative research process designed
to elicit opinions, attitudes, beliefs and perceptions from individuals to gain
insights and information about a specific topic (…)”
Link: http://www.justicesolutions.org/art_pub_focus_groups.pdf
Facilitation Skills
1. bBnet – Facilitation Skills:
“The art of facilitation enables a group of people (as few as two) to reach an
outcome for which they will take responsibility and to which they will be
fully committed. The facilitator acts as a catalyst, creating the conditions for
productive behavioral chemistry to take place.
Good facilitation skills require:
- Careful observation
- Active listening
- (…)”
Link: http://www.bnet.com/2403-13069_23-52972.html
2. Project-Management-Article – Facilitation Skills:

“(…) So, can a great consultant be a great facilitator? Absolutely. I've known
some outstanding consultants who were extremely effective facilitators. But
it's wrong to assume that just because you are a great consultant you will
automatically be a great facilitator. Some are self-aware and know not to dip
23
a toe in the facilitation pool. Many, though, assume that they know how to
facilitate solutions and (…)”
Link: http://www.project-management-articles.com/Articles/Facilitation.htm
3. Management help – Facilitation Skills:

“(…) facilitation is helping a group to accomplish its goals. There are a wide
range of perspectives about the ideal nature and values of facilitation, much
as there are a wide range of perspectives about the ideal nature and values
of leadership. For example, some facilitators may believe that facilitation
should always be highly democratic in nature and that anything other than
democratic is not facilitation at all. Others may believe that facilitation can
be (…)”
Link: http://managementhelp.org/grp_skll/facltate/facltate.htm
4. Recoftc – Facilitation Skills:

“(…) Facilitation skills are now an essential tool for practitioners involved in
CBNRM to enable them to learn with communities and empower
communities to actively participate in decision making processes. This
requires a combination of communication skills, an understanding of the
perspectives of others and a detailed understanding of group dynamics (…)”
Link: http://www.recoftc.org/site/index.php?id=427
5. Uiowa – Facilitation Skills:
“(…) A facilitator is someone who uses knowledge of group processes to

formulate and deliver the needed structure for meeting interactions to be
effective. The facilitator focuses on effective processes (meeting dynamics)
allowing the participants to focus on the content or (…)”
Link: http://www.uiowa.edu/~cqi/2002BasicFacilitationPrimer.pdf
6. Mindtools – Facilitation Skills:

“(…) the definition of facilitate is "to make easy" or "ease a process". What a
facilitator does is plan, guide and manage a group event to ensure that the
group's objectives are met effectively, with clear thinking, good participation
and full buy-in from everyone who is involved. To facilitate effectively, you
must be objective. This doesn't mean you have to come from outside the
organization or team, though. It simply means that, for the purposes of this
group process, you will take a (…)”
Link: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/RoleofAFacilitator.htm
7. Pmboulevard – Facilitation Skills:
24
“(…) facilitation is the primary skill used in conflict resolution. In the context
of this article, facilitation is the process of moving two factions with different
points of view toward an amenable resolution. The factions can be two (or
more) people or two (or more) groups who disagree and cannot resolve the
disagreement amongst themselves. The person who intervenes to help move
the factions to some resolution need not be an outside facilitator. We are
assuming that the person intervening is a member of the project community
having a (…)”
Link: http://www.pmboulevard.com/Default.aspx?page=92
Nota: Buscar Facilitation Skills – Articulo “The Key to conflict resolution”
Creativity Techniques
1. Wikipedia – Creativity Technique:

“Creativity techniques are methods that encourage original thoughts and
divergent thinking. Some techniques require groups of two or more people
while other techniques can be accomplished alone. These methods include
word games, written exercises and different types of improvisation.
Creativity techniques can be used to develop new materials for artistic
purposes or to solve problems. Most creativity techniques use associations
between the goal (or the problem), the current state (which may be an
imperfect solution to the problem), and some stimulus (...)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity_techniques
2. Experiencefestival – Creativity Technique:
“Creativity techniques are heuristic methods to facilitate creativity in a

person or a group of people. Generally, most creativity techniques use
associations between the goal (or the problem), the current state (which
may be an imperfect solution to the problem), and some stimulus (possibly
selected randomly). There is an analogy between many creativity techniques
and methods of (…)”
Link:
http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Creativity_techniques/id/2024354
3. Life123 – Creativity Technique:
“(…) creativity techniques help fuel our natural process of creativity by

challenging our habitual ways of thinking so that we can approach problems
or projects in new ways. Creativity stems from a natural process that
sometimes needs to incorporate creative thinking techniques to provide (...)”
Link: http://www.life123.com/health/self-
improvement/creativity/creativity-techniques.shtml
4. Squidoo – Creativity Technique:
25
“(...) If you're looking for creative thinking techniques to jump start your
creativity, you've come to the right place. (…)There are literally hundreds of
ingenious creative thinking techniques for approaching problems in
unconventional ways. In this lens you'll find ten powerful creative thinking
techniques you can begin to apply right away to start generating ideas (…)”
Link: http://www.squidoo.com/creative-techniques
5. Virtualsalt – Creativity Technique:
“(…) the five creative methods we discussed in the Introduction to Creative

Thinking: evolution, synthesis, revolution, reapplication, changing direction.
Many classic creative thinking techniques make use of one or more of these
methods. Note in this section that the goal is to produce a good quantity and
a good quality of new ideas and solutions so that the best ones may be
chosen. Exactly how those ideas are generated is less important than the
ideas themselves. Remember (…)”
Link: http://www.virtualsalt.com/crebook2.htm
Work Breakdown Structure
1. Wikipedia – Work Breakdown Structure:

“A work breakdown structure (WBS) in project management and systems
engineering, is a tool used to define and group a project's discrete work
elements (or tasks) in a way that helps organize and define the total work
scope of the project. A work breakdown structure element may be a product,
data, a service, or any combination. A WBS also provides the necessary
framework for detailed cost estimating and control along with providing
guidance for schedule development and control. Additionally the WBS is a
dynamic tool and can be revised and updated as needed by the (...)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure
2. Netmba – Work Breakdown Structure:
“A complex Project is made manageable by first breaking it down into individual

components in a hierarchical structure, known as the Work Breakdown Structure, or
the WBS. Such a structure defines tasks that can be complete independently of other
tasks, facilitating resource allocation, assignment of responsibilities, and (…)”
Link: http://www.netmba.com/operations/project/wbs/
3. Microsoft Office Online – Work Breakdown Structure:
“Work Breakdown structure (WBs) codes are alphanumeric codes that identify each
task’s unique place in the outline structure of your Project. WBS codes can be used
for reporting schedules and tracking costs.
Outline Numbers: Are the simplest type of WBS coding. Microsoft office Project
automatically calculates an outline number for each task, basing the numbering on
26
the outline structure of the task list. For example, the first task in your task list is
numbered 1. If that task has three subtasks, the subtasks are numbered 1.1, 1.2 and
1.3 (…)”
Link: http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/project/HA101567851033.aspx
4. Project Smart – Work Breakdown Structure:
“A work breakdown structure is an extremely valuable and important Project

management tool. It sets the foundation for the rest of the Project planning. Gantt
charts and PERT charts are useful tools for visualizing and communication
information about projects, but they have a number of limitations. In addition, the
ease with which they can be create using (…)”
Link: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/work-breakdown-structure.html
5. Bussinesdictionary – Work Breakdown Structure:
“Project network-modeling step in which the entire job is graphically subdivided

into manageable work elements (tasks). WBS displays the relationship of each task
to the other tasks, to the whole and the end product (goal or objective). It shows the
allocation of responsibility, and identifies resources required and time available, at
each stage for Project monitoring and (…)”
Link: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/work-breakdown-
structure-WBS.html
6. Tenrox – Work Breakdown Structure:

“(…) The project management work breakdown structure, WBS, is
utilized at the beginning of the project to define the scope, estimate costs and
organize Gantt schedules. In the project management WBS it is important
that the project is not broken down into too much detail as that can lead to
micro management. Conversely, too little detail can result in tasks that are
too large to manage effectively. Work breakdown structure, WBS, can be
presented in a tabular list, an indented task list as part of a Gantt chart or in
a hierarchical tree. More often the work breakdown structure, WBS is
listed in a hierarchical tree that captures deliverables and tasks needed to
achieve project completion (…)”
Link: http://glossary.tenrox.com/work-breakdown-structure.htm
7. Zdnetasia – Work Breakdown Structure:
“(…) Almost all project schedules are built using a Work Breakdown
Structure (WBS). When you’re building a complex schedule, you don’t sit
down and identify fall of the activities starting with the first one and ending
with the lastYou probably first enter your high-level work, then come back
later and start filling in the detailed work. This is basically the WBS
technique. If the project manager is the only person creating the schedule,
27
it’s very likely that the WBS will be created at the same time the work is
entered into your (…)”
Link: http://www.zdnetasia.com/
Nota: Buscar Work Breakdown Structure – Articulo “How to make a Work
Breakdown Structure easier”
8. Brighthub – Work Breakdown Structure:

“(…) A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a project management tool
designed to capture project tasks in a visual, organized manner. The WBS
was originally developed by the US Department of Defense, which mandated
their use across the DoD. Today work breakdown structures are widely used
for projects of all types, both business and personal (...)”
28
GESTIÓN DEL TIEMPO
Project Scheduling
1. Hyperthot – Project Scheduling:

“Scheduling is an inexact process in that it tries to predict the future. While it is not
possible to know with certainty how long a project will take, there are techniques
that can increase your likelihood of being close. If you are close in your planning
and estimating, you can manage the project to achieve the schedule by accelerating
some efforts or modifying approaches to meet required deadlines (…)”
Link: http://www.hyperthot.com/pm_sked.htm
2. Wikipedia – Project Scheduling:
“In project management, a schedule consists of a list of a project's terminal

elements with intended start and finish dates. Terminal elements are the lowest
element in a schedule, which is not further subdivided. Those items are often
estimated in terms of resource requirements, budget and duration, linked by
dependencies and scheduled (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
Nota: Buscar Project Scheduling
3. Microsoft office online – Project Scheduling: Explore the basics of Project

Scheduling
“How Project schedules a project can be difficult to grasp, but once you understand
the basics of scheduling, you'll be better able to work with your projects. Project
schedules a project from the information you enter about the overall project, the
individual work items (called tasks) required to complete the project, and, if
necessary, the resources (the people, equipment, and materials) needed to
complete those (…)”
4. Microsoft Office Online – Project Scheduling: understanding scheduling in project
“You can learn more about the ways in which Microsoft Project adjusts your
schedule based upon the changes you make by reviewing the answers to the
following questions:
How does Microsoft Project schedule a project?

How does the project start date affect the schedule?
What are the default settings for calculating the schedule?
(…)”
29
5. Tmreview – Project Scheduling:
“Would use of critical path variance analysis, a three-point estimate technique, or

resource leveling improve your project scheduling effectiveness? Do you think
applying project management skills to implementing training projects will lead to
higher quality training? (…)
(…) This review focuses on one online course, Project Scheduling, which covers the
topics of estimating an activity's duration, developing a schedule, and controlling
that schedule (…)”
Link: http://www.tmreview.com/Review.asp?ID=1269
6. ProjectSmart – Project Scheduling:
“Why the "art" of project scheduling? If it were a science then every project would
be delivered on time! This sadly does not seem to be the case. In fact, overruns
have become so common that people have lost faith in project deadlines and view
them with a great deal of cynicism. In truth, the art of scheduling is based on
experience and (…)”
Link: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/art-of-project-scheduling.html
7. Visitask – Project Scheduling:
“Project Scheduling is the process identifying and organizing the tasks of a project
into a sequence of events ensuring a harmonious completion of the venture. These
events are dependent on the results of their preceding activities, thus interlinking
all the activities of the project. This interdependency provides for a major need of
effective project scheduling. Project Scheduling enables the project manager to
identify risk points, understand the proper linkage of events, assists in resource
planning and (…)”
Link: http://www.visitask.com/project-scheduling.asp
8. Mindtools – Project Scheduling:
“(…) When a project is under way, Gantt Charts help you to monitor whether the
project is on schedule. If it is not, it allows you to pinpoint the remedial action
necessary to put it back on schedule.
An essential concept behind project planning (and Critical Path Analysis) is that
some activities are dependent on other activities being completed first. As a
shallow example, it is not a good idea to start building a bridge before you have
designed it (…)”
30
Link: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_03.htm
Project Estimating Techniques
1. People.brunel – Project Estimating Techniques:
“(…) Note that project estimation techniques are useful both to developers and
project managers. They provide developers with a sound theoretical basis for
arguing against unrealistic project goals and they provide managers with more
accurate predictions, upon which planning and risk assessment can be more
soundly based (…)”
Link: http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~csstmmh2/exe11.html
2. ProjectPerfect – Project Estimating Technique:
“(…) The three pillars for the success of any project are cost, effort and quality. The
foundation of these pillars is based on estimation technique used for the project.
However, historically it has been observed that lots of projects experience cost,
effort and schedule overrun or poor quality. In most of cases, the project end up
taking alternate paths to fulfil the budget constraint and ends up delivering an (…)”
Link: http://www.projectperfect.com.au/white-paper-improving-project-
estimation-effectiveness.php
3. Developer – Project Estimating Technique:
“(…) Before we begin, we need to understand what types of estimates we can
provide. Estimates can be roughly divided into three types:
a. Ballpark or order of magnitude: Here the estimate is probably an order of

magnitude from the final figure. Ideally, it would fall within two or three times
the actual value.
b. Rough estimates: Here the estimate is closer to the actual value. Ideally it will
be about 50% to 100% off the actual value.
c. Fair estimates: This is a very good estimate. Ideally it will be about 25% to
50% off the actual value (…)”
Link: http://www.developer.com/article.php/1463281
4. Infoq – Project Estimating Technique:
“One of the great things about working as a consultant is the ability to try out
many different ideas and adapting your personal favorite process to include
things that work. This article gives the details about user story estimation
techniques that I've found effective (…)”
Link: http://www.infoq.com/articles/agile-estimation-techniques
5. Sitepoint – Project Estimating Technique:
“(…) Depending on a number of factors, including how much experience you
have with the type of work you’re doing, if you are using subcontractors, and the
information you have from the client, estimating the time for a project can be
31
difficult. Here is the process I use when scoping the time commitment for a new
project (…)”
Link: http://www.sitepoint.com/blogs/2009/04/14/how-to-estimate-time-for-
a-project/
6. St-webdevelopment – Project Estimating Technique:
“(…) In this article I'd like to muse about the various estimation techniques that
I'm familiar with as well as the pros and cons that I ran into with each of them.
(…) I will compare PERT and COCOMO, both being traditional techniques with a
long history and Planning Poker, probably the most prevalent agile estimation
technique (...)”
Link: http://www.st-webdevelopment.de/management/2010/01/estimation-
techniques-compared/
7. Stickyminds – Project Estimating Techniques:

“(…)Sometimes, even expert project managers have real trouble estimating the
time and resources to allocate for testing. Careful application of project
estimation best practices is a good start, but there’s more involved than
following the rules of project management (…) System engineering—including
the testing—is a complex, high-risk human endeavor. As such, it’s important to
combine good estimation techniques with an understanding of the factors that
can influence effort, time, dependencies, and resources. Some of these factors
can act to slow down or speed up the schedule, while others, when present, can
only slow things down (…)”
Link:
http://www.stickyminds.com/sitewide.asp?ObjectId=5992&Function=edetail&
ObjectType=ART
8. ProjectSmart – Project Estimating Techniques:
“Did you know that estimating is an invaluable tool for anticipating and
managing these project uncertainties? - When we can identify our cost and
schedule requirements with relative precision, it reduces the risk of running out
of time, resources, and budget during a project. Yet with all of the emphasis we
place on creating accurate estimates and bids, we still seem to have difficulty
developing realistic predictions of our time and effort. If we look carefully at the
evidence, I believe we'll find three basic, underlying clues to the reasons for our
challenges with (…)”
Link: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/12-tips-for-accurate-project-
estimating.html
32
9. Itprojecttemplates – Project Estimating Techniques:
“(…) Precise project estimating techniques are much like the Indian Rope Trick;
everyone has heard about it but nobody has ever seen it. In the late 70’s, code-
based or LOC (Lines of Code) models laid the foundation for quantified analysis,
but they became outdated with the advent of 4GL development languages and
CASE tools. Function Point Analysis gained much notoriety in the late 80’s and
early 90’s as THE definitive estimation technique, but its Achilles Heel was the
conversion factor used to translate the function point count into durations that
were meaningful for each development organization (…)”
Link: http://www.itprojecttemplates.com/WP_PM_Est_Guidelines.htm
Dynamic Scheduling
1. Mosaicsprojects – Dynamic Scheduling:
“Diagrammatic representations of activities or events plotted against a time axis

has been around since the mid eighteenth-century. For the first 200 years, static
bar charts were the norm; dynamic schedules were only developed in the late
1950s. Unfortunately despite the many advantages offered by a well constructed
dynamic schedule, by the mid 1990s most schedules had reverted to static displays
(…)”
Link: http://www.mosaicprojects.com.au/PDF/dynamic_scheduling.pdf
Critical Path Method
1. Wikipedia – Critical Path Method:
“It was developed in the 1950s by the DuPont Corporation at about the same time
that Booz Allen Hamilton and the US Navy were developing the Program
Evaluation and Review Technique Today, it is commonly used with all forms of
projects, including construction, software development, research projects, product
development, engineering, and plant maintenance, among others. Any project with
interdependent activities can apply this method of scheduling (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_path_method
2. Netmba – Critical Path Method:
“In 1957, DuPont developed a project management method designed to address

the challenge of shutting down chemical plants for maintenance and then
restarting the plants once the maintenance had been complete. Given the
complexity of the process, they developed the Critical Path Method (CPM) for
managing such projects (…)”
Link: http://www.netmba.com/operations/project/cpm/
33
3. Hspm.sph-sc - Critical Path Method:
“(…) The Critical Path Method (CPM) is one of several related techniques for doing
project planning. CPM is for projects that are made up of a number of individual
"activities." If some of the activities require other activities to finish before they
can start, then the project becomes a complex web of activities (…)”
Link: http://hspm.sph.sc.edu/COURSES/J716/CPM/CPM.html
4. Syque – Critical Path Method:
“(…)It may be possible to reduce the critical path of a project (and consequently
pull in the completion date) by rearranging some tasks which have an optional
sequence or by moving key people onto tasks in the critical path so you can
reduce the time for these tasks (…)”
Link: http://syque.com/quality_tools/tools/TOOLS16.htm
5. Mindtools – Critical Path Method:
“(…) Critical Path Analysis and PERT are powerful tools that help you to schedule
and manage complex projects. They were developed in the 1950s to control large
defense projects, and have been used routinely since then. As with Gantt Charts,
Critical Path Analysis (CPA) or the Critical Path Method (CPM) helps you to plan all
tasks that must be completed as part of a project. They act as the basis both for
preparation of a schedule, and of resource planning (…)”
Link: http://www.mindtools.com/critpath.html
6. Construction-Planning-and-Control – Critical Path Method:
“The Critical Path Method (CPM) enables the project Critical Path to be
determined. This is a sequence of activities through a project network from start to
finish. There may be more than one Critical Path depending on workflow logic. A
delay to progress of any activity on the Critical Path will (without acceleration or
re-sequencing) cause the overall project duration to be extended (…)”
Link: http://www.construction-planning-and-control.com/critical-path-
method.html
7. Webopedia – Critical Path Method:
“Abbreviated as CPM, a project management technique that analyzes what
activities have the least amount of scheduling flexibility (i.e., are the most mission-
critical) and then predicts project duration schedule based on the activities that
fall along the “critical path.” Activities that lie along the critical path cannot be
delayed without delaying the finish time for the (…)”
Link: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/Critical_Path_Method.html
8. Project-Management-Knowledge – Critical Path Method:

“The term critical path method refers to a specific technique of schedule network
analysis that is used to determine the amount of flexibility that exists in regards to
the scheduling of a particular and specific logical network path with the network of
34
the project schedule. The amount of flexibility within the scheduling here can also
be referred to by the term “float“. Another important element of the technique of
critical path method involves the (…)”
Link: http://www.project-management-knowledge.com/definitions/c/critical-
path-method-cpm/
9. EHow – Critical Path Method:
“There are many advantages to using the critical path method. Over the years, the
critical path method has been developed to provide efficiency and effective
management procedures. It uses a mathematical process to help determine a time
line for a project, what resources will be needed and what order the activities need
to occur first. This system has streamlined all aspects of a projects process and
how management is (…)”
Link: http://www.ehow.com/about_4759903_advantages-critical-path-
method.html
Critical Chain Project Management

1. Wikipedia – Critical Chain Project Management
“Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) is a method of planning and managing
projects that puts the main emphasis on the resources required to execute project
tasks. It was developed by Eliyahu M. Goldratt. This is in contrast to the more
traditional Critical Path and PERT methods, which emphasize task order and rigid
scheduling. A Critical Chain project network will tend to keep the resources levelly
loaded, but will require them to be flexible in their start times and to quickly
switch between tasks and task chains to keep the whole project on schedule (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Chain_Project_Management
2. Npd-solutions – Critical Chain Project Management

“(…) In Critical Chain scheduling, uncertainty is primarily managed by (a) using
average task duration estimates; (b) scheduling backwards from the date a project
is needed (to ensure work that needs to be done is done, and it is done only when
needed); (c) placing aggregate buffers in the project plan to protect the entire
project and the key tasks; and (d) using buffer management to control the plan.
The key tasks are those on which the ultimate duration of the project depends, also
known as the Critical Chain (…)”
Link: http://www.npd-solutions.com/critical.html
3. Associate – Critical Chain Project Management
“(…)Critical chain project management identifies good activity time estimates and
assigns available resources to activities. Addressing the problems of resources
limitations and human behavior as factors that might prevent a project from
being completed on time, critical chain project management (1) improves time
estimates for activities, (2) redefines the concept of a critical path to include
resources, (3) incorporates time buffers in the project work breakdown schedule,
35
(4) schedules activities according to the latest start schedule and (5) controls the
behavioral dimensions of project management (…)”
Link: http://www.associatedcontent.com/article
/2675537/critical_chain_project_management_explained.html
4. Pinnacle – Critical Chain Project Management

“(…) If your organization is like many, you continue to experience failure
delivering projects to schedule, budget, and scope, and may experience cancelled
projects at an alarming rate. It affects all projects from basic R&D to construction,
in all industries. Thos who implement Critical Chain Project Management
(CCPM) (…)”
Link: http://www.pinnacle-strategies.com/Critical%20Chain.htm
5. Goldratt – Critical Chain Project Management

“(…) The traditional tools used to manage projects; Critical Path Method (CPM),
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), Gantt, Prince Etc. do not
address the misuse of embedded safety and consequently the behaviors they
drive (…) Critical Chain - the Critical Chain is defined as the longest chain [not
path] of dependent tasks. In this case, ‘dependent’ refers to resources and
resource contention across tasks/projects as well as the sequence and logical
dependencies of the tasks themselves. This differs from the Critical Path Method
(…)”
Link: http://www.goldratt.co.uk/resources/critical_chain/index.html
6. Christinaponomi – Critical Chain Project Management

“(…) Critical chain project management is closely associated to the Theory of
Constraints, which is a systematic management approach, focusing on actively
managing the constraints that impede a firm’s progress towards the
maximization of total value-added funds. In this context, critical chain project
management requires ideal scenarios, flexibility, responsiveness, practical ideas,
and simple methods to use information effectively through understandable
software solutions (…)”
Link: http://christinapomoni.wordpress.com/2010/02/07/critical-chain-
project-management-explained/
7. Highbeam – Critical Chain Project Management
“Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) has emerged in the last few years as
a novel approach for managing projects. In this paper the authors analyze the
principles of CCPM, starting with a review of its key elements: reduction of
duration estimates; buffer calculations; task completion notification; progress
measurement; and priority setting. The authors continue with a CCPM critical
analysis using evidence in the research literature and in practice. The points
addressed include duration estimation practices, project network structure,
stability of the critical chain, resource productivity under multi-tasking, and the
project's organizational and operational environment. The (…)”
36
Link: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-522998801.html
8. ProjectSmart – Critical Chain Project Management

“In spite of the fact that project task durations are often conservatively estimated
to begin with, the presence of certain behaviors can cause them to increase. Critical
Chain Project Management and project scheduling eliminates these behaviors and
reduces project lead times. Four behaviors make project durations longer than
necessary (…)”
Link: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/critical-chain-project-management-reduces-
project-lead-time.html
9. Ciras.iastate – Critical Chain Project Management

“(…) Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) acknowledges that a large part of
the variation existing in projects cannot be eliminated. It improves the accuracy of
prediction for project plans by addressing variation on a system level through the
use of project buffers and feeding buffers. These strategically placed buffers
aggregate the protection the project needs to meet its commitments and help focus
the project manager’s efforts. The duration of a project buffer is derived from the
(…)”
Link: http://www.ciras.iastate.edu/library/toc/projectmanagement.asp
10. Economicexpert – Critical Chain Project Management

“(…) in project management, the critical chain is the sequence of both
precedence- and resource-dependent terminal elements that prevents a project
from being completed in a shorter time, given finite resources. If resource
availability is not a constraint, then a project's critical chain becomes the same as
its critical path (just like Einstein’s theory reduces to Newton's under conditions of
low speeds and gravity) (…)”
Link: http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Critical:chain.htm
37
GESTION DEL COSTO
Project Cost Management
1. Wikipedia – Project Cost Management
“Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, and managing

resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and
objectives. It is sometimes conflated with program management, however
technically a program is actually a higher level construct: a group of related and
somehow interdependent projects. A project is a temporary endeavor, having a
defined beginning and end (usually constrained by date, but can be by funding or
deliverables), undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, usually to bring
about beneficial change or (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management
2. Hyperthot – Project Cost Management

“The following table includes cost estimating, budgeting, and practical application
of Cost/Schedule Control System (earned value) techniques to smaller Projects
(…)”
3. ProjectSmart – Project Cost Management

“How do we know what a project will cost? We really don't, until the project is
complete. I sound more like a car mechanic than a project manager, but the truth
is, and this may sting just a little, we can't know the final project cost until the
project is complete because we can't accurately predict the future (…) What we
can do is create an estimate. An estimate is more than pulling a random number
out of the air, adding 20% for good measure, and then saying, "That'll work." A real
estimate evolves as project details become (…)”
Link: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/project-cost-management.html
4. Wisegeek – Project Cost Management

“Cost management is the process by which companies control and plan the costs of
doing business. Individual projects should have customized cost management
plans, and companies as a whole also integrate cost management into their overall
business model. There is no single accepted definition for this term, because it has
such broad applications and possible strategies. When properly implemented, cost
management will translate into reduced costs of production for products and
services, as well as (…)”
Link: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-cost-management.htm
5. Business-project-management – Project Cost Management
38
“Including a line item in the project budget for team bonuses can be a highly
effective way to keep costs under control without adding anything to the budget.
Whether an internal business project or a project undertaken for a client, the effort
typically commences with a budget, a schedule, and an ultimate objective. If you’re
a project manager, however, you probably already know that all three will likely
change before the project ends (…)”
management.suite101.com/article.cfm/project_cost_management
6. Business-project-management – Project Cost Management
“Project cost management is keeping your project within its defined budget. It is
also an essential part of project management.
Cost estimating, cost budgeting, and cost control are three cost related processes
that interact with each other and with other areas of project management. All of
these processes require effort and a working knowledge of the cost of things (…)”
Link: http://www.project-management-knowledge.com/definitions/p/project-
cost-management/
7. Slideshare – Project Cost Management
“Project Cost management includes the processes involved in planning, estimating,
budgeting, and controlling costs so that the project can be complete within the
approved budget.
- The project Cost Management processes includes the following:
- Cost Estimating
- Cost Budgeting
- Cost Control
- (…)”
Link: http://www.slideshare.net/m_elashri/project-cost-management
8. TechRepublic – Project Cost Management

“Estimating what a project will cost is only half the battle; controlling those costs
during the project and after delivery is equally critical. Take a look at these
methods for predicting and managing costs.
- Control Baseline Costs
- Acknowledge hidden IT spending impacts
- Understand long-term application costs
- Understand IT cost estimation truths
- Leverage current system investments
- Leverage current system investments
- (…)”
39
Link: http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-22_11-6078705.html
Earned Value Management
1. Wikipedia – Earned Value Management
“Earned value management (EVM) is a project management technique for

measuring project progress in an objective manner. EVM has the ability to combine
measurements of scope, schedule, and cost in a single integrated system. When
properly applied, EVM provides an early warning of performance problems.
Additionally, EVM promises to improve the definition of project scope, prevent
scope creep, communicate objective progress to stakeholders, and keep the project
team focused on achieving progress (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_value_management
2. ProjectSmart – Earned Value Management
“Earned Value Management (EVM) helps project managers to measure project

performance. It is a systematic project management process used to find variances
in projects based on the comparison of worked performed and work planned. EVM
is used on the cost and schedule control and can be very useful in project
forecasting. The project baseline is an essential component of EVM and serves as a
reference point for all EVM related activities. EVM provides quantitative data for
project decision making (…)”
Link: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/earned-value-management-explained.html
3. Tdan – Earned Value Management
“This article presents an approach to constructing, producing, and employing

earned value management in the accomplishment of database projects. This paper
only addresses the earned value for labor. Other types of earned value address
materials and facilities (…) According to "An Earned Value Tutorial" from Oak
Associates, earned value is a method for managing projects based on the regular
comparison of actual project costs to planned costs and to completed work (…)”
Link: http://www.tdan.com/view-articles/9853
4. Pmis – Earned Value Management
“Earned Value Management is a means by which projects can improve delivery
performance through periodic and meaningful cost and schedule performance
information, increasing the focus and understanding of status against schedule and
budget goals throughout the project lifecycle. The origins of Earned Value
Management (EVM) embody Project Management 'best practices' in project
40
planning and performance measurement. EVM provides performance management

information to inform project team's decision making. The principles of EVM
represent best practice project control in project-based management (…)”
Link: http://www.pmis.co.uk/earned_value_management.htm
5. Valuebasedmanagement – Earned Value Management

“EVM is an integrated program management technique that integrates technical
performance requirements, resource planning, with schedules, while taking risk
into consideration. The major objectives of applying earned value to a contract are
to encourage contractors to use effective internal technical, cost and schedule
management control systems, and to permit the customer to rely on timely data
produced by those systems for better management insight. This data is in turn
used for determining product-oriented contract status, and projecting future
performance based on trends to date. In addition, earned value management
allows better and more effective management decision making to (…)”
Link: http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_evm.html
6. Hyperthot – Earned Value Management

“EVM is the most basic cost control technique is to develop a project budget and
then track spending against it. On a small project, this can be as simple as having a
target cost goal for the total project. You could monitor project costs and sound the
alarm if the percent of dollars spent exceeds the percent completion estimated for
the project. You could also prepare a time-phased budget, as shown in the figure
below, breaking the overall budget goal into intervals of weeks, months, quarters
or years. This can provide a budget baseline for tracking actual costs against
periodic budget target (…)”
Link: http://www.hyperthot.com/pm_cscs.htm
7. Microsoft – Earned Value Management

“Proven project management techniques and earned value management (EVM)
can help you meet these expectations. EVM provides a proven, objective way to
measure the value of work completed based on the budget applied to that work. In
addition, EVM requires a considered and disciplined approach to project
management, including constant attention to budget and scope, ongoing analysis of
project metrics, and integration of cost and (…)”
Link: http://www.microsoft.com/industry/government/solutions/
EarnedValueManagement/default.aspx
8. Beasonnally – Earned Value Management

“(…) Earned Value Management (EVM) is a methodology for determining project
cost and schedule performance by comparing planned work with accomplished
work in terms of the dollar value assigned to the work. EVM differs from non-EVM
41
project management because the focus in on cost and schedule integration and the
value of the work performed rather than the cost of the work performed (…)”
Link: http://www.beasonnalley.com/services/evms.html
42
GESTION DE LA CALIDAD
Project Quality Management
1. ProjectPerfect – Project Quality Management
“Every project should have a quality plan. In reality, very few do. It is something
that has puzzled me for some time. A few years back I had the opportunity to talk
to a group of Project Managers about QA. Surprisingly the two main reasons they
didn't produce a plan were (…)”
Link: http://www.projectperfect.com.au/info_project_quality_planning.php
2. Jobfunctions - Project Quality Management
“Budgets and timeframes are integral elements of project management and are
often the key elements used when assessing a project's performance. Quality
means different things to different people. In the traditional sense, quality may be
used to describe something produced by a craftsman. From a manufacturing
perspective quality is understood as (…)”
Link: http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=950633
3. Information – Management : Project Quality Management
“(…)quality management is a "pay me now, or pay me later" proposition. For

project management, inadequate investment in quality management results in
excessive additional costs due to poor project quality. Indeed, not only are more
monies spent to fix problems after the fact, but also customers are unhappy and
the perception of IT service is adversely affected. Companies that have invested in
proper quality frameworks and integrated quality controls throughout the project
life cycle (…)”
Link: http://www.information-
management.com/specialreports/20051025/1040055-1.html
4. Enzinearticles – Project Quality Management
“Good project quality management techniques are important to ensure that a

project delivers and end results meet or exceed the customer's expectations. It is
important to monitor the project continuously to prevent errors and
misinterpretations. "Quality" refers to the ability of a process, or product to satisfy
both stated and implied needs, with these needs being defined by the stakeholders
(…)”
Link: http://ezinearticles.com/?Project-Quality-Management&id=3664876
5. epmBook – Project Quality Management
43
“(…) It is wrong to assume that maximum quality is desirable. Should every car be
built to the same quality as a Rolls Royce? Should every computer system be held
back until there is not one single flaw remaining? Required quality should be
considered as part of the overall Project Definition work. It will impact upon such
things as the estimates and benefit case. Such things are business decisions. They
can only be taken by the Project Sponsor and senior management team of the
organisation. Quality decisions are not (…)”
Link: http://www.epmbook.com/quality.htm
6. aof – Project Quality Management

(…)The purpose of the PQMP is to:
-Define how the Project Team intends to manage and assure the delivery of a
product(s) that will meet the Military Sponsor and/or User’s expectations.
-Define the processes and controls that will be executed throughout the acquisition
lifecycle.
-Enable management and monitoring of product quality and IPT performance. (…)
Link: http://www.aof.mod.uk/aofcontent/tactical/quality/
content/planningforqual/pqmp.htm
7. Project-Management-Knowledge – Project Quality Management

“Project Quality Management is a critical aspect of the performing organization,
and integral to project management. It includes the processes and activities, that
determine the quality policies, objectives, and responsibilities necessary to assure
that project requirements are met. Project Quality Management implements the
organization’s Quality Management System via policies, procedures, and
continuous improvement activities, as appropriate (…)”
quality-management/
8. Aspalliance – Project Quality Management

“(…) The purpose of quality management in projects is to ensure that the project
outputs are delivered fit-for-purpose. If outputs are not fit-for-purpose, there is
every likelihood that planned project outcomes will not be realized, or realized to a
much lesser extent. It can be achieved by developing quality criteria for the
outputs themselves and by ensuring that all project management processes are
conducted in a quality manner (…)”
Link: http://aspalliance.com/1137_Understanding_Project_Quality_Management.1
9. Wikipedia – Project Quality Management

“Quality management can be considered to have three main components: quality
control, quality assurance and quality improvement. Quality management is
focused not only on product quality, but also the means to achieve it. Quality
44
management therefore uses quality assurance and control of processes as well as

products to achieve more consistent quality (...)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_management
Deming Cycle o PDCA cycle
1. Wikipedia – PDCA cycle
“PDCA (plan-do-check-act) is an iterative four-step problem-solving process

typically used in business process improvement. It is also known as the Deming
cycle, Shewhart cycle, Deming wheel, or plan-do-study-act (...)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDCA
2. Balancedscorecard – Deming Cycle
“W. Edwards Deming in the 1950's proposed that business processes should be
analyzed and measured to identify sources of variations that cause products to
deviate from customer requirements. He recommended that business processes be
placed in a continuous feedback loop so that managers can identify and change the
parts of the process that need improvements. As a teacher, Deming created a
(rather oversimplified) diagram to illustrate this continuous process, commonly
known as the PDCA cycle for Plan, Do, Check, Act (…)”
Link:
http://www.balancedscorecard.org/TheDemingCycle/tabid/112/Default.aspx
3. Quality-improvement-matters – Deming Cycle
“Many quality practitioners believed that the check stage of the process meant to
simply measure the improvement and move forward to the Act stage. Deming was
stressing the importance of studying the data collected prior to acting upon it by
changing the name of the stage to study. Use of the Deming Cycle is so widespread
that ISO 9001 includes the methodology as a means of process improvement (…)”
Link: http://www.quality-improvement-matters.com/deming-cycle.html
4. Totalqualitymanagement – Deming Cycle
“The essence of continuous improvement lies in employees involvement. This

happens when they improve their process, product or services by applying their
creative faculties on their work related problems and routine jobs. Kaizen
(Japanese word meaning continuous improvement) provides these employees a
platform to unleash their creativity.
Dr. J.Edward Deming, the famous quality guru, provided a simple yet highly effective technique
that serves as a practical tool to carry out continuous improvement in the workplace. This
technique is called PDCA Cycle (. . .)”
45
Link: http://totalqualitymanagement.wordpress.com/2009/02/25/deming-cycle-
the-wheel-of-continuous-improvement/
5. Vectorstudy – Deming Cycle

“(…)Frequently, a particular project will define sub-objectives, run thorough the
PDCA cycle one or more times to accomplish the sub-objective, then define the
next objective and go through the cycle again. Thus, many projects end up "turning
the wheel" many times before completion. In ongoing management activities, we
find a similar use of the cycle (…)”
Link: http://www.vectorstudy.com/management_theories/deming_cycle.htm
6. Helium – Deming Cycle
“(...) Deming's PDCA cycle seems to be a pretty relevant and useful model even
today. Considering that COBIT resembles the PDCA model even though it is a
different model and does not focus on quality, it seems that the fundamentals are
still the same as in the end, no matter what framework or model is used, one of the
overall goals for any business or organization is quality”.
Link: http://www.helium.com/items/1637158-how-demings-plan-do-check-act-
pdca-cycle-applies-to-todays-business-environment
Cost of Quality
1. Wikipedia – Quality Cost

“The concept of quality costs is a means to quantify the total cost of quality-related
efforts and deficiencies. It was first described by Armand V. Feigenbaum in a 1956
Harvard Business Review article. Prior to its introduction, the general perception
was that higher quality requires higher costs, either by buying better materials or
machines or by hiring more labor. Furthermore, while cost accounting had evolved
to categorize financial transactions into revenues, expenses, and (...)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_costs
2. Asq.org – Quality Cost

“It’s a term that's widely used – and widely misunderstood.
The "cost of quality" isn't the price of creating a quality product or service. It's the
cost of NOT creating a quality product or service. Every time work is redone, the
cost of quality increases. Obvious examples include (…)”
Link: http://www.asq.org/learn-about-quality/cost-of-
quality/overview/overview.html
3. Europe.isixsigma – Quality Cost

“As defined by Philip B. Crosby in his book Quality Is Free, the cost of quality has
two main components: the cost of good quality (or the cost of conformance) and
the cost of poor quality (or the cost of non-conformance).
The cost of poor quality affects:
46
o Internal and external costs resulting from failing to meet requirements.

The cost of good quality affects:
o Costs for investing in the prevention of non-conformance to requirements.
o (…)”
Link: http://europe.isixsigma.com/library/content/c070502a.asp
4. Pqa.net – Quality Cost

“(…) Recognizing the power and universal applicability of Cost of Quality ("COQ"),
PQA has developed numerous proprietary Cost of Quality ("COQ") systems for
ensuring the effectiveness of Cost of Quality ("COQ") implementations. The Cost of
Quality ("COQ") measurement can track changes over time for one particular
process, or be used as a benchmark for (…)”
Link: http://www.pqa.net/ProdServices/Qtools/COQ.htm
5. Logigear – Quality Cost

“Quality cost is the sum of all costs a company invests into the release of a quality
product. When developing a software product, there are four types of quality costs:
prevention costs, appraisal costs, internal failure costs, and external failure costs
(…)”
Link: http://www.logigear.com/newsletter/understanding_quality_cost.asp
6. Bexcellence – Quality Cost

“(...) the term “quality costs” has different meanings to different people. Some
equate “quality costs” with the costs of poor quality (mainly the costs of finding
and correcting defective work); others equate the term with the costs to attain
quality; others use the term to mean the costs of running the Quality department.
Our sit1e, the term “quality costs” means the cost of poor quality (…)”
Link: http://www.bexcellence.org/Cost-Of-Quality.html
7. Accountingformanagement – Quality Cost

“(…) preventing, detecting and dealing with defects cause costs that are called
quality costs or costs of quality. The use of the term "quality cost" is confusing to
some people. It does not refer to costs such as using a higher grade leather to make
a wallet or using 14K gold instead of gold plating in jewelry. Instead the term
quality cost refers to all of the costs that are incurred to prevent defects or that
result from defects in products (…)”
Link: http://www.accountingformanagement.com/quality_costs.htm
8. Csqa – Quality Cost

“The "Cost of Quality.” It’s a term that’s widely used – and widely misunderstood.
The “cost of quality” isn’t the price of creating a quality product or service. It’s the
47
cost of NOT creating a quality product or service. Every time work is redone, the
cost of quality increases. Obvious examples include:
The reworking of a manufactured item.

The retesting of an assembly.
The rebuilding of a tool.
(...)”
Link: http://csqa.info/
cost_of_quality_(coq)
Tools of Quality
1. Wikipedia – Tools of Quality

“The Seven Basic Tools of Quality is a designation given to a fixed set of graphical
techniques identified as being most helpful in troubleshooting issues related to
quality. They are called basic because they are suitable for people with little formal
training in statistics and because they can be used to solve the vast majority of
quality-related issues. The tools are (...)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Basic_Tools_of_Quality
2. University of Cambridge – Tools of Quality

“Here follows a brief description of the basic set of Total Quality Management
tools. They are:
Pareto Principle
Scatter Plots
Control Charts
(…)”
Link: http://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/dstools/represent/tqm.html
3. Quality.dlsu – Tools of Quality
“Quality Tools and Techniques Selector Chart” (a complete chart with more than
40 techniques and tools for quality).”
Link: http://quality.dlsu.edu.ph/tools/tool_chart.html
4. Asq – Tools of Quality

“Quality pros have many names for these seven basic tools of quality, first
emphasized by Kaoru Ishikawa, a professor of engineering at Tokyo University and
the father of “quality circles.” (…)”
Link: http://www.asq.org/learn-about-quality/seven-basic-quality-
tools/overview/overview.html
5. Doh.state – Tools of Quality
48
“There are many tools available to help us better understand what is happening
within an organization or process. Quality tools get to the heart of implementing
quality principles. Here are a few examples of quality tools and techniques that you
can use throughout the DOH 5-step Performance Improvement Process (…)”
Link: http://www.doh.state.fl.us/hpi/QualityTools.html
Six Sigma
Isixsigma – Six Sigma
“Six Sigma at many organizations simply means a measure of quality that strives
for near perfection. Six Sigma is a disciplined, data-driven approach and
methodology for eliminating defects (driving towards six standard deviations
between the mean and the nearest specification limit) in any process -- from
manufacturing to transactional and from product to service (…)”
Link: http://www.isixsigma.com/sixsigma/six_sigma.asp
1. Wikipedia – Six Sigma: Design for Six Sigma

“Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) is a separate and emerging business-process
management methodology related to traditional Six Sigma. While the tools and
order used in Six Sigma require a process to be in place and functioning, DFSS has
the objective of determining the needs of customers and the business, and driving
those needs into the product solution so created. DFSS is relevant to the complex
system/product synthesis phase, especially in the context of unprecedented
system development. It is process generation in contrast with process
improvement (...)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_for_Six_Sigma
2. Wikipedia – Six Sigma

“Six Sigma is a business management strategy originally developed by Motorola,
USA in 1981.[1] As of 2010, it enjoys widespread application in many sectors of
industry, although its application is not without controversy. Six Sigma seeks to
improve the quality of process outputs by identifying and removing the causes of
defects (errors) and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business
processes. It uses a set of quality management methods, including statistical
methods (...)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Sigma
3. Sixsigmablog – Six Sigma
“How do you deploy Six Sigma in your enterprise? If you are like these companies,
you start a few teams, give them their choice of problems to solve, and then sit
back and wait for the process to kick off. When, after a few months, you don’t sight
the money or the changes, you cry foul. This is the best way to get things horribly
wrong. One of the first things you need to remember is that the leadership in the
teams you create, should work with an improvement expert. Next, ensure that
these two elements are in place (…)”
49
Link: http://www.sixsigmablog.org/
4. GE – Six Sigma
“First, what it is not. It is not a secret society, a slogan or a cliché. Six Sigma is a
highly disciplined process that helps us focus on developing and delivering near-
perfect products and services. Why "Sigma"? The word is a statistical term that
measures how far a given process deviates from perfection. The central idea
behind Six Sigma is that if you can measure how many "defects" you have in a
process, you can systematically figure out how to eliminate them and get as close
to "zero defects" as possible (…)”
Link: http://www.ge.com/sixsigma/makingcustomers.html
5. Techtarget – Six Sigma

“Six Sigma is a management philosophy developed by Motorola that emphasizes
setting extremely high objectives, collecting data, and analyzing results to a fine
degree as a way to reduce defects in products and services. The Greek letter sigma
is sometimes used to denote variation from a standard. The philosophy behind Six
Sigma is that if you measure how many defects are in a process, you can figure out
how to systematically eliminate them and get as close to perfection as possible
(…)”
Link: http://searchcio.techtarget.com/
sDefinition/0,,sid182_gci763122,00.html
6. Businessballs – Six Sigma

“Six Sigma is now according to many business development and quality
improvement experts, the most popular management methodology in history. Six
Sigma is certainly a very big industry in its own right, and Six Sigma is now an
enormous 'brand' in the world of corporate development. Six Sigma began in 1986
as a statistically-based method to reduce variation in electronic manufacturing
processes in Motorola Inc in the USA. Today, twenty-something years on, Six Sigma
is used as an all-encompassing business performance methodology, all over the
world, in organizations as diverse as local government departments, prisons,
hospitals, the armed forces, banks, and multi-nationals corporations (…)”
Link: http://www.businessballs.com/sixsigma.htm
Quality Function Deployment

1. Wikipedia – Quality Function Deployment
“Quality function deployment (QFD) is a “method to transform user demands into
design quality, to deploy the functions forming quality, and to deploy methods for
achieving the design quality into subsystems and component parts, and ultimately
to specific elements of the manufacturing process.”, as described by Dr. Yoji Akao,
who originally developed QFD in Japan in 1966, when the author combined his
work in quality assurance and quality control points with function deployment
used in Value Engineering (...)”
50
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_function_deployment
2. Qfdi – Quality Function Deployment

“Quality Function Deployment (QFD) was developed to bring this personal
interface to modern manufacturing and business. In today's industrial society,
where the growing distance between producers and users is a concern, QFD links
the needs of the customer (end user) with design, development, engineering,
manufacturing, and service functions (…)”
Link: http://www.qfdi.org/what_is_qfd/what_is_qfd.html
3. Quality-one – Quality Function Deployment

“The QFD process utilizes a series of matrices which are linked as the
product/service development process progresses. This cascade of customer
wants into requirements and eventually process controls is accomplished by
evaluating each level by walking through rooms which have specific functions.
These rooms are carefully entered and exited by a team of Subject Matter
Experts (SME) with relationships, rankings and expected measures and metrics.
The rooms are situated in such a way that the method has been given the name
the House of Quality (...)”
Link: http://www.quality-one.com/services/qfd.php
4. Dhutton – Quality Function Deployment

“Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a way of making the 'voice of the
customer' heard throughout an organization. It is a systematic process for
capturing customer requirements and translating these into requirements that
must be met throughout the 'supply chain'. The result is a new set of target
values for designers, production people, and even suppliers to aim at in order to
produce the output desired by customers (…)”
Link: http://www.dhutton.com/samples/sampqfd.html
5. University of Cambridge – Quality Function Deployment
Quality Function Deployment, or QFD, is a method used to identify critical
customer attributes and to create a specific link between customer attributes and
design parameters. Matrices are used to organise information to help marketers
and design engineers answer three primary questions:
What attributes are critical to our customers?
What design parameters are important in driving those customer attributes?
(…)
Link: http://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/dstools/control/qfd.html
6. Nqd-Solutions – Quality Function Deployment
“Quality Function Deployment (QFD) has been known in the western world for the
last twenty years, and, over that time, it has developed a checkered reputation.
Companies that have spent the effort to really understand and apply it have
achieved excellent results with it. Many other companies have merely dabbled
51
with it or perhaps concluded that it is a series of complex matrices that take a lot of
time with little to show for it. One of the common issues with this latter group of
companies is that they have not understood what QFD really is nor what it can do
for them (…)”
Link: http://www.npd-solutions.com/whyqfd.html
7. Me.utexas – Quality Function Deployment

“Methodology for defining the customer's desires in the customer's own words,
prioritizing these desires, translating them into engineering requirements, and
establishing targets for meeting requirements. Tool for defining the "right"
problem to solve.
-Developed in Japan in 1970's - Mitsubishi & Toyota
-Introduced in US in 1980's (Hauser and Clausing, Harvard Business Review, May-
June 1988)”
Link: http://www.me.utexas.edu/~me366j/QFD/Notes.html
8. Syque – Quality Function Deployment
“Quality Function Deployment (sometimes called the House of Quality). is another

of those strangely-named methods that are literal translations of Japanese.
In the product development process there is a sequence of transformations, such
as requirements to specification, specification to design, design to fabrication,
specification to tests, etc. It is easy for the customer requirements to become lost
in these chains (…)”
Link: http://syque.com/improvement/QFD.htm
9. It.toolbox – Quality Function Deployment
“Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a product design and development

methodology which is applied to transform demands of the users into design
quality by way of deploying techniques for achieving quality in design ranging
from component level to the manufacturing process holistically through
development of specifications, process selection and process control (…)”
Link: http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/Quality_Function_Deployment
Quality Audits
1. Wikipedia – Quality Audits
“Quality audits are typically performed at predefined time intervals and ensure
that the institution has clearly-defined internal quality monitoring procedures
linked to effective action. This can help determine if the organization complies
with the defined quality system processes and can involve procedural or results-
based assessment criteria (…)”
52
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_audit
2. EpmBook – Quality Audits

“The principles of Quality Audit, in the sense we mean it here, are based on the
style of quality standards used in several formal national and international
standards such as the ISO-900x international quality standards. These standards
do not in themselves create quality. The logic is as follows. Every organisation
should define comprehensive procedures by which their products or services can
be delivered consistently to the desired level of quality. As was discussed in the
section on Quality Management, maximum quality is rarely the desired objective
since it can cost too much and take too long (…)”
Link: http://www.epmbook.com/qualityaudit.htm
3. Australian University Quality Agency – Quality Audits

“‘Quality audit’ is defined as ‘a systematic and independent examination to
determine whether activities and related results comply with planned
arrangements and whether these arrangements are implemented effectively and
are suitable to achieve objectives’ (Standards Australia & Standards New Zealand
Joint Technical Committee QR/7 1994). This definition has been adopted by AUQA
as the foundation of its approach to audit. In 2007, AUQA finished its first cycle of
audits of SAIs and accreditation agencies. In 2008, it began a second cycle of audits
of existing SAIs, involving some (…)”
Link: http://www.auqa.edu.au/qualityaudit/qa/
4. Wisegeek – Quality Audits

“(…) usually, a quality audit is an external audit, meaning it is conducted by an
independent auditor or team of auditors who have expertise in the area. A
company may also elect to perform an internal audit of its quality control systems
on a periodic basis. Members of the audit team are typically professionals who
have extensive knowledge about auditing standards, procedures, and principles. In
addition, auditors should have hands-on experience with examining, evaluating,
and reporting on whether each aspect of a quality system is deficient or
satisfactory (…)”
Link: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-quality-audit.htm
53
GESTIÓN DE LOS RECURSOS HUMANOS

Project Human Resources Management
1. Project-Management-Knowledge – Project Human Resources Management
“Project human resource management involves organizing and managing a project

team. The team is usually made up of people with specific skills and
responsibilities. The project team, also known as project staff, should be involved
in plans and decision making from the beginning of the project. Team members
should feel invested in the outcome of the (…)”
human-resource-management/
2. Hyperthot – Project Human Resources Management

“The following table addresses the importance of leadership, staffing, organization,
and Team building.”
3. AntiClue – Project Human Resources Management

“Project Human Resource Management includes the processes necessary for
organizing and managing the project team. Project Human Resource Management
processes are sequential. The outputs of one process are the inputs to the next
process. The Project Human Resource Management processes are (…)”
4. TechRepublic – Project Human Resources Management
“The concept of project management methodology can be leveraged to add value

to an institution's strategic initiatives. This paper provides an overview of project
management methodology, when it should be used, and how it can add value to
human resources management. The authors also explore project management's
role in HR strategy, provide pointers on how to get started with project
management in your organization, and recount how Dartmouth College utilized
this methodology in its 2004 open enrollment process (…)”
Link: http://whitepapers.techrepublic.com.com/abstract.aspx?docid=170284
5. Brighthub – Project Human Resources Management

“Human resources management essentially means ensuring that the proper people
are working on a project. Good human resources management means that
everyone is working efficiently and the right people have been scheduled for the
tasks they are best adapted for. Human resources management is a key to any
successful venture - not just successful projects (…)”
54
Project Organization Chart
1. Project-Management-Knowledge – Project Organization Chart
“The project organization chart is an input/output device that serves a very

valuable role for the project management team and or the project management
team leader in the process of keeping a thorough and careful organizational record
of the project’s processes. It is particularly effective in the attempts to thoroughly
and carefully keep careful track and record the actual project staff deployment
processes that (…)”
organization-chart/
2. Project-Management-Knowledge – Project Organization Chart: As a tool
“Organization charts provide valuable if not essential data to organizations and

companies of all types, particularly in reference to gathering a complete and
thorough overview of the employees and participants in the organization or
company, or the staff or employee grouping on a particular project or element and
how they relate to one another within the organization (…)”
knowledge.com/definitions/o/organization-chart-tool/
3. Management. About – Project Organization Chart
“Organization Charts, or Org Charts for short, are used to show people the
intended structure of the organization. This "formal" organization is supposed to
reflect the power structure of the company. Sometimes the Org Charts only serve
to confuse people as to what the structure really is. However, it is also possible to
use an Org Chart as a management tool, to further the achievement of your
organization's goals. We will examine typical examples of "standard" Org Charts.
We will look at confusing Org Charts (…)”
Link: http://management.about.com/cs/generalmanagement/a/OrgCharts.htm
4. Hraconsulting – Project Organization Chart
“Establishing the project organisation is one of the more important things to do at

the start of a project. This is particularly so for any large project and particularly so
for any green field site project where there is no project organisation in existence
and no precedent to fall back on. Setting up a large project from scratch is like
setting up a new company. It requires much of the same entrepreneurial drive,
skill and imagination. Something like 90% of UK companies employ less than 10
people. Starting up a large project is akin to setting up a company in the top ten
percent of UK companies by size. If you were a senior executive and decided to set
55
up a new subsidiary company that will employ, say, 100 people would you choose
a fairly junior manager with (…)”
Link: http://www.hraconsulting-ltd.co.uk/project-organisation-board.htm
Responsibility Assignment Matrix
1. Wikipedia – Responsibility Assignment Matrix

“The matrix is typically created with a vertical axis (left-hand column) of tasks
(e.g., from a work breakdown structure WBS) or deliverables (e.g., from a product
breakdown structure PBS), and a horizontal axis (top row) of roles (e.g., from an
organizational chart) - as illustrated in the image of an example responsibility
assignment (or RACI) matrix. There is a distinction between a role and individually
identified people: a role is a descriptor of an associated set of tasks; may be
performed by many people; and one person can (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsibility_assignment_matrix
2. Mindtools – Responsibility Assignment Matrix

(…) one tool that project managers use to keep these assignments clear is the
Responsibility Assignment Matrix (also called the RAM, or the Responsibility
Matrix). This matches deliverables with the people who are responsible for them.
For every piece of the project, the matrix shows who needs to contribute what for
the project to be completed. For example, let’s say that you’re upgrading your
customer service delivery system, and you need to train your staff to use new
procedures and tools (…)
Link: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_RAM.htm
3. Brighthub – Responsibility Assignment Matrix

“So you've constructed your work breakdown structure (WBS) and your
organizational breakdown structure (OBS). You have a schedule tentatively made.
What's missing? Perhaps you should create a responsibility assignment matrix as
well. The responsibility assignment matrix links activities to resources. It makes
sure that every task is completed by someone. The matrix itself is a chart you can
create using Microsoft Excel listing human resources across the top and activities
down the left-hand side. The matrix can be as simple as (…)”
Link:
http://www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/33836.aspx
4. Management-Hub – Responsibility Assignment Matrix
“The Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM) is also referred to as RACI Matrix or

Linear Responsibility Chart. This describes the contribution of various roles in
completing responsibilities or deliverables for a project or business process. It is
especially useful in clarification of roles in cross functional units (…)”
56
Link: http://www.management-hub.com/overview-on-the-responsibility-
assignment-matrix-raci.html
5. Project-Management-Knowledge – Responsibility Assignment Matrix
“When the time comes for the project management team and or the project
management team leader to assess all of the work that needs to be done and all of
the members of the project management team that can potentially be assigned to
those elements, one helpful tool to put into play is known as the responsibility
against matrix tool, also known by the three letter anagram RAM. In this instance,
the responsibility against matrix (…)”
knowledge.com/definitions/r/responsibility-assignment-matrix/
6. Valuation-opinios – Responsibility Assignment Matrix
A structure called the Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM) is developed by

integrating the Organization Breakdown Structure (OBS) with the Contract Work
Breakdown Structure (CWBS). This matrix displays the CWBS on one axis and the
OBS on the second axis.
“The proper integration of the two structures (CWBS and OBS) into the RAM will
create a home for each work statement of the contract and provide a disciplined
framework so that organizing, planning, budgeting, measurement monitoring, and
(…)”
Link: http://www.valuation-opinions.com/ev/ram.lasso
Project Virtual Team
1. Qualitydigest – Project Virtual Team
“Efficient participation in today's economy demands high reliance on effective

leadership of technical and support teams whose members are scattered across
many geographic boundaries. There are unique and distinctive requirements for
leadership attention in the virtual project team or remote management situation,
where individuals who share responsibilities for common goals reside in
geographically dispersed locations (…)”
Link: http://www.qualitydigest.com/sept00/html/teams.html
2. ProjectSmart – Project Virtual Team
“These are interesting times for managing systems development projects. In the
old days (as late as the 1980's), whenever a development project was initiated, it
was necessary to form a project team at a centralised geographical location in
57
order to expedite communications between project members. But now we live in

an age of electronic communications that provides greater flexibility in terms of
allowing workers to work just about anywhere; some are at a central office, some
are at home, some are consultants operating off-site, some are overseas in
Timbuktu (…)”
Link: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/managing-virtual-project-teams.html
3. Personal-development – Project Virtual Team
“(…) a perfect example of the virtual project team would be the video crew that
makes my video training programs. This crew consists of about 10 people, most of
whom know each other but all of whom work independently from each other. This
is the way this type of team comes together. When I decide to create a training
program, I negotiate an agreement for the finished product with a person who
becomes the project's executive producer (…)”
Link:
http://personal-development.com/brian-tracy-articles/virtual-project-team.htm
4. McGill – Project Virtual Team

“In today’s global workplace, you will increasingly communicate in virtual teams
with professionals from diverse contexts. Communication in such teams can be a
lot of fun, but you will need to develop an important set of competencies to be
successful. The intercultural virtual team project is designed to help you develop
and refine those competencies while practicing the workplace genres involved in
managing a project. In addition, the virtual team project will help you learn how an
organization develops management communication processes and practices that
accommodate its clientele, its location in a particular country and community, and
its position in the online world (…)”
Link: http://webpages.mcgill.ca/staff/group1/dstark1/web/virtual-intercultural-
team-project/ProjectDescription.htm
5. Project-Management-Knowledge – Project Virtual Team

“A virtual team, sometimes referred to as a Geographically Dispersed Team (GDT),
is a group of individuals working on a project who use electronic communication
technology to meet from various work base locations. For the purpose of project
management, a virtual team will strategize and accomplish their projects from
different work bases. The virtual team shares a common goal but work from (…)”
Link: http://www.project-management-knowledge.com/definitions/v/virtual-
team/
6. Time-Management-Guide – Project Virtual Team

“Virtual teams are governed essentially the by same fundamental principles as
traditional teams. Yet, there is one critical difference. This difference is the way the
team members communicate. Instead of using the full spectrum and dynamics of
58
in-office face-to-face exchange, they now rely on special communication channels

enabled by modern technologies, such as e-mails, faxes, phone calls and
teleconferences, virtual meetings, and alike (…)”
Link: http://www.time-management-guide.com/virtual-team.html
7. Seanet – Project Virtual Team

“Teamwork has been around since before our ancestors gathered up their spears
and learned how to work together to gang up on mastodons and saber-toothed
tigers. Many experts agree that teams are the primary unit of performance in any
organization. Today there is a new kind of team—a “virtual” team made up of
people who communicate electronically. Its members may hardly ever see each
other in person. In fact, they may never meet at all, except in cyberspace (…)”
Link: http://www.seanet.com/~daveg/ltv.htm
8. Builderau – Project Virtual Team

“We live in a world of virtual communication. Our leaders and thinkers hail the
advent of virtual work teams as though they represented a fundamental advance
in human thinking. Business schools teach aspiring managers about the great gains
to be made by forcing everyone to slave quietly away in their little cubicles, cut off
from the support and camaraderie of their fellows. Fortunately, the accumulated
wisdom of hundreds of thousands of years of human communication cannot be so
easily discarded (…)”
Link:
http://www.builderau.com.au/strategy/projectmanagement/soa/Connecting-
with-virtual-teams/0,339028292,320281370,00.htm
9. ExforcysInc – Project Virtual Team

“(…) a virtual team will typically be one that is decentralized in a spatial way. It
will have employees, customers, and even managers who may be dispersed over a
wide region. Some of these organizations may be dispersed for only short periods
of time, but when they are dispersed, this occurs within multiple time zones.
Virtual teams are also (…)”
Link: http://www.exforsys.com/career-center/virtual-team.html
10. annFammed – Project Virtual Team

“One option for creating an interdisciplinary collaborative is to form a virtual team.
Virtual teams are groups of people who work interdependently with a shared
purpose across space, time, and organizational boundaries using technology to
communicate and collaborate. While communication technologies such as MS
Communicator and Webex plus continued globalization have increased
researchers’ ability and motivation to work together, it is important to recognize
the unique processes required to build and manage virtual teams. Virtual
teamwork creates (…)”
59
Link: http://www.annfammed.org/cgi/content/full/5/6/568
Interpersonal Skills
1. Wikipedia – Interpersonal Skills
“"Interpersonal skills" refers to mental and communicative algorithms applied
during social communications and interaction to reach certain effects or results.
The term "interpersonal skills" is used often in business contexts to refer to the
measure of a person's ability to operate within business organizations through
social communication and interactions. Interpersonal skills are how people relate
to one another. As an illustration, it is generally understood that communicating
respect for other people or professionals within will enable one to reduce conflict
and increase participation or assistance in obtaining information or (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_skills
2. University of Wales – Interpersonal Skills

“Simply put interpersonal skills are the skills we use to interact or deal with
others. Interpersonal skills are sometimes also referred to as communication
skills, people skills and/or soft skills. How we deal with others can greatly
influence our professional and personal lives, improving these skills builds
confidence and (…)”
Link: http://www.volstudy.ac.uk/Interpersonal_Skills.html
3. Ijpsy – Interpersonal Skills

“This study presents the results of the assessment of interpersonal skills (IS) in the
aged (search for alternatives, identification of feelings, predicting consequences,
causal attribution, and segmentation), and their relationships with other
personality and intelligence factors (work motivation, locus of control, and g
factor). The stability of all the assessed factors is also analyzed. A training program
was implemented to increase IS. A quantitative analysis clearly shows the
improvement experienced by the 34 older people (low in IS) whose performance
after training reached the level of 68 older people who were considered normal.
The qualitative analysis highlights a temporal consideration of (…)”.
Link: http://www.ijpsy.com/volumen2/num2/43.html
4. NCStateUniversity – Interpersonal Skills

“Interpersonal skills are all the behaviors and feelings that exist within all of us
that influence our interactions with others. Whether we are shy or bold, quiet or
passive, domineering or cooperative are all different examples of characteristics of
interpersonal skills. How do we develop our interpersonal skills? We don’t really…
at least not consciously. These skills are learned from watching our parents, the
television and our peers. Children imitate in an attempt to learn. Most of what we
believe to be true about ourselves and the world around us, we do not stop and
examine (…)”
Link: http://www.ncsu.edu/counseling_center/resources/
60

personal/interpersonal_skills/interpersonal_skills.htm
5. Colorado – Interpersonal Skills

“Many situations today require skills in understanding and collaboration. These
differ greatly from the more common skills in information sharing and advocacy.
Part of the reason we have difficulties is that we cannot switch to the appropriate
skills at the appropriate time. And, part of the reason why our meetings as so often
long and not productive is that the communication model we use focuses on
discussion and expression rather than collaboration and decision making. Both
values and skills are responsible for these inadequacies (…)”
Link: http://comm.colorado.edu/~deetz/projects-interpersonal.html
6. Etpartners – Interpersonal Skills

“The first key to working well with people is developing empathy. This means the
ability to put yourself in the other person's shoes, to see things from his or her
point of view. In particular, you need to understand your faculty partner very
well. As a student, you only see part of your instructors' lives, primarily what goes
on in the classroom. There is much that goes on behind the scenes. Understanding
this will help you to develop a project with greater sensitivity to your faculty
partner's needs. Read the case studies below to get an idea of what a weekly
schedule looks like for a faculty member. There is a lot of variation, depending on
what (…)”
Link: http://etpartners.ucdavis.edu/binder/42_people.htm
7. Allbusiness – Interpersonal Skills
“Don’t discount the importance of interpersonal skills in the workplace. How you
are perceived by your manager and coworkers plays a large role in things as minor
as your day-to-day happiness at the office and as major as the future of your
career. No matter how hard you work or how many brilliant ideas you may have, if
you can’t connect with the people who work around you, your professional life will
suffer. The good news is that there are several concrete things that you can do to
improve your social skills and become closer to your colleagues. All of these tools
will ultimately help you succeed in today’s working world. Try these 10 helpful
tips for improving your interpersonal skills: (…)”
Link: http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/careers-career-
development/11134-1.html
8. Enzinearticles – Interpersonal Skills
“What are interpersonal skills? These are the skills that enable you to work
efficiently with others without any personality conflict. These skills will help you
build good working relationships with your clients, employees and business
associates. Working well with others involves understanding and appreciating
individual differences. Therefore, interpersonal skills play an important role in
determining how well you manage your interactions with customers and
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employees. How you behave with them can determine your success or failure. Try
the following helpful tips to improve your interpersonal skills (…)”
Link: http://ezinearticles.com/?Improving-Your-Interpersonal-Skills&id=1327965
9. Leaderspages – Interpersonal Skills

“According to some research studies, the number one reason why managers and
executives find themselves with a stalled or underperforming career is a lack of
interpersonal skills. This might seem surprising, given the amount of training and
attention given to technical skills and business knowledge, but the fact remains
that there is more to career success than just knowing the facts (…)”
Link: http://leaderspages.com/Leadership/Interpersonal-Skills---The-Keys-to-
Management-and-Leadership.html
Team Building
1. Wikipedia – Team Building
“Team building refers to a wide range of activities, usually in a business context,

for improving team performance. Team building is pursued via a variety of
practices, and can range from simple bonding exercises to complex simulations
and multi-day team building retreats designed to develop a team (including group
assessment and group-dynamic games), usually falling somewhere in between. It
generally sits within the theory and practice of organizational development, but
can also be applied to sports teams, school groups, and other contexts (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_building
2. EpmBook – Team Building

“Building a good team is the single most important thing a Project Manager can do
to achieve a successful project. With the right attitude, a team will overcome
almost any difficulty to succeed in its goals. In most projects there will be times
when only the determination of the team can overcome the difficulties and carry
the initiative through to success. Even when there is no pressure, the team's spirit
and enthusiasm will be reflected in the quality of the solution and the extent to
which other people buy-in to it (…)”
Link: http://www.epmbook.com/team.htm
3. Teamtechnology – Team Building

“In the latter part of the 20th century, "Team Building" became recognised by
many companies as an important factor in providing a quality service and
remaining competitive. Yet as we stride into the 21st century, the term "team
building" can still sometimes seem rather nebulous - people often know that they
need it, but aren't quite sure what it is (…)”
Link: http://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/tt/t-articl/tb-basic.htm
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4. Time-management-guide – Team Building

“Team building skills are critical for your effectiveness as a manager or
entrepreneur. And even if you are not in a management or leadership role yet,
better understanding of team work can make you a more effective employee and
give you an extra edge in your corporate office. A team building success is when
your team can accomplish something much bigger and work more effectively than
a group of the same individuals working on their own. You have a strong synergy
of individual (…)”
Link: http://www.time-management-guide.com/team-building.html
5. Teambuildingguide – Team Building

“Team building is not something that is accomplished in a single afternoon. Team
building is an ongoing process who's results will become apparent through time. It
will take the effort of all individuals to develop into a efficient and successful team.
With the mixing of many different personality, styles, and preferences obstacles
are sure to arise so it is important that one is able to learn how to resolve any
difficulties and take preventative steps to avoid any complications. The following
are some team building tips to assist you in being part of (…)”
Link: http://www.teambuildingguide.com/articles/tips.htm
6. Management. About – Team Building
“(…) if you want team building to work, it's not enough to tell them that they are a
team and must perform as one. You also have to show the members of the team
that it benefits them personally. Most of us are selfish individualists. We watch out,
first and foremost, for ourselves and do what benefits us most. We have to be
motivated to include anyone else. Fortunately, it is pretty easy for us to see the
benefits of including others, so most of us do that readily (…)”
Link: http://management.about.com/cs/adminaccounting/a/teambuilding.htm
7. Come – Team Building
“Successful organizations today know that TEAMS make a big difference in

achieving strategic goals. trong, flexible, and productive teams can be the
competitive edge needed to produce better results, achieve quality, lower cost, and
deliver better customer service. With active involvement, High-Performing Teams
can help promote better bottom line performance, adaptability, quality, service
and safety. To achieve these objectives, teams will have to start doing things
differently. Team members and leaders will need to communicate more effectively
with each other, encourage more involvement, tap into creativity, overcome
resistance to change, and renew team spirit. But this change can also (…)”
Link: http://www.cmoe.com/team-building.html
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8. Meetingwizard – Team Building
“(…) a team needs a reason to get together; a project or specific plan that requires
results. Of course, it also requires that the owner/manager/supervisor is willing to
support the team's success. Remember, teams are not magic bullets. So, let's get
started. How do you put a team together? Here are a few suggestions to follow (…)”
Link: http://www.meetingwizard.org/meetings/team-building.cfm
9. Wisegeek – Team Building
“Team building is a process that develops cooperation and teamwork within a

work unit. To constitute an effective team, its members must share a common goal,
have respect for each other, and be motivated to use the strengths of each member
to achieve their objectives. Current corporate philosophy stresses that each
member of a team plays an integral part in the success of the company. With
understaffing, burnout, outsourcing, and other morale-defeating activities on the
rise, many corporations realize they must nurture communication within the
organization.
In addition, many businesses form teams, or committees, for varying purposes;
therefore (…)”
Link: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-team-building.htm
10. Wilderdom – Team Building

“Team building programmes around the world are a growing phenomena. It is a
common practice for most organizations today to hold team building events at
either department level or company level at least once a year. One of the main
reason is that most managers today believe team building events are able to
bond organization members together both horizontally (between subordinates)
or vertically (between managers and subordinates). However, what is lacking is
the understanding of the concept of team building. As a result, team building
events today often end up to become merely a trip to the park, a one night stay at
a posh resort or an (…)”
Link: http://wilderdom.com/games/articles/UnderstandingTeamBuilding.html
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GESTION DE LAS COMUNICACIONES
Project Communication Management
1. Project Management Knowledge – Project Communication Management
“Project Communications Management plays a key role in keeping all members of

the project management team on the same page. Without communication among
all team members and project stakeholders there can be a breakdown in processes
which could have a negative impact on the final product. The project manager
must know the communication processes involved in effective project
management. First of all there should be planning to (…)”
communications-management/
2. Project-Management-Knowledge – Project Communication Management
“Communication is an essential process in the world of project management (and

for that matter the world in which we all live on a day to day basis). It is difficult to
master, but essential to make a good effort in achieving. Communication is
essentially the effective and complete exchange of information from one person or
persons on a project team to other person or persons. Communication on an
effective team starts from day one, from the moment a project is (…)”
knowledge.com/definitions/c/communication-in-project-management/
3. ProjectSmart – Project Communication Management
“Communication, as you can tell from the above, is more than just talking.
Communication is also listening. When it comes to project management,
communication takes up 90% of a project manager's time. That's right, 90% of
your time. I communicated something to you and you did what I asked. If only
projects were that easy! Sometimes you, the project manager, have to do a lot of
begging and pleading, like I did above, just to get your project team members to do
what they need to do. You know what needs to be done and you need to transfer
that knowledge to your project team members. And then they go do it (…)”
Link: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/real-world-project-management-
communications.html
4. TechRepublic – Project Communication Management

“Like it or not, communication is the most important component within any
project. The success of most projects, whether handled by a dedicated project team
or a cross-departmental team, depends upon a set of crucial communication skills
and techniques. Interestingly enough, all IT project and development managers
that I interviewed agreed: Communication and human interaction make or break a
65
project. We sometimes forget that project communications refer to the specific

behavior and techniques used to motivate, lead, delegate, and report back to all
stakeholders working on the project (…)”
5. Virtualprojectconsulting – Project Communication Management

“In theory project communications management is about appropriate
generation, collection, storage and distribution of project information. During the
project planning it requires determining the information and communications
needs of stakeholders, during execution it is about distributing the information in
a timely manner, doing status reporting and progress measurement, during
closure it is about gathering information to formalize project completion (…)”
Link: http://www.virtualprojectconsulting.com/project-communications-
management/
6. Brighthub – Project Communication Management

“Project Communications Management essentially entails keeping the right people
informed of the right information in a timely manner, ensuring that the all project
constituents: the project team, stakeholders and customers, are kept informed of
project status on a timely basis. When executed effectively, communications
management minimizes any chances for miscommunication. (…)”
7. Projectkickstart – Project Communication Management
“Many years ago, a good project manager might have gotten away with being a
poor communicator. The business clients typically didn’t like it, but as long as the
project manager could deliver the goods, the client may have been inclined to let
them do their own thing. In today's world, however, projects need to be
undertaken in partnership with the business, and this partnership absolutely
requires solid communication. In fact, many of the problems that surface on a
project are actually the results of poor communication. Poor communication can
lead to the following trouble areas (…)”
Link: http://www.projectkickstart.com/downloads/tips11-poor-project-
communication.cfm
8. Aspalliance – Project Communication Management

“The Communications planning process determines the information and
communicates needs of the stakeholders; for example, who needs what
information, when they will need it, how it will be given to them, and by whom. A
project manager spends most of his time communicating with the various
stakeholders and providing the necessary information to the project team to
successfully complete their work. While the entire project shares the need to
66
communicate project information, the informational needs and methods of

distribution vary widely (…)”
Link: http://aspalliance.com/1142_Managing_Project_Communication.2
Communication Skills
1. Mindtools – Communication Skills

“(…) in spite of the increasing importance placed on communication skills, many
individuals continue to struggle, unable to communicate their thoughts and ideas
effectively – whether in verbal or written format. This inability makes it nearly
impossible for them to compete effectively in the workplace, and stands in the way
of career progression. Being able to communicate effectively is therefore essential
if you want to build a successful career. To do this, you must understand what your
message is, what audience you are (…)”
Link: http://www.mindtools.com/CommSkll/CommunicationIntro.htm
2. Goodcommunicationskills – Communication Skills
“Good communication skills are skills that facilitate people to communicate
effectively with one another. Effectual communication engages the choice of the
best communications channel, the technical know-how to use the channel, the
presentation of information to the target audience, and the skill to understand
responses received from others. Self development, interpersonal skills, mutual
understanding, mutual cooperation and trust is also important to set a complete
channel of most effective and winning communication skills (…)”
Link: http://www.goodcommunicationskills.net/
3. About.com – Communication Skills
“Conflict in a relationship is virtually inevitable. In itself, conflict isn’t a problem;
how it’s handled, however, can bring people together or tear them apart. Poor
communication skills, disagreements and misunderstandings can be a source of
anger and distance, or a springboard to a stronger relationship and happier future.
Next time you’re dealing with conflict, keep these tips on effective communication
skills in mind and you can create a more positive outcome (…)”
Link: http://stress.about.com/od/relationships/ht/healthycomm.htm
4. Communicationskills – Communication Skills
“The fact, is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs to be equipped with
habits for good communication skills, as this is what will make them a happy and
successful social being. In order to develop these habits, one needs to first
acknowledge the fact that they need to improve communication skills from time to
time. They need to take stock of the way they interact and the direction in which
their work and personal relations are going. The only constant in life is change, and
the more one accepts one's strengths and works towards dealing with their (…)”
Link: http://www.communicationskills.co.in/
5. BrianMac – Communication Skills
67
“Communication is the art of successfully sharing meaningful information with

people by means of an interchange of experience. Coaches wish to motivate the
athletes they work with and to provide them with information that will allow them
to train effectively and improve performance. Communication from the coach to
athlete will initiate appropriate actions. This however, requires the athlete to
receive the information from the coach but also to understand and accept it (…)”
Link: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/commun.htm
6. Collegeboard – Communication Skills

“Communication is usually taken for granted—that is, until it breaks down. Why
didn't my teacher get my point? How can I get my counselor to understand what
I'm saying? Why does every discussion with my mom turn into an argument?
Good communication skills help you express your ideas clearly, learn from other
people, and resolve any conflicts. Most of these skills you'll pick up with life
experience. Here are a few tips for improving your communication skills: (…)”
Link: http://www.collegeboard.com/student/plan/boost-your-skills/9847.html
7. Life123 – Communication Skills

“Effective communication skills may seem like a simple thing to master. However,
if you don’t realize that effective communication skills involve more than just what
you say, you probably confuse people all the time. Try the following ten tips to help
you sharpen your communication skills (…)”
Link: http://www.life123.com/relationships/communication/effective-
communication/effective-communication-skills-3.shtml
8. Seekingsuccess – Communication Skills

“Basic communication skills are required for nearly every job or relationship you
pursue. What if you don't have time to take a writing course, or you are just too shy
to speak up in meetings? That is OK. There are small steps that each of us can take
with a little time, and little or no money. Let's take a look at the basic requirement
most employers look for, and ways you can improve those skills (…)”
Link: http://www.seekingsuccess.com/articles/art132.php
9. Articlesbase – Communication Skills

“Every day, in many ways, we communicate with other people. Sometimes it is
verbally, other times it is through the written word, and we even do it non-verbally
through what we call body language. For that matter, we can use images to
communicate, and even a scent can carry a message. If we expect to get our point,
our message, our meaning across, it is important that we have good
communication skills (…)”
Link: http://www.articlesbase.com/advice-articles/the-importance-of-
communication-skills-in-a-successful-life-234470.html
Communication Models
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1. Davis Foulger - Communication Models

“We teach the same models of communication today that we taught forty years
ago. This can and should be regarded as a mark of the enduring value of these
models in highlighting key elements of that process for students who are taking
the process apart for the first time. It remains, however, that the field of
communication has evolved considerably since the 1960's, and it may be
appropriate to update our models to account for that evolution. This paper
presents the classic communication models that are (…)”
Link: http://davis.foulger.info/research/unifiedModelOfCommunication.htm
2. WorldTrans – Communication Models

“There is always a sender and a receiver in communication. At least there is an
intended receiver. (…) A is the sender, B is the receiver. A and B have different
personal realities. They each have their own world formed by their experiences,
their perceptions, their ideas, etc. They will perceive, experience, and interpret
things differently. The same event will always be perceived a little different by
each of two people. For the consideration to communicate to (…)”
Link: http://www.worldtrans.org/TP/TP1/TP1-17.HTML
3. Jerf – Communication Models
“On the one hand, you'd think we all understand what communication is well
enough to talk about it meaningfully, since we all do it from a very young age. On
the other hand, personal experience shows that people get very easily confused
about the communication that occurs in the real world. (…) For this model, I take
my cue from the Internet and the computer revolution itself, because it is a
superset of almost everything else. Telecommunication engineers and other
people who deal with the technical aspects of communication have created a very
common model of communication that has six components, which are a sender, an
encoder, a medium, a decoder, a receiver, and (…)”
Link: http://www.jerf.org/writings/communicationEthics/node4.html
4. Communications-Type – Communication Models

“Communication is essential nowadays . Communication is a two way process that
involves a sender a receiver and a message. Communication has four types: verbal,
non verbal, informal and formal. The verbal communication includes oral, written
and email, and the non verbal communication includes body language. Body
language is as important as the verbal communication. People send messages
through their posture, gestures, face expressions etc. The formal (…)”
Link: http://www.communication-type.com/types-of-communication-models/
5. Vtaide – Communication Models: Verbal Model

“As the transmitter you now have the task of putting your idea into a form in which
the recipient can understand. You have to "encode" it. This cognitive process of
changing ideas into symbols and organising them into a message is called
69
encoding. You may think that if you have fulfilled you part in encoding the idea
then it is up to the recipient to play his part to decode the message. But an effective
communicator ensures that his target recipient understands what is (…)”
Link: http://www.vtaide.com/lifeskills/verbalC.htm
Communication Theories
1. Wikipedia – Communications Theories
“(…) communication Theory has one universal law posited by S. F. Scudder (1980).
The Universal Communication Law states that, "All living entities, beings and
creatures communicate." All of the living communicates through movements,
sounds, reactions, physical changes, gestures, languages, breath, etc.
Communication is a means of survival. Examples - the cry of a child
(communication that it is hungry, hurt, cold, etc.); the browning of a leaf
(communication that it is dehydrated, thirsty per se, dying); the cry of an animal
(communicating that it is injured, hungry, angry, etc.). Everything living
communicates in (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory
2. Allfreeessays – Communication Theories

“In interpersonal communication there are many theories that are similar yet
different in many ways. The theories can be combined to describe people and
how those people interact and communicate with each other. Many of these
theories help explain how people in society form impressions of others, how they
maintain these impressions, why people interact with certain people in society,
and how people will use these impressions that they have formed later on in life.
These theories also help people to better understand themselves, to better
understand interpersonal communication, and to better understand people in
general. There are two theories in interpersonal communication that, despite
their differences, can go hand in hand (…)”
Link: http://www.allfreeessays.com/essays/Communication-Theories/3054.html
3. EHow – Communication Theories: Blog

“All communication that takes place without words is referred to as nonverbal
communication. The theory holds to the premise that many messages are sent and
received without the usage of spoken words. Nonverbal communication theory
states that verbal communication simply complements the nonverbal messages
being sent. Examples of nonverbal communication are a wink, the silent treatment
and a shaky tone in someone's voice (…)”
Link: http://www.ehow.com/about_5398714_nonverbal-communication-
theory.html
70
GESTIÓN DE RIESGOS
Project Risk Management
1. Wikipedia – Project Risk Management
“Risk is defined in ISO 31000 as the effect of uncertainty on objectives (whether
positive or negative). Risk management can therefore be considered the
identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and
economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the
probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of
opportunities. Risks can come from uncertainty in financial markets, project
failures, legal liabilities, credit risk, accidents, natural causes and disasters as (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_management
2. ProjectSmart – Project Risk Management

“The benefits of risk management in projects are huge. You can gain a lot of money
if you deal with uncertain project events in a proactive manner. The result will be
that you minimize the impact of project threats and seize the opportunities that
occur. This allows you to deliver your project on time, on budget and with the
quality results your project sponsor demands. Also your team members will be
much happier if they do not enter a (…)”
Link: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/10-golden-rules-of-project-risk-
management.html
3. MindsTools – Project Risk Management

“Almost everything we do in today's business world involves a risk of some kind:
customer habits change, new competitors appear, and factors outside your control
could delay your project. But formal risk analysis and risk management can help
you to assess these risks and decide what actions to take to minimize disruptions
to your plans. They will also help you to decide whether the strategies you could
use to control risk are cost-effective (…)”
Link: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_07.htm
4. Pmis – Project Risk Management

“All real projects carry risk through uncertainty. However, few organizations
would claim to be satisfied with the application of risk management on their
projects, or be able to demonstrate it successfully. This can be a major constraint
to successful project delivery. Improving project risk management involves two
principal objectives: (…)”
Link: http://www.pmis.co.uk/project_risk_management.htm
5. Netcomuk – Project Risk Management

“There are two stages in the process of Project Risk Management, Risk Assessment
and Risk Control. Risk Assessment can take place at any time during the project,
though the sooner the better. However, Risk Control cannot be effective without a
71
previous Risk Assessment. Similarly, most people tend to think that having
performed a Risk Assessment; they have done all that is needed. Far too many
projects spend a great deal of effort on Risk Assessment and then ignore Risk
control completely (…)”
Link: http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~rtusler/project/riskprin.html
6. Exforsys – Project Risk Management

“Risk management is an important concept that many employees managers and
stakeholders refer to when they are concerned about the effects of a certain move
on reaching key objectives. Risk management is important because it gives the
ability to figure out methods for which events can be managed especially those
events that may have an adverse impact (…)”
Link: http://www.exforsys.com/career-center/risk-management.html
7. AntiClue – Project Risk Management

“Project Risk Management involves conducting risk management planning,
engaging in risk identification, completing risk analysis, creating a risk response
action plan, and monitoring and controlling risk on a project. Project Risk
Management is a continuous process to be engaged in throughout the entire
project. A key point to remember is that risk is not always bad. There are
opportunities and there are threats. The opportunities are the good risks. The
treats are the bad risks. The purpose of project risk management is to increase the
likelihood and impact of positive events and to decrease the probability and
impact of negative events. The six risk management processes are: (…)”
8. Hyperthot – Project Risk Management

“(…) items in the project plan that are important and that are uncertain of success
should be considered risk areas and given special attention. Risk should be
associated with areas where the scope is not well defined or is subject to change.
An unproven or immature technical approach, or known technical difficulty or
complexity will increase project risk. Ambitious goals always result in risk.
Unfamiliarity with the process, or inexperienced personnel, constitute project
risks, if for no other reason than being unknowns. Exterior interfaces cause risks
because they can change and, even if they don’t change, their descriptions or
specifications may be inaccurate. Exterior organizational dependencies create
project risks (…)”
Link: http://www.hyperthot.com/pm_risk.htm
9. Monash University – Project Risk Management

“The effective management of project risks is an integral part of best practice
project management. A formal risk management process is intended to introduce
rigour, objectivity and consistency into what is typically a subjective process.
Initially, a brief risk assessment is done when proposing a new project for
approval. Any identified high risk factors should be analysed to determine whether
72
actions can be undertaken to eliminate, reduce or constrain the risk before the
project commences. This may require adjustments to (…)”
Link: http://www.its.monash.edu.au/staff/projects/project-
management/managing-risk.html
10. Continuity Central – Project Risk Management

“(…) step one of the project risk management process is to have each person
involved in the planning process individually list at least ten potential risk items.
Often with this step, team members will assume that certain project risks are
already known, and therefore do not need to be listed. For example, scope creep is
a typical problem on most projects. Yet it still must be listed because even with the
best practice management processes in place, it could still occur and cause
problems on a project over time. Therefore it should be addressed rather than
ignored (…)”
Link: http://www.continuitycentral.com/feature0547.htm
Brainstorming
1. Wikipedia – Brainstorming
“Brainstorming is a group creativity technique designed to generate a large
number of ideas for the solution of a problem. In 1953 the method was
popularized by Alex Faickney Osborn in a book called Applied Imagination. Osborn
proposed that groups could double their creative output with brainstorming.
Although brainstorming has become a popular group technique, researchers have
not found evidence of its effectiveness for enhancing either quantity or quality of
ideas generated. Because of such problems as distraction, social loafing, evaluation
apprehension, and production blocking, brainstorming groups are (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorming
2. Mindtools – Brainstorming
“Brainstorming is a popular tool that helps you generate creative solutions to a
problem. It is particularly useful when you want to break out of stale, established
patterns of thinking, so that you can develop new ways of looking at things. It also
helps you overcome many of the issues that can make group problem-solving a
sterile and unsatisfactory process (…)”
Link: http://www.mindtools.com/brainstm.html
3. Unc – Brainstorming
“If you consciously take advantage of your natural thinking processes by gathering
your brain's energies into a "storm," you can transform these energies into written
words or diagrams that will lead to lively, vibrant writing. Below you will find a
brief discussion of what brainstorming is, why you might brainstorm, and
suggestions for how you might brainstorm. Whether you are starting with too
much information or not enough, brainstorming can help you to put a new writing
73
task in motion or revive a project that hasn't reached completion. Let's take a look
at each case (…)”
Link: http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/brainstorming.html
4. Businessballs – Brainstorming
“Brainstorming with a group of people is a powerful technique. Brainstorming
creates new ideas, solves problems, motivates and develops teams. Brainstorming
motivates because it involves members of a team in bigger management issues,
and it gets a team working together. However, brainstorming is not simply a
random activity. Brainstorming needs to be structured and it follows
brainstorming rules. The brainstorming process is described below, for which you
will need a flip-chart or alternative. This is crucial as Brainstorming needs to
involve the team (…)”
Link: http://www.businessballs.com/brainstorming.htm
5. Effectivemeetings – Brainstorming
“Brainstorming is by far the most widely used tool to stimulate creative thinking. It
was developed in the 1940s by the American advertising executive Alex Osborn
who believed that anyone could learn to generate creative solutions for a wide
variety of problems. Following Osborn’s beliefs, below are some tips that will help
you having brainstorming sessions that generate results (…)”
Link: http://www.effectivemeetings.com/teams/participation/brainstorming.asp
6. Spring – Brainstorming
“BRAINSTORMING WAS ONCE thought a fantastic way for groups to generate new
ideas. Although not as fashionable as it once was, brainstorming is still frequently
used in business and, often inadvertently, for all sorts of personal decisions; people
happily brainstorm for holiday destinations, restaurants and even new careers.
Brainstorming certainly looks like a great way of dealing with some of the
problems associated with decision-making and creativity in groups, such as (…)”
Link: http://www.spring.org.uk/2009/08/brainstorming-reloaded.php
7. Copy blogger – Brainstorming

“Brainstorming is one of the most powerful creative techniques ever devised.
When used properly, it can produce more and better ideas than any other process.
It’s based on the concept that two heads (or three, or four, or more) are better than
one. (…) But brainstorming is not about executing ideas. It’s simply about coming
up with ideas. And it is almost always more productive as a group activity. The
result of a brainstorming session should be a long list of potential ideas which you
can evaluate at a later time, acting only on the best (…)”
Link: http://www.copyblogger.com/brainstorming-for-bloggers/
8. Essortment – Brainstorming
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“Brainstorming is a powerful tool used by teams and businesses around the world.
Many business teachers and seminar leaders are teaching using brainstorming
techniques. The following are some activities that either trainers or teachers can
use to help lead their participants in more productive brainstorming sessions.(…)
it is an activity in which all members of a group (whether it be a work team,
classroom, committee, etc.) contribute to a list of problems to be solved or
solutions to a problem. Brainstorming helps get a lot of (…)”
Link: http://www.essortment.com/all/brainstormingt_rviq.htm
9. Project.edtech – Brainstorming
“Most problems are not solved automatically by the first idea that comes to mind.
To get to the best solution it is important to consider many possible solutions. One
of the best ways to do this is called brainstorming. Brainstorming is the act of
defining a problem or idea and coming up anything related to the topic - no matter
how remote a suggestion may sound. All of these ideas are recorded and evaluated
only after the brainstorming is completed (…)”
Link: http://projects.edtech.sandi.net/
staffdev/tpss99/processguides/brainstorming.html
Delphi Method
1. Wikipedia – Delphi Method
“The Delphi method is a systematic, interactive forecasting method which relies on
a panel of experts. The experts answer questionnaires in two or more rounds.
After each round, a facilitator provides an anonymous summary of the experts’
forecasts from the previous round as well as the reasons they provided for their
judgments. Thus, experts are encouraged to revise their earlier answers in light of
the replies of other members of their panel. It is believed that during this process
the range of the answers will decrease and the group will (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_method
2. Eagleforum – Delphi Method

“The Delphi Technique and consensus building are both founded in the same
principle - the Hegelian dialectic of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, with synthesis
becoming the new thesis. The goal is a continual evolution to "oneness of mind"
(consensus means solidarity of belief) -the collective mind, the wholistic society,
the wholistic earth, etc. In thesis and antithesis, opinions or views are presented
on a subject to establish views and opposing views. In synthesis, opposites are
brought together to form the new thesis (…)”
Link: http://www.eagleforum.org/educate/1998/nov98/focus.html
3. Seanet – Delphi Method
75
“The Delphi Technique was originally conceived as a way to obtain the opinion of
experts without necessarily bringing them together face to face. In Educating for
the New World Order by Bev Eakman, the reader finds reference upon reference
for the need to preserve the illusion that there is "Lay, or community, participation
in the decision-making process), while in fact lay citizens are being squeezed out."
A specialized use of this technique was developed for teachers, the "Alinsky
Method" (ibid., p. 123). The setting or group is, however, immaterial the point is
that people in groups tend to share a certain knowledge base and display certain
identifiable characteristics (…)”
Link: http://www.seanet.com/~barkonwd/school/DELPHI.HTM
4. Michigan State University – Delphi Method

“The Delphi technique is another way of obtaining group input for ideas and
problem-solving. Unlike the nominal group process, the Delphi does not require
face-to-face participation. It uses a series of carefully designed questionnaires
interspersed with information summaries and feedback from preceding responses.
Feedback from preceding responses: (…)”
Link: http://web1.msue.msu.edu/msue/imp/modii/iii00006.html
5. Mind-Tools – Delphi Method

“It's a common observation to say that when you get three experts together, you'll
often end up with four different opinions. This is particularly the case in areas
(such as resource allocation and forecasting) where the conclusion reached
depends on a number of subjective assessments. Arguments can quickly become
passionate, and disagreement can often become intensely personal and bitter (…)”
6. Articlealley – Delphi Method

“The Delphi technique is a group process used to survey and collect the opinions of
experts on a particular subject. Linstone and Turoff (1975) provided a basic
definition of the Delphi technique: "Delphi may be characterized as a method for
structuring a group communication process so that the process is effective in
allowing a group of individuals, as a whole, to deal with a complex problem". It has
application whenever policies, plans, or ideas have to be based on informed
judgment. This technique is useful where the opinions and judgments of experts
and practitioners are needed but time, (…)”
Link: http://www.articlealley.com/article_112396_22.html
7. Project Management Knowledge – Delphi Method
“The Delphi Technique is an essential project management technique that refers to
an information gathering technique in which the opinions of those whose opinions
are most valuable, traditionally industry experts, is solicited, with the ultimate
hope and goal of attaining a consensus. Typically, the polling of these industry
experts is done on an anonymous (…)”
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Link: http://www.project-management-knowledge.com/definitions/d/delphi-
technique/
8. Iyte – Delphi Method

“The objective of most Delphi applications is the reliable and creative exploration
of ideas or the production of suitable information for decision making. The Delphi
Method is based on a structured process for collecting and distilling knowledge
from a group of experts by means of a series of questionnaires interspersed with
controlled opinion feedback (Adler and Ziglio, 1996). According to Helmer (1977)
Delphi represents a useful communication device among a group of experts and
thus facilitates the formation of a group judgement. Wissema (1982) underlines
the importance of the Delphi Method as a monovariable exploration technique for
technology forecasting (…)”
Link: http://web.iyte.edu.tr/~muratgunaydin/delphi.htm
9. Epress – Delphi Method

“The Delphi technique is ‘a method for structuring a group communication process
so that the process is effective in allowing a group of individuals, as a whole, to
deal with a complex problem’ (Linstone and Turoff 1975:3). Furthermore, it is ‘a
method for the systematic solicitation and collation of judgments on a particular
topic through a set of carefully designed sequential questionnaires interspersed
with summarized information and feedback of opinions derived from earlier
responses’ (Delbecq et al. 1975:10). It is used most frequently to integrate the
judgments of a group of experts. A key feature of this technique, however, is that
the respondents do not meet and their responses may be (…)”
Link: http://epress.anu.edu.au/dialogue_methods/mobile_devices/ch03s04.html
Root Cause Analysis
1. Process Nasa – Root Cause Analysis

Root Cause Analysis is a method that is used to address a problem or non-
conformance, in order to get to the “root cause” of the problem. It is used so we can
correct or eliminate the cause, and prevent the problem from recurring.
Traditional applications of Root Cause Analysis
- Resolution of customer complaints and returns.

- Disposition of non-conforming material (Scrap and Repair) via the Material review
process.
- (…)
Link: http://process.nasa.gov/documents/RootCauseAnalysis.pdf
2. Iowa University – Root Cause Analysis
“All organizations have problems that plague their operations, reduce profits, and
create customer dissatisfaction. Most organizations try to fix these problems
quickly without ever finding what caused them in the first place, making the
problems reappear. Root cause analysis is the process of finding and eliminating
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the cause, which would prevent the problem from returning. Only when the root
cause is identified and eliminated can the problem be solved. There are many less
structured problem identification methods; however (…)”
Link: http://www.ciras.iastate.edu/quality/rootcauseanalysis.asp
3. RootCause – Root Cause Analysis
“An important element in the definition is the word procedure. People in all fields
within an organization routinely seek to solve their problems to overcome the day-
to-day obstacles to their goals. All members of an organization are, in a sense,
problem solvers. When we experience problems in our operations, whether they
be injuries, interruptions, obstacles, errors, or counter-quality occurrences, we are
all looking for their “root causes” – those causes which we can remove from the
picture, and by doing so, prevent the problem from occurring again. Root cause
analysis is a “standard operating procedure,” a formal process for discovering
these “root causes,” and thus (…)”
Link: http://www.rootcause.com/WhatIsRCADetail.htm
4. Safetyandquality – Root Cause Analysis
“Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is a method of ‘drilling down’ to investigate adverse

events in order to assist in the identification of health system flaws that may not be
immediately apparent at initial review. It is a technique developed by the US
Veteran’s Health Administration (US-VHA) for the identification of contributing
system factors in (…)”
Link: http://www.safetyandquality.sa.gov.au/Default.aspx?tabid=72
5. Rootcauseanalysis – Root Cause Analysis
“Root Cause Analysis is a very powerful tool to determine root causes.

Unfortunately much of the training currently being offered is prescriptive and
neglects the many complexities and hidden subtleties in the use of the various root
cause analysis techniques, in developing a solid data base and in the use of good
scientific method during the investigative process. As a result basic concepts are
not well understood and many analysts are not fully prepared to deal with real
world industrial or medical problems. In most cases without a firm background
and advanced "HANDS ON" problem solving training your results are likely to be
less tan (…)”
Link: http://www.rootcauseanalysis.com/
6. Shmula – Root Cause Analysis
“This, more rigorous and long-lasting, approach to solving problems is called Root
Cause Analysis. There are several tools that can aid in the process of Root Cause
78
Analysis. One common tool developed by Toyota is called “5-why’s”. Basically, it is

a simple approach of asking “why” several times until you arrive at an atomic but
actionable item. To visually view the process of the “5-why’s”, a tool called an
(Ishikawa Diagram) or a (Cause-and-Effect Diagram) or a (Fishbone Diagram) is
often helpful — this tool is referred by either of these (…)”
Link: http://www.shmula.com/172/root-cause-analysis
7. Wikipedia – Root Cause Analysis
“A root cause is an initiating cause of a causal chain which leads to an outcome or

effect of interest. Commonly, root cause is use to describe the depth in the causal
chain where an intervention could reasonably be implemented to change
performance and prevent an undesirable outcome. The term root cause has been
used in professional journals as early as 1905, but the lack of a widely accepted
definition after all this time indicates that there are significantly different
interpretations of exactly what (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cause
Influence Diagrams
1. Wikipedia – Influence Diagrams
“An influence diagram (ID) (also called a decision diagram or a decision network)
is a compact graphical and mathematical representation of a decision situation. It
is a generalization of a Bayesian network, in which not only probabilistic inference
problems but also decision making problems (following maximum expected utility
criterion) can be modeled and solved. ID was first developed in mid-1970s within
the decision analysis community with an intuitive semantic that is easy to
understand. It is now adopted widely and becoming an alternative to decision tree
which typically suffers from exponential growth in number of branches with each
variable modeled (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_diagram
2. Lumina – Influence Diagrams
“This simple influence diagram shows how decisions about the marketing budget
and product price influence expectations about its uncertain market size and
market share. These, in turn, influence costs and revenues, which affect the overall
profit. The product manager, VP of marketing, and market analyst may work
together to draw such a diagram to develop a shared understanding of the key
issues. The diagram provides a high-level qualitative view under which the analyst
builds a detailed quantitative model (…)”
Link: http://www.lumina.com/software/influencediagrams.html
3. Accessmylibrary – Influence Diagrams
79
“We consider the representation and evaluation of team decision making under
uncertainty using influence diagrams. We assume that all team members agree on
common beliefs and preferences, but complete sharing of information is generally
impossible. As a result, the team can be represented as a single rational individual
with imperfect recall, and the optimal solution with perfect recall might not be
achievable, except in special cases we can recognize. An alternative solution
concept is a stable solution that integrates the notion of optimality with that of
equilibrium from game theory. We extend this concept from individual decisions
to sets of decisions, and introduce the Strategy Improvement and its variation (…)”
Link: http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-161023247/influence-
diagrams-team-decision.html
4. Citeulike – Influence Diagrams

“Influence diagrams have been important models for decision problems because of
their ability to both model a problem rigorously at its mathematical level and
depict its high-level structure graphically. Once the structure and numerical details
of an influence diagram have been specified, it can be evaluated to determine the
optimal decision policy. However, when evaluating multiple objectives, in the past
this determination was based on the assumption that utility functions that
commensurate the objectives are available. This paper extends the structure and
solution algorithm for influence diagrams to allow for the inclusion of (…)”
Link: http://www.citeulike.org/group/2050/article/2925072
SWOT Analysis
1. Wikipedia – SWOT Analysis
“SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business
venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and
identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to
achieving that objective. The technique is credited to Albert Humphrey, who led a
convention at Stanford University in the 1960s and 1970s using data from Fortune
500 companies. A SWOT analysis must first start with defining a desired end state
or objective. A SWOT analysis may be incorporated into the (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis
2. Marketing Teacher – SWOT Analysis

“SWOT analysis is a tool for auditing an organization and its environment. It is the
first stage of planning and helps marketers to focus on key issues. SWOT stands
for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths and weaknesses
are internal factors. Opportunities and threats are external factors (…)”
Link: http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_swot.htm
3. Quickmba – SWOT Analysis
80
“A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the

strategic planning process. Environmental factors internal to the firm usually can
be classified as strengths (S) or weaknesses (W), and those external to the firm can
be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). Such an analysis of the strategic
environment is referred to as a SWOT analysis (…)”
Link: http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/swot/
4. Mindtools – SWOT Analysis

“SWOT Analysis is a powerful technique for understanding your Strengths and
Weaknesses, and for looking at the Opportunities and Threats you face. Used in a
business context, it helps you carve a sustainable niche in your market. Used in a
personal context, it helps you develop your career in a way that takes best
advantage of your talents, abilities and opportunities (…)”
5. Rapidbi – SWOT Analysis

“Is a planning tool used to understand the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities,
and Threats involved in a project or in a business. It involves specifying the
objective of the business or project and identifying the internal and external
factors that are supportive or unfavourable to achieving that objective. SWOT is
often used as part of a strategic planning process. (…) There are several ways of
graphically representing the this on an analysis matrix or grid. Several versions are
shown on this page - use the one which is best suited to your application and
preferred style (…)”
Link: http://rapidbi.com/created/SWOTanalysis.html
6. Answers – SWOT Analysis

“A tool that identifies the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of an
organization. Specifically, SWOT is a basic, straightforward model that assesses
what an organization can and cannot do as well as its potential opportunities and
threats. The method of SWOT analysis is to take the information from an
environmental analysis and separate it into internal (strengths and weaknesses)
and external issues (opportunities and threats). Once this is completed, SWOT
analysis determines what may assist the firm in accomplishing its objectives (…)”
Link: http://www.answers.com/topic/swot-analysis
7. 100ventures – SWOT Analysis

“SWOT Analysis is the Key Component of Strategic Development. It can prompt
actions and responses. Successful businesses build on their strengths, correct
their weaknesses and protect against internal vulnerabilities and external threats.
They also keep an eye on their overall business environment and spot and exploit
new opportunities faster than competitors. SWOT analysis is a tool that helps
many businesses in this process. SWOT analysis is based on the assumption that if
managers can carefully review such strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and
81
threats, a useful strategy for ensuring organizational success will become evident
to them (…)”
Link: http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/
Nota: Agregar al final de la UR:

crosscuttings/swot_analysis.html
8. Articles.bplans – SWOT Analysis

“(…) the SWOT analysis begins by conducting an inventory of internal strengths
and weaknesses in your organization. You will then note the external
opportunities and threats that may affect the organization, based on your market
and the overall environment. Don’t be concerned about elaborating on these
topics at this stage; bullet points may be the best way to begin. Capture the factors
you believe are relevant in each of the four areas. You will want to review what
you have noted here as you work through your marketing plan. The primary
purpose of the SWOT analysis is to identify and assign (…)”
Link: http://articles.bplans.com/business/how-to-perform-swot-analysis/116
9. Gender SWOT Analysis – SWOT Analysis

“Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis can be a
useful tool in the assessment of the gender dimension of development
programmes. In March 2001, IFAD organized a workshop for the Fund’s project
and programme coordinators in Malawi, Namibia and Zimbabwe. During this
workshop, a SWOT exercise was conducted with the participants in order to
identify the gender strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats within
several ongoing IFAD-supported projects in these countries (…)”
Link: http://www.ifad.org/gender/tools/gender/swot.htm
Interviewing Technique
1. TechRepublic – Interviewing Technique

“There are many ways to gather requirements. Interviewing – where you talk to
the people who will define the new solution to determine what they need – is
probably the default technique for most projects. Interviewing can be an easy
process if the person you’re talking to is organized and logical in their thought
process. Since that’s not always the case, however, you have to have employ good
interviewing techniques in order to start and guide the interview (…)”
Link: http://blogs.techrepublic.com.com/tech-manager/?p=434
2. Nytimes – Interviewing Technique
82
“Interviewing is almost certainly the most important way that reporters get the
information that forms the basis of their articles. Like playing the piano or
guessing well on multiple-choice exams, some people seem to have a gift for it,
while others do not. Yet for all these activities, there are basic principles to learn,
and those who spend the time learning them will be better than those who do not.
Being a brilliant interviewer may be an art form; being a competent one is not (…)”
Link: http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/specials/weblines/461.html
Expected Monetary Value

1. Vanguardws – Expected Monetary Value Analysis
“If you could somehow determine precisely what would happen as a result of
choosing each option in a decision, making business decisions would be easy. You
could simply calculate the value of each competing option and select the one with
the highest value. In the real world, decisions are not quite this simple. However,
the process of decision-making still requires choosing the most valuable option--
most valuable being, in this case, the option that has the highest Expected Monetary
Value (EMV), a measure of probabilistic value (…)”
Link: http://www.vanguardsw.com/DpHelp4/dph00076.htm
2. Project-Management-Knowledge – Expected Monetary Value Analysis

“The phrase expected monetary value analysis refers to a specific analytical
technique in which a calculation is made to determine the average of all potential
outcomes when the future includes a number of particular scenarios that may or
may not ultimately happen. These scenarios can all be interpreted as potential
happening individually, or they may happen in varying multitudes. One common
utilization of this technique (…)”
Link: http://www.project-management-knowledge.com/definitions/e/expected-
monetary-value-analysis/
3. Brighthub – Expected Monetary Value Analysis

“After conducting a Qualitative Risk Analysis, you’ll have a list of risks with a
priority and urgency assigned. By using EMV, you can quantify each risk to
determine whether your qualitative analysis is backed by numbers. EMV is a
recommended tool and technique for Quantitative Risk Analysis. For the PMP
exam, you need to know how to calculate the EMV (…)”
4. Wordpress – Expected Monetary Value Analysis

“The expected value result can either be added to the costs of the project or
subtracted from the project’s profit. The project profit or cost is usually referred to
as the baseline. The baseline is the initial approved cost or profit structure for the
83
project. (…) Remember, risk increases the cost and decreases the profit; and
opportunity increases the profit and decreases the cost. Risks are bad things that
may (often do) happen to us on projects, sometimes (…)”
Link: http://certifedpmp.wordpress.com/2008/09/17/estimated-monetary-
value-for-risk-management/
5. Exforsys – Expected Monetary Value Analysis
“(…)To create the EMV, there are two things you will need, and this is the impact
that the risk will have if it manifests itself, and the chances that the risk will
manifest itself. For the risk impact, you can simply break it down into the cost for
the total impact, as well as the effect it will have on the schedule. However, at the
same time, you will want to take the time to think about the budget for risk
contingency. If you use this technique for every risk you face, then it is (…)”
Link: http://www.exforsys.com/career-center/risk-management/how-to-use-
expected-monetary-value-emv.html
6. Tapuniversity – Expected Monetary Value Analysis

“When dealing with risk, probabilities of different scenarios and the associated
financial loss or gain can be calculated mathematically. An example of analyzing
Expected Monetary Values is the decision tree, which is part of the PMBOK®’s
Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis process. This can be applied to wide variety of
project situations. For example (…)”
Link:
http://blog.tapuniversity.com/2009/09/29/expected-monetary-value/
Montecarlo Technique
1. Wikipedia – Montecarlo Technique
“Monte Carlo methods are a class of computational algorithms that rely on

repeated random sampling to compute their results. Monte Carlo methods are
often used in simulating physical and mathematical systems. Because of their
reliance on repeated computation of random or pseudo-random numbers, these
methods are most suited to calculation by a computer and tend to be used when it
is unfeasible or impossible to compute an exact result with a deterministic
algorithm. Monte Carlo simulation methods are especially useful in studying
systems with a large number of coupled degrees of freedom, such as fluids,
disordered materials, strongly coupled solids, and cellular structures (see cellular
Potts model). More broadly, Monte Carlo methods are useful (…)”
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method
2. Chem – Montecarlo Technique

“The expression "Monte Carlo method" is actually very general. Monte Carlo (MC)
methods are stochastic techniques--meaning they are based on the use of random
numbers and probability statistics to investigate problems. (…) The use of MC
methods to model physical problems allows us to examine more complex systems
84
than we otherwise can. Solving equations which describe the interactions between
two atoms is fairly simple; solving the same equations for hundreds or thousands
of atoms is impossible. With MC methods, a large system can be sampled in a
number of random configurations, and that data can be used to describe the
system as a whole (…)”
Link: http://www.chem.unl.edu/zeng/joy/mclab/mcintro.html
3. Pdg – Montecarlo Technique: PDF article

“Monte Carlo techniques are often the only practical way to evaluate difficult
integrals or to sample random variables governed by complicated probability
density functions. Here we describe an assortment of methods for sampling some
commonly occurring probability density functions (…)”
Link: http://pdg.lbl.gov/2007/reviews/monterpp.pdf
4. TechRepublic – Montecarlo Technique
“In project management, the technique can be used to model the project cost, or it
can be applied to certain project risks that you’ve identified. The more common
use is in the creation of the project schedule and the determination of the project
end date. When you put together your project schedule, you typically create a
series of tasks and an estimated duration for each task. When you’re finished, you
look at the resulting timeline to see the estimated end date (…)”
5. Riskamp – Montecarlo Technique
“Monte Carlo simulation, or probability simulation, is a technique used to

understand the impact of risk and uncertainty in financial, project management,
cost, and other forecasting models. When you develop a forecasting model – any
model that plans ahead for the future – you make certain assumptions. These
might be assumptions about the investment return on a portfolio, the cost of a
construction project, or how long it will take to complete a certain task. Because
these are projections into the future, the best you can do is estimate the expected
value (…)”
Link: http://www.riskamp.com/files/RiskAMP%20-
%20Monte%20Carlo%20Simulation.pdf
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GESTIÓN DEL ABASTECIMINETO
Project Procurement Management

1. TechRepublic – Project Procurement Management
“Procurement refers to the aspects of project management related to obtaining

goods and services from outside companies. It does not refer to other internal
organizations within your own company. (For the purposes of this discussion,
purchasing and procurement are equivalent terms.) While procurement is an area
into which a project manager will give input, in many, and perhaps most
companies, it's an area that the project manager doesn't own. The project manager
usually does not have the authority to enter into contracts on behalf of the
company, and he is usually not asked to administer the contracts once they're in
place. But it's still an area you need to know about (…)”
2. Aspalliance – Project Procurement Management

“The management of processes of purchasing or acquiring the products, services,
or results needed from outside the project team to perform the work is defined as
project procurement management.
o Plan Purchases and Acquisitions
o Plan Contracting
o Request Seller Responses
o Contract Administration
o (…)”
Link:
http://aspalliance.com/1149_Understanding_Project_Procurement_Management.1
3. Hyperthot – Project Procurement Management: Descriptive Chart

“The following table emphasizes acquisition management and contract
administration as methods for reducing project cost, schedule, and quality risks.
(…)”
4. ProjectSmart – Project Procurement Management

“Projects typically need stuff: servers, software, subject matter experts, pizza, etc.
And to buy all this stuff, you need to go through procurement processes. That's just
a fancy way of saying you need to follow some rules and procedures within your
organisation to get the things you need to complete your project. Well, duh. In
some organisations where I've consulted, the project managers can spend carte
86
blanche up to $10,000 on any purchases they need. In other, less fun organisations,
the project managers can't buy a soda pop without an accountant's permission
(…)”
Link: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/real-world-project-management-
procurement-management.html
5. Purchasing – Project Procurement Management

“To some purchasing executives, it seems like just yesterday when procurement
tended to work in a functional silo, independent of what was going on in other
parts of the company. "[Procurement in those days] tended to be a backroom
function that took orders from departments and placed them with suppliers,"
recalls James Kiser, vice president of operations for ADR North America in Ann
Arbor, Mich. But today procurement's role is much more cross-functional and
involves working with various parts of the enterprise in a much more project-
based strategy. Goals are established, teams are set up and results (…)”
Link: http://www.purchasing.com/article/212403-
Project_management_strategies_for_procurement.php
6. AntiClue – Project Procurement Management

“Project Procurement Management involves engaging in a systematic process to
purchase or acquire the needed products, services, or results from an outside
source which will perform the work. Procure Management encompasses contract
management and control processes necessary to administer contracts or purchase
orders. It also includes processes which assist in administering a contract to assure
the buyer/seller relationships are properly managed. The procurement
management processes are: (…)”
7. Wisegeek – Project Procurement Management

“Project procurement involves a systematic process of identifying and procuring,
through purchase or acquisition, necessary project services, goods, or results from
outside vendors who will carry out the work. It is usually a function of the project
manager; however, some organizations choose to select a person other than the
project manager to handle these duties. There are six processes widely recognized
by the project management industry as integral to project procurement
management (…)”
Link: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-project-procurement.htm
8. Project Management Knowledge – Project Procurement Management

“Project Procurement Management is part of the project management process in
which products or services are acquired or purchased from outside the existing
employee base (which would work on the project) in order to complete the task or
project. There are essentially two different types of procurements, one in which
the company is responsible for the particular product or service under a legal
87
contract, this PPM includes contract management responsibilities that issue

specific tasks to various team members. (…)”
procurement-management/
Procurement Types of Contract
1. Wisegeek – Procurement Types of Contract

A procurement contract is an agreement in which a buyer agrees to acquire goods
or services from a seller in exchange for consideration. Most procurement
contracts are written agreements that specify each party’s obligations in relation
to the transaction. Generally, a procurement contract includes business provisions,
detailed price lists, payment information, and other legal terms and conditions
applicable to the transaction.
Link: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-procurement-contract.htm
Teaming Agreements
1. EHow – Teaming Agreements
“A teaming agreement is an arrangement between separate business entities to
come together as a group in order to perform the duties associated with a
particular project. This process usually begins shortly after an agency announces
an invitation to bid. Each team member then has a specific set of responsibilities
relating to the bidding process and, upon award, will perform a predefined portion
of the project. In a teaming agreement, one member of the team always acts as the
prime contractor for the project, while the remaining team members are
subcontractors (…)”
Link: http://www.ehow.com/facts_5877037_definition-teaming-agreement.html
Procurement Statement of Work

1. Dgs – Procurement Statement of Work
“Determining the need for a SOW : A department must include a statement of work
for all services transactions and for goods transactions when appropriate. A
statement of work protects the State and the contractor by identifying and
documenting the details of the work to be performed. What to include in a SOW? A
statement of work is unique to each purchase document, but usually consists of
some or all of the following: (…)”
Link: http://www.pd.dgs.ca.gov/modellang/StatementOfWork.htm
88

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1. Project Management Knowledge – Project Integration Management:

2. AntiClue – Project Integration Management:

3. YANCY – Project Integration Management:

4. Aditya, PMP – Project Integration Management:

“One of the major & important roles performed by Project Manager is to

5. e-ProjectCoach – Project Integration Management:

“The Project Integration Management Knowledge Area includes the

the Project Management Process Groups. In the project management context,

6. hyperthot – Project Integration Management:

“The following table addresses vital aspects of project initiation and

7. Docstoc – Project Integration Management:

“This article says (trough slides):

8. Business Dream - Project Integration Management:

“Integration is primarily concerned with effectively integrating the processes

9. THE.PROJECT.MANAGEMENT.HUT – Project Integration Management:

"Integration is concerned with effectively integrating the various project

us to do is “Change”, be it projects or operations. The project integration is an effort

10. Project Management Mobi – Project Integration Management:

11. Project Auditors LCC – Project Integration Management:

12. It World 2 – Project Integration Management:

“Unification, Consolidation, articulation and interactive actions that are

13. PMP Certification Portal – Project Integration Management:

“Because there are several questions about management by project integration

1. Max’s Issacons – Stakeholders Management:

2. Coaching Business to Success – Stakeholders Management:

“Stakeholder Management is so often overlooked. And then someone

3. PMP Project Smart – Stakeholders Management:

“Running a successful project requires a high degree of stakeholder

4. Bright Hub – Stakeholders Management:

5. PriceWaterHouseCoopers – Stakeholders Management:

“Managing stakeholders well in difficult times is crucial to executing a

6. PM War Stories – Stakeholders Management:

7. JISC INFO – Stakeholders Management:

8. Improvementandinnovation – Stakeholders Management:

“There are many different stakeholders whose requirements must be

9. UnArchive Articles – Stakeholders Management:

“(…) So how do you manage unruly stakeholders?

10. Enzine Articles – Stakeholders Management:

11. Triplepundit – Stakeholders Management:

“The concepts behind stakeholder management seem to be so obvious, yet

12. Docstoc – Stakeholders Management:

13. ND8 Development – Stakeholders Management:

14. Themanager.org – Stakeholders Management: The Concept of Stakeholder

15. Changedrivers – Stakeholders Management:

16. ManageThatProject – Stakeholders Management:

1. SearchCIO-Midmarket – Configuration Management:

“Configuration management (CM) is the detailed recording and updating of

Nota: Agregar al final de la URL:

2. Wikipedia – Configuration Management:

“Configuration management (CM) is a field of management that focuses on

3. Gennio.com – Configuration Management:

4. InformIT – Configuration Management:

5. Oracle – Configuration Management:

“This paper examines configuration management and demonstrates specific

6. ITSM Watch – Configuration Management:

“The IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL) describes configuration management as

7. Datamation – Configuration Management:

8. EMBEDDED – Configuration Management:

9. Codesecurely – Configuration Management:

“Creating a threat model and performing security code reviews play a

Nota: Agregar al final de la URL:

1. Wikipedia – Business Case: