Cap 02

3URMHo}HV&DUWRJUiÀFDV$&DUWD1iXWLFD
PROJEÇÕES
2 &$572*5É),&$6
$&$57$1É87,&$
0$3$6 ( &$57$6 2 352%/(0$ '$

5(35(6(17$d®2'$7(55$62%5(
80$683(5)Ì&,(3/$1$
Embora a distinção seja um tanto convencional, é oportuno iniciar este Capítulo esta-
belecendo a diferença entre os conceitos de mapa e FDUWD:
0$3$: é a representação do globo terrestre, ou de trechos da sua superfície, sobre um

plano, indicando fronteiras políticas, características físicas, localização de cidades e outras
LQIRUPDo}HVJHRJUiÀFDVVyFLRSROtWLFDVRXHFRQ{PLFDV2VPDSDVQRUPDOPHQWHQmRWrPFD-
UiWHUWpFQLFRRXFLHQWtÀFRHVSHFLDOL]DGRVHUYLQGRDSHQDVSDUDÀQVLOXVWUDWLYRVRXFXOWXUDLVH
H[LELQGRVXDVLQIRUPDo}HVSRUPHLRGHFRUHVHVtPERORV
&$57$: é, também, uma representação da superfície terrestre sobre um plano, mas foi
HVSHFLDOPHQWHWUDoDGDSDUDVHUXVDGDHPQDYHJDomRRXRXWUDDWLYLGDGHWpFQLFDRXFLHQWtÀFD
VHUYLQGRQmRVySDUDVHUH[DPLQDGDPDVSULQFLSDOPHQWHSDUDTXHVHWUDEDOKHVREUHHODQD
UHVROXomRGHSUREOHPDVJUiÀFRVRQGHRVSULQFLSDLVHOHPHQWRVVHUmRkQJXORVHGLVWkQFLDVRX
QDGHWHUPLQDomRGDSRVLomRDWUDYpVGDVFRRUGHQDGDVJHRJUiÀFDVODWLWXGHHORQJLWXGH$V
&$57$6SHUPLWHPPHGLo}HVSUHFLVDVGHGLVWkQFLDVHGLUHo}HVD]LPXWHV
'HVWDIRUPDRVGRFXPHQWRVFDUWRJUiÀFRVXWLOL]DGRVHPQDYHJDomRVmRVHPSUHFKDPDGRV
GH&DUWDVRXPDLVSUHFLVDPHQWH&DUWDV1iXWLFDV
Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas 17

2352%/(0$'$5(35(6(17$d®2'$7(55$
62%5(80$683(5)Ì&,(3/$1$
$~QLFDIRUPDULJRURVDGHUHSUHVHQWDUDVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDpSRUPHLRGHJORERVQRV
TXDLVVHFRQVHUYDPH[DWDPHQWHDVSRVLo}HVUHODWLYDVGHWRGRVRVSRQWRVHDVGLPHQV}HVVmR
DSUHVHQWDGDVHPXPDHVFDOD~QLFD(QWUHWDQWRRVGHWDOKHVTXHDQDYHJDomRH[LJHREULJDULDP
jFRQVWUXomRGHXPJORERGHSURSRUo}HVH[DJHUDGDVHPXPJORERGHPGHGLkPHWUR
SRU H[HPSOR D HVFDOD p GH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH R TXH QmR SHUPLWH UHSUHVHQWDU
GHWDOKHVLQIHULRUHVDNP(VWHLQFRQYHQLHQWHHPDLVDVGLÀFXOGDGHVTXHVHDSUHVHQWDULDP
SDUDRWUDoDGRGDGHUURWDRXDSORWDJHPGHSRQWRVDERUGRDIDVWDPGHFRJLWDo}HVHVWHVLVWHPD
3RULVVRLQWHUHVVDUHSUHVHQWDUVREUHXPDIROKDGHSDSHOLVWRpQRSODQRDWRWDOL-
GDGHRXXPDSDUWHGDVXSHUItFLHWHUUHVWUHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHHVIpULFDeLPSRVVtYHOID]HU
LVWRVHPGHIRUPDo}HVRXGLVWRUo}HVSRLVDVXSHUItFLHGHXPDHVIHUDRXGHXPHOLSVyLGH
QmRpGHVHQYROYtYHOQRSODQR
6,67(0$6 '( 352-(d¯(6 &$572*5É),&$6 são métodos utilizados para
UHSUHVHQWDUDVXSHUItFLHGHXPDHVIHUDRXGHXPHOLSVyLGHQRWRGRRXHPSDUWHVREUHXPD
VXSHUItFLHSODQD2SURFHVVRFRQVLVWHHPWUDQVIHULUSRQWRVGDVXSHUItFLHGDHVIHUDRXHOLS
VyLGHSDUDXPSODQRRXSDUDXPDVXSHUItFLHGHVHQYROYtYHOHPXPSODQRWDOFRPRXPFLOLQGUR
RXXPFRQH
6(/(d®2'26,67(0$'(352-(d®2
&21',d¯(6'(6(-É9(,6(080$
5(35(6(17$d®2'$683(5)Ì&,('$
7(55$62%5(803/$12
6(/(d®2'$352-(d®2DFRQVWUXomRGHXPDFDUWDUHTXHUDVHOHomRGHXPVLVWHPD
GHSURMHomR(VWHVLVWHPDVHUiHVFROKLGRGHPDQHLUDTXHDFDUWDYHQKDDSRVVXLUDVSURSULH-
GDGHVTXHVDWLVIDoDPjVÀQDOLGDGHVSURSRVWDVSDUDVXDXWLOL]DomR
&DGDSURMHomRWHPFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGLVWLQWDVTXHDWRUQDPDGHTXDGDSDUDGHWHUPLQDGRV
XVRVHPERUDQHQKXPDSURMHomRSRVVDDWHQGHUFRPSOHWDPHQWHDWRGDVDVFRQGLo}HVGHVHMiYHLV
$VFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGLVWLQWDVGHFDGDVLVWHPDGHSURMHomRVmRPDLVQRWiYHLVHPFDUWDVTXHUHSUH-
VHQWDPJUDQGHViUHDVPHGLGDTXHDiUHDUHSUHVHQWDGDVHUHGX]DVGLIHUHQoDVHQWUHDVYiULDV
SURMHo}HVSDVVDPDVHUPHQRVFRQVStFXDVDWpTXHQDVFDUWDVGHHVFDODPXLWRJUDQGHFRPRQDV
FDUWDVGHSRUWRVRXRXWUDViUHDVUHVWULWDVWRGDVDVSURMHo}HVWRUQDPVHSUDWLFDPHQWHLGrQWLFDV
2LGHDOVHULDFRQVWUXLUXPDFDUWDTXHUHXQLVVHWRGDVDVSURSULHGDGHVUHSUHVHQWDQGR
XPDVXSHUItFLHULJRURVDPHQWHVHPHOKDQWHjVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUD(VWDFDUWDGHYHULDSRVVXLU
as seguintes propriedades:
5HSUHVHQWDomR GRV kQJXORV VHP GHIRUPDomR H HP GHFRUUrQFLD PDQXWHQomR GD
YHUGDGHLUDIRUPDGDViUHDVDVHUHPUHSUHVHQWDGDVFRQIRUPLGDGH
,QDOWHUDELOLGDGHGDVGLPHQV}HVUHODWLYDVGDVPHVPDVHTXLYDOrQFLD
&RQVWkQFLDGDVUHODo}HVHQWUHDVGLVWkQFLDVGRVSRQWRVUHSUHVHQWDGRVHDVGLVWkQ-
FLDVGRVVHXVFRUUHVSRQGHQWHVQDVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDHTLGLVWkQFLD
5HSUHVHQWDomRGRVFtUFXORVPi[LPRVSRUPHLRGHOLQKDVUHWDV
5HSUHVHQWDomRGDVOR[RGURPLDVOLQKDVGHUXPRSRUOLQKDVUHWDV
18 Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas

)DFLOLGDGH GH REWHQomR GDV FRRUGHQDGDV JHRJUiÀFDV GRV SRQWRV H YLFHYHUVD GD
SORWDJHPGRVSRQWRVSRUPHLRGHVXDVFRRUGHQDGDVJHRJUiÀFDV
$VSURSULHGDGHVDFLPDUHODFLRQDGDVVHULDPIDFLOPHQWHFRQVHJXLGDVVHDVXSHUItFLHGD
7HUUDIRVVHSODQDRXXPDVXSHUItFLHGHVHQYROYtYHO&RPRWDOQmRRFRUUHWRUQDVHLPSRVVtYHO
DFRQVWUXomRGDFDUWDLGHDOLVWRpGDFDUWDTXHUH~QDWRGDVDVFRQGLo}HVGHVHMiYHLV
$VROXomRVHUiSRUWDQWRFRQVWUXLUXPDFDUWDTXHVHPSRVVXLUWRGDVDVFRQGLo}HVLGHDLV
SRVVXDDTXHODVTXHVDWLVIDoDPGHWHUPLQDGRREMHWLYReSRLVQHFHVViULRDRVHÀ[DURVLVWHPD
GHSURMHomRHVFROKLGRSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUGHWHUPLQDGDUHJLmRFRQVLGHUDURÀPDTXHVHGHVWLQD
DFDUWDHPSURMHWRSDUDHQWmRHVWDEHOHFHUTXDLVDVGHIRUPDo}HVTXHSRGHUmRVHUDGPLWLGDV
TXDLVDVTXHWHUmRGHVHUDQXODGDVHTXHSURSULHGDGHVGHYHUmRVHUSUHVHUYDGDV
$&DUWRJUDÀD1iXWLFDQHFHVVLWDUHSUHVHQWDUDOLQKDGHUXPROR[RGURPLDFRPRXPD
OLQKDUHWDHGHPRGRTXHHVVDUHWDIRUPHFRPDVWUDQVIRUPDGDVGRVPHULGLDQRVXPkQJXOR
FRQVWDQWHHLJXDODRVHXD]LPXWH'HVWDIRUPDRWLSRGHSURMHomRHVFROKLGRGHYHUiVDWLVID]HU
HVVDH[LJrQFLD
&/$66,),&$d®2'266,67(0$6'(
PROJEÇÕES
$V SURMHo}HV TXDQWR DR PpWRGR GH FRQVWUXomR FODVVLÀFDPVH HP JHRPpWULFDV,
DQDOtWLFDV e FRQYHQFLRQDLV
$VSURMHo}HVJHRPpWULFDVVHEDVHLDPHPSULQFtSLRVJHRPpWULFRVSURMHWLYRV3RGHP
ser subdivididas em: SURMHo}HVSHUVSHFWLYDV e SVHXGRSHUVSHFWLYDV
$VSURMHo}HVSHUVSHFWLYDV são as obtidas pelas interseções sobre determinada su-
SHUItFLHGRVIHL[HVGHUHWDVTXHSDVVDPSHORVSRQWRVFRUUHVSRQGHQWHVGDVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDH
SRUXPSRQWRÀ[RGHQRPLQDGRSRQWRGHYLVWD
2SRQWRGHYLVWD é sempre considerado como situado sobre a direção da vertical do
SRQWRFHQWUDOGDSRUomRGDVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDTXHVHGHVHMDUHSUHVHQWDUHSRGHHVWDUGLVSRV-
WRDTXDOTXHUGLVWkQFLDGRFHQWURGD7HUUDGHVGHRLQÀQLWRDWpFRLQFLGHQWHFRPHVVHSUySULR
FHQWUR 3RUpP HOH p JHUDOPHQWH VLWXDGR HP WUrV SRVLo}HV VXUJLQGR HQWmR XPD LPSRUWDQWH
FODVVLÀFDomRGDVSURMHo}HVSHUVSHFWLYDV)LJXUD
)LJXUD²3URMHo}HV3HUVSHFWLYDV
D JQRP{QLFD – ponto de vista no

FHQWURGD7HUUD
EHVWHUHRJUiÀFD – ponto de vista na
VXSHUItFLHGD7HUUD
F RUWRJUiILFD – ponto de vista no
LQÀQLWR
3URMHo}HVSVHXGRSHUVSHFWLYDVVmRSURMHo}HVSHUVSHFWLYDVQDVTXDLVVHUHFRUUHD
DOJXPDUWLItFLRGHPDQHLUDDVHREWHUGHWHUPLQDGDSURSULHGDGH
8PH[HPSORGHVVHWLSRGHSURMHomRpDSURMHomRFLOtQGULFDHTXDWRULDOHVWHUHRJUiÀFD
QDTXDORSRQWRGHYLVWDQmRÀFDÀ[RPDVYDLSHUFRUUHQGRRHTXDGRUVLWXDQGRVHVHPSUHQR
DQWLPHULGLDQRGRSRQWRDSURMHWDU

3URMHo}HVDQDOtWLFDVVmRDTXHODVTXHSHUGHUDPRVHQWLGRJHRPpWULFRSURSULDPHQWH
GLWRHPFRQVHTrQFLDGDLQWURGXomRGHOHLVPDWHPiWLFDVYLVDQGRVHFRQVHJXLUGHWHUPLQDGDV
SURSULHGDGHV
(PYLUWXGHGDVGLYHUVDVDGDSWDo}HVTXHDVSURMHo}HVGHVWHJUXSRSRGHPVRIUHUTXDQGR
VHGHVHMDREWHUHVVDRXDTXHODSURSULHGDGHWDOJUXSRDVVXPHJUDQGHLPSRUWkQFLD
3URMHo}HVFRQYHQFLRQDLVVmRDVTXHVHEDVHLDPHPSULQFtSLRVDUELWUiULRVSXUDPHQWH
FRQYHQFLRQDLVHPIXQomRGRVTXDLVVHHVWDEHOHFHPVXDVH[SUHVV}HVPDWHPiWLFDV
2XWUDLPSRUWDQWHFODVVLÀFDomRGRVVLVWHPDVGHSURMHo}HVpVHJXQGRDVXSHUItFLHGHSUR-
MHomRDGRWDGD(VVDVXSHUItFLHSRGHVHUXPSODQRRXXPDVXSHUItFLHDX[LOLDUGHVHQYROYtYHOHP
XPSODQR'DtDFODVVLÀFDomRHPSURMHo}HVSODQDVHSURMHo}HVSRUGHVHQYROYLPHQWR)LJXUD
)LJXUD²3URMHomR3ODQDH3URMHo}HVSRU'HVHQYROYLPHQWR
$ SURMHomR p HQWmR GLWD SODQD

TXDQGR D VXSHUItFLH GH SURMHomR p XP
SODQR (VVH SODQR SRGHUi VHU WDQJHQWH
RXVHFDQWHjVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUD
$ SURMHomR SODQD p JHUDOPHQWH
chamada azimutal, em virtude de os
D]LPXWHVHPWRUQRGRSRQWRGHWDQJrQFLD
VHUHP UHSUHVHQWDGRV VHP GHIRUPDo}HV
$VSURMHo}HVD]LPXWDLVVmRWDPEpPFKD-
PDGDV]HQLWDLV
$SURMHomRpSRUGHVHQYROYLPHQWRTXDQGRDVXSHUItFLHGHSURMHomRpXPDVXSHUItFLH
GHVHQYROYtYHO
De acordo com a natureza dessa superfície desenvolvível, as projeções desse tipo se
FODVVLÀFDPHPF{QLFDVFLOtQGULFDVHSROLpGULFDV
,QFOXtGDVQRJUXSRGDVSURMHo}HVF{QLFDVHVWmRDVSURMHo}HVSROLF{QLFDV1HVWDVHP
vez de apenas um cone, a superfície de projeção adotada compõe-se de diversos cones tan-
JHQWHVjVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUD
2V VLVWHPDV GH SURMHo}HV VmR WDPEpP FODVVLÀFDGRV GH DFRUGR FRP D VLWXDomR GD VX
SHUItFLHGHSURMHomR
(VVDFODVVLÀFDomRpIHLWDQRFDVRGDVSURMHo}HVSODQDVRXD]LPXWDLVGHDFRUGRFRPD
SRVLomRGRSODQRGHSURMHomRHGRSRQWRGHWDQJrQFLDRXSyORGDSURMHomRHQRFDVRGDVSURMH-
o}HVSRUGHVHQYROYLPHQWRVHJXQGRDSRVLomRGRHL[RGDVXSHUItFLHF{QLFDRXFLOtQGULFD
$VSURMHo}HVSODQDVRXD]LPXWDLVVmRHQWmRFODVVLÀFDGDVHP)LJXUD
D SRODUHV²SRQWRGHWDQJrQFLDQRSyORHL[RGD7HUUDSHUSHQGLFXODUDRSODQRGHSUR-
MHomR
E HTXDWRULDLV ou PHULGLDQDV ² SRQWR GH WDQJrQFLD QR HTXDGRU HL[R GD 7HUUD
SDUDOHORDRSODQRGHSURMHomRSODQRGHSURMHomRSDUDOHORDRSODQRGHXPPHULGLDQR
F KRUL]RQWDLV ou REOtTXDV²SRQWRGHWDQJrQFLDHPXPSRQWRTXDOTXHUGDVXSHUItFLH
GD7HUUDHL[RGD7HUUDLQFOLQDGRHPUHODomRDRSODQRGHSURMHomR
Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas

$VSURMHo}HVSRUGHVHQYROYLPHQWRVmRFODVVLÀFDGDVHP)LJXUD
)LJXUD²&ODVVLÀFDomRGDV3URMHo}HV6HJXQGRD6LWXDomRGD6XSHUItFLHGH3URMHomR
DQRUPDLV – eixo do cone para-

OHORDRHL[RGD7HUUD
HTXDWRULDLV – eixo do cilindro
SDUDOHORDRHL[RGD7HUUD
EWUDQVYHUVDV – eixo do cone
SHUSHQGLFXODUDRHL[RGD7HUUD
WUDQVYHUVDV ou PHULGLDQDV –
eixo do cilindro perpendicular ao eixo
GD7HUUD
F KRUL]RQWDLV ou REOtTXDV –
eixo do cone ou cilindro inclinado em
UHODomRDRHL[RGD7HUUD
$V SURMHo}HV VmR DLQGD FODV
VLÀFDGDV VHJXQGR DV SURSULHGDGHV
TXH FRQVHUYDP HP HTXLGLVWDQWHV
HTXLYDOHQWHVFRQIRUPHVHDÀOiWLFDV
D$VSURMHo}HVHTXLGLVWDQWHV
VmR DV TXH QmR DSUHVHQWDP GHIRUPD-
ções lineares, isto é, os comprimentos
VmRUHSUHVHQWDGRVHPHVFDODXQLIRUPH
$FRQGLomRGHHTLGLVWkQFLD
Vy p REWLGD HP GHWHUPLQDGD GLUHomR
e, de acordo com essa direção, as
SURMHo}HVHTXLGLVWDQWHVVHVXEFODVVLÀ-
cam em HTXLGLVWDQWHVPHULGLDQDV,
HTXLGLVWDQWHVWUDQVYHUVDLV e HTXL
GLVWDQWHVD]LPXWDLV
$V SURMHo}HV HTXLGLVWDQWHV PHULGLDQDV VmR DTXHODV HP TXH Ki HTLGLVWkQFLD
VHJXQGRRVPHULGLDQRV
$VSURMHo}HVHTXLGLVWDQWHVWUDQVYHUVDLVVmRDVTXHDSUHVHQWDPHTLGLVWkQFLD
VHJXQGRRVSDUDOHORV
$VSURMHo}HVHTXLGLVWDQWHVD]LPXWDLV ou HTXLGLVWDQWHVRUWRGU{PLFDV são as
TXHQmRDSUHVHQWDPGLVWRUo}HVQRVFtUFXORVPi[LPRVTXHSDVVDPSHORSRQWRGHWDQJrQFLD$V
SURMHo}HVHTXLGLVWDQWHVD]LPXWDLV são sempre SURMHo}HVSODQDV
E $VSURMHo}HVHTXLYDOHQWHVVmRDVTXHQmRGHIRUPDPDViUHDVLVWRpDViUHDVQD
FDUWDJXDUGDPXPDUHODomRFRQVWDQWHFRPDVVXDVFRUUHVSRQGHQWHVQDVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUD
F $VSURMHo}HVFRQIRUPHVVmRDVTXHQmRGHIRUPDPRVkQJXORVHGHFRUUHQWHGHVVD
SURSULHGDGHQmRGHIRUPDPWDPEpPDIRUPDGDVSHTXHQDViUHDV
$VSURMHo}HVD]LPXWDLVSRGHPVHUFRQVLGHUDGDVXPFDVRSDUWLFXODUGDVSURMHo}HV
FRQIRUPHVHPYLUWXGHGDSURSULHGDGHTXHSRVVXHPGHQmRGHIRUPDUHPRVkQJXORVD]LPXWHV
HPWRUQRGRSRQWRGHWDQJrQFLD3RUpPQHPWRGDVDVSURMHo}HVD]LPXWDLVVmRFRQIRUPHVHP
WRGDDVXDH[WHQVmR

G$VSURMHo}HVDÀOiWLFDVVmRDTXHODVHPTXHRVFRPSULPHQWRVDViUHDVHRVkQJXORV
QmRVmRFRQVHUYDGRV(QWUHWDQWRSRGHPSRVVXLUXPDRXRXWUDSURSULHGDGHTXHMXVWLÀTXHVXD
FRQVWUXomR$SURMHomRJQRP{QLFD, por exemplo, apresentando todas as deformações, possui
a excepcional propriedade de UHSUHVHQWDUDVRUWRGURPLDVFRPRUHWDV3RULVWRpXWLOL]DGD
HP&DUWRJUDÀD1iXWLFDFRQIRUPHDGLDQWHH[SOLFDGR
8PVXPiULRGDVGLYHUVDVFODVVLÀFDo}HVGRVVLVWHPDVGHSURMHo}HV é apresentado
QD)LJXUD
)LJXUD²6XPiULRGDV&ODVVLÀFDo}HVGDV3URMHo}HV
perspectivas
geométricas pseudo-perspectivas
4XDQWRDRPpWRGR analíticas
convencionais
JQRP{QLFD
4XDQWRjVLWXDomR
HVWHUHRJUiÀFD
do ponto de vista
RUWRJUiÀFD
4XDQWRjVXSHU planas ou azimutais

F{QLFDVHSROLF{QLFDV
fície de projeção cilíndricas
por desenvolvimento
poliédricas
polares
planas ou azmutais HTXDWRULDLVRXPHULGLDQDV
Projeções
KRUL]RQWDLVRXREOtTXDV
4XDQWRjVLWXDomR normais
da superfície de F{QLFDVHSROLF{QFDV transversas
projeção horizontDLVRXREOtTXDV
HTXDWRULDLV
cilíndricas transversas ou meridanas
KRUL]RQWDLVRXREOtTXDV
meridianas
HTXLGLVWDQWHV transversais
4XDQWRjV azimutDLVRXRUWRGU{PLFDV
HTXLYDOHQWHV
propriedades
conformes
DÀOiWLFDV
'(6,*1$d®2'266,67(0$6'(
PROJEÇÕES
'HPDQHLUDJHUDODVSURMHo}HVVmRPDLVFRQKHFLGDVSHORVQRPHVGHVHXVDXWRUHVGRTXH
SURSULDPHQWHSHODVGHVLJQDo}HVGHVXDVSURSULHGDGHVRXGHVXDVFODVVLÀFDo}HV,VWRDFRQWHFH
principalmente, com as SURMHo}HVDQDOtWLFDV e FRQYHQFLRQDLV
eSRUH[HPSORRFDVRGDSURMHomRFLOtQGULFDHTXDWRULDOFRQIRUPHPDLVFRQKHFLGD
FRPR3URMHomRGH0HUFDWRUHGDSURMHomRD]LPXWDOHTXLYDOHQWHFRQKHFLGDFRPR3URMHomR
$]LPXWDOGH/DPEHUW

Convém, entretanto, se desejarmos estabelecer uma regra para designar os diferentes

WLSRVGHSURMHo}HVHVSHFLÀFDQGRVXDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPHQFLRQDUVHXVHOHPHQWRVQDVHJXLQWH
ordem:
D 1DWXUH]DGDVXSHUItFLHGHSURMHomRDGRWDGDSODQRFLOLQGURRXFRQH
E VLWXDomRGDVXSHUItFLHGHSURMHomRHPUHODomRjVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDH
F FODVVLÀFDomRGDSURMHomRTXDQWRjSURSULHGDGHTXHFRQVHUYD
$VVLPGLUVHiSURMHomRF{QLFDQRUPDOHTXLGLVWDQWHPHULGLDQDSURMHomRSODQDSRODU
JQRP{QLFDSURMHomRFLOtQGULFDWUDQVYHUVDFRQIRUPHHWF
352-(d¯(687,/,=$'$6(0
&$572*5$),$1É87,&$
$352-(d®2'(0(5&$725
$352-(d®2'(0(5&$725
&RQIRUPHMiYLVWRDPHQRUGLVWkQFLDHQWUHGRLVSRQWRVQDVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDFRQVL
GHUDGDHVIpULFDSDUDRVÀQVFRPXQVGDQDYHJDomRpRDUFRGHFtUFXORPi[LPRTXHRVXQHRX
seja, uma RUWRGURPLD
)LJXUD²/R[RGURPLD
$ QDYHJDomR VREUH XPD RUWRGURPLD

porém, exige constantes mudanças de rumo,
SRLVRVDUFRVGHFtUFXORPi[LPRIRUPDPkQJX-
ORVYDULiYHLVFRPRVPHULGLDQRV$XWLOL]DomR
da agulha náutica obriga os navegantes a
percorrer, entre dois pontos na superfície
GD7HUUDQmRDPHQRUGLVWkQFLDHQWUHHOHV
PDVXPDOLQKDTXHID]XPkQJXORFRQVWDQWH
com os sucessivos meridianos, igual ao seu
D]LPXWH(VWDOLQKDpRUXPR, a OR[RGURPLD
ou FXUYDOR[RGU{PLFD e, também conforme
mencionado no Capítulo anterior, tem, na
HVIHUD D IRUPD GH XPD HVSLUDO TXH WHQGH
SDUDRVSyORVH[FHWRQRFDVRGRVPHULGLDQRV
SDUDOHORVHHTXDGRU)LJXUD
'HVWD IRUPD XPD H[LJrQFLD EiVLFD

para utilização de um VLVWHPDGHSURMHomR
HP &DUWRJUDÀD 1iXWLFD p TXH UHSUHVHQWH
as OR[RGURPLDV, ou OLQKDV GH UXPR, por
OLQKDV UHWDV (VVD FRQGLomR LQGLVSHQViYHO
é atendida pela Projeção de Mercator, nome latino do seu idealizador, Gerhard Krämer,
FDUWyJUDIRQDVFLGRHP)ODQGHUVHP0HUFDWRUSXEOLFRXHPVXD&DUWD8QLYHUVDO
SODQLVIpULRQDTXDODVOR[RGURPLDVHUDPUHSUHVHQWDGDVSRUOLQKDVUHWDV

&/$66,),&$d®2'$352-(d®2'(0(5&$725
$3URMHomRGH0HUFDWRUSHUWHQFHjFODVVHGDVSURMHo}HVSRUGHVHQYROYLPHQWRFL
OtQGULFR e à categoria das SURMHo}HV FRQIRUPHV 'D FRQGLomR GH FRQIRUPLGDGH, isto é,
GDLQH[LVWrQFLDGHGHIRUPDo}HVDQJXODUHVVXUJHDSURSULHGDGHGHPDQXWHQomRGDIRUPDGDV
SHTXHQDViUHDV
$3URMHomRGH0HUFDWRUpXPDPRGDOLGDGHHTXDWRULDO das SURMHo}HVFLOtQGULFDV, isto
pRFLOLQGURpFRQVLGHUDGRWDQJHQWHjVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDQRHTXDGRU)LJXUDVDHE
)LJXUDD²3URMHomR&LOtQGULFD )LJXUDE²&LOLQGUR7DQJHQWHQR
(TXDGRU
$3URMHomRGH0HUFDWRUpFODVVLÀFDGDSRUWDQWRFRPRXPDSURMHomRFLOtQGULFDHTXD
WRULDOFRQIRUPH
&,/Ì1'5,&$: pois a 683(5)Ì&,( '( 352-(d®2 é um cilindro, isto é, a
683(5)Ì&,('$7(55$RXSDUWHGHODpSURMHWDGDHPXPFLOLQGUR
(48$725,$/: o &,/,1'52pWDQJHQWHjVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDQR(48$'25
&21)250(: os Ç1*8/26 são representados 6(0'()250$d®23RULVWRDV
IRUPDVGDVSHTXHQDViUHDVVHPDQWrPVHQGRDVVLPDSURMHomRWDPEpPGHQRPLQDGD2572
025)$
Na realidade, a Projeção de Mercator é uma SURMHomRFRQYHQFLRQDO e, portanto, não
REHGHFHDXPFRQFHLWRJHRPpWULFRGHÀQLGRHPERUDVHMDLQVSLUDGDHPXPDSURMHomRFLOtQGUL
FD$)LJXUDDSUHVHQWDDVGLIHUHQoDVHVHPHOKDQoDVHQWUHD3URMHomRGH0HUFDWRUHXPD
SURMHomRFLOtQGULFDJQRP{QLFD(QWUHWDQWRSDUDPDLRUIDFLOLGDGHGHFRPSUHHQVmRSRGHVH
considerar a Projeção de Mercator como uma SURMHomRFLOtQGULFD HTXDWRULDOFRQIRUPH

)LJXUD²3URMHo}HV&LOtQGULFDV
&,/Ì1'5,&$*120Ñ1,&$
$)LJXUDLOXVWUDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGD3URMHomRGH0HUFDWRUFXMDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
VmRDSUHVHQWDGDVQD)LJXUD
)LJXUD²3URMHomRGH0HUFDWRU )LJXUD²&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGD3URMHomR
GH0HUFDWRU
683(5)Ì&,('('(
6(192/9,0(172
&,/,1'52 683(5)Ì&,('( &,/,1'52
'(6(192/9,0(172
352-(d®2 &21)250(
&,/,1'52 3$5$/(/2
$2 (,;2 '$ 7(55$ (
7$1*(17($2/21*2 7$1*È1&,$ (48$'25
25,*(0'$6352-(
'2(48$'25 7$17(6
'2',Ç0(752 0(5,',$126 /,1+$65(7$6
,*8$/0(17(
(63$d$'$6
3$5$/(/26 /,1+$65(7$6
'(6,*8$/0(17(
(63$d$'$6
,17(56(d®2'(
3$5$/(/26
(0(5,',$126
&$57$61É87,&$6(
0$3$6(03(48(1$
862 (6&$/$12648$,6
',6725d¯(61$6$/
7$6/$7,78'(66®2
$&(,7É9(,6
&,/,1'52$%(572&20$352-(d®2'(6(192/9,'$

9$17$*(16 ( /,0,7$d¯(6 '$ 352-(d®2

'(0(5&$725
D 9$17$*(16'$352-(d®2'(0(5&$725
2V PHULGLDQRV VmR UHSUHVHQWDGRV SRU OLQKDV UHWDV RV SDUDOHORV H R HTXDGRU VmR
UHSUHVHQWDGRVSRUXPVHJXQGRVLVWHPDGHOLQKDVUHWDVSHUSHQGLFXODUjIDPtOLDGHOLQKDVTXH
UHSUHVHQWDPRVPHULGLDQRV
eIiFLOLGHQWLÀFDURVSRQWRVFDUGHDLVQXPD&DUWDGH0HUFDWRU
eIiFLOSORWDUXPSRQWRQXPD&DUWDGH0HUFDWRUFRQKHFHQGRVXDVFRRUGHQDGDVJHR
JUiÀFDV/DWLWXGHH/RQJLWXGHeIiFLOGHWHUPLQDUDVFRRUGHQDGDVGHTXDOTXHUSRQWRUHSUH-
VHQWDGRQXPD&DUWDGH0HUFDWRU
2VkQJXORVPHGLGRVQDVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDVmRUHSUHVHQWDGRVSRUkQJXORVLGrQWLFRV
QD FDUWD DVVLP GLUHo}HV SRGHP VHU PHGLGDV GLUHWDPHQWH QD FDUWD 1D SUiWLFD GLVWkQFLDV
WDPEpPSRGHPVHUPHGLGDVGLUHWDPHQWHQDFDUWD
$V/,1+$6'(5802 ou /2;2'520,$6VmRUHSUHVHQWDGDVSRUOLQKDVUHWDV
)DFLOLGDGHGHFRQVWUXomRFRQVWUXomRSRUPHLRGHHOHPHQWRVUHWLOtQHRV
([LVWrQFLDGHWiEXDVSDUDRWUDoDGRGRUHWLFXODGR
E /,0,7$d¯(6'$352-(d®2'(0(5&$725
'HIRUPDomRH[FHVVLYDQDVDOWDVODWLWXGHV
,PSRVVLELOLGDGHGHUHSUHVHQWDomRGRVSyORV
&tUFXORVPi[LPRVH[FHWRRHTXDGRUHRVPHULGLDQRVQmRVmRUHSUHVHQWDGRVSRUOL-
QKDVUHWDVOLPLWDomRQRWiYHOQDV&DUWDVGH0HUFDWRUGHSHTXHQDHVFDODUHSUHVHQWDQGRXPD
JUDQGHiUHD
/$7,78'(6&5(6&,'$6(0(',d®2'(
',67Ç1&,$61$6&$57$6'(0(5&$725
4XDQGRFRPSDUDGDFRPRJORERD3URMHomRGH0HUFDWRUH[LEHHQRUPHVGHIRUPDo}HVGH
iUHDVQDVDOWDVODWLWXGHV
2H[HPSORPDLVYH]HVFLWDGRpRGD*URHQOkQGLDTXHTXDQGRDSUHVHQWDGDQXPD3URMH-
omRGH0HUFDWRUDSDUHFHPDLRUTXHD$PpULFDGR6XODSHVDUGHVWD~OWLPDWHUiUHDRLWRYH]HV
PDLRU)LJXUD
$)LJXUDDMXGDQDFRPSUHHQVmRGHVWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGDSURMHomR(P$ mostra-se
verticalmente um fuso, ou setor, do globo terrestre, com dois círculos desenhados em posições
GLIHUHQWHVSDUDPHOKRUHQWHQGLPHQWRGDVGHIRUPDo}HVTXHLUmRRFRUUHU(P% esticaram-se
KRUL]RQWDOPHQWHRVGRLVPHULGLDQRVH[WHULRUHVGHIRUPDDÀFDUHPSDUDOHORV
9HULÀFDVHDtTXHHPFRQVHTrQFLDRVFtUFXORVWUDQVIRUPDUDPVHHPHOLSVHVÀFDQGR
RGR1RUWHPDLVGLVWRUFLGRTXHRGR6XO
8PDYH]TXHDSURMHomRpFRQIRUPHHODGHYHFRQVHUYDUDVIRUPDVHPiUHDVSHTXHQDV
$VVLPWHPVHTXHHVWLFDUDJRUDYHUWLFDOPHQWHRVHWRUDWpTXHDVHOLSVHVUHWRUQHPQRYD
PHQWHjIRUPDFLUFXODURTXHVHDSUHVHQWDHPC

)LJXUD²0DSD0~QGLQD3URMHomRGH0HUFDWRU
)LJXUD²$3URMHomRGH0HUFDWRUHDV/DWLWXGHV&UHVFLGDV

eGHQRWDUTXHXPDYH]TXHDSDUWH1RUWHGRVHWRUIRLPDLVGLVWHQGLGDTXHD6XORFtUFXOR
VXSHULRUÀFRXFRPXPGLkPHWURVHQVLYHOPHQWHPDLRUTXHRLQIHULRU
$VVLPQD3URMHomRGH0HUFDWRUjPHGLGDTXHDODWLWXGHFUHVFHRVDUFRVGHSDUDOHORV
vão sendo aumentados numa razão crescente, com os arcos de meridiano sofrendo aumentos
QDPHVPDSURSRUomRSDUDTXHVHMDPDQWLGDDFRQGLomRGHFRQIRUPLGDGH
1DVFHPGDtFRQFHLWRVLPSRUWDQWHV2SULPHLURGHOHVpRGHODWLWXGHFUHVFLGD
/$7,78'(&5(6&,'$ correspondente a um determinado paralelo é o comprimen-
WRGRDUFRGHPHULGLDQRFRPSUHHQGLGRHQWUHDSURMHomRGRSDUDOHORFRQVLGHUDGRHRHTXDGRU
WRPDQGRVHSDUDXQLGDGHGHPHGLGDRFRPSULPHQWRGRDUFRGHPLQXWRGRHTXDGRUPLQXWR
GH/RQJLWXGH
$GHPDLVQXPD&DUWDGH0HUFDWRUDHVFDODGDV/RQJLWXGHVpFRQVWDQWHPDVFRPRYLVWR
DHVFDODGDV/DWLWXGHVFUHVFHjPHGLGDTXHD/DWLWXGHDXPHQWD$VVLPDHVFDODGD&DUWDYDULD
QDUD]mRGD/DWLWXGHHGHVWDIRUPDDVGLVWkQFLDVVyVHUmRYHUGDGHLUDVVHIRUHPOLGDV
QDHVFDODGDV/DWLWXGHV(VWHpXPFXLGDGRIXQGDPHQWDODVHUREVHUYDGRQDXWLOL]DomRGH
XPD&DUWD1iXWLFDQD3URMHomRGH0HUFDWRU
87,/,=$d®2'$352-(d®2'(0(5&$725
'RSRQWRGHYLVWDGDQDYHJDomRD3URMHomRGH0HUFDWRUUHVROYHXJUDÀFDPHQWHRVSUR-
EOHPDVGDHVWLPDFRPWDOVXFHVVRTXHVXDSRSXODULGDGHpLQH[FHGtYHOHVHXHPSUHJRLQFRP-
SDUiYHODOR[RGURPLDpUHSUHVHQWDGDSRUXPDOLQKDUHWDTXHID]FRPDVWUDQVIRUPDGDVGRV
PHULGLDQRVXPkQJXORFRQVWDQWHHLJXDODRVHXD]LPXWH
$ LPSRVVLELOLGDGH GH UHSUHVHQWDomR GRV SyORV H R YDORU H[DJHUDGDPHQWH FUHVFHQWH
GDVGHIRUPDo}HVOLQHDUHVHVXSHUÀFLDLVQDVDOWDVODWLWXGHVFRQVWLWXHPDVOLPLWDo}HVPDLV
DFHQWXDGDVGDSURMHomRGH0HUFDWRU(ODpJHUDOPHQWHOLPLWDGDSHORSDUDOHORGHSRUTXH
QHVWDODWLWXGHDVGHIRUPDo}HVMiVHDSUHVHQWDPH[FHVVLYDV(QWUHWDQWRSRGHPRVXWLOL]iOD
VDWLVIDWRULDPHQWHDWpD/DWLWXGHGHGHVGHTXHVHMDPWRPDGDVSUHFDXo}HVHVSHFLDLV
TXDQWRDRXVRGDHVFDODGDVGLVWkQFLDV
$OpPGD&DUWRJUDÀD1iXWLFDD3URMHomRGH0HUFDWRUpWDPEpPHPSUHJDGDQDVVH
JXLQWHVFODVVHVGHFDUWDVFDUWDVSLORWRGHIXVRVKRUiULRVPDJQpWLFDVJHROyJLFDVFHOHVWHV
PHWHRUROyJLFDVDHURQiXWLFDVHPDSDVP~QGL
2875$6352-(d¯(686$'$6(0
&$572*5$),$1É87,&$
D 352-(d®2*120Ñ1,&$
&RQIRUPHDQWHULRUPHQWHPHQFLRQDGRHPERUDDPHQRUGLVWkQFLDHQWUHGRLVSRQWRVQD
VXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDVHMDRDUFRGHFtUFXORPi[LPRTXHRVXQHRUWRGURPLDDQDYHJDomRp
normalmente conduzida por uma OR[RGURPLD, ou OLQKDGHUXPRTXHID]FRPRVVXFHVVLYRV
PHULGLDQRVXPkQJXORFRQVWDQWHHLJXDODRVHXD]LPXWH4XDQGRRVGRLVSRQWRVGDVXSHUItFLH
GD7HUUDHVWmRSUy[LPRVDOR[RGURPLD praticamente se confunde com a RUWRGURPLD: a di-
IHUHQoDpGHPLOKDSDUDGRLVSRQWRVDIDVWDGRVGHPLOKDVQD/DWLWXGHGH
7RGDYLDTXDQGRRVGRLVSRQWRVHVWmRPXLWRDIDVWDGRVDGLIHUHQoDSRGHVHUGDRUGHP
GHFHQWHQDVGHPLOKDVDGLIHUHQoDHQWUHDVGLVWkQFLDVOR[RGU{PLFDHRUWRGU{PLFDGH6\GQH\
QD$XVWUiOLDD9DOSDUDtVRQR&KLOHpGHPLOKDV

$VVLPSDUDVLQJUDGXUDVPXLWRH[WHQVDVWRUQDVHLPSHUDWLYDDDGRomRGRFDPLQKRPDLV
curto, isto é, da GHUURWDRUWRGU{PLFD, sendo necessário, para o seu planejamento, dispor de
FDUWDVFRQVWUXtGDVHPXPVLVWHPDGHSURMHomRTXHUHSUHVHQWHRVFtUFXORVPi[LPRV como OLQKDV
retas(VWHVLVWHPDpDSURMHomRSODQDJQRP{QLFD ou, como é normalmente denominada,
SURMHomRJQRP{QLFD
)LJXUD²3URMHomR*QRP{QLFD
$ SURMHomR JQRP{QLFD utiliza

como VXSHUItFLHGHSURMHomR um SODQR
WDQJHQWHjVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDQRTXDO
os pontos são projetados geometricamente,
DSDUWLUGRFHQWURGD7HUUD)LJXUD
Esta é, provavelmente, a mais antiga das
SURMHo}HVDFUHGLWDQGRVHTXHIRLGHVHQYRO
YLGDSRU7KDOHVGH0LOHWRFHUFDGHD&
$SURMHomRJQRP{QLFD apresenta
WRGRVRVWLSRVGHGHIRUPDo}HV$SURMHomR
QmRpHTXLGLVWDQWHDHVFDODVyVHPDQWpP
H[DWDQRSRQWRGHWDQJrQFLDYDULDQGRUD
SLGDPHQWHjPHGLGDTXHVHDIDVWDGHVVH
SRQWR$GHPDLVDSURMHomRQmRpFRQIRUPH
QHP HTXLYDOHQWH $V GLVWRUo}HV VmR WmR
JUDQGHVTXHDVIRUPDVDVGLVWkQFLDVHDV
áreas são muito mal representadas, exceto
QDVSUR[LPLGDGHVGRSRQWRGHWDQJrQFLD
)LJXUDD²&DUWD*QRP{QLFD
A B
D C

$)LJXUDDRQGHHVWiUHSUHVHQWDGRXPUHWLFXODGRGDSURMHomRJQRP{QLFD, com
SRQWRGHWDQJrQFLDQR5HFLIHLOXVWUDDVGHIRUPDo}HVDSUHVHQWDGDVSHODSURMHomR3RGHPVHU
FRPSDUDGDVDVGLIHUHQoDVGHIRUPDViUHDVHGLPHQV}HVHQWUHGRLVUHWkQJXORVGHGHODGR
XPVLWXDGRUHODWLYDPHQWHSUy[LPRGRSRQWRGHWDQJrQFLDHRXWUREHPDIDVWDGRGHVVHSRQWR
)LJXUDE²&DUWD*QRP{QLFD
AB: ORTODROMIA ENTRE OS PONTOS A e B
Entretanto, conforme citado, aSURMHomRJQRP{QLFDWHPDSURSULHGDGH~QLFDGHUHSUH-

sentar todos osFtUFXORVPi[LPRVporOLQKDVUHWDV 2VPHULGLDQRVaparecem como retas
FRQYHUJLQGRSDUDRSyORPDLVSUy[LPR2VSDUDOHORV, exceto o HTXDGRUTXHpXPFtUFXOR
Pi[LPRDSDUHFHPFRPROLQKDVFXUYDV)LJXUDE$OpPGLVVRQDSURMHomRJQRP{
QLFD, como em todas as SURMHo}HVD]LPXWDLV, os azimutes a partir do SRQWRGHWDQJrQFLD
VmRUHSUHVHQWDGRVVHPGHIRUPDo}HV
(P&DUWRJUDÀD1iXWLFDDSURMHomRJQRP{QLFD é, então, empregada principalmente
QDFRQVWUXomRGH&DUWDVSDUD1DYHJDomR2UWRGU{PLFD)LJXUDTXHVHUmRHVWXGDGDVFRP
GHWDOKHQR&DStWXOR9ROXPH,,$GHPDLVpWDPEpPDSOLFDGDHPUDGLRJRQLRPHWULDFRP
HVWDomRÀ[DDSURYHLWDQGRVHDSURSULHGDGHTXHDSURMHomRJQRP{QLFD tem de representar
VHPGHIRUPDo}HVRVD]LPXWHVPDUFDo}HVWRPDGRVDSDUWLUGRSRQWRGHWDQJrQFLDTXH
QHVWHFDVRVHUiDSRVLomRGDHVWDomRUDGLRJRQLRPpWULFD3RURXWURODGRVDEHVHTXHQmRp
possível representar as regiões polares na Projeção de Mercator, devido à sua impossibilidade
PDWHULDOGHUHSUHVHQWDURSyORHSRUFDXVDGDVGHIRUPDo}HVH[FHVVLYDVDSUHVHQWDGDVHP/D-
WLWXGHVPXLWRDOWDV(VWDLPSRUWDQWHODFXQDSRGHVHUSUHHQFKLGDSHODSURMHomRJQRP{QLFD
1D)LJXUDSRUH[HPSORVHIRUGHVHMDGDDGHUURWDRUWRGU{PLFDGRFDER2UDQJH
SDUDRDUTXLSpODJRGRV$oRUHVEDVWDWUDoDUQDFDUWDFRQVWUXtGDQDSURMHomRJQRP{QLFDXPD
OLQKDUHWDFRQHFWDQGRRVGRLVORFDLV(VWDOLQKDUHSUHVHQWDRDUFRGHFtUFXORPi[LPRTXHSDVVD
SHORVGRLVSRQWRVFRQVWLWXLQGRDVVLPDPHQRUGLVWkQFLDHQWUHHOHV

)LJXUD²&DUWDSDUD1DYHJDomR2UWRGU{PLFD
5HGXomRGHXPWUHFKRGD&DUWD1ºGD1,0$(8$

E 352-(d®2(67(5(2*5É),&$
$SURMHomRHVWHUHRJUiÀFD resulta da projeção geométrica de pontos da superfície da
7HUUDVREUHXPSODQRWDQJHQWHGHVGHXPSRQWRGHYLVWD situado na posição oposta ao ponto
GHWDQJrQFLD)LJXUD(VWDSURMHomRpWDPEpPFKDPDGDGHD]LPXWDORUWRPRUID
)LJXUD²3URMHomR(VWHUHRJUiÀFD )LJXUD²0DSDGR+HPLVIpULR
(TXDWRULDO 2FLGHQWDOQD3URMHomR(VWHUHRJUiÀFD
$HVFDODHPXPDSURMHomRHVWHUHRJUiÀFDDXPHQWDFRPDGLVWkQFLDGRSRQWRGH
WDQJrQFLD SRUpP PDLV OHQWDPHQWH TXH HP XPD SURMHomR JQRP{QLFD 8P KHPLVIpULR
completo pode ser representado em uma SURMHomRHVWHUHRJUiÀFD, sem distorções excessivas
)LJXUD7DOFRPRHPRXWUDVSURMHo}HVD]LPXWDLV, os FtUFXORVPi[LPRVTXHSDVVDP
pelo SRQWRGHWDQJrQFLD aparecem como OLQKDVUHWDV7RGRVRVGHPDLVFtUFXORVLQFOXLQGR
PHULGLDQRVHSDUDOHORVVmRUHSUHVHQWDGRVFRPRFtUFXORVRXDUFRVGHFtUFXORV
2SULQFLSDOXVRGDSURMHomRHVWHUHRJUiÀFDHP&DUWRJUDÀD1iXWLFDpQDFRQVWUXomR
GHFDUWDVGDVUHJL}HVSRODUHV
F 352-(d®22572*5É),&$
)LJXUD²3URMHomR2UWRJUiÀFD(TXDWRULDO
Projetando geometricamente pontos

GDVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDWHQGRFRPRSRQWRGH
YLVWDRLQÀQLWROLQKDVSURMHWDQWHVSDUDOHODV
sobre um SODQRWDQJHQWH, tem-se uma proje
omRRUWRJUiÀFD)LJXUD(VWDSURMHomR
não é FRQIRUPH, nem HTXLYDOHQWH, nem
HTXLGLVWDQWH HP WRGD D VXD H[WHQVmR 6XD
SULQFLSDO DSOLFDomR HP &DUWRJUDÀD 1iXWLFD
RFRUUHQRFDPSRGDQDYHJDomRDVWURQ{PLFD
RQGHHODp~WLOSDUDDSUHVHQWDURXSDUDVROX-
FLRQDUJUDÀFDPHQWHRWULkQJXORGHSRVLomRH
SDUDLOXVWUDomRGHFRRUGHQDGDVDVWURQ{PLFDV

)LJXUD²0DSD2UWRJUiÀFRGR+HPLVIpULR2FLGHQWDO
6H R SODQR p WDQJHQWH D XP SRQWR

GRHTXDGRUFRPRQRUPDOPHQWHRFRUUHRV
SDUDOHORVLQFOXLQGRRHTXDGRUDSDUHFHP
como OLQKDVUHWDV e os PHULGLDQRV como
HOLSVHVH[FHWRRPHULGLDQRTXHSDVVDSHOR
SRQWRGHWDQJrQFLDTXHDSDUHFHFRPRXPD
OLQKD UHWD H R TXH HVWi D TXH p UH
presentado por um FtUFXOR)LJXUD
G 352-(d®2$=,087$/(48,',67$17(
eXPDSURMHomRQDTXDODHVFDODGHGLVWkQFLDVDRORQJRGHTXDOTXHUFtUFXORPi[LPR
TXHSDVVDSHORSRQWRGHWDQJrQFLDpFRQVWDQWH6HRSRQWRGHWDQJrQFLD está situado em
um dos SyORV, os PHULGLDQRV aparecem como OLQKDVUHWDVUDGLDLV e os SDUDOHORV como
FtUFXORV FRQFrQWULFRV LJXDOPHQWH HVSDoDGRV 6H R SODQR p WDQJHQWH HP TXDOTXHU RXWUR
SRQWR RV FtUFXORV FRQFrQWULFRV UHSUHVHQWDP GLVWkQFLDV GR SRQWR GH WDQJrQFLD 1HVWH FDVR
PHULGLDQRVHSDUDOHORVDSDUHFHPFRPRFXUYDV$SURMHomRD]LPXWDOHTXLGLVWDQWH pode ser
XVDGDSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUWRGDD7HUUDVHQGRTXHQHVWDVLWXDomRRSRQWRGHIDVDGRGHGR
SRQWRGHWDQJrQFLDDSDUHFHFRPRRPDLRUGRVFtUFXORVFRQFrQWULFRV$SURMHomRQmRpFRQIRUPH
QHPHTXLYDOHQWHQHPSHUVSHFWLYD3Uy[LPRDRSRQWRGHWDQJrQFLDDVGLVWRUo}HVVmRSHTXHQDV
SRUpPFUHVFHPFRPDGLVWkQFLDDWpTXHQDVLPHGLDo}HVGRODGRRSRVWRGD7HUUDDVIRUPDV
WRUQDPVHLUUHFRQKHFtYHLV)LJXUDD
$ SURMHomR D]LPXWDO HTXLGLVWDQWH p ~WLO SRUTXH FRPELQD DV WUrV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV

possíveis de se encontrar nas projeções azimutais:
$VGLVWkQFLDV a partir do SRQWRGHWDQJrQFLDVmRUHSUHVHQWDGDVVHPGLVWRUo}HV
DV GLUHo}HV D]LPXWHV D SDUWLU GR SRQWR GH WDQJrQFLD são representadas sem
GHIRUPDo}HVH
SHUPLWHUHSUHVHQWDUWRGDDVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDHPXPDFDUWD

)LJXUDD²3URMHomR$]LPXWDO(TXLGLVWDQWH
&$57$'2081'2
3URMHomR$]LPXWDO(TXLGLVWDQWH
&(1752
%5$6Ì/,$')
Escala 1:65 000 000

$VVLPVHXPSRUWRRXDHURSRUWRLPSRUWDQWHIRUHVFROKLGRFRPRSRQWRGHWDQJrQFLD,
RD]LPXWHUXPRDGLVWkQFLDHDGHUURWDGHVWHSRQWRSDUDTXDOTXHURXWURSRQWRQDVXSHUIt-
FLHGD7HUUDVmRGHWHUPLQDGRVFRPUDSLGH]HSUHFLVmRWDOFRPRPRVWUDGRQDV)LJXUDVE
HF6HXPDHVWDomRGHFRPXQLFDo}HVIRUHVFROKLGDFRPRSRQWRGHWDQJrQFLD de uma
carta na SURMHomR D]LPXWDO HTXLGLVWDQWH DV WUDMHWyULDV GRV VLQDLV GH UiGLR SDUD RX GD
HVWDomRWRUQDPVHDSDUHQWHV$GHPDLVSRGHVHGHWHUPLQDUIDFLOPHQWHDGLUHomRSDUDDTXDO
GHYHVHURULHQWDGDXPDDQWHQD$SURMHomRpWDPEpPXVDGDQDFRQVWUXomRGHFDUWDVSRODUHV
HGR,GHQWLÀFDGRUGH(VWUHODV´6WDU)LQGHUDQG,GHQWLÀHUµ1º'TXHVHUiHVWXGDGR
SRVWHULRUPHQWH
)LJXUDE²1D6XSHUItFLHGD7HUUD )LJXUDF²1D&DUWD$]LPXWDO(TXLGLVWDQWH
H 352-(d¯(6&Ñ1,&$6
Uma SURMHomRF{QLFDpSURGX]LGDSHODWUDQVIHUrQFLDGHSRQWRVGDVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUD
SDUDXPFRQHRXXPDVpULHGHFRQHVTXHVmRHQWmRGHVHQYROYLGRVHPXPSODQRSDUDIRUPDU
DFDUWD6HRHL[RGRFRQHFRLQFLGHFRPRHL[RGD7HUUDFRPRRFRUUHQRUPDOPHQWHTXDQGRVH
usam SURMHo}HVF{QLFDVHP&DUWRJUDÀD1iXWLFDRVSDUDOHORV aparecem como DUFRVGH
FtUFXORV e os PHULGLDQRV como OLQKDV UHWDV, ou como FXUYDV FRQYHUJLQGR SDUD R SyOR
PDLVSUy[LPR$VGHIRUPDo}HVH[FHVVLYDVVmRHYLWDGDVOLPLWDQGRDiUHDUHSUHVHQWDGDQDFDUWD
jSDUWHGRFRQHSUy[LPDjVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUD2SDUDOHORDRORQJRGRTXDOQmRKiGLVWRUo}HVp
denominado SDUDOHORSDGUmR
$V FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GDV SURMHo}HVF{QLFDV variam, pelo uso de cones tangentes em
YiULRVSDUDOHORVXVDQGRXPFRQHVHFDQWHRXXPDVpULHGHFRQHV
Uma SURMHomRF{QLFDVLPSOHVXWLOL]DXP~QLFRFRQHWDQJHQWHjVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUD
)LJXUD$DOWXUDGRFRQHDXPHQWDjPHGLGDTXHD/DWLWXGHGRSDUDOHORGHWDQJrQFLD
GLPLQXL1RHTXDGRU a altura do FRQH é LQÀQLWD e este torna-se um FLOLQGUR1RSyOR a
altura é ]HUR e o FRQH transforma-se em um SODQR

)LJXUD²3URMHomR&{QLFD6LPSOHV
4XDQGRRFRQHpGHVHQYROYLGR
em um plano para formar uma car-
ta, os PHULGLDQRV aparecem como
OLQKDV UHWDV convergindo para o
YpUWLFH GR FRQH 2 SDUDOHOR SD
GUmR QR TXDO R FRQH p WDQJHQWH j
7HUUDpUHSUHVHQWDGRSRUXPDUFR
GHFtUFXOR cujo centro é o YpUWLFHGR
FRQHSRQWRGHLQWHUVHomRGHWRGRVRV
PHULGLDQRV
)LJXUD²0DSDGR+HPLVIpULR1RUWHQD3URMHomR&{QLFD6LPSOHV
2VRXWURVSDUDOHORVDSDUHFHPFRPRFtUFXORVFRQFrQWULFRVFRPDGLVWkQFLDDRORQJRGH
FDGDPHULGLDQRHQWUHSDUDOHORVFRQVHFXWLYRVUHSUHVHQWDGDHPUHODomRFRUUHWDFRPDGLVWkQFLD
QD7HUUDVHQGRDVVLPGHULYDGDPDWHPDWLFDPHQWH3RULVVRDSURMHomRF{QLFDVLPSOHV não
é SHUVSHFWLYDDSHQDVRVPHULGLDQRVVmRSURMHWDGRVJHRPHWULFDPHQWH2SyOR é representado
SRUXPFtUFXOR)LJXUD
$HVFDOD é correta ao longo do SDUDOHORSDGUmRHGHTXDOTXHUPHULGLDQR7RGRVRV
RXWURVSDUDOHORVVmRUHSUHVHQWDGRVFRPGHIRUPDo}HVFRPSULPHQWRVPDLRUHVTXHRFRUUHWR
VHQGRTXHRVHUURVDXPHQWDPjPHGLGDTXHDXPHQWDDGLVWkQFLDGRSDUDOHORSDGUmR&RPRD
escala não é a mesma em todas as direções em torno de cada ponto, a projeção não é conforme,
VXDSULQFLSDOGHVYDQWDJHPSDUDDQDYHJDomR$OpPGLVVRWDPEpPQmRpHTXLYDOHQWH

)LJXUDD²&RQH6HFDQWHFRP'RLV3DUDOHORV3DGU}HV
'HYH]TXHDHVFDODpFRUUHWDDRORQJR
do SDUDOHORSDGUmR e varia uniformemente
para cada lado deste paralelo, com distor-
o}HV UHODWLYDPHQWH SHTXHQDV QDV UHJL}HV
SUy[LPDV DR SDUDOHOR SDGUmR D SURMHomR
F{QLFDVLPSOHVp~WLOSDUDDUHSUHVHQWDomR
de uma área com grande desenvolvimento
HP/RQJLWXGHHFRPSDUDWLYDPHQWHHVWUHLWD
HP/DWLWXGH$SURMHomRIRLGHVHQYROYLGDQR
6pFXOR,,G&SRU&OiXGLR3WRORPHXSDUDD
FDUWRJUDÀDGHXPDiUHDFRPHVWDVFDUDFWH-
UtVWLFDVR0HGLWHUUkQHR
)LJXUDE²*HRPpWULFD0RGLÀFDGD
$3URMHomR&RQIRUPHGH/DPEHUW
DXPHQWDDIDL[DGH/DWLWXGHGDSURMHomRF{-
nica simples pelo uso de um FRQHVHFDQWH,
TXHLQWHUFHSWDDVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDHPGRLV
SDUDOHORVSDGU}HV)LJXUDVDHE
&Ñ1,&$&21)250(GH/$0%(57
)LJXUD²&DUWDQD3URMHomRGH/DPEHUW
$GHPDLVRHVSDoDPHQWRHQWUHRV
paralelos é alterado matematicamente,
GH PRGR TXH D GLVWRUomR DR ORQJR GRV
paralelos e ao longo dos meridianos seja
DPHVPDRTXHWRUQDDSURMHomRFRQIRU
me)LJXUD
Esta projeção, idealizada por
-RKDQQ +HLQULFK /DPEHUW QR 6pFXOR
;9,,,pDSURMHomRF{QLFDPDLVXWLOL]D-
da em navegação, embora seu emprego
PDLRUVHMDHPFDUWDVDHURQiXWLFDV

Uma OLQKDUHWDQD3URMHomR&RQIRUPHGH/DPEHUWDSUR[LPDVHWDQWRGHXPFtUFXOR
Pi[LPRTXHRVGRLVSRGHPVHUFRQVLGHUDGRVLGrQWLFRVSDUDRVSURSyVLWRVGHQDYHJDomR0DU-
FDo}HVUDGLRJRQLRPpWULFDVGHVLQDLVUiGLRTXHVHSURSDJDPSRUFtUFXORVPi[LPRVSRGHPVHU
SORWDGDVQHVWDSURMHomRVHPDFRUUHomRTXHQHFHVVLWDPTXDQGRVmRSORWDGDVHPXPD&DUWD
GH0HUFDWRU(VWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDJDQKDVHPRVDFULItFLRGDFRQIRUPLGDGHWRUQRXD3URMHomR
&RQIRUPHGH/DPEHUWDGHTXDGDSDUDFDUWDVDHURQiXWLFDVSRLVHPQDYHJDomRDpUHDID]VH
LQWHQVRXVRGHUDGLRPDUFDo}HV(P&DUWRJUDÀD1iXWLFDHVWDSURMHomRWHPVLGRHPSUHJDGD
HPXPDIRUPDOLJHLUDPHQWHPRGLÀFDGDHPDOWDVODWLWXGHVSDUDFDUWDVSRODUHV
$)LJXUDFRPSDUDDVWUrVSURMHo}HVPDLVXWLOL]DGDVHP&DUWRJUDÀD1iXWLFD
)LJXUD3URMHo}HVXWLOL]DGDVHP&DUWRJUDÀD1iXWLFD
MERCATOR LAMBERT GNOMÔNICA
Paralelos Linhas retas Arcos de círculos Curvas (seções de

horizontais concêntricos cone) exceto o
Equador
Meridianos Linhas retas verti- Linhas retas, raios dos Linhas retas
cais, perpendicula- paralelos, convergindo
res ao Equador para o Pólo
Conforme Sim Sim Não
Círculos Linhas curvas Linhas aproxima- Linhas retas

máximos (exceto os damente retas
Meridianos e o
Equador)
Linhas de rumo Linhas retas Linhas curvas Linhas curvas

Ângulo medido
Ângulo medido com
qualquer Meridiano
com qualquer
Escala de Variável – será Aproximadamente Variável – será
distâncias usada a do constante medida por ábacos
paralelo médio impressos nas cartas
Aumento Aumenta com a Aumenta com a Aumenta com a

da escala distância do distância do distância ao centro
Equador paralelo central da da projeção
projeção
Usos para o Navegação em Navegação Determinação da derrota

navegante geral – Costeira, Costeira, Estimada ortodrômica (ortodromia
Estimada, Oceânica, e Eletrônica ou arco de círculo
Eletrônica, etc. máximo)

)LJXUD²3URMHomR3ROLF{QLFD
$VOLPLWDo}HVHP/DWLWXGHGDVRXWUDV
SURMHo}HVF{QLFDVSRGHPVHUHVVHQFLDOPHQWH
eliminadas pelo uso de uma série de cones
tangentes, resultando em uma SURMHomRSR
OLF{QLFD)LJXUD1HVWDSURMHomRTXH
não é perspectiva, cada paralelo é a base de
XPFRQHWDQJHQWH1DVERUGDVGDFDUWDDiUHD
entre paralelos é expandida para eliminar
DVSDUWHVTXHÀFDULDPVHPUHFREULPHQWR$
HVFDODpFRUUHWDDRORQJRGHTXDOTXHUSDUDOHOR
HDRORQJRGRPHULGLDQRFHQWUDOGDSURMHomR
$RORQJRGRVRXWURVPHULGLDQRVDHVFDODDX-
menta com o aumento da diferença de longi-
WXGHSDUDRPHULGLDQRFHQWUDO2VSDUDOHORV
DSDUHFHPFRPRFtUFXORVQmRFRQFrQWULFRVHRV
meridianos como linhas curvas convergindo
SDUDRSyORFRPDFRQFDYLGDGHYROWDGDSDUD
RPHULGLDQRFHQWUDO
)LJXUD²0DSDQD3URMHomR3ROLF{QLFD
$SURMHomRSROLF{QLFD é muito usa-

GDHP$WODV)LJXUD(QWUHWDQWRFRPR
não é conforme, não é costumeiramente
XWLOL]DGDHPQDYHJDomR

I 352-(d®275$169(56$'(0(5&$725
)LJXUD²0DSDQD3URMHomR7UDQVYHUVDGH0HUFDWRU
Um caso especial da Projeção de Mer-

FDWRUpD3URMHomR7UDQVYHUVDGH0HUFDWRURX
SURMHomRFLOtQGULFDWUDQVYHUVDRUWRPRUID
FRQIRUPHQDTXDORFLOLQGURpWDQJHQWHj
VXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDDRORQJRGHXPPHULGLD
QR&RPRDiUHDGHGHIRUPDomRPtQLPDQHVWD
SURMHomR ÀFDUi SUy[LPD DR PHULGLDQR GH
WDQJrQFLD D 3URMHomR 7UDQVYHUVD GH 0HU-
FDWRUWRUQDVH~WLOSDUDFDUWDVFREULQGRXPD
JUDQGHIDL[DGH/DWLWXGHVHXPDIDL[DHVWUHLWD
GH/RQJLWXGHVGHFDGDODGRGRPHULGLDQRGH
WDQJrQFLD )LJXUD RX SDUD FDUWDV GH
UHJL}HV SRODUHV )LJXUD $OpP GLVVR p
algumas vezes usada em FDUWDVFHOHVWHVTXH
DSUHVHQWDPDFRQ)LJXUDomRGRFpXQDVYiULDV
HVWDo}HVGRDQR
)LJXUD²3URMHomR7UDQVYHUVDGH0HUFDWRU0HULGLDQRGH7DQJrQFLD(²
:
(PXPDFDUWDQD3URMHomR7UDQVYHUVD
GH0HUFDWRUSUy[LPRDRPHULGLDQRGHWDQ
JrQFLD uma OLQKD UHWD aproxima-se muito
de um FtUFXORPi[LPRQDHVIHUDWHUUHVWUH
eQHVWDiUHDTXHDFDUWDpPDLV~WLO
2VLVWHPD8708QLYHUVDO7UDQVYHUVD
GH0HUFDWRUpXPDJUDGHTXLORPpWULFDVXSHU-
SRVWDDXPUHWLFXODGRGD3URMHomR7UDQVYHUVD
GH 0HUFDWRU SDUD ÀQV WpFQLFRFLHQWtÀFRV RX
PLOLWDUHV 2 VLVWHPD 870 p PXLWDV YH]HV
XWLOL]DGRSDUDFRQVWUXomRGH)ROKDVGH%RUGR
H)ROKDVGH6RQGDJHQVSURGX]LGDVHP/HYDQ-
WDPHQWRV+LGURJUiÀFRVHSDUDFDUWDVPLOLWDUHV
H[HPSOR&DUWDGH%RPEDUGHLR

&$57$632/$5(6
$VH[FHVVLYDVGHIRUPDo}HVQDVDOWDVODWLWXGHVHDLPSRVVLELOLGDGHGHUHSUHVHQWDomR
GRVSyORVOLPLWDPRXVRGD3URMHomRGH0HUFDWRUSDUDDFDUWRJUDÀDGDVUHJL}HVSRODUHV+i
QHFHVVLGDGHHQWmRGHVHOHFLRQDURXWUDVSURMHo}HVSDUDDUHSUHVHQWDomRGHVVDViUHDV
$VSULQFLSDLVFRQVLGHUDo}HVSDUDDHVFROKDGHXPVLVWHPDGHSURMHomRFRQYHQLHQWHSDUDD
navegação polar são:
D &21)250,'$'(²pGHVHMiYHOTXHRVkQJXORVGLUHo}HVVHMDPFRUUHWDPHQWH
UHSUHVHQWDGRVGHPRGRTXHDSORWDJHPGHUXPRVHPDUFDo}HVSRVVDVHUIHLWDGLUHWDPHQWH
VREUHDFDUWDVHPFRUUHo}HVFRPSOLFDGDV
E 5(35(6(17$d®2'26&Ì5&8/260É;,026 – como os círculos máxi-
PRVRUWRGURPLDVVmRPDLV~WHLVHPDOWDVODWLWXGHVTXHDVOLQKDVGHUXPROR[RGURPLDVp
GHVHMiYHOTXHRVFtUFXORVPi[LPRVVHMDPUHSUHVHQWDGRVSRUOLQKDVUHWDV
F (6&$/$&2167$17(²pGHVHMiYHOTXHVHWHQKDXPDHVFDODFRQVWDQWHHP
WRGDDFDUWD
G /,0,7(6'(862 – limites amplos de utilização são desejáveis, para reduzir
DRPtQLPRRQ~PHURGHSURMHo}HVQHFHVViULDV
$VWUrV projeções comumente selecionadas para FDUWDVSRODUHVVmRD7UDQVYHUVDGH
0HUFDWRUD&RQIRUPHGH/DPEHUWPRGLÀFDGDHDSURMHomRSRODUHVWHUHRJUiÀFD6mRDLQGD
XWLOL]DGDVDSURMHomRJQRP{QLFDHDD]LPXWDOHTXLGLVWDQWH3Uy[LPRDRSyORKiSRXFRRTXHVH
escolher entre elas, pois aí todas são essencialmente conformes e em todas os círculos máximos
VmRSUDWLFDPHQWHUHSUHVHQWDGRVSRUOLQKDVUHWDV(QWUHWDQWRFRQIRUPHDGLVWkQFLDDRSyOR
DXPHQWDGHYHPVHUFRQVLGHUDGDVDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGLVWLQWDVGHFDGDSURMHomR
$3URMHomR7UDQVYHUVDGH0HUFDWRUpFRQIRUPHHRWLSRGHGLVWRUomRTXHDSUHVHQWD
pIDPLOLDUDTXHPHVWiDFRVWXPDGRDXVDUXPD&DUWDGH0HUFDWRU$VGLVWkQFLDVSRGHP
VHUPHGLGDVGDPHVPDPDQHLUDTXHHPXPD&DUWDGH0HUFDWRU$VVLPQDFDUWRJUDÀDGDV
regiões polares as vantagens da Projeção de Mercator, tais como facilidade de construção e
SORWDJHPUiSLGDGRVSRQWRVSRGHPDLQGDVHUDSURYHLWDGDVSHODURWDomRGRFLOLQGURGH
HPD]LPXWHÀFDQGRDJRUDWDQJHQWHHPXPPHULGLDQRRTXDOSDVVDDVHURHTXDGRUÀFWtFLR
1HVWDSURMHomRGHQWURGDVUHJL}HVSRODUHVRVSDUDOHORVVmRSUDWLFDPHQWHFLUFXQIHUrQFLDV
FRQFrQWULFDV H RV PHULGLDQRV GLYHUJHP OLJHLUDPHQWH GH OLQKDV UHWDV RV DUFRV GH FtUFXORV
Pi[LPRVWDPEpPSRGHPVHUFRQVLGHUDGRVOLQKDVUHWDVGHVSUH]DQGRVHRSHTXHQRHUURFR-
PHWLGR8PSHTXHQRLQFRQYHQLHQWHQDPHGLGDGHkQJXORVSRGHUHVXOWDUGDFXUYDWXUDGRV
PHULGLDQRV)LJXUD$SURMHomRpH[FHOHQWHSDUDXVRHPXPDIDL[DHVWUHLWDHPWRUQR
GRPHULGLDQRGHWDQJrQFLDHSDUDHPSUHJRFRPVLVWHPDDXWRPiWLFRGHQDYHJDomRTXHJHUD
ODWLWXGHHORQJLWXGH
$3URMHomR&RQIRUPHGH/DPEHUWPRGLÀFDGDpYLUWXDOPHQWHFRQIRUPHHPWRGDDVXD
H[WHQVmRHDVGLVWRUo}HVGHHVFDODPDQWrPVHSHTXHQDVTXDQGRDFDUWDHVWHQGHVHDWpFHUFD
GHDGRSyOR$OpPGHVVHOLPLWHDVGLVWRUo}HVFUHVFHPUDSLGDPHQWH8PFtUFXORPi[LPR
pSUDWLFDPHQWHXPDOLQKDUHWDHPTXDOTXHUSRQWRGDFDUWD'LVWkQFLDVHGLUHo}HVSRGHPVHU
PHGLGDVGLUHWDPHQWHQDFDUWD$3URMHomR&RQIRUPHGH/DPEHUWPRGLÀFDGDRX3URMHomRGH
1H\XVDXPSDUDOHORPXLWRSUy[LPRDRSyORFRPRSDUDOHORSDGUmRPDLVDOWR$VVLPHVWD
SURMHomRF{QLFDFRPGRLVSDUDOHORVSDGU}HVYDLUHTXHUHUSRXFDGHIRUPDomRSDUDUHSUHVHQWDU
RVSDUDOHORVFRPRFtUFXORVHHOLPLQDURFtUFXORTXHUHSUHVHQWDULDRSyOR
$RXWUDSURMHomRFRPXPHQWHXWLOL]DGDHPFDUWRJUDÀDGDVUHJL}HVSRODUHVpDSURMHomR
SRODUHVWHUHRJUiÀFDTXHpFRQIRUPHHPWRGDDVXDH[WHQVmRHQDTXDOXPFtUFXORPi[LPR
difere muito pouco de uma OLQKDUHWD$GLVWRUomRGHHVFDODQmRpH[FHVVLYDSDUDXPDGLVWkQFLD
FRQVLGHUiYHOGRSyORPDVpPDLRUTXHQD3URMHomR&RQIRUPHGH/DPEHUWPRGLÀFDGD$YDULDomR

GHHVFDODSRGHVHUUHGX]LGDXVDQGRXPSODQRVHFDQWHTXHFRUWHD7HUUDHPXPSDUDOHORLQWHU-
PHGLiULRHQWUHRSyORHRSDUDOHORPDLVDIDVWDGRGHIRUPDTXHDVGLVWRUo}HVVHMDPGLYLGLGDV
FRPDSRUomRGHQWURGHVWHSDUDOHORSDGUmRFRPSULPLGDHDSRUomRIRUDGHOHH[SDQGLGD
$ &$57$ 1É87,&$ 87,/,=$d®2 (

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KLGURJUiÀFRVGHiUHDVRFHkQLFDVPDUHVEDtDVULRVFDQDLVODJRVODJRDVRXTXDOTXHURXWUD
PDVVD G·iJXD QDYHJiYHO H TXH VH GHVWLQDP D VHUYLU GH EDVH j QDYHJDomR VmR JHUDOPHQWH
construídas na Projeção de Mercator e representam os acidentes terrestres e submarinos,
fornecendo informações sobre SURIXQGLGDGHV, SHULJRVjQDYHJDomREDQFRVSHGUDVVXE-
PHUVDVFDVFRVVRoREUDGRVRXTXDOTXHURXWURREVWiFXORjQDYHJDomRQDWXUH]DGRIXQGR,
IXQGHDGRXURV e iUHDVGHIXQGHLR, DX[tOLRVjQDYHJDomRIDUyLVIDUROHWHVERLDVEDOL]DV
OX]HVGHDOLQKDPHQWRUDGLRIDUyLVHWFDOWLWXGHVHSRQWRVQRWiYHLVDRVQDYHJDQWHV, OL
QKDVGHFRVWDHGHFRQWRUQRGDVLOKDV, HOHPHQWRVGHPDUpV, FRUUHQWHVHPDJQHWLVPR
HRXWUDVLQGLFDo}HVQHFHVViULDVà segurança da navegação
$V&DUWDV1iXWLFDV2ÀFLDLVSRGHPVHUGHGRLVWLSRVSDSHORXGLJLWDO$&DUWD1iXWL-
FD2ÀFLDOHPSDSHOpDFDUWDQiXWLFDLPSUHVVDHPSDSHOXWLOL]DQGRVHRIRUPDWRDQDOyJLFR
SURGX]LGDSRUXP(VWDGRRXSRUXP6HUYLoR+LGURJUiÀFRSRUHOHDXWRUL]DGRGHDFRUGRFRP
RVSDGU}HVLQWHUQDFLRQDLVHVWDEHOHFLGRVSHOD2UJDQL]DomR+LGURJUiÀFD,QWHUQDFLRQDO2+,
(ODVVmRDWXDOL]DGDVSRUPHLRGDVGLYXOJDo}HVGRV$YLVRVDRV1DYHJDQWHVHQYROYHQGRFRUWHH
FRODJHPGRVWUHFKRVDVHUHPDOWHUDGRVEDFDOKDXVRXDVXEVWLWXLomRGHWRGDDFDUWDSRURXWUD
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35,1&,3$,6 (/(0(1726 5(35(6(17$'26

(080$&$57$1É87,&$
D 5(7,&8/$'2
Em uma &DUWDGH0HUFDWRU, o conjunto dos PHULGLDQRV e SDUDOHORV é denomina-
do UHWLFXODGR$RORQJRGRVPHULGLDQRVH[WUHPRVGDFDUWDHVWiUHSUHVHQWDGDDHVFDODGH
ODWLWXGHVRQGHGHYHPVHUVHPSUHPHGLGDVDVGLVWkQFLDV$RORQJRGRVSDUDOHORVVXSHULRUH
inferior da carta está representada a HVFDODGHORQJLWXGHV

E (6&$/$
Como vimos, em uma &DUWDGH0HUFDWRU a HVFDODGHORQJLWXGHV é constante, en-
TXDQWRTXHDHVFDODGHODWLWXGHV varia, em virtude das ODWLWXGHVFUHVFLGDV
Denomina-se, então, HVFDODQDWXUDO a escala de latitudes em um determinado paralelo,
normalmente o SDUDOHORPpGLR/DWLWXGHPpGLDGDiUHDDEUDQJLGD(VWHpGHIDWRR~QLFR
paralelo representado sem deformações de escala, ou seja, a HVFDODQDWXUDOQDUHDOLGDGHVy
pSHUIHLWDPHQWHYiOLGDDRORQJRGHVWHSDUDOHOR
$HVFDODpGHÀQLGDFRPRDUHODomRHQWUHXPYDORUJUiÀFRQD&DUWDHRYDORUUHDOFRU-
UHVSRQGHQWHQDVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUD$HVFDOD de uma carta proporciona uma idéia da relação
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(;(03/26
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PP PP P
x mm 500 m
500
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100
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PP PP P
x mm 500 m
500
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Carta 7HUUD
PP PP
15 mm x
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4XDQWRPDLRUDHVFDOD de uma carta mais detalhada pode ser a representação do trecho

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