Fdstftutm thadm`ñbfam deafmde` nh Oæxfam.

Fdstftutm thadm`ñbfam nh ^fluede.

Aerrhre<
Fdbhdfhrïe H`hatrmohaådfae.

Oethrfe<

Amrrfhdth E`thrde.
 Edå`fsfs nh Afrauftms nh Amrrfhdth

Aethnråtfam<

Fdb. Zïatmr Oeduh` Jrefrh.

Qhbudne y ^hrahre Xdfnen.

^reielm< Aepftu`m #52 

^fluede Iele Ae`fjmrdfe Oæxfam, 78 nh Eirf` nh 9756.

 

Wrmi`hoe #52- 9 rhsuh`tm pmr @ere Berafe Buf``hrom Exah`.

9. ½Auå` hs `e pmthdafe rhe`= ½Auå` hs `e pmthdafe rheatfve= ½Uuæ pmthdafe,

rhe` m rheatfve, tfhdh ud ve`mr prmohnfm nh ahrm=

Yh?(Y5)(Y9)/Y5+Y9 , Yh?:.::

W? F9 / Y K  W?5875R

A? Q ? W / J.W , A ?5875/7.6? 5::3.11 ZE

I9? ∜ (A
(A9-E9) , I ? U ?293.93 ZEY
 

Wrmi`hoe #52- 1 rhsuh`tm pmr Amrrhe Aeopeõe Ey`fd Zfedh``y.

Hd `e jfb. 52-15 sh ouhstre ud per nh h`hohdtms h`æatrfams nh ae`hjeaafñd

• Nht
Nhthro
hrofdh
fdh `e p
pmth
mthdaf
dafe
e ea
eatfv
tfve
e y rrhea
heatfv
tfve
e nh aen
aene
e ud
udm.
m.

• Nhth
Nhthrofdh
rofdh `e ¾¾pmthd
pmthdafe
afe eatfv
eatfve
e y rheat
rheatfve
fve suofd
suofdfstren
fstrene
eppmr
mr ``e
e ju
juhdth
hdth..

Z? (Y5)( F5)

F5?Z/Y5 

F5?577Z/57 Φ

F5? 57E

W5? (Y5)( F5)9 

W5? (57Φ)(57E)9

W5? (57Φ)(577E)

W5? 5777 R

U5? 7 ZEY
 

F9?Z/Y9 

F9?577Z/97 Φ

F9? 8E

9
9 9 9
W ? (Y )( F )  
W9? (97Φ)(8E)9

W9? (97Φ)(98E)

W9? 877 R

U9? 7 ZEY

W^? W5 +W9

W^? 5777 R + 877 R

W^? 5877 R

U^? U5+U9

U^? 7 ZEY + 7 ZEY

U^? 7 ZEY
 

Wrmi`hoe #52- > rhsuh`tm pmr Butfhrrhz Qm`ïs Oertce Lequh`fd.

Düohrm nh amdtrm`< 5:957999

52->. Were h` afrauftm omstrenm hd `e jfbure nhthrofdh `e pmthdafe eatfve y

rheatfve nh` fdnuatmr.

Were pm
Were pmnh
nhrr se
seae
aerr `e pmth
pmthda
dafe
fe eatf
eatfve
ve hs dhdhah
ahse
serf
rfm
m
seihr aue` hs `e amrrfhdth quh hstå etrevhsednm duhstrm afrauftm hs pmr `m quh
prfohrm useoms `e jmrou`e (F?Z/S@) ude vhz mithdfnm h` rhsu`tenm shbufoms
amd `e pmthdafe (W?ZF), te` amom sh vh hs dhahserfm mithdhr prfohrm `e amrrfhdth
pere pmnhr user `e jñrou`e nh `e pmthdafe. Qfd hoierbm, nhifnm e quh hs ud
afrauftm pureohdth fdnuatfvm hsth dm auhdte amd pmthdafe eatfve.

HAXEAFMD E QXQ^F^XAFMD NH @E YHQX@^ENM

X^F@F\EY HAXEAFMD
F? Z/S@ F? (577 v)/(3 K) F? 59.8 E
U? ZF U? (577 v)(59.8 E ) U?5987 ZEY (fdn)
W? 7w 7w
 

Wmr mtrm `enm, pmnrïeoms nhafr quh h` afrauftm hste hd etresm nhifnm e quh hs
oeymrohdth fdnuatfve (`e amrrfhdth sh etrese 67  rhsphatm e` vm`telh).
◪

Wrmi`hoe #52 - 8 rhsuh`tm pmr Aesteõhne Whbuhrm Lmdetced H`my.

8.- Qf h` fdnuatmr nh `e jfbure 52-19 sh rhhop`eze amd ud aepeaftmr nh >7 ΰJ y `e

jrhauhdafe nh `e juhdth hs :7 Cz, ½auådtm ve`h UA=

  -

Sa ? 5/9χj 
5/9χj a ? 5/9(:7)(>x57T-:) ? ::.15> K
::.15>

Ua ? v¹/Sa ? (577)¹/::.15> ? 585 ZEY (Aep)

 

Wrmi`hoe #52- : rhsuh`tm pmr Jh`fx J`mrhs Ker`e Ofach`.

:. Hdauhdtrh Y y S@ pere `e jfbure 52-11.

W? F¹²Y

Y? W/ F¹

Y? (:98)/(59.8) ¹

Y? > K

U^? 9877

U^? F¹²S@
 

S@?U^/F¹ 
S@?U^/F¹ 

 S@? (9877)/(59.8) ¹ 

 S@? 5:l

 S@? 5:067·

Wrmi`hoe #52- 2 rhsuh`tm pmr Yeofrhz Eirhbm Edtcmdy E`hxednhr.

 
Hlhrafafm 52-2
Were h` afrauftm nh `e jfbure 52-1>, j?577Cz. Hdauhdtrh<
e) Y i) Sa a) A

 
9
Y?W/ F   } Y ? 987/98 ? 57Φ
Sa?U/F9  Sa ? 587/98 ? :Φ0-
67·
A?5/(9χ)(j)(Sa)
  A? 5 / (9χ)(577)(:) ? 9:8.98¸Jerenfms

Were rhsm`vhr hsth afrauftm sh utf`fzermd `es jmrou`es pere pmthdafe eatfve y
rheatfve y sh nhsphlm `e rhsfsthdafe y `e rheatedafe aepeaftfve nhspuhs ye ude

vhz mithdfne `e rheatedafe aepeaftfve sh utf`fzm `e jmrou`e pere nhthrofder `e

aepeaftedafe hd h` sfsthoe.
 

Wrmi`hoe #52- 3 rhsuh`tm pmr Chrdådnhz Mrtfz Ådbh`.

 
3. Were h` afrauftm nh `e jfbure 52-18, j ? 57Cz. Hdauhdtrh

e. W i. S@ a. @

• W ? >87 RE^^Q
W ? Z¹ / Y ? (:7¹) / (3) ? >87 RE^^Q

AMOWYMIEAFMD

Y ? Z¹ / W ? (:7¹) / (>87) ? 3 Φ

• S@ ? 67
67 Φ
U ? Z¹ / S@

>7 ZEY ? (:7¹) / S@

S@ ? (:7¹) / >7 ? 67 Φ

AMOWYMIEAFMD

U ? Z¹ / S@ ? (:7¹) / 67 ? >7 Φ

• @ ? 5.>191 C
S@ ? 9χ
9χ (j) @

67 Φ ? 9χ (57C\) @
 

@ ? (67) / 9χ (57) ? 5.>191 C

AMOWYMIEAFMD

S@ ? 9χ (j) @

S@ ? 9χ (57) (5.>191) ? 36.66 Φ

Wrmi`hoe #52-
#52- 6 rhsuh`tm pmr
pmr Yfves Ymles Ymbh`fm.
Ymbh`fm.
Wrmi`hoe 52-6

W ? F¹ x Y ∾  F¹ ? (1:7R) (>7Φ)
?5>,>77 E

Sa? F¹ ∾  5>,>77 E ? 17 Φ
  U >37ZEY
 

Wrmi`hoe #52- 57 rhsuh`tm pmr Aestrm Oeacenm Vm`edne Vezofd.

57. Were `e jfbure 52-12, SA ? >9.8 Φ. Hdauhdtrh Y, W y U.

Jfbure 52-12

• Qust
Qustftuaf
ftuafñd
ñd n
nh
h ve
ve`mrhs
`mrhs rhqu
rhquhrfnm
hrfnms
s hd `e jjñrou`e
ñrou`e nh ``e
e pm
pmthda
thdafe
fe rh
rheatfv
eatfve
e

U ? Z9 / SA ? (38)9 Z / >9.8 Φ ? 527 ZEY (aepeaftfvms)

• Mit
Mithda
hdafñd
fñd n
nh
h pmt
pmthda
hdafe
fe ea
eatfv
tfve
e ohn
ohnfed
fedth
th h` th
thmrh
mrhoe
oe nh W
Wftå
ftåbmr
bmres
es

W ? ∜ ((Q
Q9 ‑ U9) ? ∜ (137.5
(137.59 ‑ 5279) ? 116.6: R

• Nh
Nhsp
sphl
hleo
eoms
ms `e jñ
jñro
rou`
u`e
e nh pmt
pmthd
hdaf
afee ea
eatf
tfve
ve per
pere
e hd
hdam
amdt
dtre
rerr `e fda
fdañb
ñbdf
dfte
te
rhquhrfne, quh hd hsth aesm hs `e rhsfsthdafe.
r hsfsthdafe. Qustftufoms ve`mrhs

W ? Z9 / Y

WY ? Z9

Y ? Z9 / W

• Qustftu
ftufoms ve
ve``mrhs

Y ? (38)9 Z / 116.6: R ? 95.98 Φ

Wrmi`hoe #52- 55 rhsuh`tm pmr Aeopme Dhverhz Yuihd Hsthied.

 

52-55.
52-55. Hd
Hdau
auhd
hdtr
trh
h `e pm
pmth
thda
dafe
fe prmo
prmohnhnfm
fm tm
tmte
te`` y `e pm
pmth
thda
dafe
fe rh
rhea
eatf
tfve
ve tm
tmte
te``
suofdfstrene pmr `e juhdth pere `e jfbure 52-13.

W? F¹*Y? (>E)¹*(57Φ)

W? 5:7 R

U5? F¹*SA? (>E)¹*(58Φ)

U5? 9>7 ZEY (aep)

U9? F¹*S@? (>E)¹*(>7Φ)

U9? :>7 ZEY (fdn)

U^? U5+U9? -9>7 ZEY+ :>7 ZEY

U^? >77 ZEY (fdn)

Wrmi`hoe #52- 59 rhsuh`tm pmr Oertfdhz Yenf``e Lmced.

 

^hdhoms Uuh< Wt?5:7 Retts

(F¹)(\)
Y? (F¹)(\) Ut?:>7 ‑ 9>7

Y?(>¹)(57) Ut?>77 Zer

(Fdnuatfvms)

Y? 5:7 Retts

S`?(F
S`?(F¹)(\)
¹)(\)

S`?(>
S`?(>¹)(>7)
¹)(>7)

S`?:>7 Zer(Fdnuatfvms)

Sa?(F
Sa?(F¹)(\)
¹)(\)

Sa?(>
Sa?(>¹)(58)
¹)(58)

Sa?9>7 Zer (Aepeaftfvms)

½E quæ amda`usfñd sh ``hbe e pertfr nh hstm=

@e nfrhaafñd nh `e amrrfhdth dm ejhate h` ve`mr nh `e Wmthdafe Eatfve df nh `e

Wmthdafe Yheatfve, nhifnm e quh hs ud afrauftm hdhrbfzenm ohnfedth Amrrfhdth
 E`thrde.

Wrmi`hoe #52- 51 rhsuh`tm pmr @åzerm Oåxfom Chrdådnhz.

 

Zhe `e jïbure 52-16. Hdauhdtrh W9 y U1. H` h`hohdtm hd `e aerbe 1 ½hs

fdnuatfvm m aepeaftfvm=

• Hdauhdtrh W9.

W9 ? W^ ‑ W5 ‑ W1

W9 ? 9677 ‑ 5977 ‑ 377

W9 ? 677 R

• Wm
Wmth
thda
dafe
fe rrhe
heat
atfv
fve
e tm
tmte
te`` su
suof
ofdf
dfst
stre
rene
ne..
U1 ? U^ ‑ U5 + U9

U1 ? 5577 ‑ 5>77 + :77

U1 ? 177 ZEY (FDNXA^FZMQ)

 

Wrmi`hoe #52 - 5> rhsuh`tm pmr Mzude Hspfdmze Ymnm`jm.

5>. Nhthrofdh Wt y Ut nh `e jfbure 52->7.

W5? (9.8T9) (57)

W5 ? :9.8 R

W9? (9.8T9) (99) Wt? :9.8R + 512.8R

W9? 512.8 R Wt? 977 R

Ut? (9.8T9) (-:)

Ut? 12.8 ZE‖Y aep

Wrmi`hoe #52 - 58 rhsuh`tm pmr Ze`fhdth ^hlhne @ufs Moer 

 

Were `e sfbufhdth jfbure.

R?57ren/shb. Nhthrofdh<

• Yt i) Sa

W?53kw+56589+917.>?12139.>w

Yt?6.:17

Sa?(:77*:77)/2311.:?>8.68 Mco
 

Wrmi`hoe #52- 5: rhsuh`tm

rhsuh`tm pmr Wfamd Be`ed Wei`m Jredafsam.
Jredafsam.

Were `e jfbure 52->9, Nhthrofdh W^ y U^

WY5 ? (:779) / 97 ? 53777 R WY9 ? (:779) / >7 ? 6777 R

UA ? (:779) / 87 ? 2977 ZE¾Y aep. U@ ? (:779) / >7 ? 6777 ZE¾Y fdn.

W^ ? 53777 ‑ 6777 ‑ 5589 ? 23>3 R

W^ ? 23>3 R ñ 2.3>3 KR 

U^ ? 6777 ‑ 2977 ‑ :11.: ? 55::.> ZE¾Y (fdn.)

U^ ? 55::.> ZE¾Y ñ 5.5::> KZE¾Y (fdn.)
 

Wrmi`hoe #52- 52 rhsuh`tm pmr Zezquhz Qhdafmd Oeduh` Erturm.

Jfbure 52-2

• Wer
Were
e h` af
afrau
rauftm
ftm n
nh
h `e jf
jfbur
bure
e 52-
52-2.
2. Nf
Nfiul
iulh
h h` tr
trfåd
fådbu`
bu`m
m nh p
pmth
mthdaf
dafe
ey
nhthrofdh `e pmthdafe eperhdth (Q)

• ^rf
rfå
ådb
dbu
u`m nh pmth
mthda
dafe
fe
 

Wrmi`hoe #52- 53 rhsuh`tm pmr Ymnrfbuhz Msmrfm Ofseh` Eermd.

53. Yhpfte h` prmi`hoe 52 pere `e
` e jfbure 52-3.

F?Z/Y F?>7Z/97K  F?9E

 

W?F¹*Y W?9E¹*97K  W?37w

Sa?97K  USa?Z¹/Sa USa?>7¹Z/37K  U?97ZEY

Q¹?W¹+U¹  Q?39.>: ZE

U (97 ZEY) Q (39.>: ZE)

  W (37 R)

Wrmi`hoe #52- 56 rhsuh`tm pmr Qe`ezer Qm`ñrzedm Lued Nedfh`.

56. Fbdmrh h` wettïohtrm nh `e ſtbure 52-92 y nhthrofdh h` trfådbu`m nh pmthdafes

pere h` afrauftm vfstm pmr `e juhdth.

  577R 27ZEY
  177R -37ZEY
  277R -:7ZEY
57R
 

  >7R
Quoetmrfe< 5587R -27ZEY (aep.)

(W¹+U¹)
Q?∜ (W
(5587¹+(-27)¹)
Q?∜ (5587
Q?5589.593ZE

γ?^ed-5 (U/W)
γ?^ed-5 (27/5587)
γ?-1.>3¼

Wrmi`hoe #52- 97 rhsuh`tm pmr Ymnrïbuhz Hspftfe @ftzy Vhsshdfe.

Were h` afrauftm 52->1 ½auå` hs `e amrrfhdth nh `e juhdth=

Qh suoe `es pmthdafes rhe`hs

W^? 5977R + 7R + 977R

W^? 5>77R

Qh suoe `es pmthdafes rheatfves

 

U^? -377 ZEY(Fdn) + 977ZEY(Fdn)

U^? :77 ZEY (Aep)

Ae`au`eoms ‐Q‟ amd `e Jñrou`e Q?

Q?

Q? 5,9:>.65 ZE

Q? 5.9:>KZE

Were seaer amrrfhdth nhsphleoms `e jñrou`e Q?ZF

F?Q / Z

F? 5.9:>KZE/597
5.9:>KZE/597Z
Z

F?57.81E

Wrmi`hoe #52- 95 rhsuh`tm pmr Amdnh Oe`nmdenm Lmsh Yeofrm.

95.- H` bhdhrenmr suofdfstre 17 Eop.

  ½Uuæ ve`mr tfhdh Y=

Wmthdafe juhdth?Zm`telh*Amrrfhdth
Wmthdafe juhdth?:77 * 17

Wmthdafe juhdth ? 53777 Retts.

W tmte` ?5122 ++ :658 + 2>87 ? 58 2>9 Retts.

U tmte` ?9287 + 596:7 ‑ 52337 ? 9 527 ZEY (aepeaftfvms).

 

W ? W juhdth ‑ W tmte`

 W? 53 777 ‑ 58 2>9? 9 983 Retts.

Y?Wmthdafe/AmrrfhdthT9
Y?Wmthdafe/AmrrfhdthT9 Y? 9983 / (17T9)?9.87 K.

Wrmi`hoe #52- 99 rhsuh`tm pmr Ihahrre Aestrm Oertfd Jhrdednm.

99. Qupmdbe quh Z ? 577 Z 0:7·

0:7· h F ? 57 E 0>7·

e. Uuh ve`mr tfhdh γ. h` edbu`m hdtrh Z h F=

 
:7·- >7· ? 97·

i. Nhthrofdh W e pertfr nh W ? ZF ams γ

W? (577 Z) (57 E) ams97·

  W? 6>7 R
 
a. Nhthrofdh U e pertfr nh U ? ZF shd γ

U? (577 Z) (57 E) shd97·

  U? 1>9 ZEY

n. Nfiulh h` trfedbu`m nh pmthdafes y e pertfr nh h`, nhthrofdh Q.

Q? U / shd97·
Q? 1>9 / shd97·

Q? 5777 ZE

h. Ouhstrh quh Q ? ZF ne `e ofsoe rhspuhste quh (n)

 

Q? ZF
Q? (577 Z) (57E)
Q? 5777 ZE

Wrmi`hoe #52- 91 rhsuh`tm pmr Omrhdm Buhrrhrm Ene`ihrtm nh Lhsus.

Were `e jfbure 52->8, Qbhd ? >318 ZE. ½Uuæ ve`mr tfhdh Y sf sh auhdte amd ud
:77v=

  575>w

>:73ZEYFDN

Qh ludted `es pmthdafes nh `es aerbes y `es rheatedafes pere mithdhr ude sm`e
aerbe

Whq ? 575>w + 7w ? 575>

Uhq ? >:73 ‑ 5659 ? 9:6: ZEY(FDN)

 
 

Amom `e juhdth nh` bhdhrenmr dm tfhdh aerbes fdnuatfves df aepeaftfves dm

thdnrå h`hveafñd hd U y pmr `m tedtm dm thdnrå ådbu`m hd su trfedbu`m nh
pmthdafes. Esï quh pmr `m tedtm Q quhne `fdhe` y shrïe fbue` e W.

W(bhd) ? >318w

W ? W(bhd) ‑ W(hq)

W ? >318w ‑ 575>w ? 1395w

F ? W/Z

F ? 1395w/:77v

F ? :.1:31E

 Ecmre quh sh amdmah

amdmah `e amrrfhdth nh` sfsthoe q
quh
uh ceirå auednm `e`ess aerbes
eatühd sh ae`au`e `e rhsfsthdafe quh hstå hd pere`h`m e` bhdhrenmr.

Y ? W / F9

Y ? >318R/(:.1:31E)9

Y? 556.95K
 

Wrmi`hoe #52- 9> rhsuh`tm pmr Wmrtf``m Ohze Aer`ms Moer.

9>. Zhe h` afrauftm nh `e ſtbure 52-5:<

 e). Nhthrofdh `e pmthdafe eperhdth pere aene aele.
 i). Quoh `es pmthdafes eperhdths quh sh eaeied nh ae`au`er.
½Wmr quæ `e suoe dm hs fbue` Q^ ? 5 371 ZE e `e quh sh mituvm hd h` hlhop`m
52-8=

e).
Qt5 ? W^ + lU^(fdn) ; ? 277 + l5177 ? 5>2:.>3 @ :5.27 ZE

Qt9 ? W^ + lU^(aep); ? 377 - l:77 ? 5777 @ -1:.3: ZE

Qt1 ? W^ + lU^(aep); ? 7 - l577 ? 577 @ -67 ZE

Qt> ? W^ + lU^ ; 37 + 7 ? 37 @ 7 ZE

Qt8 ? W^ + lU^(aep); ? 597 - l5977 ? 5737 @ 537 ZE

i).
suoetmrfe Q^ ? 55:5.956 @ 577.61 ZE
Y - Wmrquh pere
pere mithdhr `e ohlmr fbue`nen nh suoetmrfes nh pmthdafes
eperhdths hs seaednm h` thmrhoe nh pftebmres pere aene aele e ae`au`er, `ms
ZE smd Qt, `e st hs sm`m ude oebdftun, auednm fdnfaes pmthdafe dmroe` smd
wetts.
 

Wrmi`hoe #52- 98 rhsuh`tm pmr Zerbes M`ohnm Ymnrfbm.

e) Nhthrofdh W^, U^ y Q^

Wt?539(7.3)+923+229(7.138)
  ?5>8.:+923+962.99
Wt? 297.39 w

Ut? 539(shd( (7.3))) + 895 - 229(shd( (7.138)))

  ? 576.9 + 895 ‑ 259.>658
  ? -39.965 ver 

Qt? 298.8 ve

i) Nhthrofdh sf h` jusfi`h sh judnfrå.

Q?ZF

F?Q / Z

F? 298.8 / 597
 ? :.7>83 E

H` jmam dm sh judnfrå pmrquh `e

` e amrrfhdth quh pese pmr æ` hs ouacm ohdmr.

Wrmi`hoe #52- 9: rhsuh`tm pmr Zerbes M`ohnm Ymnrfbm.

Xd omtmr amd ude hjfafhdafe nh 32% suofdfstre 57 cp e ude aerbe.

 

Qu jeatmr nh pmthdafe hs nh 7.:8 (hd etresm).

• ½A
½Auå
uå`` hs ``e
e pm
pmth
thda
dafe
fe n
nh
h hd
hdtr
tren
ene
e nh
nh`` om
omtm
tmr=
r=

5cp?2>8.2w

57cp?2>82 w

V amom sm`m treiele e` 32% shrfe (2>82)(.32)?:>32.86w

• ½A
½Auå
uå`` hs `e p
pmt
mthd
hdaf
afe
e rh
rhea
eatfv
tfve
e nh
nh`` om
omtm
tmr=
r=

U?ted(ε) W ε?(7.:8)

  ?(:>32.86) ted((7.:8))

?283>.31 ver 

• Nfiu
Nfiulh
lh h` trfåd
trfådbu`m
bu`m nh p
pmthda
mthdafe
fe n
nh`
h` om
omtmr.
tmr. ½
½Auå`
Auå` hs `e pmth
pmthdafe
dafe eper
eperhdth
hdth
nh` omtmr=

Wrmi`hoe #52- 92 rhsuh`tm pmr Ohdnmze Whrjhatm H`om Yeofrm.

 

Were amrrhbfr h` jeatmr nh pmthdafe nh` afrauftm nh `e jfbure 52->2 e udfterfm,

sh ebrhbe ud aepeaftmr.
• Ou
Ouhs
hstr
trhh nm
nmdn
dnhh sh aamd
mdha
hate
te h`
h` ae
aepe
peaf
aftm
tmr.
r.
• Nh
Nhth
thro
rofdfdhh h`
h` ve`
ve`mr
mr hd of
ofar
armj
mjer
eren
ens.
s.

Wrfohr
Wrfohrm
m amd
amdvhr
vhrtfo
tfoms
ms `ms cp e KR nh `e pmt
pmthda
hdafe,
fe, amd `e amd
amdvhr
vhrsfñd 5 cp ?
sfñd
7.2>82
KR ? 57(7.2>82)

KR ? 2.>: KR

Ve amdvhrtfnm `ms cp e KR

 Ep`faeoms ude rhb`e nh trhs, nhifnm e quh `e pmthdafe

pmthdafe Wm quh dms ne nh netm `e
jfbure ouhstre quh hs nh ude hjfaeafe nh 32% y dhahsfteoms h` 577% pere
pmnhr ceahr h` aå`au`m nh `e U

32% ? 2.>: KR

577(2.>:)/32? 3.82> KR

577% ? 3.82KR

Ve quh thdhoms `e pmthdafe rhe`, ae`au`es U amd `e sfbufhdth jñrou`e<

U? W[ ^ed(ams-5 (J.W.5) - ^ed(ams-5(J.W.9)_

  ? (3.82KR)[ ^ed(ams-5(7.:8) - ^ed(ams-5(5)_

  ?(3.82) [ ^b(>6.>8) - ^b(7)_

  ?(3.82)[5.5:3 - 7_

U?57.75 KZEY

Mithdfhdnm U, ep`faeoms `e jñrou`e nh Sa? /U

Sa? /57.75

Sa? 18,6:>.718 mco

 

Mithdfhdnm Sa, nhsphleoms `e jñrou`e Sa? 5 / 9χ * j * A, pere mithdhr h` ve`mr 

nh A

A ? 5 / 9χ * j * Sa

A ? 5 / 9χ * :7Cz * 18,6:>.718

A ? 5 / 51,883,595.23

A ? 21.2 ofarm
ofarmJere
Jerenfms
nfms quh shrïe h` ve`mr nh` aepeaftmr, y sh ve e am`maer e
trevæs nh `e aerbe.

rhsuh`tm pmr Ohze Irfmdhs Hrdhstm

Wrmi`hoe #52- 93 rhsuh`tm Hrdhstm E`mdsm.
E`mdsm.

93. Amdsfnhrh `e jfbure 52-97. H` omtmr sh rhop`eze amd ude duhve udfnen quh
rhqufhrh

Qo ? (597 + l18) KZE. ^mnm `m nhoås phroedhah fbue`. Hdauhdtrh `m sfbufhdth<

 

e. Wt i. Ut a.
Qt

n. Nhthrofdh auedte amrrhaafñd aepeaftfve KZEY sh dhahsfte pere amdshbufr ud

Jp udfterfm.

Jp? 7.3

Ꝍ? ams-5(7.3) ?1:.3:·

Ams (1:.3:·) ? W/598∝5:.9:·

W ? (7.3) (598 KZE) ? 577 KR

U? ^ed (1:.3:) (577KR) ? 2> KZEY

Qo ? 598∝5:.9:· KZE

Wo ? 577 Kw

Uo ? 2> KZEY

Wt ? 59KR + 577 KR ? 559 KR

U? (F)ᶼ9 (Y) ? (587) ᶼ9 (> ∝81.51·) ? 67 KZEY

Ut? 2> KZEY + 67 KZEY ? 5:3 KZEY

Qt ? ∜ (Wt)ᶼ9
(Wt)ᶼ9 + (Ut)ᶼ9 ? ∜  (559)
 (559) ᶼ9 + (5:3) ᶼ9 ? ∜ >7,2:3
>7,2:3

Qt? 975.65
 

Jp? 5

Ꝍ? ams-5(5) ? 7·

Ams (7·) ? W/598∝5:.9:·

W ? (5) (598 KZE) ? 598 KR

U? ^ed (7·) (577KR) ? 7 KZEY

Qo ? 598∝5:.9:· KZE

Wo ? 598 KR

Uo ? 7 KZEY

Wt ? 59KR + 598 KR ? 512 KR

U? (F)ᶼ9 (Y) ? (587) ᶼ9 (> ∝81.51·) ? 67 KZEY

Ut? 7 KZEY + 67 KZEY ? 67 KZEY

Qt ? ∜ (Wt)ᶼ9
(Wt)ᶼ9 + (Ut)ᶼ9 ? ∜  (512)
 (512) ᶼ9 + (67) ᶼ9 ? ∜ 9:,3:6
9:,3:6

Qt? 5:1.65

Amrrhaafñd aepeaftfve nh 23 KZEY

 

Fdfafednm pmr h` omtmr, useoms h` jeatmr nh pmthdafe pere hdamdtrer duhstrm

ådbu`m, pere esï hdamdtrer `e pmthdafe, usednm `e jñrou`e nh Ams(Ꝍ) ? W/Qo
pere ceahr ud nhsphlh y hdamdtrer Wo, `uhbm usednm `e jñrou`e U ? ^ed( Ꝍ)
(Wo) mithdhoms Uo, pere `uhbm suoer `e Wo y W nh` afrauftm mithdfhdnm Wt, nh
`e ofsoe jmroe sh cerïe pere Ut, phrm prfohrm thdnrhoms quh hdamdtrer `e U
nh` afrauftm usednm `e jmrou`e U? (F)ᶼ9 (Y) , ye thdfhdnm h` rhsu`tenm sh suoe U
nh` afrauftm amd Uo mithdfhdnm Ut y pere mithdhr Qt sh use Wftåbmres sfhdnm
quh Qt ? ∜ (Wt)ᶼ9+(Ut)ᶼ9
(Wt)ᶼ9+(Ut)ᶼ9 y `m ofsom sh cerïe pere h` fdafsm n. phrm amd h` Jp? 5
nådnmdms nfjhrhdths rhsu`tenms y ye thdfhdnm eoies Ut nh `ms 9 aesms sh ceah
ude rhste nh` ohdms Ut amd h` oeymr Ut mithdfhdnm `e amrrhaafñd aepeaftfve.

Wrmi`hoe #52- 96 rhsuh`tm pmr Dmrfhbe Qeuahne Weu` ^hmnmrm

Wrmi`hoe #52- 96 rhsuh`tm pmr Berafe @uquh Oerfe Buene`uph

96. Xde phquhõe amopeõïe h`æatrfae tfhdh ude aepeafnen nh :77 Z, 177 kZE .
Qu- ofdfstre e ude jåirfae (jfbure 52->3) amd h` trfådbu`m nh pmthdafes quh sh
ouhstre hd (i). Hstm aerbe tmte`ohdth e `e amopeõïe. Qf h` aepeaftmr pere
amrrhbfr h` jeatmr nh pmthdafe omnfjfae `e aerbe e ud jeatmr nh pmthdafe udfterfm,
½auådte pmthdafe enfafmde` (e ud jeatmr nh pmthdafe udfterfm) puhnh vhdnhr `e
amopeõïe e mtrms a`fhdths=

JW?ams(1:·)?7.37 1:

Ams-5 ?1:·

W?ams(1:·)(177KZE)?9>9.2

U?

U?

JW?7.6
 

?Ams-57.6?98.3>

W?ams(1:·)(177KZE)?9>9.2

Q?AMQ(98.3>)(9>9.2)?953.>1

U?ted(98.3>)(9>9.2)?552.81

Iedam nh aepeaftmrhs

52:.1>ver-552.81?83.35

W?

W?5539-552.819?53>.222

WM^HDAFE WEYE ZHDNHY M^YMQ A@FHD^HQ

9>9.2-53>.2?83KR