Circuit Variables Assessment Problems AP 1.1 To solve this problem we use a product of ratios to change units from dollars/year to dollars/millisecond. We begin by expressing $10 billion in scientific notation: $100 billion = $100 x 10° Now we determine the number of milliseconds in one year, again using product of ratios: Lyear_ day | Lhour min _1 sec 365.25 days "24 hours 60 mins 60 secs 1000 ms Lyear 31.5576 x 10° ms Now we can convert from dollars/year to dollars/millisecond, again with a product of ratios: $100 x 10° 1 year 100 Tyear "31.5576 x 10° ms 31.5576 = $3.17/ms AP 1.2. First, we recognize that 1 ns = 10-® s. The question then asks how far a signal will travel in 10-9 s if it is traveling at 80% of the speed of light Remember that the speed of light c = 3 x 10° m/s. Therefore, 80% of (0.8)(3 x 108) = 2.4 x 108 m/s. Now, we use a product of ratios to convert from meters/second to inches/nanosecond: 24x10%m 1s 100cm Lin _ (2.4 x 108)(100) _ 9.45 in 1s TPns’ Im 254em —(10*)(2.54) Ts ‘Thus, a signal traveling at 80% of the speed of light will travel 9.45" in a nanosecond. 141-2 AP 13 AP 14 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables Remember from Eq. (1.2), current is the time rate of change of charge, or i= 4 In this problem, we are given the current and asked to find the total charge. ‘To do this, we must integrate Eq. (1.2) to find an expression for charge in terms of current: ‘ a(t) = [ ile) de We are given the expression for current, i, which can be substituted into the above expression. To find the total charge, we let t + oo in the integral. Thus we have total = Recall from Eq. (1.2) that current is the time rate of change of charge, or i= 4. In this problem we are given an expression for the charge, and asked to find ‘the maximum current. First we will find an expression for the current using Eq. (1.2): =f Gale] ie) Now that we have an expression for the current, we can find the maximum value of the current by setting the first derivative of the current to zero and solving for t: di dy ct dt ale ) at + t(—a)e™ = (1 —at)e“ = Since e~* never equals 0 for a finite value of ¢, the expression equals 0 only when (1 — at) =0. Thus, t= 1/a will cause the current to be maximum. For this value of t, the current is 1 1 aja aAP LS AP 16 Problems 1-3 Remember in the problem statement, a = 0.03679. Using this value for a, 1 210A Tuer Start by drawing a picture of the circuit described in the problem statement: 20v 02 aA Also sketch the four figures from Fig. 1.6: + +1 + +1 22 (@) ©) + z 1 a +2 cc) @ [a] Now we have to match the voltage and current shown in the first figure with the polarities shown in Fig. 1.6. Remember that 4A of current entering Terminal 2 is the same as 4A of current leaving Terminal 1. We get (a)v=-20V, i=-4A; (bt) v=-20V, ()v=20V, i=-4A; (a) v=20V, [b] Using the reference system in Fig. 1.6(a) and the passive sign convention, p= vi = (—20)(~4) = 80W. Since the power is greater than 0, the box is absorbing power. [ec] From the calculation in part (b), the box is absorbing 80 W. =4A 4a Applying the passive sign convention to the power equation using the voltage and current polarities shown in Fig. 1.5, p = vi. From Eq, (1.3), we know that power is the time rate of change of energy, or p . If we know the power, we can find the energy by integrating Eq. (1.3). To begin, find the expression for power: vi = (10,0067) (206%) = 200,000¢~10:0% = 2 x 10%e 10 W1-4 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables Now find the expression for energy by integrating Eq. (1.3): w(t) =f ‘pla) de Substitute the expression for power, p, above. Note that to find the total energy, we let + oo in the integral. Thus we have ~ 10,000 AP 1.7 At the Oregon end of the line the current is leaving the upper terminal, and thus entering the lower terminal where the polarity marking of the voltage is negative. Thus, using the passive sign convention, p = —vi. Substituting the values of voltage and current given in the figure, —(800 x 10°)(1.8 x 10%) = —1440 x 10° = —1440 MW ‘Thus, because the power associated with the Oregon end of the line is negative, power is being generated at the Oregon end of the line and transmitted by the line to be delivered to the California end of the line. Chapter Problems (250 x 10°)(440) Pui 10° = 110 giga-watt hours 5280 ft 2526 1b 1 kg 2 5 poasd te 226 Lee P12 (Aoond.) (845 mi) - Cage aa Ib 1000 songs songs @2)24)(2.1) mm? ~ Tmm* (1000)(2) 32)(24)(2. ).5 x 10° kg P13 = 0.62 3-minnte songs, or about 111.6 seconds of musicProblems 1-5 (4 10°)(0.001) )(24)(2-1) (320)(240) pixels 2 bytes 30 frames 1 frame T sec = 2480 bytes Pla = 4.608 x 10° bytes/sec (4.608 x 10° bytes/sec)(x secs) = 30 x 10° bytes 30x10" ee © = Tape rpe = 6510 see = 108.5 min of video P15 [a] We can set up a ratio to determine how long it takes the bamboo to grow 10pm First, recall that 1 mm = 10m. Let’s also express the rate of growth of bamboo using the units mm/s instead of mm/day. Use a product of ratios to perform this conversion: 250mm 1 day 250 _ 10 aea/s 1 day (24)(60)(60) 3456 Use a ratio to determine the time it takes for the bamboo to grow 10 um: 10/3456 x 10m _ 10x 10m 10x 10-8 ° (0/3456 x 10-3 = 3.456 s Is 7s 1) 34568) Thr © Twook ~ 175000 cells/woek P16 Volume = area x thickness Convert values to millimeters, noting that 10 m? = 10° mm? 10° = (10 x 10°)(thickness) ; 10° = thickness = 75> jog = 010 mm PLT C/m? = 10022107 C ,. 10% electrons ” ~ — Lelectron 1m = 1.6022 x 10! C/m* Cross-sectional area of wire = mr? = 4(1.5 x 10°? m)? = 7.07 x 10° m? C/m = (1.6022 x 10!°C/m*)(7.07 x 10-°m?) = 113.253 x 10°C/m ‘Therefore, i (S) = (113.253 x 108) (2) x avg vel ) ity = i _ 1200 Thus, average velocity = Ty 5e5—ap = TagaEy TOF = 0.0106m/s16 P18 P19 P 110 Pill PLi2 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables 35 x 10- O/s 16022 x 10-¥ G/elec First we use Eq. (1.2) to relate current and charge: dq poe! “at n = 2.18 x 10" elec/s 24 cos 4000¢ Therefore, dq = 24 cos 4000t dt To find the charge, we can integrate both sides of the last equation. Note that we substitute x for q on the left side of the integral, and y for ¢ on the right side of the integral: ny [i ax = 24 [00s 4000y dy 'a(0) 0 We solve the integral and make the substitutions for the limits of the integral, remembering that sin 0 = 0: 24 00 Io 4000 _ 480 4000y |! a(t) — (0) = 24g sin 4000¢ — im sin 4000(0) = 4. sin 4000 4000 But 4(0) value at t 0 by hypothesis, ie., the current passes through its maximum 0, so q(t) = 6 x 10-* sin 4000¢ C = 6sin 4000¢ mC w= qV = (1.6022 x 10-)(6) = 9.61 x 107? = 0.961 aJ. 3600 s Thr p= (9)(100 x 10-) 09W; Shr = 18,000 s ‘ 18,000 w(t) = f pdt w(18,000) = f 0.9 dt = 0.9(18,000) = 16.2 kJ Assume we are standing at box A looking toward box B. Then, using the passive sign convention p = vi, since the current i is flowing into the + terminal of the voltage v. Now we just substitute the values for v and i into the equation for power. Remember that if the power is positive, B is absorbing power, so the power must be flowing from A to B. If the power is negative, B is generating power so the power must be flowing from B to A. fa] p= (120)(5) = 600 W600 W from A to B [b] » = (250)(—8) = -2000 W 2000 W from B to A fe] p= (—150)(16) = -2400 W 2400 W from B to A fa] p = (—480)(—10) = 4800 W 4800 W from A to BP1413 Pu P15 P 116 Problems 1-7 fal] 50s: v=0V; i=0A; Pun w(4) = 4(4)(10) = 203 w(12) = w(4) — 4(4)(10) = 0.7 w(36) = w(50) = (36) ~ 7(4)(3.6) = 0 Problems 1-9 p= 2.5t pW p=0W p= 2.5t—30nW p=0W p=04t—12uW p-0W p=0.9t — 45 nW p=0W [b] Calculate the area under the curve from zero up to the desired time: w(12) + 4(4)(10) — 3(10)(4) + 5(6)(2.4) = 7.2 4d1-10 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables P 1.20 [a] p= vi = (0.05e7"™) (75 — 75e720™) = (3.75e710 — 3.75e-7) W _ 375 Q¢- 1 + 7500e-7" = 0 soe BNE g tonne so In2=1000¢ = thus_-—p is maximum at ¢ = 693.15 us Prax = p(693.15 pss) = 937.5 mW re 3.75, 3.75 = [p3:756-10 — 9.756200" sooo _ 8:75 __ a0 [b] w= f [3.75 3.15¢- at = [Toe ras" i] 3.75 3.75 = 000 ~ 2000 = 87° ™ P 121 [a] p= vi =900sin(200zt) cos(2007#) = 450sin(400rt) W ‘Therefore, Pax = 450 W 1b] Psa(extrating) = 450 W [el Pe = 200 [”*" "450 sin(400nt) dt cos 400mt 1" _ 225, = 9 x 10 [=e [1 — e082] [d] Pave = aan — 0082.51] = 182 f 57.3 W 7 P122 [a] g = area under i vs. t plot = [ROE + (0)(4) + HBA) + (8) + 3(8)(6)] 10" = [10+ 40+ 16 + 48 + 9]10° = 123,000 C [b] w = [oie= [ria v = 02x10%+9 O3s p = vi=t(3—#)(6—4t) = 18t-18+4 mW =0 Pac # )>Pabe and the subordinate engineer is correct. [b] The difference between the power delivered to the circuit and the power absorbed by the cirenit is —4700 + 3500 = 1200 W One-half of this difference is 600 W, so it is likely that p. is in error. Either the voltage or the current probably has the wrong sign. (In Chapter 2, we will discover that using KCL at the top node, the current ve should be —3.0 kV, not 3.0 kV!) If the sign of p- is changed from negative to positive, we can recalculate the power delivered and the power absorbed as follows: Pe = —UnlgP 1.28 P 1.29 Problems YPsa = 2000+ 2100 = 4100 W SPaiw = 750+ 500 + 600 + 50 + 1400 + 800 = 4100 W Now the power delivered equals the power absorbed and the power balances for the circuit. Pn = Vain = —(36)(250 x 10~) Po = ruin = (44)(-250 x 10-8 Po = Ueie = (28)(~250 x 10~ pa = sig = (~108)(100 x 10-*) = -10.8 mW Pe = Voip = (—32)(150 x 10%) = ~4.8 mW Pe = —urie = —(60)(—350 x 10-) = 21 mW Pg = Ugig = (—48)(—200 x 10-*) = 9.6 mW Py = vyin = (80)(—150 x 10-*) = -12 mW Dy) = —vyi; = —(80)(—300 x 10-°) = 24 mW ‘Therefore, SoPais = 21+ 9.6 + 24 = 54.6 mW YP = 9+ 114-7 + 108448 +12 = 54.6 W Pave = Pat ‘Thus, the interconnection satisfies the power check Pa = —Usig = —(1.6)(0.080) = -128 mW. Pe = —tiy = —(2.6)(0.060) = —156 mw De ‘Ucie = (—4.2)(—0.050) = 210 mW Pa = —vaiq = —(1.2)(0.020) = —24 mw Pe = Voie = (1.8)(0.030) = 54 mW —1.8)(—0.040) = —72 mw Pg = Ugig = (—3.6)(—0.030) = 108 mW Px = tin = (3.2)(-0.020) = —64 mW B —yi; = —(—2.4)(0.030) = 72 mW DY Paat = 128 + 156 + 24 + 72 + 64 = 444 mW SY Pain = 210 + 54 + 108 + 72 = 444 mW 115