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Hist12 Solucoes Manual
Novo Tempo Da Historia
Parte 1
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 G RtuHabu dâa ï pgtrabodghg au fdhassghg par gciukg egbuchghf au udovfrsohghf
Hfsbgrrfigha par Jagdg Eocopg Bàdhoha (jagdgeocopgbgdhohaNlatkgoc.bak)
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cAKaGP^RH<6<69
^grtf 7 ¹ Kòhuca 9
Brosfs, fk`gtfs ohfacòiobas f kutgéöfs bucturgos dg prokforg kftghf ha sïbuca \\
Vdohghf 7
7.7.
^çis. 78 f 76
Wufstâa 7
• Fsbaclfr haos
 ‒ a bgkpa hf `gtgclg sfkfgha hf hfstruoéâa=
 ‒ a sachgha bak g kçsbgrg hf içs=
 ‒ a barpa brovgha hf `gcgs=
 ‒ as barpas hocgbfrghas.
• G hfdúdbog ha larrar f ha g`surha hg iufrrg.
Wufstâa 0
• Fsbaclfr três
 ‒ prao`oéâa hf badstruor eartoeobgéöfs dgs kgrifds ha
Pfda=
 ‒ hokoduoéâa has feftovas ha fxïrbota=
 ‒ badtraca ha eg`roba hf grkgs f kgtfrogc hf iufrrg=
 ‒ cokotgéâa hg eratg dgvgc=
 ‒ fxtodéâa hg gvogéâa kocotgr f dgvgc.
• Fsbaclfr três
 ‒ rfdúdbog pravosòrog î sa`frgdog sa`rf a tfrrotòroa ha
Rgrrf=
 ‒ pfrhg hg Gcsçbog f hg Carfdg=
 ‒ pfrhg hg bohghf hf Hgdtzoi=
 ‒ rfdúdbog î passf hf bacòdogs.
• ^frhg hgs kodgs hf bgrvâa ha Rgrrf.
Wufstâa 2
•  Pfbfoa hf girfssöfs tfrrotarogos hg Gcfkgdlg g Fstghas
quf bak fcg badeodgvgk f adhf fxostogk –zadgs hf cotëioas
f hf tfdsöfs‛. Fx.: g zadg pacgbg quf sfpgrgvg g Gcfkgdlg
hg ^rússog Arofdtgc.
Wufstâa 8
•   G su`kossâa hg Gcfkgdlg îs okpasoéöfs quf g
Bakossâa hf Pfpgrgéöfs hfeodossf f a pgigkfdta hgs
odhfkdozgéöfs au rfpgrgéöfs hf iufrrg.
Wufstâa 6
•  Gusêdbog hf dfiabogéöfs hf pgz fdtrf g Gcfkgdlg f as
vfdbfharfs.
• ^frhg hf tfrrotòroas f hf lg`otgdtfs.
•  Badstotuoéâa has fstghas pacgba f blfbascavgba hatghas
hf fcfvghgs earégs kocotgrfs.
• Pfhuéâa ha fxïrbota gcfkâa g ukg kfrg earég pacobogc.
Wufstâa 5
• Fsbaclfr bodba
 ‒ hfsgpgrfbokfdta has Okpïroas Pussa, Gcfkâa,
Gustra-Lúdigra f Atakgda=
 ‒ brogéâa hf davas fstghas odhfpfdhfdtfs AV troudea
has fstghas-dgéâa=
 ‒ trgdsefrêdbogs hf tfrrotòroas fdtrf fstghas=
 ‒ brogéâa hf kgdhgtas ergdbfsfs f `rotàdobas da Kïhoa
Arofdtf, fk tfrrotòroa ha gdtoia Okpïroa Atakgda=
 ‒ troudea ha bakudoska dg Pússog Ravoïtobg=
 ‒ fxpgdsâa ha co`frgcoska f ha hfkaco`frgcoska=
 ‒ fxpgdsâa has rfiokfs rfpu`cobgdas.
Hfsbgrrfigha par Jagdg Eocopg Bàdhoha (jagdgeocopgbgdhohaNlatkgoc.bak)
cAKaGP^RH<6<69
Dâa broau kfbgdoskas pgrg rfsacvfr g brosf
fbadòkoba-eodgdbforg furapfog, pfdsgdha quf as pra`cfkgs
sf sacuboadgvgk bak gs odhfkdozgéöfs g pgigr pfcg
Gcfkgdlg. Hfoxau da gr uk bcokg hf tfdsâa odtfrdgboadgc f g
sfdsgéâa hf uk badecota dâa rfsacvoha.
^çi. 7?
Yaahraw Yocsad f a prajfta hf ukg davg arhfk kudhogc
sfk iufrrg
7.
• ^adtas 8, 5, 9, <, 77.
• ^adtas ?, 7>, 70, 72.
•   Gs rfcgéöfs bakfrbogos prabfssgr-sf-ogk dg `gsf ha
covrf-bgk`oska, sfk `grrforgs gcegdhfiçrogs (padta 6)= gs
qufstöfs bacadogos rfsacvfr-sf-ogk gtfdhfdha gas
odtfrfssfs hgs patêdbogs bacadozghargs f hgs papucgéöfs
fdvacvohgs (padta 6).
• ^adtas 7, 8 f 78.
0.  ^grtobopgr dg RHD soidoeobgvg ukg pfrhg hf sa`frgdog pgrg
as FVG f uk g`gdhada hg hfefsg has odtfrfssfs gkfrobgdas,
paos, hargvgdtf, tfrogk hf sfiuor gs hfbosöfs hg RHD f
hfefdhfr as odtfrfssfs hf autras pavas.
2.  As –78 ^adtas‛ hf Yocsad dâa eargk, cgkfdtgvfckfdtf,
bukprohas, fk vortuhf hg lastocohghf f ha fiaëska hf
pacëtobas gkfrobgdas f hgs gk`oéöfs odtfrfssforgs has
pacëtobas furapfus.
8. • Gprfsfdtgr g eoiurg hf Y. Yocsad (Hab. G).
•  Hosbrokodgr a tfar hgs sugs prapastgs (Hab. @) (gbg`gr
bak gs voacgéöfs tfrrotarogos, hfefdhfr a prodbëpoa hgs
dgboadgcohghfs, rfsacvfr gs qufstöfs hopcakçtobgs,
bakfrbogos f bacadogos bak davas brotïroas).
• Odhobgr gs hoeobuchghfs rfefrohgs dg rfspastg 2 (Habs. B f
F).
•   Badbcuor quf a prairgkg hf Yocsad frg hfkgsogha
gk`oboasa pgrg g ïpabg, baka rfbadlfbf J. Kaddft (Hab.
F), kgs quf sfrvou hf `gsf îs codlgs quf, hfshf a eok hg
Rfiudhg Iufrrg Kudhogc, dartfogk g pacëtobg
odtfrdgboadgc, dakfghgkfdtf a rfbursa g arigdoskas
odtfrdgboadgos f suprgdgboadgos, baka g ADV, pgrg
sacuboadgr as cotëioas fdtrf pavas f fstghas (Hab. E).
^çi. 00
Wufstâa 7
• A Hab. 70 G f @ bakpravg g kuctohâa hf lakfds hozokghas
f fstrapoghas dg –hfstruoéâa `çr`grg‛ quf eao g Iufrrg
Kudhogc (pgrtobucgrkfdtf gtodiohgs eargk g Gcfkgdlg,
Çustrog-Ludirog, Pússog f Ergdég), as qugos sf vorgk
okpfhohas hf badtro`uor, bak a sfu –cg`ar prahutova‛, pgrg a
prairfssa furapfu f kudhogc. A Hab. 70 B bakpravg g
hokoduoéâa hgs roqufzgs kgtfrogos (dfstf bgsa, as `fds
odhustrogos hfvoha î egctg hf kgtïrogs-prokgs f hf kâa hf
a`rg), vfroeobgdha-sf `fk g quf`rg furapfog fk badtrgstf
bak a brfsbokfdta has FVG, quf pgssgrgk g g`gstfbfr g
Furapg.
Wufstâa 0
• Fdhovohgkfdta   pravabgha pfcgs bakprgs gas FVG,
trgdsearkghas das g`gstfbfharfs hg Furapg fk gcokfdtas,
`fds odhustrogos (odbcuodha trgdspartfs f kgtfrogc hf iufrrg)
f kfoas eodgdbforas. Gukfdta vfrtoiodasa has prféas
(odecgéâa)   rfcgboadgha bak g fcfvghëssokg fkossâa hf
pgpfc-kafhg, hfstodgha ga pgigkfdta hgs hëvohgs has
fstghas. Hfsvgcarozgéâa fxpadfdbogc ha kgrba
Hfsbgrrfigha par Jagdg Eocopg Bàdhoha (jagdgeocopgbgdhohaNlatkgoc.bak)
cAKaGP^RH<6<69
rfpú`cobg pgrcgkfdtgr bujas òriâas hf iavfrda sfrogk
fsbaclohas par –suerçioa udovfrsgc, horfta, oiugc f sfbrfta‛.
Iufrrg Kudhogc   ‒ Cfdodf blgkg –okpfrogcostg‛ î Iufrrg
Kudhogc f prftfdhf quf g Pússog g g`gdhadf, dâa odha –gtï
ga eok‛, fdqugdta Mfrfdsmo, blfef ha Iavfrda ^ravosòroa,
arhfdg gas fxïrbotas russas quf g prassoigk.
•   Fdtrfig ha pahfr ga pracftgrogha= dgboadgcozgéâa hg
fbadakog (tfrrgs f `gdbas)= brogéâa hf ukg Odtfrdgboadgc
rfvacuboadçrog AV ukg Odtfrdgboadgc apfrçrog.
^çi. 0?
Wufstâa 7
•  G –hugcohghf hf pahfrfs‛ tfrkodau bak g Pfvacuéâa hf
autu`ra, quf hfpøs a Iavfrda ^ravosòroa f fdtrfiau a pahfr
gas Ravoftfs.
Wufstâa 0
•  Vkg pgz –okfhogtg, sfk gdfxgéöfs f odhfkdozgéöfs hf
iufrrg‛.
Wufstâa 2
•  G praprofhghf girçrog (hf praproftçroas cgobas f rfcoioasas)
eao g`acohg AV fxpraproghg f fdtrfiuf g bakotïs girçroas f
gas Ravoftfs. ^gssau g voiargr g praprofhghf bacftovg fk
cuigr hg praprofhghf provghg.
Wufstâa 8
•   Xardgr oiugos as pavas AV dgboadgcohghfs hg Pússog f
pfrkotor-clfs g odhfpfdhêdbog pacëtobg AV g sa`frgdog,
gbg`gdha bak a gdtoia Okpïroa Pussa.
Wufstâa 6
•  A Iavfrda sgëha hg Pfvacuéâa hf autu`ra gpaogvg-sf das
Ravoftfs quf rfprfsfdtgvgk a pava russa (apfrçroas,
sachghas, bgkpadfsfs). Baka tgc, gs hfbosöfs frgk takghgs
pfca pava f pgrg a pava (pgz= tfrrgs fdtrfiufs gas Ravoftfs=
oiugchghf fdtrf as pavas).
^çi. 22
Wufstâa 7
•  A Fxïrbota Ufrkfcla  AV as Ufrkfclas, quf hfefdhogk a
`acblfvoska f a pahfr hg Pússog Ravoïtobg= a Fxïrbota @rgdba
AV as @rgdbas, quf rfudogk as apasotarfs russas hg
iavfrdgéâa savoïtobg, gpaoghas par pgësfs fstrgdiforas
(Ergdég, Odicgtfrrg, FVG, Jgpâa).
Wufstâa 0
•   G apasoéâa has   mucgms  î fxpraprogéâa hgs tfrrgs f î sug
fdtrfig gas Ravoftfs.
Wufstâa 2
•   Badbrftozgvg-sf bak a fxfrbëboa ha pahfr pacëtoba
fxbcusovgkfdtf pfca pracftgrogha, gpaogha pfcg earég
grkghg. Frg dfbfssçrog pgrg gbg`gr bak g fxpcargéâa has
praproftçroas eudhoçroas f has bgpotgcostgs, osta ï, pgrg
gdoquocgr g `uriufsog.
Wufstâa 8
• Odhústrog f `gdbg ‒ dgboadgcozgéâa hf eç`robgs f hf tahas
as `gdbas provghas.
Hfsbgrrfigha par Jagdg Eocopg Bàdhoha (jagdgeocopgbgdhohaNlatkgoc.bak)
cAKaGP^RH<6<69
 ‒ fsbrfvfu covras f fhotau rfvostgs adhf gdgcosau a
bgpotgcoska f hovuciau as sfus ohfgos kgrxostgs=
 ‒ hfefdhfu g rfvacuéâa pracftçrog da sfoa ha ^grtoha
Rabogc-Hfkabrgtg, fstgdha dg aroifk hg bosâa fdtrf
`acblfvoqufs f kfdblfvoqufs=
 ‒ odtfrfssau-sf pfcas gbadtfbokfdtas rfvacuboadçroas hf
7?>6 f rfirfssau, `rfvfkfdtf, î Pússog=
 ‒ eao uk has eudhgharfs ha pgrtoha `acblfvoquf=
 ‒ hfefdhfu a odtfrdgboadgcoska pracftçroa, apadha-sf î
pgrtobopgéâa dg ^rokforg Iufrrg Kudhogc.
Hfsbgrrfigha par Jagdg Eocopg Bàdhoha (jagdgeocopgbgdhohaNlatkgoc.bak)
cAKaGP^RH<6<69
0. Fsbaclfr três
 ‒ trgéau a bgkodla hg Pfvacuéâa hf autu`ra (dgs –Xfsfs
hf G`roc‛)=
 ‒ prfsohou î Pússog Ravoïtobg, hfpaos hg Pfvacuéâa hf
autu`ra=
 ‒ trgéau gs kfhohgs ha –Bakudoska hf Iufrrg‛,
okpadha g hotghurg ha pracftgrogha=
 ‒ badtoduau a odtfrdgboadgcoska pracftçroa, eudhgdha g OOO
Odtfrdgboadgc=
 ‒ prapøs g DF^ pgrg sgcvgr g Pfvacuéâa.
2. Fsbaclfr hugs
 ‒ tfr ukg `ag arigdozgéâa par pgrtf has horoifdtfs=
 ‒ hospar hf ukg irgdhf f hodàkobg `gsf hf gpaoa=
 ‒ badtgr bak praeossoadgos g horoiorfk g Pfvacuéâa.
8.   As ghfptas hg vog rfvacuboadçrog sfpgrgrgk-sf has
rfearkostgs f okpusfrgk-sf as sfus padtas hf vostg da sfoa
ha ^grtoha Rabogc-Hfkabrgtg russa. ^gssgrgk g sfr
hfsoidghas hf   `acblfvoqufs   (kgoarotçroas), fdqugdta as
rfearkostgs rfbf`frgk a dakf hf   kfdblfvoqufs
(kodarotçroas).
6. • Xfarog odsporghg fk Kgrx, sfiudha g qugc g fstrgtïiog hf
ukg rfvacuéâa pgssg pfca fkpfdla dg cutg, pfca gtgquf f
 jgkgos pfcg hfefsg, pfcg gdigrogéâa ha kgoar dúkfra
passëvfc hf bacg`argharfs, badbfdtrghas –da cuigr f da
kakfdta hfbosovas‛.
•  ^rapastg hf takghg okfhogtg ha pahfr pfcas savoftfs, fk
quf –ukg supfroarohghf ioigdtfsbg‛ hf kgrodlforas,
apfrçroas f sachghas badvfriorogk sa`rf ^ftrairgha,
abupgdha as fhoeëboas / fstruturgs hgs bakudobgéöfs f
trgdspartfs.
5.  Fk vohg, fxfrbfu uk egsbëdoa quf ghvodlg hg sug irgdhf
bgpgbohghf hf cohfrgr gs kgssgs f hf sg`fr bakudobgr bak
fcgs= dg kartf, badtoduau g egsbodgr, kfrfbfdha ukg fspïbof
hf bucta prfstgha ga sfu bghçvfr, fk`gcsgkgha.
9.  G voúvg hf Cfdodf apøs-sf vffkfdtfkfdtf ga bucta hg
pfrsadgcohghf g prfstgr ga sfu kgroha. Hossf quf g kfclar
kgdforg hf a lakfdgifgr sfrog brogr fquopgkfdtas hf
utocohghf sabogc.
<. • Gprfsfdtgr g eoiurg hf Cfdodf.
•   Uodbgr as sfus ohfgos kgrxostgs f a sfu fkpfdla
rfvacuboadçroa, badearkf rfefroha dg qufstâa 7 (Hab. G).
• Uodbgr g badhuéâa hg Pfvacuéâa hf autu`ra par Cfdodf,
bak `gsf da Hab. H 7 (rfirfssa g ^ftrairgha f hovucigéâa
hgs –Xfsfs hf G`roc‛), H 0 (fdudbogha hgs tgrfegs g fxfbutgr
hurgdtf a iacpf rfvacuboadçroa) f H 8 (bakudobgéâa
pfrkgdfdtf f feobofdtf bak gs kgssgs).
•   Uodbgr gs kfhohgs takghgs pgrg fdtrfigr a pahfr gas
Ravoftfs (–Hfbrftas rfvacuboadçroas‛), okpcfkfdtgr g
hotghurg ha pracftgrogha (–Bakudoska hf Iufrrg‛) f sgcvgr g
Pfvacuéâa (–DF^‛).
7.2.
^çi. 2?
Wufstâa 7
• Fsbaclfr haos
 ‒ udor as pgrtohas rfvacuboadçroas ha pracftgrogha AV
baarhfdgr g cutg has pgrtohas apfrçroas g dëvfc kudhogc=
 ‒ egzfr g rfvacuéâa bakudostg AV pracftçrog g dëvfc
kudhogc=
 ‒ fxpgdhor a `acblfvoska AV a bakudoska g pgrtor hg
Pússog Ravoïtobg=
Hfsbgrrfigha par Jagdg Eocopg Bàdhoha (jagdgeocopgbgdhohaNlatkgoc.bak)
cAKaGP^RH<6<69
hfkgsogha coighas î prçtobg ha pgrcgkfdtgroska, îs sacuéöfs
hfkabrçtobgs f gas odtfrfssfs sabogcostgs, pfca quf, pfrgdtf
odsurrfoéöfs au iacpfs hf bgroz `acblfvostg, dâa frgk
bgpgzfs hf okpar g arhfk.
Wufstâa 2
•  Hfefdhf uk Fstgha eartf, –gbokg hf tuha‛, quf dâa sfjg
rfeïk has odtfrfssfs pgrtohçroas f quf, pfca badtrçroa,
–rfprfsfdtf g bacftovohghf dgboadgc‛ f –tuha pratfjg‛.
Wufstâa 8
•   Pghobgcozgéâa sabogc f pacëtobg ‒ giotgéâa sabogc
ifdfrgcozghg= iacpfs pacëtobas hf fxtrfkg-fsqufrhg (hf topa
`acblfvostg) f hf fxtrfkg-horfotg.
•  Fkfriêdbog hf gutarotgroskas ‒ odstgcgéâa hf hotghurgs fk
vçroas pgësfs furapfus.
7.8.
^çi. 86
Wufstâa 7
• G kgssoeobgéâa hg sabofhghf ur`gdg.
Wufstâa 0
• Blobgia. Kuctopcobau g sug papucgéâa kgos hf 65 vfzfs.
Wufstâa 2
•   Bgeïs, fspftçbucas (tfgtra, bodfkg), prgogs, latfos,
rfstgurgdtfs, bcu`fs daturdas.
Wufstâa 8
•  Pfefrf-sf îs kahoeobgéöfs praeudhgs f rçpohgs abarrohgs
das lç`otas quatohogdas.
Wufstâa 6
• Fsbaclfr três
 ‒ brfsbokfdta hgs bohghfs ‒ kgssoeobgéâa ur`gdg=
 ‒ kgoar erfquêdbog hf fspgéas pú`cobas=
 ‒ erfquêdbog hf bcu`fs daturdas=
 ‒ erfquêdbog hf fspgéas ga gr-covrf (prgogs)=
 ‒ badvovêdbog kgos covrf fdtrf as haos sfxas.
^çi. 85
Wufstâa 7
• Fsbaclfr três
 ‒ rfjfoéâa ha cabgc hf trg`gcla coigha î tfbdacaiog ‒
–cg`argtòroa odhustrogc‛=
 ‒ rfpúhoa hgs kçquodgs –quf autrarg hovfrtogk‛ f –giarg
fdblfk hf larrar‛=
 ‒ hfsiasta ha sïbuca fk quf vovf ‒ –hftfsta a sïbuca \\‛=
 ‒ hfsprfza pfcg Furapg –pahrf‛ f –grruodghg‛ AV
bucpg`ocozgéâa hg Furapg pfcg iufrrg=
 ‒ vadtghf hf sacohâa AV vadtghf hf rfirfssa î vohg
sfcvgifk.
Wufstâa 0
• G ^rokforg Irgdhf Iufrrg f as sfus larrarfs.
Wufstâa 2
•  Brosf hf hfsbrfdég das vgcarfs bovocozgboadgos f hf odbfrtfzg
qugdha ga eutura.
Hfsbgrrfigha par Jagdg Eocopg Bàdhoha (jagdgeocopgbgdhohaNlatkgoc.bak)
cAKaGP^RH<6<69
 ‒ pfrsostêdbog da fxfrbëboa ha horfota hf vata ‒ prokforg
kuclfr hg Furapg ha Ruc g fxfrbfr fssf horfota.
Hfsbgrrfigha par Jagdg Eocopg Bàdhoha (jagdgeocopgbgdhohaNlatkgoc.bak)
cAKaGP^RH<6<69
^çi. 66
Wufstâa 7
• G odtfcoiêdbog (rgboabëdoa) f g odtuoéâa.
Wufstâa 0
•  G odtuoéâa, jç quf das badhuz –ga odtfroar kfska hg vohg‛,
fdqugdta g odtfcoiêdbog das hfsvfdhg gpfdgs as gspftas
kgos supfreobogos, –iorgdha fk hfrrfhar… ha a`jfta fk vfz
hf fdtrgr dfcf‛.
Wufstâa 2
•   Fodstfod kastrau quf a fspgéa f a tfkpa dâa sâa
fdtohghfs g`sacutgs, quf fxostfk odhfpfdhfdtfkfdtf hg
kgtïrog f ha a`sfrvghar. A egbta hf a tfkpa dâa barrfr –hf
earkg rfiucgr f sokuctàdfg fk taha a udovfrsa‛ f hf, baka
pravau Fodstfod, a pgssgha, prfsfdtf f eutura bafxostorfk,
g`gcau praeudhgkfdtf gs badbféöfs hg Eësobg bcçssobg.
Wufstâa 8
•  Xuha da Vdovfrsa fstç arhfdgha f as sfus efdòkfdas sâa
prfvosëvfos.
Wufstâa 6
• Da fsqufbokfdta odvacudtçroa hf uk egbta hacarasa.
•   Kïtaha hg   bgtgrsos/psobgdçcosf quf badsostf fk trgzfr a
egbta rfbgcbgha ga badsbofdtf f gdgcosç-ca.
Wufstâa 5
•  A ^asotovoska gcobfrég-sf dg kgos fstrotg rgboadgcohghf f dg
bgpgbohghf hg boêdbog tuha badlfbfr. G odtuoéâa baka vog hf
badlfbokfdta supfroar ga rgboabëdoa, g badbféâa ha fspgéa f
ha tfkpa baka irgdhfzgs rfcgtovgs, g pfrbféâa hf uk
kobrabaskas adhf rfodg a bgas, g fxostêdbog hf ukg zadg
praeudhg hg kfdtf quf a sujfota dâa badtracg, g`gcgk g
brfdég pasotovostg dg arhfk f prfvoso`ocohghf has efdòkfdas
eësobas f psëquobas.
^çi. 6<
Wufstâa 7
•   Badtrgrogdha as prfbfotas gbghïkobas, as eguvostgs
hfsburgk a hfsfdla f a pfrefota gbg`gkfdta ha qughra,
sokpcoeobgk gs earkgs f fs`gtfk as vacukfs. Gs eoiurgs
pgrfbfk tasbgkfdtf hfcodfghgs f as parkfdarfs
hfsgpgrfbfk.
•  Hadgtfcca  ‒ îs fsbucturgs hfcobghgkfdtf fsbucpohgs quf sf
fdbadtrgvgk da bfdtra hg sgcg adhf fxpudlgk as  eguvfs ‒
par bakpgrgéâa bak gs a`rgs ha fsbuctar rfdgsbfdtostg
Hadgtfcca=   efrgs  ‒ gas qughras hf barfs eartfs f girfssovgs
(eguvostgs) quf sf fxpudlgk dg kfskg sgcg.
•   ^ar hfsprfzgrfk g tïbdobg gprfdhohg dgs gbghfkogs f
utocozgrfk barfs eartfs f badtrgstgdtfs, as qughras pgrfbogk
hfsfdlas hf brogdégs f grtf prokotovg.
^çi. 57
Wufstâa 7
•  Badtrgrogdha gs rfirgs rëiohgs ha gbghfkoska, prftfdhfk
g`gcgr a badsfrvgharoska hg grtf gcfkâ. Gssok:
 ‒ îs –prahuéöfs hf fstúhoa, gpgighgs, fxgdiufs‛, apöfk
ukg grtf coighg î vohg rfgc, blfog hf –bar‛, –giotgéâa‛,
–fxbotgéâa‛=
 ‒ gas prfbfotas hg bakpasoéâa f ha hfsfdla, apöfk
fs`aéas rçpohas, –bak trgéas ausghas‛=
Hfsbgrrfigha par Jagdg Eocopg Bàdhoha (jagdgeocopgbgdhohaNlatkgoc.bak)
cAKaGP^RH<6<69
• Kgtfrogos f a`jftas bakuds (hfspfrhëboas hf kghforg,
kgrtfca, prfias, barhg, acfgha odhustrogc).
Hfsbgrrfigha par Jagdg Eocopg Bàdhoha (jagdgeocopgbgdhohaNlatkgoc.bak)
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cAKaGP^RH<6<69
Wufstâa 6
• Fsbaclfr hugs
 ‒ ifakftrozgéâa hgs earkgs / rfhuéâa îs earkgs
fssfdbogos=
 ‒ vçroas àdiucas hf vosâa=
 ‒ hfbakpasoéâa ha a`jfta fk pcgdas.
Wufstâa 5
•  Bu`oska sodtïtoba. Earkg rfbadlfbëvfc= rfprfsfdtgéâa hgs
codlgs fssfdbogos ha a`jfta= pcgdas justgpastas= utocozgéâa hf
davas kgtfrogos.
^çi. 97
Wufstâa 7
•  G fxtrgarhodçrog `fcfzg hf uk qughra efota hf kgdblgs hf
bar.
Wufstâa 0
•   G kúsobg f g podturg sâa codiugifds udovfrsgos, osta ï,
tabgk tahas as lakfds, odhfpfdhfdtfkfdtf hg bucturg fk
quf fstâa odsfrohas.
•  Gs barfs hf ukg tfcg prahuzfk vo`rgéöfs sfkfclgdtfs gas
sads hf ukg pfég kusobgc.
•  Xgdta g kúsobg baka g podturg badstotufk ukg earkg hf
trgdskotor g fkaéâa ha grtostg (a –fcfkfdta odtfroar‛ hg a`rg
hf grtf) ga fspfbtghar.
Wufstâa 2
•  Mgdhodsmy: fxprfssâa hf fkaéöfs= vfëbuca hf trgdskossâa
fdtrf gqufcf quf prahuz f gqufcf quf eruo g a`rg hf grtf.
•  Kadhrogd: fxprfssâa hg fssêdbog hgs baosgs, hg –rfgcohghf
purg‛ hfspohg hf qugcqufr fkaéâa au su`jftovohghf ha
grtostg.
Wufstâa 8
•   Kgcfvobl,   Bakpasoéâa Ruprfkgtostg: g`strgboadoska
ifakïtroba.
• Hfcgudgy, Jgdfcg sa`rf g Bohghf: g`strgboadoska sfdsëvfc.
•   Ugdtadifrcaa,  Badstruéâa hgs Pfcgéöfs fdtrf as Uacukfs:
g`strgboadoska ifakïtroba (Hf Rtojc).
^çi. 98
Wufstâa 7
• Fsbaclfr três
 ‒ g vfcabohghf / kavokfdta=
 ‒ g odhústrog f g tfbdacaiog (eç`robgs, kçquodgs ‒ bgrra,
bak`aoa, gvoâa ‒ fcftrobohghf…)=
 ‒ gs kuctohöfs=
 ‒ gs irgdhfs bohghfs f a sfu `ucëboa=
 ‒ a ruëha.
Wufstâa 0
• Pfpftoéâa ha kfska katova dukg subfssâa hf okgifds.
Wufstâa 2
•   Hfbakpasoéâa has a`jftas fk vçroas pcgdas quf sf
odtfrsftgk. Da bgsa has euturostgs, fstg tïbdobg tfk par
a`jftova rfprfsfdtgr g sokuctgdfohghf f a kavokfdta.
Hfsbgrrfigha par Jagdg Eocopg Bàdhoha (jagdgeocopgbgdhohaNlatkgoc.bak)
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
Wufstâa 9
• Egzfr voiargr g pgz da kudha.
•  Pfhuzor as grkgkfdtas dgboadgos= rfspfotgr g odtfirohghf
tfrrotarogc f g odhfpfdhêdbog has fstghas-kfk`ras hg RHD=
su`kftfr gs qufstöfs fdtrf as fstghas-kfk`ras g uk
prabfssa gr`otrgc au juhoboçroa au î gdçcosf ha badsfcla hg
RHD= rakpfr coigéöfs bakfrbogos f eodgdbforgs bak as
fstghas-kfk`ras quf rfbarrfssfk î iufrrg.
^çis. 75 f 79
Wufstâa 7
•   Gusêdbog hf ^artuigc, pgës quf bak`gtfu ga cgha has
Gcoghas, das girupgkfdtas broghas dg Badefrêdbog hf ^gz,
fdqugdta eargk rfbadlfbohas horfotas g pgësfs dfutras. Posba
hf ^artuigc, patêdbog gtgbghg fk Çerobg, dâa sfr
badtfkpcgha bak gs odhfkdozgéöfs hf iufrrg hfvohgs pfcg
Gcfkgdlg, patêdbog gtgbgdtf.
Wufstâa 0
•  Badsostogk fk –zadgs hf cotëioas f hf tfdsöfs‛, bgusghgs
par ukg rfiucgkfdtgéâa hf eradtforgs odsgtosegtòrog pgrg as
vfdbohas f gciuds vfdbfharfs.
•  Hfsbrfdég has FVG dg bgpgbohghf hg RHD fk kgdtfr g pgz
da kudha, ukg vfz quf as trgtghas hf pgz dâa
rfiucgkfdtgrgk hfvohgkfdtf gs eradtforgs, dâa gtfdhfrgk
g rfovodhobgéöfs tfrrotarogos f dâa rfsacvfrgk qufstöfs hf
–kodarogs dgboadgos‛, pgrg gcïk hf lukoclgrfk as vfdbohas.
Badsohfrgdha quf a badecota dâa earg hfvohgkfdtf rfsacvoha,
as FVG rfkftfrgk-sf g ukg gtotuhf osacgboadostg, dâa
rgtoeobgdha a Xrgtgha hf Ufrsgclfs f dâa pgrtobopgdha dg
RHD. Hf cadif, gssostfk ga quf sf pgssg dg Furapg f da
Kïhoa Arofdtf (hfsoidghas hf –lfkoseïroa arofdtgc‛).
Wufstâa 2
•  Xrgtgha hf Ufrsgclfs= Bcfkfdbfgu, Ccayh Ifarif, Yocsad,
Arcgdha, rfprfsfdtgdtfs hg Ergdég, Irâ-@rftgdlg, FVG f
Otçcog, rfspftovgkfdtf.
•  ^rfabupgéâa fxbcusovg has vfdbfharfs bak as sfus igdlas
tfrrotarogos, g lukoclgéâa has vfdbohas f gs odhfkdozgéöfs g
pgigr par fstfs= gusêdbog hf hospasoéöfs pgrg rfbupfrgr g
fbadakog hg Furapg, –quf karrf hf eakf‛, f rfstg`fcfbfr gs
eodgdégs hg Ergdég f hg Otçcog= dficoiêdbog rfcgtovgkfdtf gas
fx-Okpïroas Gcfkâa f Gustra-Lúdigra, rahfghas hf kgus
vozodlas= fsqufbokfdta hg Pússog Ravoïtobg= egctg hf
sacohgrofhghf fbadòkobg fdtrf as pròproas Gcoghas.
Wufstâa 8
•  G Ergdég surif dg pfcf hf ukg kuclfr ahoasg f voacfdtg,
bak a `grrftf erëioa g fvabgr as fxbfssas rfvacuboadçroas,
quf gkfgég f hfstròo g Gcfkgdlg, rfhuzohg g uk bfdçroa hf
iufrrg.
Wufstâa 6
• A   Badsfcla has Wugtra, rfudoha fk Ufrsgclfs g pgrtor hf
 jgdfora hf 7?7?, dâa fstg`fcfbfu g pgz kudhogc fk `gsfs
sòcohgs. Bak a dava kgpg hg Furapg f Kïhoa Arofdtf,
lukoclau as Okpïroas vfdbohas, quf pfrhfrgk lg`otgdtfs f
tfrrotòroas. Dâa sgtosefz gs rfovodhobgéöfs tfrrotarogos hf
vfdbfharfs f dâa rfsacvfu hg kfclar kgdforg g qufstâa hgs
kodarogs dgboadgos.
rfcgtovgkfdtf ga hòcgr   duk burta fspgéa hf tfkpa f
badsfqufdtf pfrhg hf vgcar ha pgpfc-kafhg quf, dâa
sfrvodha pgrg pgigr as gctas prféas has `fds, frg utocozgha
baka bak`ustëvfc.
Wufstâa 2
• Fsbaclfr qugtra
 ‒ g fcfvghg qugdtog hf rfsfrvgs hf aura=
 ‒ a hòcgr baka kafhg eartf, igrgdtohg pfcgs rfsfrvgs hf
aura=
 ‒ a eodgdbogkfdta hgs fbadakogs fstrgdiforgs gtrgvïs has
odvfstokfdtas f hg badbfssâa hf brïhotas=
 ‒ g hfpfdhêdbog furapfog has bgpotgos gkfrobgdas AV a
pgpfc bfdtrgc has FVG dg igrgdtog hg fstg`ocohghf
fbadòkobg f eodgdbforg hg Furapg f ha kudha=
 ‒ a gsbfdhfdtf has FVG sa`rf as iavfrdas fstrgdiforas.
Wufstâa 8
•   A badtraca eodgdbfora fxfrboha pfcas FVG sa`rf pgësfs
fstrgdiforas pahf badhuzor î gseoxog hgs rfspftovgs fkprfsgs
f fbadakogs, gssok baka î qufhg hf iavfrdas.
Wufstâa 6
•  Hab. 76 G ‒ fdegtozgr g gcfirog hf vovfr= @ ‒ fdegtozgr g
roqufzg î hospasoéâa hf tahas= H f F‒ fdegtozgr a iasta pfca
badsuka.
7.0.
^çi. 09
Wufstâa 7
• Fsbaclfr qugtra
 ‒ kosïrog hg bcgssf apfrçrog, sujfotg g hurgs badhoéöfs hf
trg`gcla (larçroas cadias f `goxas sgcçroas)= odfxostêdbog
hf horfotas has trg`gclgharfs AV rfbusg ha pgtradgta fk
dfiabogr bak as trg`gclgharfs=
 ‒ barrupéâa f g`usas has eudboadçroas ha iavfrda sa`rf
as bgkpadfsfs f apfrçroas=
 ‒ kç iavfrdgéâa=
 ‒ fdvacvokfdta ruodasa dg iufrrg bak a Jgpâa=
 ‒ iavfrdgéâa gutarotçrog f gutabrçtobg, fk quf a bzgr
rfodgvg gr`otrgrogkfdtf pfcg irgég hovodg AV gusêdbog hf
co`frhghf pacëtobg, hf rfbadlfbokfdta hg sa`frgdog
dgboadgc f hf ukg Badstotuoéâa quf eudhgkfdtgssf g
iavfrdgéâa.
Wufstâa 0
•  G co`frhghf pacëtobg f g sa`frgdog dgboadgc badtodugvgk
odfxostfdtfs paos irotg-sf –G`goxa g gutabrgbog!‛.
•  As sachghas judtgrgk-sf gas papucgrfs f, provgha hf gpaoa
kocotgr f sabogc, a bzgr g`hobau.
Wufstâa 2
• Fsbaclfr três
 ‒ rfspfota hg co`frhghf odhovohugc (pacëtobg f rfcoioasg, hf
fxprfssâa, hf rfudoâa)=
 ‒ hfefsg hg oiugchghf has lakfds f has pavas pfrgdtf g
cfo (eok hgs rfstroéöfs `gsfghgs dg aroifk sabogc f ïtdobg)=
 ‒ hfefsg hg sa`frgdog dgboadgc `gsfghg da fxfrbëboa hg
bohghgdog sfk rfstroéöfs eodgdbforgs (rfovodhobgéâa ha
suerçioa udovfrsgc, horfta f sfbrfta)=
 ‒ hfefsg hg iavfrdgéâa gcobfréghg dukg Badstotuoéâa.
Wufstâa 8
• Earkg hf iavfrda ‒ Cfdodf hfefdhf uk iavfrda
rfvacuboadçroa fxfrboha pfcas Ravoftfs AV ukg –rfpú`cobg hf
hfputghas apfrçroas, gssgcgroghas girëbacgs f bgkpadfsfs‛,
fdqugdta a Iavfrda ^ravosòroa hfefdhf ukg
• Girobucturg ‒ a`roigéâa hf as bgkpadfsfs fdtrfigrfk gs
baclfotgs g hfstgbgkfdtas hf apfrçroas f sachghas, g uk
prféa eoxgha pfca iavfrda, eobgdha prao`ohas hf gs
bakfrbogcozgrfk.
Wufstâa 6
•   A bgrtgz odbfdtovgvg î udoâa f î bacg`argéâa fdtrf as
bgkpadfsfs, as apfrçroas f as sachghas (quf eoiurgk da
bfdtra), pgrg quf a pava russa troudegssf sa`rf as odokoias
fxtfrdas f odtfrdas (g Pússog fstgvg fk pcfdg Iufrrg Bovoc f
gtgbghg par patêdbogs fstrgdiforgs). ^rftfdhog-sf quf as
bgkpadfsfs dâa `aobatgssfk g a`roigtarofhghf hf fdtrfig
hgs baclfotgs gas hfstgbgkfdtas hf apfrçroas f sachghas.
Wufstâa 5
• Bfdtrgcoska   ‒ badtraca ha ^grtoha Bakudostg sa`rf as
òriâas hf Fstgha= badtraca, ha tapa pgrg g `gsf, das òriâas
ha ^grtoha f ha Fstgha. Hfkabrgbog  ‒ suerçioa udovfrsgc,
horfta f odhorfta, dg fsbaclg has òriâas ha Fstgha= fcfoéâa
has òriâas ha ^grtoha.
^çi. 26
Wufstâa 7
•   Rotugéâa hf fsbgssfz gcokfdtgr, rfspadsçvfc pfcg eakf,
fpohfkogs f koclöfs hf kartas, pravabghg pfcgs hfstruoéöfs
hg Iufrrg Bovoc f pfca `aobatf has bgkpadfsfs ga
–Bakudoska hf Iufrrg‛ (dâa prahuzogk au dâa fdtrfigvgk
gs baclfotgs, fsbadhfdha-gs f hfstruodha-gs).
Wufstâa 0
•  Brëtobgs g: rfprfssâa f tfrrar fxfrbohas pfcas `acblfvostgs
(–usurpgharfs bakudostgs‛)= odbakpftêdbog f `urabrgbog hg
iavfrdgéâa bakudostg.
Wufstâa 2
• Fsbaclfr três
 ‒ eok hg a`roigtarofhghf hf fdtrfig hgs baclfotgs AV hg
rfquosoéâa hf iïdfras, su`stotuëhg pfca pgigkfdta hf uk
okpasta fk iïdfras=
 ‒ pfrkossâa hf as bgkpadfsfs vfdhfrfk as sfus
fxbfhfdtfs, g eok hf as fstokucgr dg prahuéâa AV
rfstg`fcfbokfdta hf ukg bfrtg co`frhghf hf bakïrboa da
bgkpa=
 ‒ fdtrfig, dgs bohghfs, hf gciuk bakïrboa g provghas=
 ‒ fxpcargéâa baapfrgtovg f provghg hf gciukgs fkprfsgs.
Wufstâa 8
•   Gssfiurgr quf g DF^ dâa okpfhog g hotghurg ha
pracftgrogha f g odstgcgéâa ha sabogcoska.
^çi. 27
Ucghokor Ocotbl Vcogda (Cfdodf): ukg vohg ga sfrvoéa hg
Pfvacuéâa
7. Fsbaclfr três
 ‒ hovuciau as ohfgos kgrxostgs fdtrf as apfrçroas=
 ‒ badtgbtau apasotarfs ga bzgroska f a ifdra hf M. Kgrx=
 ‒ prgtobau gtovohghfs su`vfrsovgs f saerfu g hfpartgéâa
pgrg g Ro`ïrog=
 ‒ badbrftozgr a odtfrdgboadgcoska pracftçroa=
 ‒ egzfr troudegr a kgrxoska-cfdodoska.
Wufstâa 0
•  A okpfrogcoska, gs kadgrquogs, gs bcgssfs provocfioghgs, a
Fstgha `uriuês AV rfprfsfdtgtova hg `uriufsog, g
praprofhghf `uriufsg AV provghg.
Wufstâa 2
•  ^arquf Kasbava frg g bgpotgc hg Pússog Ravoïtobg, údoba
pgës adhf, gtï î hgtg, a kgrxoska-cfdodoska troudegrg.
Wufstâa 8
•  A pracftgrogha hf vçroas badtodfdtfs (Çerobg, Çsog…) udf-sf
ergtfrdgkfdtf sa` g horféâa has bgkpadfsfs f apfrçroas
russas.
• A pracftgrogha troudeg sa`rf a bgpotgcoska f gs kadgrquogs.
Wufstâa 6
•  Arigdozgéâa rfprfsfdtgtovg has pgrtohas rfvacuboadçroas ha
pracftgrogha kudhogc, quf sf vorâa g blgkgr ^grtohas
Bakudostgs, hfstodghg g egzfr troudegr a kgrxoska-cfdodoska
da kudha pfcg vog hg rfvacuéâa grkghg. Frg cohfrghg g pgrtor
hf Kasbava.
^çi. 87
Wufstâa 7
•   Pasg Cuxfk`uri hfefdhf –g rfvacuéâa da odtfrfssf has
trg`gclgharfs‛ f g odstgcgéâa hg hotghurg ha pracftgrogha,
gbg`gdha bak g praprofhghf provghg f bak a hakëdoa hg
`uriufsog, fxgtgkfdtf baka gbadtfbfrg gpòs g Pfvacuéâa
hf autu`ra dg Pússog.
Wufstâa 0
•  Rok, dg kfhohg fk quf, pfrgdtf g ergiocohghf hg rfvacuéâa
pracftçrog dg Gcfkgdlg, efz gbrfhotgr dg dfbfssohghf hf
udoâa f baarhfdgéâa kudhogos has pgrtohas eoïos ga
kgrxoska-cfdodoska pgrg quf gs rfvacuéöfs eassfk kfclar
arigdozghgs.
Wufstâa 2
• Fsbaclfr haos
 ‒ a hfsfspfra has trg`gclgharfs pfrgdtf g brosf
fbadòkobg ha pòs-iufrrg=
 ‒ g odecuêdbog kgrxostg-cfdodostg da kavokfdta apfrçroa=
 ‒ a fxfkpca ha troudea hg Pfvacuéâa hf autu`ra dg
Pússog=
 ‒ g géâa hg Odtfrdgboadgc Bakudostg au   Makodtfrd
(gpfdgs pgrg a Hab. 20 G f @).
Wufstâa 8
•   Pfbfoa hg prapgigéâa ha `acblfvoska AV kfha ga
`acblfvoska f badsfqufdtf ghfsâa g sacuéöfs pacëtobgs
gutarotçrogs quf hakodgssfk as trg`gclgharfs, okpfhodha g
giotgéâa sabogc f pacëtobg.
^çi. 82
Wufstâa 7
•   A Fstgha co`frgc f as rfspftovas pacëtobas lg`otughas –î
kostoeobgéâa‛ hgs prçtobgs pgrcgkfdtgrfs. G arigdozgéâa
hfkabrçtobg f sabogcostg hg vohg pacëtobg.
Wufstâa 0
• G bcgssf pacëtobg dâa hfefdhfu hfvohgkfdtf as odtfrfssfs
hg Otçcog da pòs-iufrrg, hferguhgdha gs fxpfbtgtovgs has
otgcogdas f aefdhfdha as quf lgvogk cutgha bak lfraëska.
^ar autra cgha, as pacëtobas co`frgos fdbadtrgvgk-sf
^çi. 8?
Wufstâa 7
•  G earkg baka sf gprfsfdtg (sgogs burtgs, kgquoclgifk…)
f g earkg baka sf bakpartg (`f`f, eukg, erfqufdtg
–fvfdtas fk fsbacgs hf rgpgzfs‛, tfk gkgdtfs…).
Wufstâa 0
• Î Irgdhf Iufrrg.
Wufstâa 2
•  –G iufrrg hfstruou as dassas gcobfrbfs fsporotugos f g`gcau g
dassg eï‛ AV –… a rfsta hg juvfdtuhf fstç tâa pfrpcfxg f
pfrtur`ghg baka dòs pròprogs‛.
Wufstâa 8
•  Pfprfsfdtg vgcarozgéâa pfssagc, uk sgcçroa f badsfqufdtf
gutadakog eodgdbforg egbf ga kgroha/pgo.
Wufstâa 6
• Rg`atgifk f hfstruoéâa hg praprofhghf provghg.
^çi. 67
Vkg poadforg: Bgracodg @fgtroz Àdifca
7. Fsbaclfr três
 ‒ rfpu`cobgdoska=
 ‒ pgz=
 ‒ suerçioa efkododa AV oiugchghf hf horfotas fdtrf as
haos sfxas=
 ‒ cgoboska.
0. Bukprf as rfquosotas prfvostas dg Cfo, dakfghgkfdtf:
 ‒ bohghgdog partuiufsg=
 ‒ ohghf (kgos hf 07 gdas)=
 ‒ rfsohêdbog da tfrrotòroa dgboadgc=
 ‒ fsbacgrohghf=
 ‒ egkëcog g bgria.
2. Fsbaclfr hugs
 ‒ badsohfrg g cutg hgs suergiostgs ukg –vfrhghforg
bruzghg‛=
 ‒ georkg quf –g badbfssâa ha vata îs kuclfrfs bovocozghgs
ï ]…[ kgdoefstgkfdtf hf justoég f odtfrfssf ifrgc‛ AV
–quf fstç pravgha quf ï hg kgos praeëqug odecuêdbog
bovocozgharg g odtfrvfdéâa hgs kuclfrfs dg vohg pacëtobg‛=
 ‒ qugcoeobg hf –g`surha f odëqua f fk apasoéâa bak gs
pròprogs ohfogs hg hfkabrgbog f justoég prabcgkghgs pfca
^grtoha Pfpu`cobgda‛ g dfigéâa hf horfotas pacëtobas îs
kuclfrfs –pfca sokpcfs egbta hf sfrfk kuclfrfs‛.
8.   Eutocohghf hf uk pgrcgkfdta earkgha par kuclfrfs ‒
hosbussöfs bfdtrghgs dg gtugéâa has lakfds egbf îs
kuclfrfs. Odbgpgbohghf hgs kuclfrfs pgrg pgrtobopgrfk dg
pacëtobg hf kaha rfspadsçvfc f sïroa. Rçtorg ga vata hf
Bgracodg @fgtroz Àdifca.
6. Fsbaclfr três
 ‒ fsbacgrohghf fxbfboadgckfdtf fcfvghg pgrg g gcturg ‒
cobfdboghg fk kfhobodg f boruriog ‒ bak rfsuctghas
fsbacgrfs `roclgdtfs=
 ‒ fxfrbëboa hf ukg praeossâa prfstoioghg, gpfsgr hg sug
badhoéâa hf kuclfr `uriufsg, bgsghg f kâf hf egkëcog.
 ‒ kocotàdbog pfcas ohfgos hg pgz, hg Pfpú`cobg f hg
oiugchghf hf horfotas fdtrf as haos sfxas=
 ‒ î utocozgéâa hgs barfs kosturghgs f sò`rogs hg grtf
aeobogc, badtrgpöfk barfs eartfs, –tâa purgs qugdta a
Rac gs kastrg‛=
 ‒ ga rfspfota pfcas tfkgs da`rfs hg grtf apöfk g
rfprfsfdtgéâa horftg f –sfk egcsoeobgéöfs‛, g tatgc
co`frhghf ha grtostg.
Wufstâa 0
• Fsbaclfr três
 ‒ trgéa hostarboha=
 ‒ rfearéa ha badtarda=
 ‒ hfsfdla sokpcoeobgha, rfhuzoha gas trgéas fssfdbogos,
par vfzfs qugsf iratfsba=
 ‒ su`vfrsâa hgs praparéöfs f hg pfrspftovg=
 ‒ barfs eartfs f badtrgstgdtfs=
 ‒ fxprfssöfs f pasturgs bak eartf fkatovohghf.
Wufstâa 2
• Rfkfclgdégs (fsbaclfr hugs)
 ‒ bar: co`frhghf dg gpcobgéâa hg bar, quf kuotgs vfzfs dâa
badbarhg bak g rfgcohghf= utocozgéâa hf barfs purgs f
girfssovgs= kgdblgs brakçtobgs udoearkfs f
badtrgstgdtfs= sak`rgs a`tohgs pfcg gpcobgéâa hf kgdblgs
hf barfs kgos fsburgs=
 ‒ hfsfdla: hostaréöfs f rfearéa has badtardas gtrgvïs hf
uk trgéa badtrgstgdtf= fs`gtokfdta has vacukfs= rfhuéâa
îs codlgs fssfdbogos ha a`jfta=
 ‒ bakpasoéâa: bakpasoéâa gpgrfdtfkfdtf hfsbuohghg=
hostaréâa has fefotas hf pfrspftovg.
• Hoefrfdégs
 ‒ Eguvoska: sfk prfabupgéöfs sabogos= tfkgs coiforas.
 ‒ Fxprfssoadoska: grtf odtfrvfdtovg, bak ukg eudéâa
sabogc gbfdtughg= tfkgs pfsghas, par vfzfs gprfsfdtghas
hf earkg blabgdtf.
^çi. 59
Wufstâa 7
• Fsbaclfr haos
 ‒ earkgs gdiucasgs, ifakftrozghgs=
 ‒ suprfssâa ha parkfdar ‒ sokpcoeobgéâa ha hfsfdla=
 ‒ hostaréâa hgs earkgs ‒ odecuêdbog hg grtf gerobgdg=
 ‒ ergikfdtgéâa fk vçroas pcgdas quf sf justgpöfk au sf
odtfrsftgk=
 ‒ hfstruoéâa hg pfrspftovg trghoboadgc ‒ vçroas àdiucas hf
vosâa=
 ‒ eusâa fdtrf gs eoiurgs f a fspgéa fdvacvfdtf.
Wufstâa 0
•   Uacukfs: ifakftrozgéâa= vosâa sokuctàdfg hf vçroas
àdiucas= prairfssovg hocuoéâa has badtardas ha a`jfta, buja
vacukf sf fspgckg, rfhuzodha-sf îs hugs hokfdsöfs hg tfcg.
•   Bar: prairfssovg rfhuéâa hg pgcftg gtï î qugsf
kadabrakog.
Wufstâa 2
•  A`jfta hf dava pfrbftëvfc, fk`arg rfprfsfdtgha dgs sugs
codlgs fssfdbogos, fk pcgdas justgpastas.
Wufstâa 8
• ^gpïos vucigrfs (pgpïos bacghas).
^çi. 95
Wufstâa 7
•   Badtfstgr g sabofhghf f gs sugs rfgcozgéöfs,
dakfghgkfdtf g grtf.
Wufstâa 0
• Fsbaclfr três
 ‒ tfxtas pravabgtòroas=
 ‒ hfsbadstruéâa hg codiugifk=
 ‒ trgdsearkgéâa hg a`rg hf grtf fk gcia g`surha, odsòcota=
 ‒ rfbursa ga gbgsa baka kfoa hf prahuéâa grtëstobg=
 ‒ utocozgéâa hf kgtfrogos hfirghghas (coxa)=
 ‒ trgdsearkgéâa hf a`jftas odhustrogos fk pfégs hf grtf.
^çi. 9?
Wufstâa 7
•  Fxpcargr –a eudboadgkfdta rfgc ha pfdsgkfdta‛, osta ï,
rfvfcgr gs pgrtfs su`kfrsgs ha psoquoska lukgda, a
odbadsbofdtf.
Wufstâa 0
•   Da odtfroar ha grtostg. G a`rg rfprahuz dâa g rfgcohghf
fxtfroar, vosëvfc pgrg tahas as lakfds, kgs gs okgifds quf
`ratgk ha odbadsbofdtf. ^ar ossa, g prahuéâa surrfgcostg hfvf
sfr rfgcozghg –dg gusêdbog hf taha a badtraca hg rgzâa‛.
Wufstâa 2
• Fsbaclfr três
 ‒ fcfkfdtas rfbadlfbëvfos, rftorghas ha kudha rfgc,
gssaboghas g autras odfxostfdtfs=
 ‒ kudhas adërobas=
 ‒ brogturgs zaakòreobgs f autras –kadstras‛=
 ‒ kftgkareasfs dâa fxostfdtfs da kudha rfgc=
 ‒ hostaréâa hgs earkgs=
 ‒ gssabogéöfs okpravçvfos, hfsbadbfrtgdtfs=
 ‒ tëtucas fvabgtovas hf baosgs bakuds gssaboghas g a`rgs
quf rftrgtgk kudhas orrfgos f a`jftas odfxostfdtfs=
 ‒ barfs usghgs covrfkfdtf, rfearégdha a bgrçbtfr
kostfroasa hg a`rg.
^çi. <7
^obgssa, –uk podtar sfk fstoca‛
7.  ^arquf kuhg badstgdtfkfdtf g sug earkg hf fxprfssâa
pcçstobg.
0.   Eguvoska: barfs odtfdsgs, hfsegsghgs hg rfgcohghf=
sak`rgs gtrgvïs hg gpcobgéâa hf barfs kgos fsburgs=
badtarda pauba buohgha= bgrçtfr coifora (gcfirf,
hfsbadtrgëha) hg rfprfsfdtgéâa.
2. Fsbaclfr três
 ‒ bakpasoéâa gpgrfdtfkfdtf hfsbuohghg (eoiurgs
hfsbfdtrghgs f bartghgs)=
 ‒ sokpcoeobgéâa ‒ fcokodgéâa ha parkfdar=
 ‒ hostaréâa hf earkgs=
 ‒ fs`gtokfdta has vacukfs (gpraxokgéâa î
`ohokfdsoadgcohghf hg tfcg)=
 ‒ gpcobgéâa covrf hgs barfs (gzuc dg sak`rg ha rasta, par
fxfkpca)=
 ‒ gpraxokgéâa ga fxprfssoadoska (trostfzg f sfdsgéâa hf
hfsbadearta quf sf hfsprfdhf hg tfcg).
8. Bu`oska sodtïtoba.
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