Science and Technology Developments in Structural Fire Engineering Summary ‘The devastation caused by fire within buildings can result in os of ean sig Peformanee, the understanding of the behaviour of buns dvig ate hat been sted bythe concenteaion onthe performance of tractus] eleents in sallcale fr tess required for approval. Recently, a series of fullsale fire tests has been carried ott on varios forms of constuction Which togetiae with the development of fie design aprouches has sevaluonned the approach 10 Structural five engineering. The understanding ofthese fllsele test bgether ‘tthe developmen f coed performance-basedlapproshes, hs teu to preseot designers with the necessary tol to obtain a beter pedo of the caveae bring’ performance during ie This in tr allows designee to abn more ecrae aD cee economical solutions ad identify any weak points within he stuctral system, Flekasieeear sare, suring robust and ste design This paper presets the atest devlopeas in paar ‘tural reengineering ighighing fist the robles ofthe atinal de ek caer sesecacak Bt approtches sod the advantages be gained by falling the moretceenty — Arveloped performance bed approaches Keywords i: fll scale tests performance based deson Introduction for a reasonable peri and thatthe ‘read of fie win a builig wil be In the UK the origin of structural iahitted by the division of he ule th aoe canbe ed oi ing fe rig on where he Great Fre an extent appropriate to ise an Intended use To met these sfety requiements, eer simple pesep- te rales, a otine nthe approved ‘ruta materials for buings and documents" or design codes or 2 the spacing between bulléngs. Over mare ronal parormance-bsed ap- the year the dacpine of seucural pros comlring the tu Beha fire engineering as ot progresed four ofthe fie and suctral sponse, ‘could be adopted Recenly the dicing of stucural fre engineering, with vane the nowisdse of ie. behaion, bent tater tn stl yespone of te repos ig sts est {oprosres at sigan pc alow ing ns cote te os partrnce iced approach osu sty “Today, leilation relating wo. fie Tisha par bon oc ty ent ‘Sich of ultings coves ie sfsy, research oF facie states in'erms of an Seepable ol, kc Sad the ube swarenar of various i ito secon echt, ih. ans round the word sch athe fn and people in the proximity of Worl Tae Cntr the Madd ie the bldg Legion n governed andthe Fn lente Bank S.C by either fanclonal or grescpive ens are now begining an gus. replations Tor example the buling ton “how robust my Bui and Teglnons inthe UR provi fone) ot the ly outcne flowing tinal objectives forsale ops fee As daca, egntongoretas tought compared to other spect of Sructural esigp and ely heavily on ‘Smple deemed tosatity“(pesep- tive) rules to cover bulldogs ranging from sinalestrey veins o ml ‘Sore conic suctres that dene the Spline ou cides teat far te silty here objeaive sate mately and does now aac eX a thatthe building shall be designed nd plicy the level of prteco! To the per March 8208 ‘onsricted such that inthe event of balding coment, the bul supe ir teipak ober Se ae is stably wll be maitained suetre, Renae, Daiess city, ‘Stractral Enginerig International 22009 Scene andTecnobpy 155comporate image cf the oscupanss or owner, andor the environment in pact Iimay be acesety increase the Teel ofprtzctom boxe the minim legate requirements toaddes aay coral of tase tae, wach a only De {aken Into due acount wing «prior. ‘nance-bsedapprench nan. the demand tocrese more claborate nus tures, whi can. be dsigoed sing Single prescpive rus, becoming tore common Theinracton othe Porte separate ede forthe fie do Soa of peimaryretra materia has ko raed awareness ofthe egg hin the desi cma. Although stuctrd fire engineerin is ‘ecoming more prominent ia desig, land more perlermance-based ap ‘roach bing adeped questions are Satin raed fad any 0) By the proestionaskg "iby a mere Complicated dedprappronchaceded?™ ‘To answer this qution fly, the un deen pines of the snp pre ferpive approach ate St explains, followed by the raent developments a sutra fire exgneering snd the ‘esuing ene Prescriptive Approach Prescriptive _apronies are based fy a fe tatanee sed tee in Sole deemedtosasty tle ich ‘minor cove aad. isi fbr conerete memes age of protection these to see! mean fe minimum geet of masonry was and mii oosseton ie Tortmber memben. The detntin of fe resatnc shold eles under stood by dsiener as hee often & risonception thatthe sted fie re ‘iano (30, 6,90 or 120 min) Great related tothe tine thatthe ‘ring wil withsand the efectsof fre without cose sty ine Fort emp dt fading tree fi reson: nly sens of the sect that regu re Festunce Second their esstanee element only ltd tothe men Sure of ine tht element whether itis a strucural meta fe door, G8 tonstroctral compartment wal sigue ina snd fre frace to where he face tempers {ar fs Setined hy 1 preseibed ne temperature relates (1). Te ‘hient re resstace fds et the prescrpive approach ate edly ‘lie on the batt the bung oe Spang sod height ie 1190884 e-empronte relatos ip sed ota fo tet e)Nate me) ie 2 Sandan fre te or coins flor For srwtural cements there are ap- proved umaces were a. standard feniiguation a Wal beams, lor oF foluma ean be contrasted and fxd ‘The dimensions ofthe elements sre 2 sm figh for colunay, 4m 4m (Sp fay) fe Hoo, 3m 3 for vals, fad 45 m span for beams Figure 2 ‘hows ire restance texte conducted fn various stucuralelennents The fare enters depend on the (ype tt member tered and ate dened In terms of saison and inte ty. Subily isa measure othe aby ofthe member to suppor the plied d)bom agate) load withou exceeding sven iis on themaxim displacement and ate of displacement. Tiese deacon mits have been set to reduce the proba ity of damage ta the farce nd have no physical meanings defining fallure fhe element Insulation andinterty ‘ve gonerlyszoiatedwithcompart Imenseparating was and foars For insulation, the matimum tenperatare onthe unexposed ide mist pt excecd Tinie inerene of 19°C oF average increase of 10°C Toman Integrity nosigicansied oles mest foun ithe cement, which il alo ‘Structral Engineering International 22009,the transnison of hot enses. Failure by integrity defied by ignition of « exon pd eld lo oa opening “The history of the staan re test an be traed back tthe 1002 when arly attempts at exablahing the fre behaviour of srt element were made the bebe of insurance com Panis and buling autores i the (USA. with heft sandsed publishes jn 1917" The gene concep of te ‘andar fiefs har ot chang i hincanny seco us conception, with ‘aly slight modieaions being nto ‘ced over the yeas. Although com Iendable inthe 1005 the standard fie tet hae sed he understanding ‘ot how bilngs acually behave in & fteThe problem is hat designers and Ianutactures teed w only oncentate ft the perormance of rota ele- ‘ments an systems inthe andor fre {est which beats notlation tothe ac ‘ual performance in buidings Ina ton, the quality ofthessemtested wll ‘ear higher than tt encountered on sie Prtetion sjtans wl be sped in comfortable conditions by erp nce nd skied Io mc 9 far ‘ry ffom the condions and dimands ‘on tne encountered on st. Forex Simple ig 3 contats the siference {in quay of applied protection for an Inupesentcoaingto stool member. Fig sushowsthecosingbelag checked por o testing and fig 3b shows dam Spe on ite othe imercet soning ‘ppied oa column The derences in ual of systems usd i the standard {Est compared to ose used nate ae type forall pte (ire dors Ail protection sYsans, compartment tv ete) and were bihlighed when 2 ll scie txt on a sistorey timber busing war cre oot where the lasterbourd eed was nto he same ‘uals a that testa in 3 standard fre {Es (Ihe test on the sx storey timber frame bung sessed teri this oper) Besides the diferemes in quay the andar fr text is aso © very poor epresetalon oft actual sedtal [chavior in areal fe Thirisbesnse fhe bling docs net representa col lection of individual eletents working {ndependonl of ech cer as tested fing standard furnace The infraction between sroctual ments is fie ss both apse oneial and det imental fest on He survival ofthe Dung as 2 whole Benebaal eters fare geacaly due tc the formaion of tlre lop msecanisms sch Secompresive tnd tense membrane (2) meng Fig 5: Appin often coningr (Ghstont the coating big Cech prit (Sten (8) shows Sag st action, cateary ation and possible ‘moment rotate roe steel fonctions, which were designed pinned” in the cld condition, Ev dence of compressive abd tense tembrane seo hay been provided by various fie teste on falscle bldngs "The detrimental eect of several structural lente ating & Ui canbe duet restraint of thermal "expansion resulting in large compres: Sie frees being induced in clement (partly versal elements) wich then eauies instability: Another de: tment effet can be the behaviour of tall wich in standard ie test may be shown to perform adequately st ina real bilag the movement ofthe bested structure around the wal may feat ia premature calape, Ths feet wa shown" or nontoabesrng fompartnent wall in one of te fre teste onthe seeltamed buldng Graington (Fig 4) Io tht tot he wall was plced ofrid and the de Becton of the sorounding sructre fused sgfiant deformation of the Si Tete in ottion ima sonar nace the wal would not be subject ff to the additional forest frome Structural Engncertg International 22009 ig 4 Deformation of rac eting ere of compartment wall” Another significant disadvantage of the standard fre text th he sa Card curve does not repeeseat real fee There ae generally thee dint phases toa yea fire comprisng growth, Seady buraing and” cooing phase ‘The severy ofthe fie is overned bythe peomety of the compartment, the amount of combust material the ventlationcondton sade ther tal chaacterisie te compartment boundary. itferen types offre can ‘et in ferent strtoral havout For eximple,@ shortduratie high temperature fie can cae sonerete ‘paling andexposire oreo stl FSinforssment hecause of the thermal Sock: long-duration low-empers: ture ie can rs in igheraverage Temperate the eonerete members resting in geater thermal expansion {nda greater overall redueto incon fret srengih I the ire test ones the target reached (0, 6,90, 20 min) the furnace sstched of andthe Load femoved. [aa real buldng, the load Font and the re continuo the thee sages of heating A further problem ofthe stantard ire tnd ‘competiivenes,manuacuers nly want to "st pas the west. Foe ample when designing snd speci Inga ire protection ste fo 60 mi, the most seonomie! sation + fr the Potecton syste tol {spat in, Sane second before 60min an these fem efile the test On the sont {the system lasts sgiiancy above (mu thea the protection materi ‘sesame uncompatitve The tet a be erred outs number of nes fd enly one pas certieate,rom an Spprone tenting house egied: At resent tere general no require ‘ent rom approving autotest de ‘and a sere of fie tests on astern {ose the repenabty of st Teperformance of stel protection ss {ems was highlighted cea in fl seal ee teva on a buling stem ompising a steal rame support and frets nite The ste! support Was protected for 6O mm specie’ an fit {a oy a woltknova consactor The ‘atral fire ws designed speciing {he venation openings, to fll the Standard fe curve up to 60min and then to start toca down The roto: ‘on system perfoned well up 10 60 ‘orig sesiwork gure 3 (ake after the tet) inlets he rca here the protection bas falloff the peak of the fre. Cale the standard araces, the fllscae test epeseted eat) tnd the lod couldnt be removed oF the te turned oft Daring he cooking phase of eal ise the protected eel rams and the precast slabs continue {0 crease in wmpeature doe fo the fimelag caused fy fe Low thermal Conductivity of thy mater, For ex mpl the matin temperate in the einforcementin the press sabe wvis SSC even ter the fire atmo. Sphere tempera had cooled down ‘Hom a pear of ITC to st1°C. The protetion to the beams fling of st the height of he te oceagunshows the weaknes of eoncettig on san Sr ire texts and not comeing the parformance ofthe rotation stem bre the al uation fie, Advanced Structural Fite Engineering ‘The discipline of structural fe eng neering dos aot Lave to constate a ull" perfornance-busedupproach 12 fe ealety and there ae flere Ls db of complexity of structural fie en ‘Bneering which cam easy be applied Frrstroctera engicers sparta thie {sign portfolio Tose rane fom the Simple prosepiveappoath discussed ig 5 Pee kon er flaca se chowing the rf pen oe ‘ecient which cred at high of itepoe 158, Since and Teasing bow tothe detailed performance sp proach of eonsdeing he fi, teal Fesponte a stuctral benavout The provest of performance based 2p prosch 0 srucura e engineering alogous tothe process of designing Strate to wibtand wal (Fi 0 [At most readers will know, 1 check buildings fr wind loads there are three bse stopp compesing an estimate of the site wind speed, am etimate a the Wind pressaree over the building and Fora stctual fae englacesing pet formance based approach, the three base steps comprise an estimate of ‘he seveiy ofa ite an estimate of he temperature dntbuionthroush the Steuture’ (Chem fespose) ane an ‘timate of the structural response ‘Tereareamumberofoptions availabe {ocalalate the severity ofthe ie and the thermal and sratral response, Sie shown in Fig Zand designs ean se diferent permutations Ofcourse, Increasing the complenty ofthe src tral ire desig il esultinineexsed fesgn costs ut withthe beat ofa eater reduction in the uncertain) ft the blag response ino fe and ‘splay resulting economy in over aslding core Fach ofthe options ‘vil be dicused rei below Fire Behaviour “Te fit se so decide whether the fire remains Ioeted or eagle he ‘whole compartment. Examples whee Toc fies may occur tein large high spaces with relatively ied te Toad such se atria ceultion reas a lipots shopping also areas where there are tigh levels of vention ch avin open snopes, ‘pial a hoe entrances, under tink Wide at Spots aein where the ie Is far be reaby controled toreauvely iow lewis or spaced sich thatthe Se fant readiy spread fom one area Sie load anther The wale inehods i order of complet toe {ae loca fires are deen equ fins gen in BSENIDSL2 getgn oun gin BSI74i two. Sone model or ompuatinal fd ‘seams (CFD) models For fuly- developed fe, explained ‘Previously. the simplest appcach av fbi tothe suc engineers 0 we the sand ze cave bor tis as the dsavantgs of no reresentine {eu fies and ignoring te havea Shing the cooing stage af fe. The time guaence method™ Ba simple pron ht esto rele the stl ‘Ehperatre of 8 stctra!membst fom an atipate ie soe 0 the time taken for the same nebo to a. {sn the sume temperature nhen sb jected othe sancard fe cave Tere cose of me oqaalonce method which ake ito sunt he oun of fl oe, oman ie thermal carters of compare tment bounds and onion on Sloone Although simple tte, the thc equslnteescrade apronmste ‘aod of modeling teal re bhay Toor and the lato ofthe method ‘ould be ful understood. The main {nations that the meted ony a Pcbl to the type of mobos ted Tithe derivation ke sdoped form lie Ror example be tine-euyalence ‘eihod preset in ENII-E2 i only Vat forrenored coer protected Sosland wopotcted scl Parametric fre curves allow the time temperate Telationdip to be nt Se 5g f—] tl e Fi rns of wns and sre re devon Stucurl Eagnceing Internation 2/2009! = | — { = : i ! | = famem) | = j zea] |! { a i ==} cm | vem | i 7: Avaable appre forte tec component of sac ec engineering design cesimated over the duration of the Soicipted Bre Compartment 25 oundary characteris, ful oud and ‘eatlation ave consdred, The trl ‘alate approach given in ENID31- Ty itis simple to abe ang, wih te ai ofsinplespreaaiees re pre ‘ane ca be eal derived. Onc again the limitations of te method shoals be understood, Inte ese ofthe ap- prot giten inthe Eurvode, Umit floor area of 0 mad compartment height of 4 m are stated. In elton, the meld intel to fie compart: ‘ments with mainly elulose type ire Toads and compartnents with ings that have a value of thermal neta between 100 and 200 dints"K Te are geneally governed by ble test data teed fo dete tre dscetin mor detail inthe No tional Annexes or example, the UK [Naonal Annex as removed the [imitation om compartment or ares fd eight bose onthe argument that “thes of hecomparonent becomes Teger the sever othe ie decreases nthe whe parametric cores pres cent a reaionable prediction over the {al urston of te fre snl ste simple be considered. The popularity of para mete fire carves is growing anna Astgners and hasbeen used on 4 we Zone model ate simple computer fnodels that divide the conadered fre compartment into separate zones sthere the condition in each none i ‘sumed to be srform, The simplest ‘model 4 one-zone mode in wie the conditions within the entire comm parsnent are assumed fo be wniform Std represented by a single tempers {tre A more sophisisted modeling technique isthe use of CFD to predict, fre growth and” compartment tea petatires CFD fas been showa £0 be Soccesfl inthe modeling of smoke tmovement and ha recently been ap plied to the modeling of free Siar {othe use of ay computer model, both the vane and CTD model rege ex perise In defining the correct input ita and asesing the feasibility ofthe ‘alelated rete Themal Response (Once the compartment atmosphere lemperatres are predicted the ten perature ofthe stuture needs to be ntmated to allow the calculation of ‘Structural Engiaseriag International 22009 the srucural response The elution ff temperatuesin structure embers fin be extemely complen,epecally for materia that retain moire nd Inve low thermal condotinty The ‘Smplestmethodof defringthetemper Stre profile hough te ersesection Js to use test dra presented tales fr charts as pulsed inthe foes of ‘osgn guides. The test data b poner ‘Simple design equations ae presented 25 and in some design aude”) to [red the tempera deve opment [tbat see The approach considers ‘oth radiative and convecie heat transfer and although a spreadsheets ‘equredt ole the equation er the fire duration, eis simple to we, Si lar equations exist or protected el sections; however, the thermal Dropetis ofthe proposed protection ‘ater must be knows, whic my be 1s posible to se heat ranser mod. ‘debleedon one dieasional nat ow Atermativey, advance finite clement het traeser models en be wed, but thi requires relevant expert 0 en: Se the medals ate applied correty ‘nd aed within thet Imiatons An ‘example ofthe calulated heat transfer through concrete columa shown is Fes Structural Response “The simplest caleltion mets to predict the structural response are Eset on the behaviour of ilvidusl ‘member ig oad and mata se 1 factors atthe ie mit sae (PLS) ‘ich provid elisic estat ofthe Tkely applied load at the tine ofthe fread he Wkly material resiance of ‘hemember The approach of signing ‘naiidual members has evoied om ‘esl and observations of standard fre te The methods are covered in the coded" and ae predominantly tase on strength The te of member fire design atthe FLS wl be fom to pacing stocturalengiees since the principles closely follow the p- ‘proach tse to check member tthe Uluate tt state (UL). The main ‘tierenos between ULS eadELS ace That for fire design dieen partial ‘Safety factors for ond and nial re Stee ate used (to represent an act Sena iste) and he stent and ‘ses of the member are resced on the basis of the temperature dstsbu- tion through the crossecton Ssence an Tectnahay 159“Tneprescrpivemethadneusedcar. ler have been dev fom standard fee test data, assuming te members Ture: Member design at FLS bas the vantage o along designers to pre- fctthe response ol hestucture under the atl ikly led onthe member the time ofthe ire Pose savings fanbe obtained shee itis unely het ‘ember ae flystesed st amblert Temperature This is because service oily sod balay ies tpsaly Fesul ithe spetieation of member Fequired to ful ULS. However, the Sipe codified methods give ao deal um dsplacemen, which s important then considering the interaction af Hor systems with compartment walls (sign and incorporating the relevant load and material safety fagors, the Stel indsty bas developed various forme of eomtrasion tat do notre {ule epped fre protection. For x. Spl for ypicaldovastand"T teams the floor sab ean be supported by htf-angls wit the leg of he anger pointing upwards into the slab, a form Steonstuttion commonly refered to 8 "shelfangle beams (Pg 9) The pa tthe sel section andthe sopping Style embedded in the supporting Slnkcan hw 3 fee eens {o be realy obrained for this type of ‘member It's posse to increase the fire resistance Yo 60min although the required thickness the sonerate slab tay make ths form f constrcton ‘nconomiel As with steel beams its posible to ‘nhance the the resstange of see columns by adopting stems where Fi 8 Tenprae tinan Hough a comer coarm [_{ Siw concrete and masonry materials pro- ‘ide sutient although patal, pro fered conerete Bosks bemeen the inner aces ofthe Manges (Fg. 10). For coats of se 2030208 Sa UC and (roster 30 min fre resem cam Be fchieved. Another method involves ling the area between Ge Oanges Plates and shen xing allow the lod {oe wansfesed from te sel section snd can resis impact damage A vars tin ofthe uatetsforced inl coun ‘Sto provide enforcement the infil onto (Fig. 10), Silt the ini teams ths stem is popu in eon inet Europe sd can adieve 2 b fre resistance Another forn of lel feluma that generally does rt use ap plied proprietary fue proton ma fevls i consote-filed low ste] sections (Fg 10) The infil concrete ‘nay be unrenfrced or reforce do ponding on the que loaepaciy nde resstance For reinreed con {et infil columns, 2h fie esstance ‘hn readily be obtained To whieve the ‘ost ficient concrete earn, fn terms of fire estan the section shoul be designed in the cold state Such thatthe loac-earylag pact of the ste shelis ow compared to the Toad-arying capacity of he conerste Some gjtems, Laown at slin-oor teama re ona oh atthe Sam sees inthe sopping on tte sa ith ony the tom age ox pa exon t ay Be (Fg. Examples of smart are ‘Simfor” snd =Stndek where team an realy ative ma re ‘stance without the meedto potest {Se eapred bottom flings oF psc ‘he Sond sytem teorporetig fatal! anh shown perfor xemely wel when subjeted 10 4 — max “7 (ral Engineering nteratinal 272009Design methods exit sonsider rane behaviour or pargofa structure ia ie In the Fuoco frame behaviour ‘Satie parameter to allow the ‘tlectve lengths of continnous ste ‘composite and concote columes tobe reduced fom tei ambit tempera tere vase To condi frame aay Sisal elevated temperatures simple ‘ompater models ae require, whch fede te else of thermal expan ‘on of the heated srt and cr ‘eet boundary conditions. Although member and fame design aU FLS is 4 slgnieant improvement fn the preserptive approaches a Towing designer to nn some in cation (though tinted) of che fcrul behaviour of bulldings in a five, vocept fire tents on fllscale balling have shown tht men ber design sno, n ome cases real [se To most designers this wl come 8 no suspen since member design ‘methods at ULS and SLS ae only a8 Sppreximation ofthe veal bebaviour of buildings However, provided this Spproximation is conservative, and ecu tosae, usable nad economic bulldings then the design approach is stcepable, Pg Fosfor syne a | ig 12: tone dese raed ligand deflection 0 te lr Foti ote wit anda aig ono) Seuctral Engncerig International 272009 “Te sepia Inder ia ander Staging tetra behaviour ring 4 Swart fllcal ae tntseered tut a Cadgton in he URA total ti soven test’ yee cared ost the eghsrey steamed baling predominant tanded by the es a thst: wr 12 shows ane teeing ‘ro and the delosion of he oor sb one sandbags wih were thed fo represent the impor fon were removed Te purpose othe ets orto show the atom onset a soclitamed buliing wit the edo protect alleged stl mem ‘rsh ws he common proach a the time. The epprouch of ping ‘otecton wal posed ste et Fie a tie consigned Thee mere siccefl ihowing tha by iling membrane ton tt the compesite dab t was posible to teave ange proportion 38%) of the os! team th frat ‘protected Simple deign gctines, ‘tte tae to asoun the membrane ‘son of te for ane ben ‘elope bythe author and so {stim dust desig der ‘he approach has succes been sed on 8 umber of projets bo i {be UK end aces the Wold Agure 13 shows projec in the UK where the ‘eethod hes been wed and where the rotetion ont app 1 tted Proportion ofthe beans stould be ated hat the approach is ne simpy ‘bout emoving protection oma po. pton ofthe Beams is bot apy Ing protection wher its acted Sd ‘vag beter understanding ofthe Struct response ia feo ome fancy the protest appid 0 the ‘cams destined ane per coms redo digs tat foo + smple Prsrpive aprech "Te fie tests on the Carington tel frame’ als alowed the development ‘bd promona Danity x deg Seis nd Tasty 161of firite-ctement nodel** which fe buing readily wed inthe Join flings Once aan, thee models ‘ow an optim scuon a ie pro tesion tobe speed Tey a ie {peak puttin the sroctae ware oaitonal protection can be applied In moet cares alhoegh the protection js removed fom same ofthe beans the ned to lntesethe protection on ther bees aod exami resus In 8 ‘nove ober eomparedto ne tmhere al he expose sto sprees bised onthe snplepreseripve ral Besides tenting boreal behav four the Cardingtr sel frame tests tbo identi detrmetalbeasou, ‘Mhch ie now being adresed by de Signers For example, it was shown? Tare ten forces ring the cooing age a the beams :ooled down from fn cla state (19). Tespec fie of wherever beams ae protected ‘or unprotected, comection behaviour Shout be considered during the full ‘Susi of the fr ther th con ection should be dsigned forthe ul Tense foree encoutred during the fre o designed to accommodate the force through doo. For example in the Cardingion lst the web cleat connections fed shear othe ols (fig ts) whereas the sexible cad Pins tocommodatd the force and Tsintined verte support. Another ‘ea of concen eae false For the somnposte sa thi mas i sore ‘ses det nadagpate lapping of the ‘mesh reinforcement, WED Was de ‘Haneda an antrerck mesh a arma ‘Sgn but conte ote tenets and ductility of te composite oor Grog fir. I other eases, ocd fae ot the composite sib was ue sarap sows) frre of lt nd pat) an () she fa of tothe high concentration asta over ‘ipports (Fig 15) If ont the ‘Tsign approach i important tht fracture ce not osc ther fullsate teste have beon car ‘ed out ithe UK, ncading he tests let building? (Pig, 19) sstorey ‘Saber famed uiaine” (Fie 17g large Noor plate fr se-feor beams! (lg 18) sd cecenty two single storey csbtmmed and recat floor boil ings (lg 19). Adan, the test onthe scven storey concrete bing showed both beneficial and” detrimental be Tsou which would be impose To ‘enity in smallsae tests For exam ple compressive membrane action Was Tented wich showed that alti ‘pulling exposed the Doltom referee rent (hig 20, the sab aained Is to-crying capacty. The dt Inentl behav ouervd inthe tx ompased Intra! movemeat of the Columns, which could rest in sear {lure This wat witesed in aea re fm Brsall in 2004 a sbowa in Fig 21 atihough it shoud also be need that eral tabiiy wae ainsi. Cae {uldetaling of te reinorcment athe folumns woul levi hs prblem, ‘A large-scale compartment Se ts ‘oscar out on the sicstore' tne Terifamed residential bulimg, also ‘Sonstruted atthe UK Cardington Sty (Fig 17)-The compartment com pris single at wid the bung fi the soond floor. The prinary ob wee of the tet ato asses het ‘hat the compsrinentation enclosing the lt war efeetve ia stopping the Fire spreading tothe rest of the bull P17 Rie atom aster nde ing The test lasted 64 mi, at whieh tine the ire tigade were edered to stings the fre The tease forthe intervention was dae sacral ne Structural Kagncering Internation! 272009ig 20: Ee of ala on the Caring fon conce fe ig 21 Shear fatre of coer corn onng ester expan) bers supporting the Noor above the fre being exposed ty the fe due to ‘Although the plstetoard was faed ibya wel known comractor the work Sati epi he ang oe andor Again tishighlihts the i ference between smallscale fie text weve the workmanship. oof gt Ipiy and heck thorough ands fsa test where the workianship ‘So comparable To ensure sulient fre resistane, capil fr timber: framed. bulldings. be standard of Veorkmaachip & cite in parte, forthe plasterboard mathe weed Another lagesale fre test! hos ian conducted on asim- oor system Structural Engineering p22 Pate of endplate (022.m «122 m, Fig. 1), comprising symmetric eons rectangular hollow ‘ection teams and a compost oor fla. The lm ofthe test was fo show standard estanda more reali rae eal test The avaliable dt, together (4.2 useful insight ito the Behaviour {tthe slim-oor sytem in is entirety. ‘Asignicant observation from the est, ‘eam-to-olumn connections which ‘were assumed tobe pinged be cold sp a lant enc oftheeysem ducto thet rortionales pasty that wat walled during the fi. fractred x shown Pig. 22 hog ‘etal shear wae sti mining This ‘ature resulted in a sden increase ‘pea asthe conection ost ts capac Recently two large sae fie ts on ‘thollowenr flogepate 7,Im 1788 1), sepported on protected steelwork. hve Been earid out The two test thon deta between the floor nie land supporting toc beams Inthe fist, Tes the unis spl ston the top of the beam, wheres inte socond est the unite were ted to the beam wing ‘hear studs and Usbars The ma ob premature shear fare experienced Iamallscale standard tea on one Fiori is omidered nit entrey The tests were purposely subjected to a ery severe i rested by spectying Uneasy small ventas open ings, compared to modern office on ction The holoweore oor pate pesinmed very ell (ig. 3) suport Graton of the testa Besides showing that shear ale does aot epcally occur in reality and indced By the ermation_ 22009 constraints of smallstle tots, the {ess highlighted bene! ead path ‘mechani crested by lta hema restrsnt to the floor nits whch has ‘ot previously been consderad in de: Sign’ Once again the fullle toate ‘homed thatthe emallseale Handard fire tests sed to ests fire eastance, canbe very unrealistic and igor the enetical efecs ofthe stractal e- Iviour “One intresting. conusion fom the test was that thee m0 {erm of verted dslewton, between the two tess even though te ying ‘tals been the pees sis and Conclusions | ‘Ti paper presents an overviw ofthe evelopment of sacral free ‘nocring Unt cen, ost ctrl opincors didnot vente into fie de Sign due to theilackof knowledge of fre behaviour, and veld simple freseripdve eles for siutcal fire sgn Likes, fre engines also feled on the same simple ese. tive rules, mal due to thei nck Sinowledge of structural engneering and understanding of how stuctres ‘have ender fire fond As eained, the preserve approach i fased on fine esistance a5 measured {smal scale standard fe tents Ane the andard tet does allow comparison torte made between diferat systems IC doesnot fepeseat reality both in terms of ie sha stitial bebo Unfortenately the intodoction of the ‘andar fire et sod desigers and manufacturers to oncenrate ony on the performance of systems tte to ‘htan approval nd nore the ctl Tehaviour in bung The development. of perfomance based apprences has ben presented inher ll desir tural behaviour in their designs This teproach allows the designer ore ance ofthe builing hy inept Ingbenetical effects of whole bulding behaviour and entiation of any system, There are varons lees of pevformance-based appread. which Five been dsased” ‘These range {om obtsining » beter undertanding ‘the bullaing response.) wing the Bineerng the designer con mess the Seince and Tectnobay 163robustness of bullas and increase the Teel of safety (Erequied by the ‘ent above the misaum lepstve ecultemente fr le sfey to beter proect the buildings supersrectere End contents busines contin. het tage, conporte image ad emo ‘menial pac. 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