Rochas gneas

Vulcanismo e Plutonismo

Rochas gneas: origem

registros da histria trmica da Terra. origem associada com o movimento das placas tectnicas, possuem um papel importante nesta movimentao, origem das montanhas e evoluo dos continentes.

Rochas gneas: Fuso

Fuso parcial do manto produz magmas mficos (baslticos ou pobres em Si) Fuso parcial na zona de subduco produz rochas intermedirias (andesito) Fuso parcial da crosta, em geral profunda e continental, produz magmas flsicos (granticos, ricos Si)

Anatexia de um metassedimento

Fuso parcial

O padro de fuso em bordas de gros de um protlito arentico rico em feldspato (arcsio) submetido a T = 700 800C em PH2O = 1kbar
Qzo isolado Tf >1170C Qzo e albita em contato Tf= 790C Qzo+alb+ortoc. Tf = 720C

Sem fuso

Magma o material fundido no interior da Terra, ao sair na superfcie chamado de lava. (foto Hawai)

Kilaweua Hawai

Temperaturas do magma
prximas superfcie da Terra variam de 700C (composies flsicas Si-Al) a 1200C (composies mficas Fe-Mg). lavas mais raras (carbonatticas) temperatura pode ser em torno de 600C.

Composio do magma
mistura de fases lquidas, slidas e gasosas. Em geral O, Si e Al (lquido silictico). Pode ter tambm Ca, H, Na, K, Fe, Mg entre outros. Esses tomos so ligados em extensas redes (polimerizados) conforme a composio do magma.

Composio do magma
Alta razo O:Si (magmas baslticos ou mficos) forma muitos tetraedros separados [SiO4]4- sem muita polimerizao. magma flui rpido, perde gases tambm rapidamente e no produz erupes explosivas.

Composio do magma
Baixa razo O:Si (magmas granticos ou flsicos) forma mais ligaes Si-O e redes polimerizadas mais longas. magma flui lentamente, no perde gases e produz erupes explosivas e rochas piroclsticas.

Cristalizao do magma
processo de congelamento do magma. Conforme cai a temperatura so produzidos minerais diferentes em uma ordem de cristalizao determinada experimentalmente e bem conhecida.

Rochas gneas: classificao conforme relaes de campo Erupes vulcnicas: atividade gnea em vulces e fissuras, formando as rochas vulcnicas com granulao fina. Enormes volumes de rocha lquida que nunca chegam na superfcie, esfriam lentamente em profundidade e formam as rochas plutnicas com granulao grosseira.

Cristalizao produz Minerais

Quartzo SiO2 Feldspato potssico MAl(Al,Si)3O8 M=K Feldspato plagioclsio MAl(Al,Si)3O8 M=Na-Ca Mica biotita (K,Na,Ca)(Mg,Fe,Li,Al)2-3(Al,Si)4O10(OH,F)2 Anfiblio A2-3 B5(Si,Al8)O22(OH)2 A=Mg,Fe, Ca
ou Na B = Mg, Fe, Al

Piroxnio ABSi2O6 A= Ca, Na, Mg,Fe B = Mg,Fe,Cr,Mn,Al Olivina (Mg,Fe)2SiO4

Tipos de rochas gneas:

composio mineralgica

Granito e Riolito (Quartzo, feldspato K, plagioclsio Na, mica biotita)

>68% slica

Tipos de rochas gneas

composio mineralgica

Granito (Quartzo,feldspato K, plagioclsio Na, mica biotita)

Egito, 323-317 a.C. Transporte das embarcaes sagradas

Tipos de rochas gneas

Riolito (Quartzo,feldspat o K, plagioclsio Na, mica biotita)

Riolito vesicular e amigdaloidal

Tipos de rochas gneas:

composio mineralgica

Diorito e andesito porfirtico (anfiblio, plagioclsio Na e Ca, pode ter quartzo e feldspato K)

52-63% slica

Tipos de rochas gneas

composio mineralgica

Diorito (anfiblio,

plagioclsio Na e Ca, pode ter quartzo e feldspato K)

Fara, Tutms II, XVIII dinastia, 14791425a.C.

Tipos de rochas gneas

composio mineralgica

Gabro e basalto porfirtico (Piroxnio e plagioclsio Ca, pode ter olivina)

48-52% slica

Tipos de rochas gneas

composio mineralgica

Gabro e Basalto (Piroxnio e plagioclsio Ca, pode ter olivina) fotomicrografia

Basalto da Bacia do Paran

Basalto (Piroxnio e plagioclsio Ca) Estrada do Rio do Rastro, SC

Basalto

Pedra de Roseta Museu Britnico

Londres

Tipos de rochas gneas

composio mineralgica

Peridotito: predomina olivina pode ter piroxnio

Komatiito: piroxnios esqueletais

Classificao de rochas gneas

Composio Mineralgica

Komatiito
cidas Intermedirias Bsicas Ultrabsicas

Classificao Textural

Srie de Bowen

Classificao Modal
Classificao de rochas magmticas flsicas fanerticas com mais de 10% de Q (quartzo) + A (Feldspato Alcalino) + P (plagioclsio) + F (Feldspatide) Foids = Feldspatoid

Feldspatide

Classificao de rochas ultramficas

Principais elementos qumicos formadores de rochas gneas

Classificao qumica de rochas vulcnicas (USGS)

cidas Intermedirias Bsicas Ultrabsicas

Fissura em formao

On August 16, 1975, a new fissure opened along the south rift zone of Tolbachik volcano during the "Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption" of 1975-76. The following day formation of the third of a group of new cinder cones at the northern end of the rift zone began. Formation of the first cone began on July 6 and ended on August 9, the day that the second cone began erupting. The eruption occurred along a fissure system that extends 70 km SSW of Plosky Tolbachik volcano. Photo by Yuri Doubik, 1975 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

 De fissura, o tipo de erupo vulcnica mais comum na Terra. A lava sai

por fissuras na crosta. Domina nas dorsais.

Tipos de Vulces

Incandescent lava fountains play above an eruptive fissure at Krafla volcano in NE Iceland on September 6, 1984. After a quiet interval of 33 months, an eruption began on September 4 along a fissure extending from Leirhnjkur 8.5 km to the north. Initially, the fissure was active along its entire length, but later lava production was highest at the northern end of the fissure. Photo by Michael Ryan, 1984 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Tipos de vulces: estratovulco

Vulces compostos so construdos por alternncia de camadas de cinzas e derrames de lavas formando cones.

Plumes of steam, gas, and ash often occurred at Mount St. Helens in the early 1980s. On clear days they could be seen from Portland, Oregon, 81 kilometers to the south. The plume rose nearly 1,000 m above the volcano's rim. The view is from Harrys Ridge, 8 km north of the mountain.

Ilha vulcnica de Tenerife

Vulco em Ol Doinyio Lengai, frica Lavas carbonticas

Tipos de vulces: escudo

Mauna Kea (left) and Mauna Loa (right), both over 4000 m above sea level, are the world's largest active volcanoes, rising nearly 9 km above the sea floor around the island of Hawaii. This aerial view from the NW shows the contrasting morphologies of these two shield volcanoes. In contrast to the smooth profile of Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea's early shield volcano morphology is modified by the latestage products of explosive eruptions. Photo by Lee Siebert, 1987 (Smithsonian Institution).

Evoluo de uma caldeira vulcnica

Pahoehoe

Tipos de Derrames

AA

Two types of lava flows, pahoehoe and aa, are different textural forms of otherwise identical lava. The smooth-textured pahoehoe lavas (left) are formed by stable upwelling of gas-poor lava, whereas the hackly-surfaced aa flows are produced during eruptions with high lava fountaining of gas-rich magma. Eruptions of aa lava commonly evolve into sustained production of pahoehoe. Because of differential weathering rates, the overlying pahoehoe flows look younger than the associated aa flows, and the two flows are easily mistaken for flows of greatly differing age. Photo by Lee Siebert, 1987 (Smithsonian Institution

Tipos de derrames
A superfcie de um derrame AA uma massa amontoada de blocos angulares, que se forma quando a crosta solidificada quebrada pelo lento movimento da lava mais viscosa e espessa do que o tipo Pahoehoe.

An aa lava flow, with a characteristic hackly surface, advances across a smooth-textured pahoehoe lava flow. The front of this June 3, 1994, aa flow at Laeapuki, near the Puna coast of Kilauea volcano, is about 1 m high. Aa flows are produced by eruptions with high lava fountains of gas-rich magma. Eruptions producing aa lava commonly evolve into sustained eruptions of gas-poor pahoehoe. Photo by Paul Kimberly, 1994 (Smithsonian Institution)

Tipos de derrames
Derrame Pahoehoe tem superfcie torcida, de uma lava fluida e tipicamente fina. A crosta quente firme, plstica, enrugada e dobrada pelo movimento contnuo do interior.

The newly solidified surface of pahoehoe lava flows commonly has a silvery or irridescent color that is produced by recrystallization of volcanic glass as it becomes hydrated and oxidized. Pahoehoe lavas form during eruptions that are characterized by stable upwelling of gas-poor magma. This smooth-textured pahoehoe flow at Kilauea volcano was photographed in August 1994. Photo by Paul Kimberly, 1994 (Smithsonian Institution)

Tipos de derrames
Disjuno colunar: Forma-se por contrao da lava durante o resfriamento.
O eixo mais longo da coluna aproximadamente perpendicular superfcie de resfriamento.
Spectacular curved columnar joints in the Bishop Tuff are exposed in Owens River Gorge SW of Long Valley caldera in California. The 56-sided columns are about 1-3 m wide and curve downward to a common point, forming a feature known as a joint rosette. The rosettes are the site of large fossil fumaroles and often are overlain by fumarole mounds. These mounds are close to the Owens River Gorge, suggesting that they were formed as a result of volatiles produced when the hot Bishop ash flows overran and vaporized the ancestral Owens River. Photo by R. V. Fisher, 1984 (University of California Santa Barbara).

Tipos de derrames

Tubos de lava se formam quando as margens dos derrames se resfriam e solidificam e o material mole do interior continua a fluir.

Tiposextrusion ofderrames de magma produces a characteristic Submarine

"pillow lava" morphology, as seen here on Loihi seamount SE of the island of Hawaii. Thin streams of molten lava are extruded in a form that resembles toothpaste squeezed out of a tube. The outer surface of the molten lava is quickly chilled by the water and solidifies, while the interior remains molten and continues to flow, lengthening the tubes. Lava flows with similar textures on land can be recognized as being uplifted submarine (or sublacustral) lavas. Photo by the Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory (Univ. Hawaii).

Pillow lavas

Tipos de derrames
Pillow lavas ou lavas em almofadas se formam quando a extruso do basalto ocorre em baixo dgua e o resfriamento rpido formando uma srie de massas elipsoidais. Foto abaixo a direita mostra pillow lavas formadas no assoalho ocenico atual na Nova Zelndia.

Fluxo de cinzas

Derrames piroclsticos

Pyroclastic flows are hot avalanches of rock, ash, and gas that sweep down the flanks of volcanoes at high velocities. This photo shows a relatively small pyroclastic flow at Mayon volcano in the Philippines on September 23, 1984. These hot, ground-hugging flows can travel at velocities to about 100 km/hr and reach areas well beyond the flanks of a volcano. Their high temperatures make them lethal to anything in their path. Billowing ash clouds rise above the denser basal portion, which can consist of vesiculated pumice or dense lava clasts. Photo by Chris Newhall, 1984 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Derrames piroclsticos

The powerful lateral blast from Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980 swept 30 km away from the volcano, blowing down giant trees like matchsticks. The blast, traveling at velocities up to 1100 km per hour, devastated 600 sq km over a broad area nearly 180 degrees wide north of the volcano. Photo by John Dvorak, 1980 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Derrames piroclsticos

Voluminous pyroclastic flows on June 15, 1991, from Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, swept all sides of the volcano. The flat, light-colored areas in the foreground are pyroclastic-flow deposits that filled the Marella River valley on Pinatubo's SW flank to a depth of 200 m, more than the height of the Washington Monument. The dark hill at the center was completely surrounded by pyroclastic flows, which traveled 14 km down this valley. Photo by Rick Hoblitt, 1991 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Derrames piroclsticos: estruturas sedimentares

Pyroclastic surges originating from secondary phreatic explosions at Mount St. Helens in 1980 produced these cross-bedded layers. They were deposited from successive, rapidly moving horizontal clouds of gas, ash, and rock fragments that resulted from the interaction of still-hot pyroclastic-flow deposits from the May 18 eruption with groundwater and fragments of Mount St. Helens glaciers carried down by the collapse of the summit. Photo by Norm Banks, 1980 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Rochas vulcnicas
Escria

Tufo

Pmice

LAHAR: derrames vulcnicos de lama

Volcanic mudflows, also known by their Indonesian name, "lahars," are water-saturated mixtures of volcanic debris that sweep down volcanoes and valley floors far beyond. These lahars from the 1982 eruption of Galunggung volcano on the Indonesian island of Java caused extensive damage to houses and croplands. Unlike pyroclastic flows, mudflows are generally low temperature, and these houses were not ignited. Mudflows can remain a hazard long after an eruption ends as heavy rainfall redistributes tephra produced by the eruption. Photo by Robin Holcomb, 1983
(U.S. Geological Survey).

Tipos de intruses magmticas

Batlitos Stocks Diques Chamins Sills ou soleiras xenlitos

Tipos de intruses magmticas

Laclitos: corpos em forma de domos com fundo plano formados quando o magma consegue arquear os estratos sobrejacentes.

Tipos de intruses magmticas

Laclitos: Gois

Tipos de intruses magmticas

Neck vulcnico ou chamin vulcnica: Chapelle Saint-Michel Foto em Puy en Velais, Frana Central

Dique Sill ou soleira

Tipos de intruses magmticas

Sill ou soleira: concordante

Tipos de intruses magmticas

Batlito, visto do espao, Egito

Tipos de intruses magmticas

Batlitos mapeados, USA e Rio Grande do Sul

Tipos de intruses magmticas

Batlito, visto do espao, Perfil da figura anterior

Tipos de intruses magmticas

Relaes entre rochas encaixantes sedimentares e metamrficas com os batlitos

 Magma basltico gerado por fuso parcial do manto superior em margens de placas divergentes.

 O magma grantico gerado em zonas de subduco por fuso de uma placa ocenica e da crosta continental inferior.

Referncias Bibliogrficas
Best, M. G. & Christiansen, E. H. 2001. Igneous petrology. Blackwell, Malden, USA. 458 p. Press, F.; Siever, R.; Grotzinger, J.; Jordan, T.H. 2006. Para Entender a Terra. Artmed Editora, So Paulo, 656 p. Winter, J. D. 2001. An introduction to igneous and metamorphic petrology. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, USA. 697 p.