10 0 -10 0 -50 0 50 -50

50

- AH?E?E I @A .K ?E AI @A 8=HE=> A + /A
A DJJF

FA=O

AJH = ,EBAHA ?E=

=HJ
=E

4EL=I
=HJE DJ

=HJE HEL=I(ADK AI

JF ? ADK AI

,AF=HJ= A J @A . IE?= 6A HE?= 728 -07 AE = .A>HAH &

+=F JK

FAH=?E
J= +

AI ?

AH I ?

FA I

5A= z C K AH ? F A =H>EJH=HE GKA AI?HE>E I @A = B H = z = x + iy ? x, y R @A = AH= GKA x = Re z A y = Im z I = F=HJA 4A= O F=HJA 1 =CE =HE= @A z HAIFA?JEL= A JA I AH I ? F A I F @A I D=?AH =I IECKEA JAI FAH=?E AI

5K = 2H @K?J + KC=?E 8= H =>I KJ ,EIJ= ?E= A JHA ? F A I

)@A I = IK = O A FH @K?J I FAH=?E

: : : : :

z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2 ) + i(y1 + y2 ), z1 z2 = (x1 x2 y1 y2 ) + i(x1 y2 + y1 x2 ). zz , z = x iy, 2 | = z z 0, |z | = x + y 2 = |z d(z1 , z2 ) = |z1 z2 | = |z2 z1 | 0.

AI ? KJ=JEL=I O =I ?E=JEL=I

z1 + z2 = z2 + z1 ,

z1 z2 = z2 z1 , z1 (z2 z3 ) = (z1 z2 )z3 = z1 z2 z3 ,

z1 + (z2 + z3 ) = (z1 + z2 ) + z3 = z1 + z2 + z3 ,
O I=JEIB=?A A JHA A =I =I FAH=?E AI @A @EIJHE>KJELE@=@

z1 (z2 + z3 ) = z1 z2 + z1 z3 .
=? KC=?E <HAIFAJ= = =I @ I FAH=?E AI IK = O FH @K?J O = L= H =>I KJ

(z1 + z2 ) = z 1 + z 2 ,

(z1 z2 ) = z 1 z 2 ,

|z | = |z | = |z |.

=I F JA ?E=I A JAH=I @A ? F A i I i i2 = 1 i3 = i i4 = 1 O =I @A I IA HA@K?A = IJ=I 5 = A JA ANEIJA K ? F A z = 0 IE O I IE x = y = 0 O I AH I HA= AI I FHA?EI= A JA =GKA I AH I ? F A I GKA I E@ JE? I = IKI ? F A I ? KC=@ I

z=z ,

z R.

- L= H =>I KJ I=JEIB=?A |z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 | O =I

@AIECK= @=@AI JHE= CK =HAI |z1 + z2 | |z1 | + |z2 |, . H K = @A -K AH 6A HA = @A ,A ELHA

ez ex+iy = ex (cos y + i sin y )

|z1 z2 | ||z1 | |z2 || .

5E A ? F A z IA AI?HE>A ? z = r(cos + i sin ) z = rei A FH @K?J =F=HA?A ? i(1 +2 ) n r1 r2 e O =I F JA ?E=I z = rn ein A J ?AI

z1 z2 =

z n = rn (cos n + i sin n).

+ HAIK J= GKA ei = ein A J ?AI (cos + i sin )n = cos n + i sin n @A @ @A IA FKA@A >JA AH J @=I =I HAC =I JHEC JHE?=I @A I CK I JEF AI O CK I BH=??E =HE I !
n

"

+)2 67

2-4)+1

-5 +

-4 5 +

2 -

2H > A =I
  8AHE ?=H =I FAH=?E AI IECKEA JAI J= J A IK B H = H@E =HE= ?
I AH I ? F A I GKA IA E @E?= KI= @ = B H = F =H @A

5i = 1 + 2i, (1 + i)7 = 8(1 + i). 2+i i(1 i 3)( 3 + i) = 2 + 2i 3, (1 + i 3)10 = 211 (1 + i 3),

,AI?HE>EH CA JHE?= A JA ?=@= K = @A =I HACE = < arg z < , |z | > 3 > 1 < |z 2i| < 2 ? |2z + 3| > 5 @ Im(z 2 ) > 0 O Im(z 2 ) 0 1 A Re z 1 2 B |z 3| > |z |

AI @A F =

FA

 ! 1 @E?=H GK HAFHAIA J= CA
{a} |z 1 i| = 1,

JHE?= A JA =I IECKEA JAI A?K=?E

AI O @AIECK= @=@AI

{b} |z 1| = |z + i|, e
3 3

{c} |z 1 + i| |z 1 i|,

{d} |z + 4i| + |z 4i| = 10.

 " 5E z = 6ei/3 AL= K=H |eiz | 5

 # - ? JH=H J @=I =I I K?E AI @A I IEIJA =I @A A?K=?E AI

a)
O

|z 12| 5 = , |z 8i| 3 |z 2 2i| = 4,

|z 4| = 1, |z 8| |z + 1 + i | = 1. |z 1 i |

b)
5

z1 = 6 + 17i,

z2 = 6 + 8i O z1 = 1 i,

z 2 = 1 + i

 $ - ? JH=H J @=I =I I K?E AI @A ?=@= K = @A =I & A?K=?E AI

z 2 = i; z 7 + 1 = 0; z 2 = 3 4i; z 8 = 1 + i; z 3 = 1; z = z3; z 6 = 64;

|z | z = 1 + 2i;

 % - ? JH=H F=H= GK L= HAI @A z IA I=JEIB=?A = A?K=?E

cos(z i) = 2.
4AI LAH =I 5 EI = A?K=?E
3

z = 2k + i(1 ln(2

(z 1 + i)(z 1)2 = z.
"

3)), k Z O z1 = (1 i)/2 O z2 = (3 + i)/5 2=H?E= )>HE

 & ,A

IJH=H =I B H K =I IECKEA JAI

(1 + cos + i sin )2n 1 + i tan 1 i tan

5KCAHA ?E= -I?HE>EH AI=I HA =?E AI A J H E
n

= =

2n in e , 2 1 + i tan n , 1 i tan n 2 cos

CK EJ=@

I @A

 ' ,A
GKA

IJH=H GKA

D=O E C

L= H @A z F=H= A ?K= = BK ?E

ez IA = K = )I

EI

@A

IJH=H

|ez | = eRe z

O GKA

ez+2i = ez .

  - ? JH=H J @=I =I I K?E AI @A = A?K=?E

tan z =
5

5i . 3

zk = i ln 2 +

1 2

+ k ,k Z

2=H?E= )>HE

!

  ,A

IJH=H GKA A A F = ? F A = A?K=?E @A K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= GKA F=I= F H JHAI FK J I = E A=@ I z1 z2 O z3 IA FKA@A AI?HE>EH A = B H = @A @AJAH E = JA

|z |2 |z1 |2 |z2 |2 |z3 |2

z z1 z2 z3

z z 1 z 2 z 3

1 1 1 1

= 0.

  - ? JH=H = A?K=?E
z3 = 1 + i 5 (x + 1)2 + y 2 = 5

@A = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= GKA F=I= F H

I FK J I z1 = 1 i z2 = 2i O

 ! ,A

IJH=H GKA A A F = ? F A = A?K=?E @A K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= GKA F=I= F H JHAI FK J I = E A=@ I z1 z2 O z3 IA FKA@A AI?HE>EH A = B H =
z z1 z z2 z3 z1 z3 z2

z z 1 z z 2 z 3 z 1 z 3 z 2

 " ,A

IJH=H GKA F=H= J @

AH HA= F IEJEL k = 1 = A?K=?E

|z z1 | = k, |z z2 |
AI = A?K=?E @A K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= - ? JH=H A ?A JH O A H=@E @A = EI = + IA FKA@A @A EH A J ?AI K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= 4AI LAH A FH > A = E LAHI AI @A?EH @=@ I A ?A JH O H=@E @A K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= A ? JH=H I FK J I z1 O z2 O A L= H @A k GKA I=JEIB=?A IJH=H GKA = A?K=?E |z z1 | + |z z2 | = a > 0 @ @A z1 O z2 O a > |z1 z2 | I @ I AH I ? F A I =H>EJH=HE I AI FHA?EI= A JA = A?K=?E @A K = A EFIA A A F = GKA JEA A IKI B ? IA I FK J I z1 O z2 3K FK J I @A F = HAFHAIA J= = = JAHE H A?K=?E IE a = 0 ; IE a<0

 # ,A

 $ 2H >=H GKA = B H = KIK= @A HAI LAH =I A?K=?E AI @A IACK @ CH=@ AI =F E?=> A = = A?K=?E
az 2 + bz + c = 0 ?K= @ a b O c I
AH I ? FA I

 % ,A

IJH=H GKA F=H= J @ F E LAHE ?= = ECK= @=@

E @A ? A ?EA JAI HA= AI @A = L=HE=> A ?

F A = z P (z ) IA

P ( z ) = P (z ).

 & 7

AH z HA?E>A A >HA @A AH = CA>H=E? IE AI = I K?E @A K = A?K=?E F E E?= @A JEF a0 z n + a1 z n1 + + an1 z + an = 0 ? n EJ O @ @A I a0 , . . . , an I A JAH I I AH I GKA LAHE ?= AIJ= ? @E?E IA @A E = AH I JH=I?A @A JAI F=HJE?K =H e O I AH I JH=I?A @A JAI FAH J @=LE= IA D= @A IJH=@ GKA e e + IA= 2H >=H GKA I AH I IECKEA JAI I AH I = CA>H=E? I 3 3 + 2; b) 4 2i. a)

= FH OA??E AIJAHA CH ?= @A = AIBAH= @A @E AJH K E@=@ I >HA A F = ? F A A = GKA A F IKH @A = AIBAH= IA E@A JE ?= ? A  @A IJH=H GKA IE (, , ) I =I ? H@A =@=I @A K FK J @A = IKFAH ?EA @A = AIBAH= O z = x + iy IK E =CA AIJAHA CH ?= A J ?AI AIJ HA =?E =@ I F H y |z |2 x , = , = , = 1 + |z |2 1 + |z |2 1 + |z |2

 ' -

x=

, + 2

y=

. + 2

+)2 67

2-4)+1

-5 +

-4 5 +

2 -

5 JH=H

  5E (, , ) I
=I ?

=I ? H@A =@=I @A K FK J P (z ) I >HA = AIBAH= @A @E H@A =@=I AIF=?E= AI @A =I E CA AI @A I IECKEA JAI FK J I

AJH K E@=@ A ?

P (z ),
5 A JHE

P ( z ),

1 z

(, , ) (, , ) (, , 1 )
CK GKA F IAA @E?D I FK J I ? ?A JH A A HECA ,A IJH=H GKA L HJE?AI AI AGKE JAH IE O I IE z1 + z2 + z3 = 0

  5A= z1 z2 O z3 JHAI FK J I I >HA K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= ? 

,=@ I JHAI L HJE?AI ? IA?KJEL I @A K F=H= A CH=

z1 z2 O z3 A ?

JH=H A ?K=HJ L HJE?A

 ! ,A

IJH=H GKA F=H= J @ z IA LAHE ?= = E@A JE@=@

z2 1 + z| + |
I K JHE CK

z 2 1 z | = | z 1| + | z + 1 | .
AGKE JAH @A L HJE?AI z1 z2 O z3 A J ?AI IA ?K F A

 " ,A

IJH=H GKA IE JA A

2 2 2 z1 + z2 + z3 = z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 .

)I

EI

(z3 z1 )(z2 z3 ) = (z1 z2 )2 ,

I?

(z1 z2 )(z3 z1 ) = (z2 z3 )2 .

F A I z O IA LAHE ?= =I E@A JE@=@AI O @AIE

 # ,A IJH=H GKA ?K= AIGKEAH= GKA IA= CK= @=@AI

 |z + |2 + |z |2 = 2|z |2 + 2| |2

+ 1|2 + |z |2 = (1 + |z |2 )(1 + | |2 ) |z 1|2 |z |2 = (|z |2 1)(| |2 1) ! |z

" |z + | |z | + | | # |z | ||z | | || |z | | | $ |z + | ||z | | || |z | | | % |z | |z | + | |

 $ - ? ?K

LA?J HE= IA @A A A FH @K?J AI?= =H  FH @K?J E JAHE H @A @ I LA?J HAI u (u1 , u2 , u3 ) O v (v1 , v2 , v3 ) A@E= JA u v = u1 v1 + u2 v2 + u3 v3 5A @A KAIJH= GKA u v = |u||v | cos IEA @ A CK GKA B H = @E?D I LA?J HAI 5E I ? F A I I ? IE@AH= I ? LA?J HAI >E@E A IE = AI @A IJH=H GKA IK FH @K?J E JAHE H IA AI?HE>A ?

z1 z2 = Re( z1 z2 ).
LA?J HE= IA @A A A FH @K?J LA?J HE=  FH @K?J ANJAHE H @A @ I LA?J HAI u (u1 , u2 , u3 ) O v (v1 , v2 , v3 ) ? JH LA?J H w (w1 , w2 , w3 ) A@E= JA w = u v ?K O=I ? F A JAI I w1 = u2 v3 u3 v2 w2 = u3 v1 u1 v3 w3 = u1 v2 u2 v1 5A @A KAIJH= GKA A @K @A AIJA LA?J H L= A |w| = |u||v | sin IEA @ A CK GKA B H = @E?D I LA?J HAI 5E I ? F A I I ? IE@AH= I ? LA?J HAI >E@E A IE = AI IK FH @K?J LA?J HE= IAH = FAHFA @E?K =H = F = ? F A O I = A JA JA @H = = JAH?AH= ? F A JA K = ,A IJH=H GKA AIJ= JAH?AH= ? F A JA =I ?E=@= = FH @K?J LA?J HE= IA ?= ?K = A@E= JA

 % - ? ?K

z1 z2 = Im( z 1 z 2 ).

 & - ? ?K LA?J HE= IA @A KAIJH= GKA A HA= @A F=H= A CH=

u (u1 , u2 , u3 ) O v (v1 , v2 , v3 ) L= A HA== |u v | - ? I I FK J I z1 = 2 + i z2 = 1 i O z3 = 3

JH=H A

IK>JA @E@ F H I @ I LA?J HAI HA= @A JHE CK ?KO I L HJE?AI

 ' ,A

IJH=H GKA A

HA= @A K JHE

CK

?KO I L HJE?AI I

I FK J I z1 z2 O z3 AI

(z2 z3 )|z1 |2 , 4iz1

AI ? ? E?=I @A  O! K J @A =JHE?AI

@A A IK =J HE IA ANJEA @A = J @=I =I FAH KJ=?E AH I ?

 ! 2H >=H GKA A ? K J @A HA= AI 2 2 @A = B H =

F A I z = a + ib AI AGKEL= A JA = ?

z = a + ib

Z=

a b b a

a, b R

-IJ=> A?AH = HA =?E A JHA =I FAH=?E AI IK = O FH @K?J @A =JHE?AI ? =I ? HHAIF @EA JAI FAH=?E AI ? ? F A I + IA ?=H=?JAHE = A JHA =I =JHE?AI = ? KC=?E ? F A = ; A L= H =>I KJ |z | ) = E =H = B H = CA AH= @A K AH ? F A @A L= H =>I KJ  6EA A = C GKA LAH ? =I H J=?E AI @A F =

 ! ) = E =H = ? LAHCA ?E= @A =I IK?AIE AI

a) un = in , n b) un = (1 + i)n . n

 ! 2H >=H GKA
a) n2 in = 0; n n3 + 1 l m b)
n

l m

in n n + 3i n + 1

= 1 i.

 !! 2H >=H GKA = IAHEA

1 + i/3 + (i/3) + =
? LAHCA O D= =H IK EJA
2

(i/3)n1 ,
n=1

 !" - ? JH=H F=H= GK L= HAI @A F=H

AJH HA= a =I IECKEA JAI IAHEAI I

LAHCA JAI

a)
n=1

na ein ,

b)
n=1

na ei/n ,

c)
n=1

n2 + 1

ei/n 1 ,

d)

(a + 1)(a + 2) (a + n) n i . n! n=1

 !# += ?K =H KI= @ = B H K = @A ,A ELHA =I BK ?E AI JHEC JHE?=I @A CK I JEF AI sin k O cos k ? k A JAH A J H E I @A =I BK ?E AI sin O cos O IKI F JA ?E=I ; IE k AI K AH BH=??E =HE @A = B H = k = 1/n ? n A JAH 2=HJE?K =HE =H F=H= A ?=I k = 5 O k = 1/2  !$ - ? JH=H =I IECKEA JAI IK =I A J H E I @A BK ?E AI H@E =HE=I O @A F=H
sin x + sin 2x + + sin nx, sin x + sin 3x + + sin(2n 1)x, cos x + cos 2x + + cos nx, cos x + cos 3x + + cos(2n 1)x,
AJH n

sin x sin 2x + + (1)n1 sin nx.

5A IKCEAHA ? IE@AH=H IK =I @A FH CHAIE AI CA JHE?=I @A H=

eix 

 !% 4AI LAH =I IECKEA JAI FHACK J=I

 += ?K =H =I F=HJAI HA= A E =CE =HE= @A (1 i)4i += ?K =H =I F=HJAI HA= A E =CE =HE= @A =I I K?E AI @A sin z = 2

&

+)2 67

2-4)+1

-5 +

-4 5 +

2 -

! ,AJAH E =H = E =CA @A HA?J CK R @AJAH E =@ F H I E JAHL= I @A I A AI HA= A E =CE =HE R = [log 2, log 3] [, ] >= = =??E @A = BK ?E ANF A ?E= f (z ) = ez -N= A K E 

 !& 4AI LAH =I IECKEA JAI FHACK J=I

 0= =H J @=I =I I K?E += ?K =H J @ I AI @A = A?K=?E

(ez + 1)3 + 8 = 0

I L= HAI F IE> AI @A (cos i)i FA

! 5A= t (, ) += ?K =H A =HCK A J FHE ?EF= @A ? -N= A 5AFJEA >HA 

eit + 1

 !' 4AI LAH =I IECKEA JAI FHACK J=I

= += ?K =H J @ I I L= HAI F IE> AI @A (1 i)1+i > 0= =H J @=I =I H= ?AI @A cos z = cosh z ? += ?K =H = E =CA @A = HACE Q = = =??E @A {z : 4 |z | 9, /2 Argz /2} >= = H= = FHE ?EF= @A = BK ?E f (z ) = z @A E@= I >HA A F = ? F A ? = A= @A ? HJA A IA EA A HA= (, 0] -N= A K E !

 " = += ?K =H O HAFHAIA J=H CH ?= A JA A A F =

(z 1) =
4

FA

=I I K?E

AI @A = A?K=?E

16 + 16i 2

.
AH HA=

> += ?K =H =I F=HJAI HA= A E =CE =HE= @A J @ I I L= HAI F IE> AI @A (ai)i IE a AI K @EIJE J @A ?AH ? IJH=H GKA n 1 + i tan 2 1 + i tan (2n) = si n = 1, 2, 3 . . . 1 i tan 2 1 i tan (2n) @ += ?K =H = E =CA @A = HACE

{ z C : 8 |z | 27,
>= = =??E K E " @A = H= = FHE ?EF= @A

3 arg z 0 } 4
=HC @A (, 0] -N= A

zA

= GKA A ? HJA IA HA= E = =

 " = - ? JH=H =I H=E?AI @A = A?K=?E

sin(ez ) =
> 5A= z C J= GKA |z | = 1 O a C ,A

1 , 2

z C.

IJH=H GKA

za = 1. 1a z
? += ?K =H = E =CA @A HA?J CK @A L HJE?AI A = M i B = 7/4 M i C = 7/4 + M i O D = M i A@E= JA = JH= IB H =?E @=@= F H = BK ?E eiz IEA @ M > 0 -N= A K E #

 " - ? JH=H J @=I =I I K?E AI @A =I A?K=?E AI

= 2z 4 + 1 3i = 0 > cosh z sinh z = 1 2 ? e(z1) = 1 @ 5A= f (z ) = H= = @A z GKA AI = = JE?= A A @ f (1) = 1 += ?K =H f (1) O f (2i) -N= A 5AFJEA >HA "

E E D = C {z = iy, y 0} O J= GKA

'

> ,A

 "! = += ?K =H =I F=HJAI HA= A E =CE =HE= @A

IJH=H GKA F=H= J @= BK ?E = = JE?=

ii

d 1 (Re f (z )) = f (z ). dz 2
? 5E JA A I = HACE @A F = ? F A I = E CA AI @A J @ I AIJ I FK J I >= -N= A 2=H?E= )>HE $

|z | 1 0 arg z /4 @A = CKH= @AJAH E =H ?K AI = BK ?E = = JE?= 1/z 2

F A =I @A = IECKEA JA A?K=?E O HAFHAIA J=H =I A A

 "" = - ? JH=H J @=I =I I K?E AI ?

F= ? FA

z 3 i = 3.
I AH I ? F A I GKA I=JEIB=?A = ECK= @=@

> - ?

JH=H J @ I

z 1+i = 4
? 2H >=H = IECKEA JA ECK= @=@

cosh(z + w) = cosh z cosh w + sinh z sinh w,

@ += ?K =H
C

z, w C.

dz . z

?K= @ C AI = BH JAH= @A ?K=@H=@ {z C, | Re z | 1, | Im z | 1, } O ?K= @ C AI = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= |z + 2| = 1 -N= A K E $

 "# = - ? JH=H =I H=E?AI @A = A?K=?E

sin z + cos z = 2.
> - ? JH=H J @ I I L= HAI @A
2

(2)

.
= JH= IB H =?E CA AH=@=

? += ?K =H = E =CA @A = HACE |z | 4 /4 arg( /4 >= z) F H = BK ?E z @ @A @A>AHA I KJE E =H = H= = z rei(+/2) -N= A 5AFJEA >HA $



+)2 67

2-4)+1

-5 +

-4 5 +

2 -

 "$ = - ? JH=H J @=I =I I K?E AI @A = A?K=?E

2z + 3iz = 1/z
> += ?K =H J @=I =I F=HJAI HA= A E =CE =HE= @A ii ? ,AJAH E =H =I E CA AI @A I FK J I @A = HACE 1 |z | 2 /2 Argz 3/4 >= = =F E?=?E w = 1/z 2 ,E>K =H A HAIK J=@ +K AI = HA =?E A JHA =I HA=I @A = CKH= E E?E= O @A = = @ ,A IJH=H GKA ANEIJA E C z C EJ F=H= A GKA cosh z = sinh z 2 @A I @A?EH EI F=H= K z C EJ J= GKA cosh2 z = sinh2 z A -I F IE> A = ANEIJA ?E= @A K = BK ?E = = JE?= J= GKA IK F=HJA HA= u O IK F=HJA E =CE =HE= v IA= ECK= AI ; = F IE>E E@=@ u = v -N= A K E %

 "% = += ?K =H J @ I I L= HAI @A z C GKA LAHE ?=

cos z = cos z. > 5A= f (z ) = H= = @A 4 z @A E@= A C [0, ) J= GKA f (1) = (1 i)/ 2 += ?K =H f (i) i ? - ? JH=H A L= H @A 2 ?KO @K AI e @ 4AFHAIA J=H CH ?= A JA = E =CA @A ? K J A = {z C : |z | 1, Im z 0} A@E= JA = =F E?=?E T (z ) = (z i)/(z + i) -N= A 5AFJEA >HA %

 "& = - ? JH=H J @=I =I I K?E AI @A = A?K=?E

z 4 + 8 + 8 3i = 0.
5E K E I I FK J I I K?E @A = A?K=?E = JAHE H GK +K AI A H=@E @A ? H?K E I?HEJ A = = JAHE H CKH= > += ?K =H (1 + 3i)cos 2=H?E= )>HE % CKH= IA >JEA A +K J L= A IK HA=

+=F JK

.K ?E
.K ?E
?K F A

AI = = JE?=I
? F A = @A L=HE=> A ?
z z0

JE K= 7 = BK ?E

F A = f (z ) AI ?

JE K= A A FK J z0 IE IA

l m f (z ) = f (z0 ).

O AI E @AFA @EA JA @A = B H = A GKA z JEA @A = z0 = BK ?E f (z ) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) AI ? JE K= A z0 = x0 + iy0 IE O I IE =I BK ?E AI u O v I ? JE K=I A (x0 , y0 ) .K ?E @AHEL=> A 7 = BK ?E ? F A = @A L=HE=> A ? F A = f (z ) AI @AHEL=> A A A FK J z0 IE ANEIJA A f (z ) f (z0 ) l m z z 0 z z0 O AI E @AFA @EA JA @A = B H = A HAFHAIA J= I F H = ANFHAIE .K ?E = = JE?= 7 = BK ?E A z0 IE A ?=@= FK J z @A K 7 = ? @E?E R AI GKA A GKA z JEA @A = z0 ) L= H @A = JAHE H EJA IE ANEIJA O AI f (z0 ) O @A E = I = @AHEL=@= @A f A z0 f (z ) AI = = JE?= A K FK J z0 IE IK @AHEL=@= f (z ) ANEIJA ?EAHJ A J H @A z0 E? I

@E?E

AI @A +=K?DO 4EA =

A?AI=HE= F=H= GKA = BK ?E w = f (z ) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) IA= = = JE?= A K = HACE I FK J I @A AI= HACE IA I=JEIB=C= =I A?K=?E AI

u v = , x y

u v = . y x

 

5E =I = JAHE HAI @AHEL=@=I F=H?E= AI I BK ?E AI ? JE K=I A R A J ?AI =I ? @E?E AI = JAHE HAI I J= >E IK ?EA JAI F=H= GKA w IA= = = JE?= A R = @AHEL=@= @A K = BK ?E = = JE?= ANFHAI=@= ? f = u + iv IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H @A =I @ I B H =I df u(x, y ) v (x, y ) 1 u(x, y ) v (x, y ) = +i = + . dz x x i y y +

.K ?E 2 E
BK ?E

BK ?E AI

AI A A A J= AI - A?J H @A>AH @AJAH E =H = HACE E I = AI

w=
F E E I

@A z f (z ) IA ?= ?K =

A@E= JA =I HAC =I D=>EJK= AI @A @AHEL=?E ? HAIFA?J = z @ @A I = = JE?=I =I IECKEA JAI

P (z ) = a0 + a1 z + a2 z 2 + + an1 z n1 + an z n . P (z ) , Q(z )

.K ?E

AI H=?E

@ @A P (z ) O Q(z ) I .K ?E ANF A ?E=

ez = ex+iy = ex (cos y + i sin y )

A

5E a AI HA= O F IEJEL IA @A @ @A ln a AI A C=HEJ

az = ez ln a ,

< =JKH=  @A a 

 .K ?E AI JHEC

+)2 67

.7 +1

-5 ) ) 61+)5

JHE?=I
sin z = eiz eiz , 2i cos z = eiz + eiz , 2

O =I @AHEL=@=I @A A =I ? .K ?E AI DEFAH> E?=I

sec z csc z tan z cot z sinh z =

ez ez ez + ez , cosh z = , 2 2 O =I @AHEL=@=I @A A =I ? tanh z coth z AJ? .K ?E AI C=H J E?=I 5E z = ew A J ?AI AI?HE>E I w = ln z IA @E?A GKA w AI A =JKH= @A z O HAIK J= IAH K = BK ?E K EB H A E EJ= A JA K JEL= K=@= O @A E@= w = ln z = ln r + i( + 2k ),
.K ?E AI JHEC

C=HEJ A@E= JA

k = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,

IEA @

z = rei(+2k) .

JHE?=I E LAHI=I
arcsin z = 1 ln iz + i 1 z2 , arc cos z = 1 ln z + i z2 1 ,
J=?E IA

O JH=I ? arctan z AJ? ) LA?AI IA HAFHAIA J= ? sin1 z cos1 z AJ? FAH AIJ= FKA@A FHAIJ=H = AHH HAI 5 BK ?E AI K JEB H AI @A>E@ = ln O = = H=E ?K=@H=@= .K ?E AI DEFAH> E?=I E LAHI=I

arcsinh z = ln z +
O =I @AHEL=@=I @A A =I ? = BK ?E F JA ?E=

z2 + 1 ,

arccosh z = ln z +
J= >E K JEB H AI

z2 1 ,

arctanh z AJ? 5

z e ln z ,
@ I BK ?E AI ? F A =I @A z

F=H= J @ C O IE f (z ) O g (z ) I

f (z )g(z) eg(z) ln f (z) ,

O A CA AH= I BK ?E AI .K ?E AI = CA>H=E?=I 5 K JEB H AI K JEL= K=@=I F H IK @A E?E I K?E AI w @A A?K=?E AI @A = B H = = JH=L I @A C=HEJ

P0 (z )wn + P1 (z )wn1 + + Pn1 (z )w + Pn (z ) = 0,

@ @A P0 (z ) = 0 P1 (z ) . . . Pn (z ) I F E E IA z .K ?E AI JH= I?A @A JAI  JH= I?A @A J= AI 5 =GKA =I GKA IA= F IE> A ANFHAI=H =I ? K = BK ?E = CA>H=E?= .K ?E AI A A A J= AI )GKA =I BK ?E AI GKA IA FKA@= ANFHAI=H A J H E I @A =I = JAHE HAI I= L =I JH= I?A @A JAI JH=I K AH EJ @A FAH=?E AI @A JEF IK =I HAIJ=I FH @K?J I ? ?EA JAI O H=E?AI .K ?E A JAH= -I =GKA = GKA AI = = JE?= A J @ A F = ? F A AN? KE@ A FK J @A E EJ .K ?E =H E?= 7 = BK ?E f (x, y ) @A E@= A K = HACE R @A R2 IA @E?A GKA AI =H E?= A R IE I=JEIB=?A = A?K=?E @A =F =?A F=H= J @ I I FK J I @A R

2 f (x, y ) 2 f (x, y ) + = 0. x2 y 2
=I F=HJAI HA= A E =CE =HE= u(x, y ) O v (x, y ) @A K = BK ?E = = JE?= I BK ?E AI =H @E?A A AIA ?=I GKA u O v I BK ?E AI =H E?=I ? KC=@=I FKAI F H I=JEIB=?AH =I ?   IA JEA A E?=I 5A @E?E AI

2v 2u = , 2 x xy

2u 2v = , 2 y yx

O IK = @

2u 2u 2v 2v + 2 =0= + 2. 2 2 x y x y

!

2H > A =I
@A = BK ?E

 - ? JH=H = HACE
|z | A
2

@A F = ? F A A = GKA = BK ?E |z |2 AI ? JE K= += ?K =H = @AHEL=@= I FK J I A GKA AI ? JE K= -I K = BK ?E = = JE?=

,AJAH E =H = @AHEL=@= @A sin z O @A e2z A K FK J ?K= GKEAH= z C FAH

! ,A

IJ=H GKA = BK ?E f (z ) = AI @AHEL=> A A AIA FK J

|xy | I=JEIB=?A =I ?

@E?E

AI @A +=K?DO 4EA = I

A z=0

" ,A?EH IE =I IECKEA JAI BK ?E AI @A E@=I I >HA I @

= w = z 2 , Re z > 0; > w = z 2 , |z | < 1; 1 ? w = , |z | < 1; z1 1 1 @ w = z+ , |z | < 2; 2 z 2 1 1 A w = z+ , |z | < 1, 4 z

E E I GKA IA E @E?=

>EK L ?=I

0 < arg z < /2.

= = JE?= @A z A J ?AI

# ,A

IJH=H GKA IE f (z ) AI K = BK ?E

2 2 + x2 y 2
8AHE ?=H AIJA HAIK J=@ ? = BK ?E

|f (z )|2 = 4|f (z )|2 .

f (z ) = z 2

$ ,AJAH E =H
a) l m
5

z 10 + 1 , z i z 6 + 1

b) l m

z 0

1 cos z , z2

c) l m

z 0

1 cos z , sin z 2

d) l m (cos z )1/z .
z 0

= 5/3 > 1/2 ? 1/2 @ e1/2

% ,A

IJH=H F H GK =I IECKEA JAI BK ?E

AI

= = JE?=I A

E C

FK J @A F =

FA

f1 (z ) = xy + iy ;

f2 (z ) = ey (cos x + i sin x).

= A?K=?E @A =F =?A = = JE?= - AIJA ?=I

IJH=H GKA =I BK ?E AI IECKEA JAI @A E@=I I >HA R2 I=JEIB=?A O F H J= J FKA@A IAH E JAHFHAJ=@=I ? = F=HJA HA= @A K = BK ?E @AJAH E =H = ? HHAIF @EA JA BK ?E f (z ) @A = ?K= I IK F=HJA HA= = u(x, y ) = x3 3xy 2 + 3x2 3y 2 + 1 > u(x, y ) = sin x cosh y + 2 cos x sinh y + x2 y 2 + 4xy 5 = w = z 3 + 3z 2 + C > w = sin z + z 2 i(2 sin z + 2z 2 )

& ,A

' = - ? JH=H J @=I =I BK ?E AI = = JE?=I @A = B H = f (z ) = u(x) + iv (y ) > 2H >=H GKA IE f (z ) AI = = JE?= A C A J ?AI J= >E AI = BK ?E g (z ) = f ( z ) 3K IA FKA@A
@A?EH @A h(z ) = f ( z) ? 5E v AI =H E?= ? KC=@= @A u @A IJH=H GKA uv O eu cos v I 5 = f (z ) = (ax + b) + i(ay + c) ? a, b, c ? IJ J= >E BK ?E AI =H E?=I

 ,AI?
5

F AH = BK ?E sin z A IKI F=HJAI HA= A E =CE =HE= sin z = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y E?=I A ?K= GKEAH @ E E @A F = O = = JE?= f (z ) @A = GKA I IK F=HJA

 ,A IJH=H GKA =I IECKEA JAI BK ?E AI u(x, y ) I =H A ? JH=H IK =H E?= ? KC=@= v (x, y ) =I ? = BK ?E HA= A IAA F I
 u = 2x(1 y )

u = 2x x3 + 3xy 2

" ! u = sinh x sin y " u = y/(x2 + y 2 ) # u = cos x sin y 5

+)2 67

.7 +1

-5 ) ) 61+)5

f1 (z ) = iz 2 + 2z + C f2 = 2z z 3 + C f3 = i cosh z f4 = i/z + C f5

AI =H

E?= =? @E?E

f (0) = 2 5 2ez
GKA A @

 0= A = BK ?E

= = JE?= w = f (z ) = F=HJEH @A IK F=HJA HA= u(x, y ) = 2ex cos y ?

! 5A= u O v  >EA ui O vi  F=HAI @A BK ?E AI =H

I F=HAI @A BK ?E E E D AI U O V GKA IA E @E?= I

E?=I ? =I EI

KC=@=I A K @ E E D ,A IJH=H BK ?E AI =H E?=I ? KC=@=I A

a) b) c) d) e) f)

U U U U

= au bv, V = bu + av, a, b C. = au1 + bu2 , V = av1 + bv2 , a, b C. = u1 u2 v1 v2 , V = u1 v2 + v1 u2 . = eu cos v, V = eu sin v.

2

U = eu

cos 2uv, V = eu v sin 2uv. u2 v 2 v 2 u2 U = euv cos , V = euv sin . 2 2

E?=I @A = B H = IECKEA JA

v 2

" - ? JH=H IE AI GKA ANEIJA  BK ?E AI =H

a) u = (ax + by ), a, b R,

b) u = (x +

x2 + y 2 ),

c) u = (x2 + y ).

# - ? JH=H IE AI GKA ANEIJA  BK ?E AI =H

a) u = (x2 + y 2 ),
5

E?=I @A = B H = IECKEA JA

b) u = (x2 y 2 ),

c) u = (y/x),

d) u =

x2 + y 2 x

= C ln(x2 + y 2 ) + K > C (x2 y 2 ) + K ? C arctan(y/x) + K @ Cx/(x2 + y 2 ) + K KC=@= u iv I FKA@A

$ 5E A K ?EAHJ @ E E = BK ?E ? F A = w = u + iv O IK ? F A = ? = >=I = = JE?=I FH >=H GKA w AI K = BK ?E ? IJ= JA A AIA @ E E

IAH ?

% 5E w AI K = BK ?E
IJ= JA = A

= = JE?= A K ?EAHJ @ E E FH >=H GKA IK L= H =>I KJ |w| I GKA w IA= K = BK ?E ? IJ= JA A A @ E E JE K= O JH= IB H = A F = ? FA

& IJH=H GKA f (z ) = z/(1+ |z |) AI ? -I = = JE?=

I = = JE?=I A J @ I I FK J I @A F =

C A A @EI? |w| < 1

AI

' ,AJAH E =H I FK J I IE CK =HAI @A =I IECKEA JAI BK ?E AI O H=

? FA AN?AFJ A 

=H F H GK AI=I BK ?E I FK J I IE CK =HAI

2z + 1 z (z 2 + 1) z2 z3 + i 3z + 2

! (z + 2)1 (z 2 + 2z + 2)1

 +

FH >=H GKA = BK ?E

z 2 f (z ) = 0z

si si

z=0 z = 0,
AI = = JE?= A @E?D FK J

I=JEIB=?A =I ? @E?E AI @A +=K?DO 4EA = -I @AHEL=> A A z = 0

A A FK J z = 0 FAH

#

 ,=@= = BK ?E

f (z ) = x3 i(y 1)3 u + iv ? u v +i = 3x2 , x x

HAIK J= GKA

2 H GK

= BK ?E

3x2 I = A JA HAFHAIA J= = = @AHEL=@= f (z ) A A FK J z0 = i

IJH=H GKA f (z ) ANEIJA A E C FK J

,=@=I =I BK ?E AI f (z ) IECKEA JAI @A = 2x + xy 2 i > z z ? ex (cos y i sin y ) =GKA

! - ? JH=H I FK J I @A F =
IA I GKA J

? F A @ @A =I BK ?E = L= HAI E =CE =HE I FKH I

AI sin z sinh z O tan z IA = K = O A JAH=

" ,A

IJH=H GKA ?=@= K = @A =I IECKEA JAI BK ?E

AI AI K = BK ?E

f1 (z ) = 3x + y + i(3y x); f3 (z ) = ey (cos x + i sin x);

5

f2 (z ) = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y ; f4 (z ) = (z 2 2)ex (cos y i sin y ).

IJH=H GKA =I

f1 = (3 i)z f2 = sin z f3 = eiz f4 = (z 2 2)ez

# 5A= f (z ) K = BK ?E @AHEL=> A A A FK J z0 O IA= u = Re f O v = Im f ,A B H K =I IECKEA JAI I AGKEL= A JAI

 f (z0 ) = ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 )

f (z0 ) = vy (x0 , y0 ) iuy (x0 , y0 )

! f (z0 ) = ux (x0 , y0 ) iuy (x0 , y0 ) " f (z0 ) = vy (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 ) # |f (z0 )|2 = ux + uy = ux + vx = uy + vy = vx + vy
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

$ 5A= u(x, y ) K = BK ?E =H E?= ,A IJH=H GKA =I BK ?E AI u/x O u/y I =I EI BK ?E AI =H E?=I 5E JA A I @=@=I @ I BK ?E AI =H E?=I u(x, y ) O v (x, y ) GKA =@A I I =H E?=I ? KC=@=I HAIK J= IAH =H E?=I ? KC=@=I =I @ I BK ?E AI u/x O v/x ; =I @ I BK ?E AI u/y O v/y % 5A= u O v BK ?E AI =H E?=I ? KC=@=I 5KI ?KHL=I @A ELA I =I B= E E=I @A ?KHL=I I >HA R2 @A E@=I F H u(x, y ) = C1 O v (x, y ) = C2 2H >=H GKA AIJ=I B= E E=I @A ?KHL=I I HJ C = AI ,A IJH=H GKA A ?=@= FK J (x0 , y0 ) GKA IA= ? = K = ?KHL= u = C1 O = v = C2 =I J= CA JAI H = AI = =I @ I ?KHL=I I FAHFA @E?K =HAI IEA FHA O ?K= @ u/x O v/y IA= = >=I K =I A A FK J & 5A= u(x, y )+ iv (x, y ) K = BK ?E ? F A = @A L=HE=> A ? F A = 5E @ @A =F=HA?A x A y IKI JEJKE I F H x (z + z )/2 y (z z )/2i A J ?AI g (z, z ) = u(x(z, z ), y (z, z )) + iv (x(z, z ), y (z, z )) ,A IJH=H GKA = BK ?E g =I ? IJHKE@= FKA@A IAH BK ?E ANF ?EJ= @A z IE u + iv AI K = BK ?E = = JE?= ' 5E f (z ) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) AI K = BK ?E E =CE =HE= v @A IJH=H GKA = f (z ) IA FKA@A ?
f (z ) = u(z, 0) + iv (z, 0),
= = JE?= O ? ?A I IK F=HJA HA= u O IK F=HJA IJHKEH A@E= JA =I @ I F IE>E E@=@AI

f (z ) = u(0, iz ) + iv (0, iz ).

! 5E f (z ) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) AI K = BK ?E = = JE?= @=@= u  v  = BK ?E v  u AIJ @A E@= I= L K = ? IJ= JA 2 H J= J A ? ?E EA J @A u  v  @A A = f I= L K = ? IJ= JA ,A IJH=H KJE E = @ =I ? @E?E AI @A +=K?DO 4EA =  GKA = f (z ) = 2u(z/2, iz/2)+? IJ= JA > f (z ) = 2iv (z/2, iz/2)+? IJ= JA O @ @A = ? IJ= JA = @AJAH E =H A@E= JA E@A JE ?=?E F H A A F FKA@A IAH K = ,A AIJ= = AH= J @= BK ?E = = JE?= GKA@= @A E@= I= L K = ? IJ= JA =H>EJH=HE= F H A ? ?E EA J @A IK F=HJA HA= E =CE =HE=

$

+)2 67

.7 +1

-5 ) ) 61+)5

! 5E f (z ) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) AI K = BK ?E = = JE?= ? ?E@=I u O v f (z ) IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H A@E= JA = IKIJEJK?E f (z ) = u(z/2, iz/2) + iv (z/2, iz/2). ! ,A I HAIK J=@ I @A I @ I FH > A =I = JAHE HAI @A K = BK ?E = = JE?= A J ?AI IA ?K F A !! 7I= @ A HAIK J=@ @A FH > A =
a) u(x, y ) = x4 6x2 y 2 +y 4 ,
IJH=H GKA IE f (z ) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) AI

u(z/2, iz/2) = iv (z/2, iz/2).

' A ? JH=H f (z ) F=H= I ?=I I

c) v (x, y ) = x3 2y 2 , d) u(x, y ) = y/(x2 +y 2 ).

b) v (x, y ) = sinh x cos y,

!" 5E f (z ) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) AI K = BK ?E = = JE?= @A IJH=H GKA f IA >JEA A ? ?E@=I u O v A = B H = f (z ) = u(az, i(1 a)z ) + iv (az, i(1 a)z ) ?K= AIGKEAH= GKA IA= A AH ? F A a - F=HJE?K =H A L=HE I FH > A =I = JAHE HAI DA I J =@ a = 0 a = 1 O a = 1/2 FAH AI A?AI=HE GKA a IA= HA=
H= E ?=?E BK ?E K A F= ?

!# 5A= = BK ?E

!$ 5A= H= E ?=?E BK ?E K
A ?

f (z ) = z 1/2 -I K JEL= K=@= - ?=I = H =JEL @AJAH E =H IKI FK J I @A O I ? HJAI ? =HE ?= @ ? AI = IKFAH ?EA @A 4EA = I >HA = GKA HAIK J= IAH K = EB H A ,A KAIJHA GKA ? z = rei F=H= r > 0, 0 < 2 = BK ?E f (z ) ANEIJA A J @ F A I= L A A HECA O A A IA EA A HA= F IEJEL O GKA A AIA ?=I f (z ) = 1/(2f (z )) = BK ?E w = z 2 + 1 -I K JEL= K=@= - ?=I = H =JEL @AJAH E =H IKI FK J I @A O I ? HJAI ? =HE ?= @ ? AI = IKFAH ?EA @A 4EA = I >HA = GKA HAIK J= IAH K = EB H A ; F=H= = BK ?E w = z 2 1
>JA AH =I A?K=?E AI @A +=K?DO 4EA =

!% -I?HE>EA @ f = u(r, ) + iv (r, ) @ @A z = rei

H@A =@=I F =HAI

7I= @ f = z 27

1 v v 1 u u = , = . r r r r = B H = F =H @A =I A?K=?E AI @A +=K?DO 4EA = AIJK@EA = @AHEL=>E E@=@ ? f = |z |z 2 O f = r2 + + 2ir2

AI =H E?=I ?

F A = @A

!& 7IA A L= H FHE ?EF= @A z i F=H= AI?HE>EH =I BK ?E IEA @ z i = u + iv !' 0= A A L= H @A

[0, +) ?
@K @A = BK ?E

KC=@=I u(r, ) O v (r, )

w = sin z A A FK J z = + i log (2 + 51/2 )

" 5E f (z ) =

z AI = H= = = = JE?= @A = H=E ?K=@H=@= A C AN? KE@ A IA EA A HA= F IEJEL 1 = i ? FH >=H GKA f (z ) = 1/2 z

" =I H>EJ=I @A I F = AJ=I = HA@A@ H @A I =K GKA I A FJE?=I I @A FAGKA = AN?A JHE?E@=@ OA K?D I ?=I I IA FKA@A =IE E =H = ?EH?K BAHA ?E=I 5E ? IE@AH= I =I H>EJ=I ?EH?K =HAI @A = 6EAHH= =HJA O FEJAH @A H=@E I RT = 2 RM = 3 O RJ = 10 HAIFA?JEL= A JA O @A =?KAH@ ? = JAH?AH= AO @A AF AH @A FAHE @ I =FH NE =@= A JA ECK= AI = TT = 1 TM = 2 O TJ = 12 IA FE@A  -I?HE>EH A A F = ? F A =I JH=OA?J HE=I @A I JHAI F = AJ=I = HA@A@ H @A I -I?HE>EH =I JH=OA?J HE=I @A I F = AJ=I HAIFA?J @A = 6EAHH= O @E>K =H =I EI =I A A F = ! ,A?EH IE = =FH NE =?E @A 2J A A@E= JA AFE?E I O @ABAHA JAI AH= K = =FH NE =?E H= => A
@A @ I L=HE=> AI v (x, y ) = x3 3axy 2 IA FE@A  2=H= GK L= HAI @A F=H AJH a = BK ?E = JAHE H AI =H E?=   - ? JH=H = BK ?E u(x, y ) =H E?= ? KC=@= @A = = JAHE H BK ?E =H E?= v (x, y ) ! +K AI = BK ?E = = JE?= f (z ) = u + iv @A = ?K= I HAIFA?JEL= A JA IK F=HJA HA= A E =CE =HE= " - ? JH=H I LA?J HAI J= CA JAI = =I ?KHL=I u = ?JA O v = ?JA - GK HACE I AIJ I LA?J HAI HJ C = AI - GK HACE AIJ I LA?J HAI AIJ @A E@ I # 5A= f (z ) = u + iv + u O v I =H E?=I J= >E AI u + v - ? JH=H A J H E I @A f (z ) = BK ?E g (z ) ?KO= F=HJA HA= IA= u + v -N= A K E 

" ,=@= = BK ?E

%

= IJH=H GKA u AI =H E?= > 0= =H J @=I =I =H E?=I ? KC=@=I @A u O K = BK ?E = = JE?= f (z ) ANFHAI=@= A J H E @A z O J= GKA Re f (z ) = u(x, y ) f (0) = 2 + i -N= A K E "

"! 5A= u(x, y ) = xy + (ey + ey ) cos x

"" 4AI LAH =I IECKEA JAI FHACK J=I

 - ? JH=H J @ I IF E E I =H E? I @A = B H =

u(x, y ) = ax3 + bx2 y + cxy 2 + dy 3

+= ?K =H K = BK ?E -N= A 5AFJEA >HA 

v (x, y ) F=H= = GKA u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) IA= A JAH=

"# ,=@= = BK ?E

u(x, y ) = x2 y 2 + 5x + y

x2

y , + y2

IA FE@A = ,A IJH=H GKA u AI =H E?= > - ? JH=H = =H E?= ? KC=@= v @A = BK ?E =H E?= u ? ,AJAH E =H = BK ?E = = JE?= f (z ) J= GKA f (z ) = u + iv -N= A K E !

"$ - ? JH=H J @=I =I BK ?E AI =H E?=I @A @ I L=HE=> AI x A y @A = B H = (xy ) - ? JH=H = BK ?E = = JE?= f (z ) GKA JEA A ? IK F=HJA E =CE =HE= = =I BK ?E AI = JAHE H A JA D= =@=I
-N= A 5AFJEA >HA !

"% - ? JH=H A @AI=HH A IAHEA = HA@A@ H @A FK J z0 = 0 @A = BK ?E =I ? @E?E AI f (0) = 0 f (0) = i O = A?K=?E @EBAHA ?E= f (z ) + i2 f (z ) = 0 JH=J= -N= A 5AFJEA >HA " "& 5A= = BK ?E
u(x, y ) = ex
2

f (z ) GKA I=JEIB=?A ,A GK BK ?E IA

y 2

cos(2xy )

= 8AHE ?=H GKA I=JEIB=?A = A?K=?E @A =F =?A 2 u = 0 A R2 > + F=HJA HA= @A K = BK ?E = = JE?= >KI?=H J @=I IKI =H E?=I ? ? -NFHAI=H A J H E I @A z = BK ?E f (z ) = u + iv J= GKA f (0) = 1 -N= A 5AFJEA >HA " ,AJAH E =H @A GK BK ?E

KC=@=I

"' 5A= f = u + iv K = BK ?E

= = JE?= A K A J H @A f (z ) IA JH=J= IE @A>A ?K F EH =@A

z 0

HECA @ @A u(x, y ) = x ey sin x I = ? @E?E

l m

f (z ) = , zm

C,
AH

m N.
=JKH= m A L= H @A ? HHAIF @EA JA AI

,EI?KJEH O @AJAH E =H F=H= ?=@= F IE> A L= H @A EJA -N= A K E #

# - ?KA JH= = BK ?E

f (z ) f (x + iy ) = u(x, y )+ iv (x, y ) = = JE?= GKA ?K F A =I ? u + 2v = 2x(1 y + x) 2y (y 2).

I @A z

@E?E

f (0) + f (0) = i,
@A I F=H AJH I a O b = BK ?E -N= A 5AFJEA >HA $

# 5A= f (x + iy ) = cos x(cosh y + a sinh y ) + i sin x(cosh y + b sinh y ) - ?KA JH= F=H= GK L= HAI
f (z ) AI = = JE?= -I?HE>A f A J H E

&

+)2 67

.7 +1

-5 ) ) 61+)5

# 0= =H J @=I =I BK ?E AI A JAH=I f (z ) : C C J= AI GKA (x, y ) R2 IA LAHE ?= GKA

f (z ) f (x + iy ) = f (x) f (y ) + 2xyi
-N= A K E %

#! - ? JH=H J @ I I F IE> AI L= HAI @A a, b, c C @A B H = GKA = BK ?E

f (z ) = az 2 + bz z + cz 2 ,
IA= K = BK ?E A JAH= -N= A 5AFJEA >HA %

+=F JK

1 JACH=?E

A A F=

FA

= E JACH= @A K = BK ?E ? F A = @A L=HE=> A ? F A = A JHA @ I FK J I z1 O z2 = =HC @A K ?= E C GKA I K A O GKA FKA@A IAH =>EAHJ ?AHH=@ A A ?=I @A GKA z2 = z1 LEA A @=@= F H
z2 (x2 ,y2 ) (x2 ,y2 ) (x2 ,y2 )

f (z )dz =
z1 (x1 ,y1 )

(u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ))(dx + idy ) =

(x1 ,y1 )

(udx vdy ) + i
(x1 ,y1 )

(vdx + udy )
JE K= C 5E =

O IA HA@K?A = ? ?K @A =I @ I E JACH= AI ?KHLE A=I HA= AI = =HC @A = ?KHL= ? ?KHL= C LEA A AI?HEJ= A B H = F=H= JHE?= {x(t), y (t)} t [t1 , t2 ] A J ?AI
z2 t2 t2

f (z )dz =
z1 t1

{u(x(t), y (t))x (t) v (x(t), y (t))y (t)} dt+i

t1

{v (x(t), y (t))x (t) + u(x(t), y (t))y (t)} dt.

?AI
x2

5E = ?KHL= C LEA A AI?HEJ= A B H = ?=HJAIE= = y = y (x) A J

z2 x2

f (z )dz =
z1 x1

{u(x, y (x)) v (x, y (x))y (x)} dx + i

x1

{v (x, y (x)) + u(x, y (x))y (x)} dx.

6A HA = @A +=K?DO / KHI=J
5A= f (z ) K = BK ?E

= = JE?= A K = HACE

R O A IK ? f (z )dz = 0.
C

J H

C - J

?AI ! 

6A HA = @A

5A= f (z ) K = BK ?E

HAH=

JE K= A K = HACE

IE F A A JA ?

AN= R O IKF

C=

I GKA IA ?K F A

f (z )dz = 0,
C

F=H= J @= ?KHL= ?AHH=@= IE F A A R - J 5E f (z ) AI = = JE?= A K = HACE

b

?AI f (z ) AI = = JE?= A R AN= R A J IEA @ ?AI

IE F A A JA ?

f (z )dz = F (b) F (a),

a

F (z ) = f (z )

AI @A?EH F (z ) AI K = FHE A JHA a O b AI E @AFA @EA 5E = HACE R AI ? J H I @A =I F=HJAI E

EJEL= @A f (z ) JA @A ?= E JEF A A JA ? JAHE HAI A J

 >EA f (z )dz = dF AI K = @EBAHA ?E= AN=?J= O = E JACH= GKA K A @E?D I FK J I AN= IEA @ C0 A ? J H ANJAHE H O Ci i = 1, . . . , n I ?AI A JA HA = @A +=K?DO / KHI=J !  IA AI?HE>A

f (z )dz = 0 =
C C0

f (z )dz +
C1

f (z )dz + +
Cn

f (z )dz,
= AH= GKA = =L= =H F H A I

@ @A J @ I I ? J H I Cj j = 0, 1, . . . , n AIJ HA? HHE@ I @A J= @A A I IEA FHA A E JAHE H @A = HACE = = E GKEAH@= '

+)2 67

! 1 6-/4)+1

- 2 )

2 -

5E P (x, y ) O Q(x, y ) O IKI @AHEL=@=I F=H?E= AI I ? J H C A J ?AI

6A HA = @A /HAA A A F =

6A HA = @A 5J

JE K=I A

AI

K = HACE

R @A F =

O A

IK

P (x, y )dx + Q(x, y )dy =

C R

Q P x y

dxdy.

5E f (z ) AI K = BK ?E = = JE?= A K = HACE IE F A A JA ? F=H= J @ FK J a @A E JAHE H @A R IA JEA A

. H K = E JACH= @A +=K?DO

AN= R O A IK ?

J H

C A J

?AI

f (a) =
+

1 2i

f (z ) dz. za

f (z ) AI = = JE?= A a ANEIJA IK @AHEL=@= A AIA FK J GKA IA >JEA A @A AIJ= B H K = E JACH= A@E= JA @AHEL=?E ? HAIFA?J = = L=HE=> A a f (a) = 1 2i f (z ) dz. (z a)2

)@A I IE f (z ) AI = = JE?= A a A J J= >E = = JE?=I A a

?AI IKI @AHEL=@=I @A ?K= GKEAH H@A f (a) f (a), . . . , I

5E f (z ) AI K = BK ?E = = JE?= I >HA O A A E JAHE H @A K = ?KHL= ?AHH=@= C O ? IJ= JA A J ?AI A L= H NE @A |f (z )| JEA A KC=H I >HA = ?KHL= C

6A HA = @A

@K

NE

AI K = BK ?E

5E f (z ) AI K = BK ?E = = JE?= A J @ A F = ? F A O =? J=@= AI @A?EH |f (z )| < M z C F=H= K = ? IJ= JA = M A J ?AI f (z ) AI K = BK ?E ? IJ= JA

6A HA = @A E KLE A

6 @ F E E P (z ) = a0 + a1 z + + an z n ? n 1 O an = 0 JEA A = A I K = H=E 5E AIJ AI ?EAHJ O z1 AI AI= H=E A J ?AI IA FKA@A B=?J HE =H P (z ) = (z z1 )Q(z ) ? Q(z ) K F E E @A CH=@ n 1 = ?K= A ANJA @A I A = JAHE H HAIK J=@ O F H J= J J @ F E E P (z ) @A CH=@ n F IAA n H=E?AI

6A HA = BK @= A J= @A

CA>H=

6A HA = @A )HCK A J

5E f (z ) AI K = BK ?E = = JE?= I >HA O A A E JAHE H @A K = ?KHL= ?AHH=@= C I= L J= LA A K AH EJ @A F I A A E JAHE H @A C A J ?AI

1 2i
@

f (z ) dz = N P, f (z )

@A N O P I HAIFA?JEL= A JA A AH @A ?AH I O F I @A f (z ) @A JH @A C 5K @A IJH=?E IA >=I= A GKA IE AI K ?AH @A H@A n O AI K F @A H@A p @A f (z ) A J ?AI = BK ?E IA FKA@A AI?HE>EH f (z ) = (z )n g (z ) ? g () = 0 O f (z ) = h(z )/(z )p ? h( ) EJ O = 0

,AIECK= @=@ @A +=K?DO

5E f (z ) AI = = JE?= @A JH O I >HA K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= C @A H=@E R O ?A JH A z = a A J

?AI

|f (n) (a)|
@ @A M AI K = ? I >HA C

M n! , Rn

n = 1, 2, . . .

IJ= JA J= GKA |f (z )| < M I >HA C AI @A?EH M AI K = ? J= IKFAHE H @A |f (z )|

2H > A =I
!  ,=@=I =I IECKEA JAI BK ?E AI f (z ) A A F =
C

FA

@AJAH E =H A L= H @A

f (z )dz,
F=H= I ?EH?KEJ I GKA IA E @E?= = f (z ) = y x 3x2 i C AI A IAC A J @AI@A z1 = 0 D=IJ= z2 = 1 + i J= >E A ?=I @A GKA C IA= I @ I IAC A J I @AI@A z1 = 0 D=IJ= z3 = i O @A IJA D=IJ= z2 = 1 + i > f (z ) = z 1 @ @A C AI A =H? @A ?EH?K BAHA ?E= z () = 1 + ei @AI@A z1 = 0 D=IJ= z2 = 2 ? f (z ) = ez @ @A C AI A IAC A J GKA L= @AI@A z1 = i D=IJ= z2 = 1 >EA A ?= E GKA K A = > I FK J I = =HC @A I A AI ? H@A =@ I @ f (z ) = 1/z O @ @A C AI = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= ? F AJ= @A H=@E R ? ?A JH A A HECA 5 = 1 i O (1 i)/2 > 0 ? 1 + e A = > I ?=I I @ 2i @A

5E C AI A ? J H ?K=@H=@ ? IJH=H D=?EA @ = E JACH= GKA

L HJE?AI A

I FK J I z1 = 0 z2 = 1 z3 = 1 + i O z4 = i

(3z 2 + 1)dz = 0,
C

y que
C

z dz = 2i.
IJH=H GKA

! ! 5E O I

@ I

AH I ?

F A I ?K= AIGKEAH= @A

2zdz = 2 2 ,
3K IK?A@AH IE =

=HC @A ?K= GKEAH ?= E

GKA K A ?
(2,5)

! " -L= K=H

(3x + y )dx + (2y x)dy,

(0,1)

= = =HC @A = ?KHL= y = x2 + 1 > IAC = HA?J= GKA K A (0, 1) ? (2, 5) ? F H =I HA?J=I GKA L= @A (0, 1) = (0, 5) O KAC @A (0, 5) = (2, 5) @ =I HA?J=I GKA L= @A (0, 1) = (2, 1) O @A (2, 1) = (2, 5) 5 = 88/3 > 32 ? 40 @ 24

! # += ?K =H =I FHE EJEL=I @A =I IECKEA JAI E JACH= AI A E JACH=?E A A F = ? F A

eax cos bxdx,

=I GKA = L=HE=> A x AI HA= KI= @

eax sin bxdx.

@A E JACH=?E AI K ?EH?KEJ

! $ += ?K =H ?=@= K = @A =I E JACH= AI IECKEA JAI O @ @A A ?= E

=H>EJH=HE GKA K A I FK J I
i/2

EJAI @A E JACH=?E
+2i

a)
i

ez dz,

b)
0

cos

z dz, 2

c)
1

(z 2)3 dz,

= (1 + i)/ > e + 1/e ? 0

0

! % += ?K =H = E JACH=
?K= @ > 0 O F=H= < 0 += ?K =H = E JACH= @A

sin x dx x

cos x dx
0

F=H= A EI H= C @A L= HAI @A 2=H?E= )>HE !

+)2 67

! 1 6-/4)+1

- 2 )

2 ? FA = E JACH=

@AJAH E =H A L= H @A = E JACH= IECKEA JA = KI= @ K = FHE EJEL= @A E JACH= @

! & 5E C AI = ?KHL= y = x3 3x2 + 4x 1 GKA K A

I FK J I 1 + i O 2 + 3i @A F = =HC @A @E?D= A= += ?K =H J= >E

(12z 2 4iz )dz.

C

156 + 38i
=HC @A I ?EH?KEJ I GKA IA E @E?=

! ' -L= K=H = E JACH= IECKEA JA =

|z |2 dz,
C

= IEA @ C1 A ? H?K > IEA @ C2 A ? H?K 5 =  > 2i

|z | = 1 |z 1| = 1

!  -L= K=H = IECKEA JA E JACH= = =HC @A =H? @A ?EH?K BAHA ?E= @A H=@E  GKA K A I FK J I z1 = 1 O z2 = i @A =I @ I B H =I F IE> AI ,AJAH E =H =I EI A L= H @A AIJ= E JACH= A = > I ?=I I KJE E = @ IK BK ?E FHE EJEL= ,EI?KJEH A HAIKJ=@
C

dz z
@A E JACH=?E

!  -L= K=H =I IECKEA JAI E JACH= AI ?KO ?= E

KJE E = @ = B H K = E JACH= @A +=K?DO

C AI = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= |z | = 2 zdz (9 z 2 )(z + i)

sin 3z dz, z + /2

eiz dz, z3

sin6 z dz, z /6

2i i i/32 /5
IJH=H GKA

!  ,A

1 2i
O IE C AI = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= |z | = 3

ezt dz = sin t, z2 + 1

=HC @A = ?KHL= C @A (2 + 2i) z @AI@A A FK J z1 = 1 D=IJ= A FK J z2 = 2 + 2i

! ! -L= K=H = IECKEA JA E JACH= =

E@= F H z 2 + 2z z + z 2 = (2 2i)z +

z 2 dz + z 2 dz
C

5 @A

248/15
IJH=H GKA ? FA GKA A ?EAHH= K = HACE @A HA= A

! " 5E C AI K = ?KHL= IE F A ?AHH=@= A A F =

A= 1 2i

z dz
C

! # 5E C AI K = ?KHL= IE F A ?AHH=@= A A F =
@A IJH=H GKA

FA

GKA A ?EAHH= K = HACE

@A HA= A

A=
7I=H AIJA HAIK J=@ F=H= A ? y = b sin 0 2 JH=H A

1 2

xdy ydx.
C

HA= @A K = A EFIA @A A?K=?E

AI F=H=

JHE?=I x = a cos

! $ 5E C AI K = ?KHL= IE F A ?AHH=@= A A F =
HA= IA ?= ?K =

GKA A ?EAHH= K = HACE

R @A HA= A ?

AIJA

A=
R

dxdy,
=B H =

KJE E =H A JA HA = @A /HAA F=H= HAAI?HE>EH = = JAHE H E JACH= A

A=
R

dxdy =
C

P (x, y )dx + Q(x, y )dy,

AI? CEA @ =@A?K=@= A JA =I BK ?E

AI P O Q

! % += ?K =H =I H=E?AI @A F E

E P (z ) = z 4 z 2 2z + 2 2H >=H GKA IE A ? A ?EA JA @A = F JA ?E= NE = @A z AI  A FH @K?J @A J @=I =I H=E?AI AI ECK= = J H E E @AFA @EA JA @A z + FH >=H GKA = IAH @A ? A ?EA JAI HA= AI IE ANEIJA K = H=E J= >E ANEIJA IK ? F A = ? KC=@= 5 1, 1, 1 i E I P3 (z ) = z 3 z 2 + (3 i)z 2 2i O P4 (z ) = z 4 + (1 3i)z + (1 + 2i)z + (1 13i)z 10 + 2i 8AHE ?=H GKA ? I ? A ?EA JAI I J @ I HA= AI @=@= K = H=E IK ? F A = ? KC=@= AI A?AI=HE= A JA JH= H=E 5 (z i)(z + 2i)(z 1 i) O (z i)(z + 2i)(z 1 i)(z + 2 3i)
3 2

! & += ?K =H =I H=E?AI @A I F E

! ' 5A= C = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= K E@=@ z = ei O k K = ? IJ= JA HA= += ?K =H GKA

C

ekz dz, z
=B H K=

AI E @AFA @EA JA @A k L= A 2i O @A@K ?= = F=HJEH @A A

0

dek cos cos(k sin ) = .

?AHH=@ O HEA J=@ C J= GKA A FK J

!  5E f (z ) AI = = JE?= A A E JAHE H O I >HA K ? J H

z0
AIJ I >HA C @A IJH=H GKA IA ?K F A GKA
C

f (z ) dz = z z0

f (z ) dz. (z z0 )2

!  5E f (z ) AI = = JE?= A A E JAHE H O I >HA K = ?KHL= C FH >=H GKA

a) f (a) = 1 2
2 0

ei f (a + ei )d,

b)

f (n) (a) 1 = n! 2

2 0

eni f (a + ei )d,

IEA @ a K FK J FAHJA A?EA JA = = HACE

R A ?AHH=@= F H = ?KHL= C
=B H =

,A

IJH=H GKA A JA HA = @A /HAA IA FKA@A CA AH= E =H A

F (z, z )dz = 2i
C R

F dA, z

@A dA HAFHAIA J= A A A A J @A HA= dxdy @AHEL=@=I F=H?E= AI ? JE K=I A K = HACE

! ! 5A= P (z, z ) O Q(z, z ) BK ?E AI ? JE K=I ? O A IK ? J H C - J ?AI FH >=H GKA

P (z, z )dz + Q(z, z )dz = 2i
C

Q P z z

dA.

! " ) F=HJEH @A = B H K = E JACH= @A +=K?DO IA FKA@A

>JA AH =I B H K =I E JACH= AI @A 2 EII I >HA K ? H?K GKA ANFHAI= A L= H @A K = BK ?E =H E?= @A @ I L=HE=> AI u(r, ) A J H E I @A I L= HAI GKA @E?D= BK ?E J = I >HA = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= ANJAHE H ,A IJH=H GKA

u(r, ) =

1 2

2 0

(R2 r2 )u(R, ) d, R2 2Rr cos( ) + r2

IEA @ R A H=@E @A = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= A CK GKA @A A ?=@= K @A IKI FK J I O (r, ) =I ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @A K FK J @A IK E JAHE H 8AHE ?=H GKA u(r, ) AI A ABA?J K = BK ?E =H E?=

"

+)2 67 I F=H

! 1 6-/4)+1

- 2 )

2 -

! # 5EA @

AJH I m O a HA= AI O F IEJEL I ?= ?K =H = E JACH=

+ 0

sin (mx) dx . x(x2 + a2 )

-N= A

K E



0 y 1 O ?= ?K =H = E JACH=

! $ )F E?=H A JA HA = @A +=K?DO / KHI=J = = BK ?E

0
2

f (z ) = ez A

A @

E E |x| R

ex cos (2x)dx . = 5 /2e

-N= A 5AFJEA >HA 

2=H= AIJA FH > A = AI JE HA? H@=H GKA

+ x2 e dx

! % 4AI LAH =I IECKEA JAI FHACK J=I = 5A= f (z ) K = BK ?E = = JE?= A |z | < R ?
|z |=1

R > 1 += ?K =H 1 z f (z ) dz z

z+2+
A J H E I @A f O @A IKI @AHEL=@=I > - ? JH=H J @=I =I I K?E AI @A 1z = 2i ? += ?K =H A = E @A ? LAHCA ?E= @A = IAHEA
n=1

zn n2 + n2 (2z )n

-N= A 5AFJEA >HA !

! & += ?K =H = E JACH=

x2 + 1 dx x4 + 1

/ 2

-N= A 5AFJEA >HA !

0

! ' += ?K =H

x dx, 1 + x2

R,

0 < | | < 1.

+ z = e ln z IEA @ K AH A JAH AI K = BK ?E K JEL= K=@= ?KO FK J @A H= E ?=?E AI A z = 0 IKF AH K ?EH?KEJ GKA ? JA C= = IA EA A HA= F IEJEL 5 /2 cos(/2) -N= A K E #

! ! ,AJAH E =H A L= H @A = E JACH= @A E@= A A F =

2 2

FA

(z 2

z dz + 1)2

= =HC @A I IECKEA JAI ?= E I  ) =HC @A = HA?J= I >HA A A A HA= ) =HC @A IA E? H?K @A H=@E O @A F = ? F A A GKA Im z 0 ! += ?K =H I HAIE@K I @A E JACH= @ A " ,AI=HH =H A E JACH= @ A IAHEA @A ? LAHCA ?E= @A AIJ= IAHEA -N= A 2=H?E= )>HE $

x GKA K A I FK J I x1 = 2 O x2 = 2 ?A JH A HECA GKA K A = > I FK J I F H = F=HJA E BAHE H

IKI F I =KHA J = HA@A@ H @A FK J z0 = i +K AI A H=@E @A

! ! += ?K =H =
0

x dx. x3 + x

-N= A

K E

%

! ! 5=>EA @ GKA f (z ) AI K = BK ?E

= = JE?= A = HACE f (2) = 3 O f (2) = 4 @AJAH E =H A L= H @A = E JACH=

|z | < 10 O GKA f (0) = 1 f (0) = 2

z + (z 2)2
|z |=5

3 z 2 (z 2)

f (z )dz

-N= A 5AFJEA >HA %

+)2 67

! 1 6-/4)+1

- 2 )

2 -

+=F JK

"

5AHEAI @A F JA ?E=I
+ K = BK ?E = = JE?= f (z ) A K FK J z0 =@ EJA E IA FKA@A @AI=HH =H A IAHEA @A 6=O H

5AHEA @A 6=O H

EJ=I @AHEL=@=I A AIA FK J

A J

?AI

f (z ) =

f (n) (z0 ) n (z z0 ) , n ! n=1

@ @A = IAHEA ? LAHCA @A JH @A K ? H?K ? ?A JH A z0 O @A H=@E A CA AH= = @EIJ= ?E= @A z0 D=IJ= = IE CK =HE@=@ @A f (z ) I FH NE = I L= HAI @A =I IK?AIEL=I @AHEL=@=I A z0 IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H @EHA?J= A JA >EA A@E= JA = B H K = E JACH= @A +=K?DO

f (n) (z0 ) =

n! 2i

f (z ) dz. (z z0 )n+1

5E A FK J z0 BKAH= K FK J IE CK =H @A = BK ?E f (z ) GKA AI = = JE?= I >HA A ? J H O A A E JAHE H @A K = E ? FHA @E@ A JHA I ? H?K I C1 O C2 ? ?A JH A z0 A J ?AI =@ EJA K @AI=HH A =B H =

5AHEA @A =KHA J

f (z ) =

an (z z0 ) = +

a2 a1 an + + + + a0 + a1 (z z0 )+ a2 (z z0 )2 + n 2 (z z0 ) (z z0 ) z z0
A JHA C1 O C2 O @ @A I ? A ?EA JAI

GKA AI ? LAHCA JA F=H= J @ FK J z FAHJA A?EA JA = = E IA ?= ?K = A@E= JA

an =

1 2i

Ci

f (z ) dz , (z z0 )n+1

(n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)

) = F=HJA 0 GKA ? JEA A =I F JA ?E=I F IEJEL=I @A (z z0 ) IA A @A E = = F=HJA = = JE?= @A f (z ) O = = GKA ? JEA A =I F JA ?E=I AC=JEL=I  =I F JA ?E=I @A 1/(z z0 ) IA A @A E = = F=HJA FHE ?EF= @A @AI=HH A IAHEA @A =KHA J @A = BK ?E f (z ) = @EBAHA ?E= ? = IAHEA @A 6=O H AI GKA A =GKA ?=I I = A JA JA A I I ? A ?EA JAI an ? n 0 O GKA =@A I ? E ?E@A ? A L= H @A =I @AHEL=@=I an = f (n) (z0 )/n! ? I= GKA A A @AI=HH =KHA J @E?D=I @AHEL=@=I ANEIJA F HGKA FK@EAH= IAH z0 K FK J IE CK =H FAH A ? ?K @A I ? A ?EA JAI an IA FKA@A D=?AH A@E= JA K = E JACH= @A E@= = =HC @A K ?EH?KEJ GKA H @AA = = IE CK =HE@=@ 2=H= ?= ?K =H I ? A ?EA JAI an ? n F IEJEL A ?EH?KEJ @A E JACH=?E AI A ANJAHE H C2 A J= J GKA I an ? n AC=JEL A ?EH?KEJ AI A E JAHE H C1 = > I HA? HHE@ I A IA JE@ F IEJEL + LEA A >IAHL=H GKA K = LA =@ I I ?EH?KEJ I C1 O C2 GKA E EJ= = HACE = K =H I ? A ?EA JAI an I I A E @AFA @EA JAI @A FK J z A A GKA IA FHAJA @A AL= K=H = IAHEA 2H CHAIE CA JHE?= Sn = a1 + a1 r + a1 r2 + a1 rn1 = a1 (1 rn )/(1 r) 5E = F=HJA FHE ?EF= @A @AI=HH A IAHEA @A =KHA J @A K = BK ?E f (z ) = HA@A@ H @A K FK J z0 ? JEA A E EJ I J H E I IA @E?A GKA f (z ) JEA A A z0 K = IE CK =HE@=@ AIA ?E= %

5E CK =HE@=@AI

& 5E = F=HJA FHE ?EF= JEA A K AH

+)2 67 EJ @A J H E I a1 a2 an + , + z z0 (z z0 )2 (z z0 )n

" 5-41-5 ,- 2 6- +1)5

A J ?AI IA @E?A GKA z0 AI K F @A H@A n @A f (z ) 5E n = 1 A J ?AI IA @E?A GKA A F AI IE F A 5E = BK ?E K EB H A f (z ) AIJ @A E@= A z0 FAH ANEIJA A l mzz0 f (z ) IA @E?A GKA z0 AI K = IE CK =HE@=@ ALEJ=> A  A E E => A FKAI I FAH EJA @A EH f (z0 ) l mzz0 f (z ) 2=H= A = EIEI @A = IE CK =HE@=@ @A K = BK ?E f (z ) A A E EJ IA D=?A A ?= >E @A L=HE=> A w = 1/z O IA = = E = A @AI=HH A IAHEA @A =KHA J @A = BK ?E F (w) f (1/w) = HA@A@ H @A w = 0 = ? HHAIF @EA JA IE CK =HE@=@ IA @E?A GKA AI = IE CK =HE@=@ @A f (z ) A A E EJ 5A @E?A GKA K FK J z0 AI K FK J @A H= E ?=?E @A K = BK ?E K JEL= K=@= f (z ) IE IA I= J= A JHA =I @EIJE J=I H= =I @A f (z ) ?=@= LA GKA z HA? HHA K ?= E GKA H @A= = z0 +HEJAHE I @A ? LAHCA ?E= @A IAHEAI 7 = ? @E?E A?AI=HE= F=H= = ? LAHCA ?E= @A K = IAHEA n= zn AI GKA l mn |zn | = 0 = IAHEA BK ?E = n=0 an fn (z ) AI =>I KJ= A JA ? LAHCA JA F=H= =GKA I L= HAI @A z J= GKA
n

l m

an fn (z ) < 1, an1 fn1 (z )

l m

|an fn (z )| < 1,

O @ELAHCA JA IE A ? HHAIF @EA JA EJA AI > 1 6A HA = 5E K = IAHEA @A AH I ? F A I zn AI =>I KJ= A JA ? LAHCA JA AI @A?EH ? LAHCA = |zn | A J ?AI = IAHEA AI ? LAHCA JA 6A HA = 5E K = IAHEA @A F JA ?E=I an z n ? LAHCA F=H= z = z1 A J ?AI AI =>I KJ= A JA ? LAHCA JA F=H= J @ z J= GKA |z | < |z1 | 6A HA = 7 = IAHEA @A F JA ?E=I an z n = S (z ) HAFHAIA J= = K = BK ?E = = JE?= S (z ) A J @ FK J z @A E JAHE H @A IK ? H?K @A ? LAHCA ?E= 6A HA = 7 = IAHEA @A F JA ?E=I S (z ) = an z n FKA@A @AHEL=HIA J H E = J H E A J @ FK J E JAHE H @A IK ? H?K @A ? LAHCA ?E= -IJ AI S (z ) = nan z n1 6A HA = 5E = IAHEA an (z z0 )n ? LAHCA D=?E= f (z ) A J @ I I FK J I E JAHE HAI = ?EAHJ= ?EH?K BAHA ?E= |z z0 | = R0 A J ?AI AI= IAHEA AI A @AI=HH A IAHEA @A 6=O H @A = BK ?E f (z ) A F JA ?E=I @A z z0 6A HA = = IAHEA @A F JA ?E=I GKA @A A = = BK ?E = = JE?= f (z ) F=H= L= HAI @A z @A JH @A ? H?K @A ? LAHCA ?E= AI K EB H A A JA ? LAHCA JA F=H= J @ I I FK J I E JAHE HAI @A IK ? H?K @A ? LAHCA ?E= 6A HA = 6 @= IAHEA @A F JA ?E=I @A f (z ) FKA@A @AHEL=HIA J H E = J H E O @A A = IAHEA @A F JA ?E=I @A = BK ?E @AHEL=@= f (z ) F=H= FK J I z E JAHE HAI @A IK HACE @A ? LAHCA ?E= -IJA JA HA = IA ANJEA @A J= J = =I IAHEAI @A F JA ?E=I F IEJEL=I F=HJA = = JE?= ? AC=JEL=I F=HJA FHE ?EF=  6A HA = 5E @ I IAHEAI @A F JA ?E=I an z n = f (z ) O bm z m = g (z ) ? LAHCA HAIFA?JEL= A JA = =I BK ?E AI = = JE?=I f (z ) O g (z ) @A JH @A IKI ? H?K I @A ? LAHCA ?E= = IAHEA B H =@= F H =I IK =I @A = >=I

an z n +
? LAHCA D=?E= CA ?E= 6A HA = 5E @ =I BK ?E AI = FH @K?J I @A = = BK ?E

bm z m = a0 + b0 + (a1 + b1 )z + (a2 + b2 )z 2 +
I FK J I z E JAHE HAI = = > I ? H?K I @A ? LAH

f (z ) + g (z ) F=H= =GKA

I IAHEAI @A F JA ?E=I an z n = f (z ) O bm z m = g (z ) ? LAHCA HAIFA?JEL= A JA = = JE?=I f (z ) O g (z ) @A JH @A IKI ? H?K I @A ? LAHCA ?E= = IAHEA B H =@= F H I >=I

an z n
? LAHCA D=?E= = BK ?E

bm z m = a0 b0 + (a0 b1 + a1 b0 )z + (a0 b2 + a1 b1 + a2 b0 )z 2 + f (z )g (z ) F=H= =GKA

I FK J I z E JAHE HAI = = > I ? H?K I @A ? LAHCA ?E=

A K FK J z0 ANEIJA K A J H @A z0 A A ?K= = BK ?E IA = K = AN?AFJ F IE> A A JA A A FH FE FK J 2 H J= J I ?AH I @A K = BK ?E = = JE?= I FK J I =EI =@ I

6A HA = +AH I @A =I BK ?E

AI = = JE?=I ) A I GKA f IA= E@ JE?= A JA K = IE AI = = JE?=

'

2H > A =I
"  - ? JH=H A H=@E @A ? LAHCA ?E= @A =I IAHEAI
a) (1)n1 z 2n1 , (2n 1)! n=1

b)
n=1

n!z n .
AI O = F=HJEH @A FK J z0 GKA IA E @E?=

" - ? JH=H = IAHEA @A =KHA J @A =I IECKEA JAI BK ?E @AJAH E = @ IK H=@E @A ? LAHCA ?E=
a) c) e 2z ; (z 1)3 z sin z ; z3 z0 = 1, z 0 = 0,

b) (z 3) sin d)

1 ; z+2

z0 = 2. z0 = 2.
=KHA J I

z ; (z + 1)(z + 2)

" ! - ? JH=H
CA JAI

I?

K J I @A FK J I z A

I ?K= AI =I IECKEA JAI IAHEAI @A

LAH

a)
n=

2|n| z n ,

b)

zn , n 3 +1 n=
1

c)
n=

2n (z + 1)n ,

d)
n=

n2
3

zn , +1

e)
n=

2n + 1

(z a)2n ,

f)
n=

2n z n ,

g)
n=

2n z n .
LAHCA JA = F=H=

" " ,AI=HH =H = BK ?E

|z | < 3 O > F=H= |z | > 3

1/(z 3) A K = IAHEA @A F JA ?E=I @A z GKA IA= ?

" # ,A

IJH=H GKA A FK J z = a AI K = IE CK =HE@=@ ALEJ=> A @A =I BK ?E

AI GKA IA E @E?=

a) d)

z2 1 , (a = 1); z1 e)

b)

sin z , (a = 0); z

c)

z , (a = 0); tan z f) z2 1 , (a = ). z3 + 1
E @E?= @ A H@A @A

1 cos z (a = 0); z2

ez

1 1 , (a = 0); 1 sin z
@A =I BK ?E

" $ ,A
F

IJH=H GKA A FK J z = a AI K F

AI GKA IA ?EJ=

a) d)

1 , (a = 0); z e)

b)

1 , (a = i); (z 2 + 1)2 z , (a = i); ez + 1 f)

c)

z2 + 1 , (a = ); z+1

z (a = 0); 1 cos z

tan z, (a = 1/2, 3/2, . . .).

AI GKA IA E @E?=

" % ,A

IJH=H GKA A FK J z = a AI K = IE CK =HE@=@ AIA ?E= @A =I BK ?E

a) ez , (a = ); d) z 2 cos (a = 0); z

b) e)

ez , (a = ); etan z , (a = /2);

c) f)

sin

, (a = 0); z2

sin ez , (a = ).

" & 5A= = BK ?E

@A L=HE=> A ?

FA=

e 1z .
= ,A?EH IE A FK J z0 = 1 AI K F BK ?E IE F A K F AIA ?E= K = IE CK =HE@=@ ALEJ=> A @A AI=

! > ,AI=HH BK ?E

+)2 67

" 5-41-5 ,- 2 6- +1)5 = HACE

=H A IAHEA @A F JA ?E=I @A z = HA@A@ H @A FK J z0 = 0 O A

1 < |z | < =

ez z (1 z )
I ? A ?EA JAI @A = JAHE H @AI=HH GKA =BA?J= = =I F JA ?E=I z n F=H=

? -I?HE>EH ANF ?EJ= A JA n = 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 2=H?E= )>HE !

" ' ,AI=HH =H A IAHEA @A =KHA J IAC F JA ?E=I @A z a A = ? H = D =I IECKEA JAI BK ?E 5A E @E?= A JHA F=H JAIEI A FK J a O = ? H = D @A JH @A = ?K= = IAHEA IA= ? LAHCA JA
a) b) c) d) e) f) 1 , (a = 1, D : 1 < |z 1| < 2), z (z 3)2 1 , (a = 1, D : 1 < |z 1| < 2), (z 2 9)z 2 z+i , (a = i, i D), z2 z2 1 , (a = 1, 2i D), z2 + 1 2z , (a = 1, 1 D), 2 z 2i 1 3 , (a = 0, D). z (z 1)(z 2) 2 f (z ) = cos 1 1+z 1z .

AI

"  5A=

= ,AJAH E =H J @ I IKI FK J I IE CK =HAI O ? =IE ?=H I > - ? JH=H = F=HJA FHE ?EF= @A @AI=HH @A =KHA J A -N= A K E %

= HACE

0 < |z ( + 2)/( 2)| < R

A

"  = ,A

IJH=H GKA F=H= J @ ? F A p = BK ?E IAHEA @A F JA ?E=I = HA@A@ H @A FK J z0 = 0

(1 + z )p =@ EJA A IECKEA JA @AI=HH

(1 + z )p = 1 +

p p(p 1) 2 p(p 1) (p n + 1) n z+ z + + z + 1! 2! n!

+K AI A H=@E @A ? LAHCA ?E= @A AIJ= IAHEA > + IAH A @AI=HH A IAHEA @A AIJ= BK ?E = HA@A@ H @A FK J z0 = 0 FAH GKA IA= ? LAH CA JA F=H= |z | > 1 ? )F E?=H I HAIK J=@ I = JAHE HAI F=H= A ? JH=H IA @=I IAHEAI ? LAHCA JAI A F JA ?E=I @A z = HA@A@ H @A z0 = 0 @A = BK ?E (2i + z )1/2 E @E?= @ IKI HACE AI @A ? LAHCA ?E= 2=H?E= )>HE 

"  ,=@= = BK ?E

FA=

z3 , (z + 1)(z 2)
IKI F I O A A FK J @A E EJ IAHEA @A =KHA J A F JA ?E=I @A (z + 1) ? IAHEA @A =KHA J A F JA ?E=I @A (z + 1) ? JA ?E=I @A z = HA@A@ H @A FK J @A E EJ

IA FE@A = - ? JH=H I HAIE@K I A > - ? JH=H A @AI=HH A 0 < |z + 1| < 3 ? - ? JH=H A @AI=HH A |z + 1| > 3 @ ,AI=HH =H A IAHEA @A F 2=H?E= )>HE "

LAHCA JA A A @ LAHCA JA A A @

E E E E

!

" !
GKA

>JA AH A @AI=HH A IAHEA @A = BK ?E 1/(1 z ) = HA@A@ H @A FK J z0 = 0 ,A I @AI=HH I A IAHEA @A IKI @AHEL=@=I IA AI?HE>A ?

IJH=H

1 = nz n1 , (1 z )2 n=1
?

1 n(n 1) n2 = z ,... (1 z )3 2 n=2

=J H E

1 = (1 z )k
@=@=

n=k

n nk+1 z k
E E I

>JA E@ I IE I GKA @AHEL=H J H E LAHCA JAI AIJ=I JE =I

= IAHEA @A = BK ?E

- GK @

" " ,AI=HH =H A IAHEA = BK ?E

@A z 1 @A =I BK ?E

1/z = HA@A@ H @A FK J z0 = 1 >JA AH A @AI=HH AI 1/z 2 O 1/z 3 E @E?= @ = HACE @A ? LAHCA ?E=

A F JA ?E=I

" # - ? JH=H = F=HJA FHE ?EF= @A = IAHEA @A =KHA J F=H= =I IECKEA JAI BK ?E AI A A A J H
@A FK J z0 GKA IA E @E?=

a) b) c) d)
5

z , (z0 = 2). (z + 2)2 z1 , (z0 = 0). sin2 z eiz , (z0 = ib, b > 0). z 2 + b2 (z 2 + 1)2 , (z0 = ). z 2 + b2

= 2/(z + 2)2 + 1/(z + 2) > 1/z 2 + 1/z ? ieb /2b(z ib) @ z 2 I = E I 0 < |z 1| < 1 O

I @AI=HH I @A =KHA J @A f (z ) = 1/z (z 2 1) A 1 < |z 1| < 2 -N= A K E 

" $ += ?K =H

" % 4AI LAH =I IECKEA JAI FHACK J=I

 += ?K =H A @AI=HH A IAHEA @A F JA ?E=I ?A JH=@= A z = 1 @A = BK ?E IK H=@E @A ? LAHCA ?E= ,AJAH E =H A @

log (1 + z ) O D= =H

E E @A = = EJE?E@=@ O ? =IE ?=H J @=I =I IE CK =HE@=@AI @A = BK ?E

f (z ) =
+= ?K =H A HAIE@K A z = 2 ! 0= =H A @AI=HH -N= A 5AFJEA >HA 

(z 1)(z 2)3 . sin3 (z )

@A =KHA J @A f (z ) = 1/(z 2 1)2 A 0 < |z 1| < 2

" & + =IE ?=H =I IE CK =HE@=@AI =EI =@=I @A

f (z ) =
=I ? -N= A A L= H @A K E ! EJA @A f (z ) A

z 2i 2i + ez 1 z
@A FH ?A@=

IKI IE CK =HE@=@AI ALEJ=> AI O A HAIE@K @

ln(1 + z ) z , m N. zm ) = E =H A JEF @A IE CK =HE@=@ A z0 = 0 O ?= ?K =H A HAIE@K @A f (z ) A AIA FK J F=H= ?=@= L= H @A m f (z ) =

-N= A 5AFJEA >HA !

" ' 5A=

+)2 67

" 5-41-5 ,- 2 6- +1)5

1 z 2 sinh z

> 0= =H = F=HJA FHE ?EF= @A @AI=HH +K AI A L= H @A R ? += ?K =H

"  = ,AJAH E = O ? =IE ?= =I F IE> AI IE CK =HE@=@AI @A f (z ) =

@A =KHA J @A f A F JA ?E=I @A z A K = E

0 < |z | < R

f (z )dz
|z |=1

y
|z |=5

f (z )dz

-N= A

K E

" A IAHEA @A =KHA J @A = BK ?E

"  = - ? JH=H = F=HJA FHE ?EF= @A @AI=HH

f (z ) =

ez + 1 , ez 1

= HA@A@ H @A I FK J I z1 = 2i O z2 = 4i > +K IAH A H=@E @A ? LAHCA ?E= @A = ? HHAIF @EA JA IAHEA A A ?=I (z2 = 4i) ? += ?K =H I @ I FHE AH I J H E I K I @A = F=HJA = = JE?= @A IK @AI=HH A IAHEA @A =KHA J = HA@A@ H @A FK J z3 = 0 @ + =IE ?=H =I IE CK =HE@=@AI @A f (z ) -I A FK J @A E EJ K FK J IE CK =H -N= A K E $

"

=,AI=HH

=H A F JA ?E=I @A z = HA@A@ H @A FK J @A E
1 sinh 1 z (z 1)2 z 3

EJ

= BK ?E

> +K J L= A A HAIE@K @A = BK ?E A A E EJ ? ,AJAH E =H =I IE CK =HE@=@AI @A = BK ?E E @E?= @ IE IA JH=J= @A F I @A H@A EJ F I AIA ?E= AI IE CK =HE@=@AI ALEJ=> AI - A ?=I @A F I @A H@A EJ @AJAH E =H IK H@A J @ I I ?=I I ?= ?K =H I HAIE@K I A I F I 2=H?E= )>HE %

+=F JK

4AIE@K I
4AIE@K
= = 5A @A =C EJK@ E = 4AIE@K @A K = BK ?E A K FK J z0 O HAFHAIA J= I F H 4AIf (z0 )

Resz=z0 f (z ) = l m

1 R0 2i

f (z )dz = Res f (z0 ),

|z z0 |=R

@ @A R > 0 AI J= FAGKA ? GKAH= I - ? ?K @A HAIE@K A K FK J E L K?H= A ? ?K @A K = E JACH= = =HC @A K ?EH?KEJ ?AHH=@ GKA H @A= = FK J IACKE@= @A K EJA R 0 5E A FK J z0 AI K FK J HACK =H @A f (z ) IK HAIE@K A z0 AI K 2=H= A ? ?K @A HAIE@K @A K = BK ?E A A FK J @A E EJ IA @A A A@E= JA

Res f () = l m

1 2i

f (z )dz.
|z |=R

5E K = BK ?E f (z ) = = JE?= A K = HACE R I= L J= LA A K ? K J EJ @A FK J I IE CK =HAI zi i = 1, . . . , k A J ?AI IE C AI K ?EH?KEJ ?AHH=@ ? JA E@ A R O GKA A ?EAHH= = I = JAHE HAI k FK J I IE CK =HAI IA JEA A GKA
k

6A HA = @A

I 4AIE@K I

f (z )dz = 2i
C i=1

(Resf (zi )).

5E A FK J z0 AI K F

IE F A A J

?AI
z z 0

Resf (z0 ) = l m (z z0 )f (z ).
5E A FK J z0 AI K F @A H@A n A J ?AI

Resf (z0 ) =

1 dn1 l m ((z z0 )n f (z )) . (n 1)! zz0 dz n1

+ H =HE 5E ? IE@AH=
A J ?AI = IK = @A

I BK ?E AI = = JE?=I GKA I = A JA F IAA FK J I IE CK =HAI =EI =@ I I HAIE@K I A J @ I IKI FK J I E ? KE@ A E EJ L= A 

+ H =HE 5E K = BK ?E

AI @AI=HH => A A IAHEA @A =KHA J = HA@A@ H @A K FK J IE CK =H =EI =@ z0 A J ?AI A ? A ?EA JA a1 @A IK @AI=HH A IAHEA @A =KHA J AI A HAIE@K @A f (z ) A z0 - HAIE@K A A FK J @A E EJ J= J IE AIJA FK J AI IE CK =H ? IE AI ? E ?E@A ? A ? A ?EA JA ?= >E=@ @A IEC a1 @A @AI=HH A F JA ?E=I @A z = HA@A@ H @A FK J @A E EJ 2KA@A HAIK J=H GKA =K GKA A FK J @A E EJ IA= K FK J HACK =H @A f (z ) IK HAIE@K IA= @EBAHA JA @A ?AH !!

!"

+)2 67

# 4-51,7 5

2H > A =I
#  2=H= ?=@= K = @A =I IECKEA JAI BK ?E AI @AJAH
a) 2z + 1 ; z2 z 2 b) z+1 z1 ; c)
A IA IF IO I HAIE@K I A IF I

sin z ; z2

d)

1 ; cosh z

e)

cot z ;

#
@

-L= K=H

e1/z sinh(1/z )dz,

C

@A C AI = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= |z | = 1 IJH=H F=I= @ = ?= F ?

0

# ! ,A

FA
0

=I IECKEA JAI E JACH= AI

sin x dx = , x 2

sin x2 dx =
0

cos x2 dx =

1 2

, 2

# " += ?K =H = E JACH=
C

(z 3

sin z dz z )(z i)

@A C AI = - ?EH?KEJ ?AHH=@ |z 1| = 1 > - ?EH?KEJ ?AHH=@ |z | = 2 5 [ (i 1) sin 1]/2 O i(sin 1 sinh 1) 2=H?E= )>HE

"

# # += ?K =H

sin z ez , b) Resz= ei/z , c) Resz=1 , 2 z (z 1)2 1 d) Resz= z 2 sin , e) Resz= z n ea/z , f) Resz=1 ze z1 . z = 1 > i ? e @ 3 /6 A an+1 /(n + 1)! B 3/2 a) Resz=
EJ I

# $ - ? JH=H I HAIE@K I @A =I BK ?E AI GKA IA E @E?= A J @ I IKI FK J I IE CK =HAI

a) d) 1 , z + z3 b) z2 , 1 + z4 e) 1 , sin z 2 c) f) 1 , (z 2 + 1)3 1 . ez + 1

sin z , (z 1)3

# % - ? JH=H
E EJ

I HAIE@K I @A =I BK ?E

AI GKA IA E @E?= A J @ I IKI FK J I IE CK =HAI O A A

a)

1 , 6 z (z 2) d)

b)

1 + z8 , z 6 (z + 2) e)

c)

1 + z 2n , z n (z a) f)

a = 0, n = 1, 2, . . . sin z . + 1)2 D GKA IA E @E?=

1 sin z sin , z

(z 2

cos z , + 1)2
J H

(z 2

# & += ?K =H =I IECKEA JAI E JACH= AI =

a)
C

=HC @A ?

C @A = HACE

b)
C

c)
C

d)
C

e)
C

dz , (D : |z 1| < 1), 1 + z4 dz , (D : |z 1 i| < 2), (z 1)2 (z 2 + 1) sin z dz, (D : x2/3 + y 2/3 < 22/3 ), (z + 1)3 dz , (D : 2 < |z | < 4), (z 2 1)2 (z 3)2 z 1 /3 z e dz, (D : |z | > 4). z+3

!#

# ' 2H >=H GKA = E JACH= A L=HE=> AI HA= AI

I=
0

3 (ln u)2 du = . 2 1+u 8

HECA @A H=@E I 0 O R

5KCAHA ?E= 6 =H ? ?EH?KEJ @ I IA E? H?K I ?A JH=@ I A A K E@ I = =HC @A I @ I JH= I @A A A OX 

#  8AHE ?=H GKA = E JACH=

2 0

d 2 = , 2 a + b sin a b2
2 0

a > |b|.

#  8AHE ?=H GKA = E JACH=

cos 3 d = . 5 4 cos 12
FA=z

#  ,=@= = IECKEA JA BK ?E

@A = L=HE=> A ?

f (z ) =

z2

1 , + 2(1 i)z 2i

@AJAH E =H = = E JACH= f (z )dz = =HC @A = HA?J= GKA L= @AI@A A FK J A z1 = 2 D=IJ= A FK J D z2 = 0 > = E JACH= f (z )dz A JHA I @ I EI I FK J I FAH =D H= = =HC @A ?= E ABCD E @E?=@ A = CKH= ? ,AJAH E =H I F I @A f (z ) O I HAIE@K I A I EI I @ += ?K =H I F I @A IK BK ?E @AHEL=@= f (z ) O I HAIE@K I A I EI I A - ? JH=H A @AI=HH A IAHEA @A =KHA J @A = BK ?E f (z ) = HA@A@ H @A FK J z0 = 1 + i 2=H= GK L= HAI @A z AI AIJ= IAHEA ? LAHCA JA 2=H?E= )>HE 

# ! 5A= @=@= = A EFIA E @A IA EA AI a O b a > b z () = a cos + ib sin 0 5E =

@AIF = = I K L= H z0 = c E JACH= AI >JA A
2 0 2

I zE () = a cos c + ib sin 0 ,A

IJH=H GKA =I

I1 = I2 =
0

a2

2 a c cos d = H (a c), 2 + c 2ac cos a 2 a c cos 2 d = b H (a c), 2 2ac cos + b sin

c2

a2

cos2

!$ IEA @ H (x) = BK ?E AI?= @A 0A=LEIE@A AI @A?EH

+)2 67

# 4-51,7 5

H (x) = 0,
,A IJH=H =I EI GKA

x < 0,

H (x) = 1,

x > 1.

Im
E

dz = bI2 = 2H (a c). z

# " += ?K =H A L= H @A = E JACH=
2 0

d , a + b cos

a > |b|.

)F E?=H A HAIK J=@ = JAHE H F=H= ?= ?K =H

2 0

d . (5 3 cos )2

2/ a2 b2 O 5/32

2=H?E= )>HE



# # 5=>EA @ GKA a > 0 ?= ?K =H

5
a

x sin ax dx x4 + 4

sin a/2

-N= A

K E

!

# $ += ?K =H = E JACH=
I=
0

dx , (x2 + a2 )5

a > 0.

35/256a9 -N= A 5AFJEA >HA " sin x dx . 6 + 1) x ( x 0 2 1 Sol. I = 1 cos( 3/2) 2 3e 3 e I=

"
+

# % += ?K =H

-N= A

K E

# & - ? JH=H A HAIE@K A A FK J z0 @A = BK ?E

F (z ) =

F (z ) @A

E@=

A@E= JA

f (z ) , f (z )

IE = = BK ?E f (z ) AI HACK =H A z0 FAH A FK J z0 AI K ?AH @A H@A n @A = BK ?E f (z ) > - FK J z0 AI K F @A H@A m @A = BK ?E f (z ) ? )F E?=H I HAIK J=@ I = JAHE HAI = = BK ?E F (z ) ? IJHKE@= = F=HJEH @A f1 (z ) = (z 1 + 2i)3 A A FK J z1 = 1 2i O = F=HJEH @A = BK ?E f2 (z ) = 1/(z i)4 = A FK J z2 = i -N= A K E #

# ' 4AI LAH = IECKEA JA E JACH= @A E@=

+

dx (x2 + 4x + 5)2

#  += ?K = = IECKEA JA E JACH= E FH FE= IEA @ a > 0 O b > 0

0

(x2 b2 ) sin ax dx. (x2 + b2 )x

/2 + eab

!%

#  5A=
f (z ) =
+ =IE ?= IKI FK J I IE CK =HAI

z8 + z 2 sin (z 1)4

1 z+1

EJ I A E

EJ I =EI =@ I O ?= ?K = = E JACH=

f (z )dz
|z |=2

-N= A 5AFJEA >HA $

+= ?K =H =
0

2 cos d 5 + 4 sin(/2)

-N= A 5AFJEA >HA $

# ! += ?K =H =I E JACH= AI
0

cos2 d,
0

sin3 d,

KJE E = @ J ? E?=I @A L=HE=> A ?

F A = 2=H?E= )>HE
2 0

%

# " += ?K =H =
-N= A 5AFJEA >HA %

d 2 sin2 (/2)

!&

+)2 67

# 4-51,7 5

+=F JK

6H= IB H =?E

B H A
I K ?= >E @A L=HE=> AI = JH=I y1 , . . . , yn

+K= @ A K @ E E R @A L=HE=> AI x1 , . . . , xn D=?A A A A A J @A L K A @A AIA AIF=?E JH= IB H =

dy1 dy2 dyn =

(y1 , . . . , yn ) dx1 dx2 dxn , (x1 , . . . , xn )

IEA @ | (y1 , . . . , yn )/ (x1 , . . . , xn )| A @AJAH E = JA @A = =JHE =? >E= = A =? >E=  @A = JH= IB H =?E 6 @= BK ?E = = JE?= FKA@A IAH ? IE@AH=@= ? K = JH= IB H =?E @A F = (x, y ) A A F = (u, v ) - =? >E= @A = JH= IB H =?E AI A @AJAH E = JA

(u, v ) = (x, y )

u x v x

u y v y

u v u v = x y y x

u x

u y

= |f (x, y )|2 .

2 H J= J = JH= IB H =?E AI E LAHJE> A A =GKA I FK J I A I GKA A =? >E= IA= @EIJE J @A ?AH AI @A?EH f (z ) = 0 I FK J I A I GKA f (z ) = 0 HA?E>A A >HA @A FK J I ?H JE? I @A = JH= IB H =?E

5E w0 = f (z0 ) AI A FK J JH= IB H =@ @A z0 A@E= JA = BK ?E = = JE?= f (z ) A J ?AI K A A A J @A =H? A z0 z IA JH= IB H = A A A A A J @A =H? w A w0 5A JEA A GKA A A EJA w/z = f (z0 ) ? GKA A arg w = arg z + arg f (z0 ) )@A I @A ?= >E=H @A J= = w =F=HA?A CEH=@ K CK arg f (z0 ) HAIFA?J @A z F H GKA @ I ?KHL=I ?K= AIGKEAH= GKA F=IA F H z0 JEA A F H ?KHL=I JH= IB H =@=I JH=I @ I ?KHL=I GKA A w0 B H = A EI CK 5A @E?A GKA = JH= IB H =?E ? IAHL= = B H = ?= @A = HEA J=?E A JHA ?KHL=I GKA AI K = JH= IB H =?E + B H A + |w| = |z ||f (z0 )| A J ?AI A HA= @A K = CKH= FAGKA = A z0 GKA@= HAAI?= =@= A A B=?J H |f (z0 )|2 GKA AI FHA?EI= A JA A =? >E= @A = JH= IB H =?E A AIA FK J I F=H= A CH= I E EJAIE = AI A ?=@= FK J IA JH= IB H = A F=H= A CH= I E EJAIE = AI ? IK HA= HAAI?= =@= A A B=?J H |f (z0 )|2 O CEH=@ I K CK GKA AI arg f (z0 ) =I CKH=I CA JHE?=I EJ=I ? IAHL=H A CA AH= IK B H = O= GKA J= J A B=?J H @A AI?= = ? A CEH I BK ?E AI @A FK J z0 F H GKA A CA AH= = B H = C >= @A K = CKH= JH= IB H =@= JEA A F H GK IAH E@ JE?= = = CKH= FHE EJEL=

6H= IB H =?E

B H A

5E w = u + iv = f (z ) f (x + iy ) HAIK J= GKA =I ?KHL=I u(x, y ) =?JA O =I ?KHL=I v (x, y ) =?JA B H = K IEIJA = @A ?KHL=I HJ C = AI @ I = @ I A =GKA I FK J I A I GKA f (z ) = 0

5EIJA =I @A ?KHL=I HJ C

= AI

5E H (x, y ) AI K = BK ?E =H E?= @A =I L=HE=> AI x A y O JA A I K = BK ?E = = JE?= z = g (w) g (u + iv ) GKA I FH @K?A =I BK ?E AI x(u, v ) A y (u, v ) A J ?AI = BK ?E @A =I L=HE=> AI u O v L(u, v ) = H (x(u, v ), y (u, v )) AI K = BK ?E =H E?= @A AIJ=I KAL=I L=HE=> AI )@A I =I ?KHL=I H (x, y ) = C I JH= IB H =@=I A =I ?KHL=I L(u, v ) = C A@E= JA = JH= IB H =?E = = JE?= z = f (w) A I FK J I A GKA f (w) = 0 !'

6H= IB H =?E

@A BK ?E

AI =H

E?=I

"

+)2 67

$ 64) 5. 4 )+1

. 4 -

2H > A =I
?

$  8AHE ?=H GKA A A A A J @A HA= A A F =

H@A =@=I F =HAI ? 5A @A

rdrd IEA @ r A

A =? >E=

? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I dxdy IA AI?HE>A A @A = JH= IB H =?E @A ? H@A =@=I = =@= = LA?AI JH= IB H =?E

A=

E = JH= IB H =?E E A= BH=??E =HE= = =

CH

?= J= >E

>E E

w T (z ) =
,A IJH=H GKA IE IA ?K F A = ? JH= IB H =?E ? B H A @E?E D

z + , z +

= 0.
?AI = JH= IB H =?E AI K =

= 0 A J
CH ?= E LAHI= AI =

$ ! ,A

IJH=H GKA = JH= IB H =?E

z=
? @A

w w +
HB = CHKF

GKA A ? K J @A JH= IB H =?E AI D CH ?=I B H = K CHKF GKA AI D =JHE?AI ? F A =I 2 2 @A @AJAH E = JA K E@=@ SL(2, C)

CH ?= IA FKA@A ? IE@AH=H ? = ? >E =?E @A =I $ " ,A IJH=H GKA = JH= IB H =?E D IECKEA JAI JH= IB H =?E AI 6H=I =?E H J=?E D JA?E= O @A K = E LAHIE +=H=?JAHE =H ? @A>A IAH I F=H AJH I , , O F=H= ?=@= K = @A AIJ=I FAH=?E AI

$ # ,A IJH=H GKA K = JH= IB H =?E D CH ?= JH= IB H = ? H?K I @A F = HA?J=I @A F = w )I EI @A IJH=H GKA = E =CA @A K = HA?J= AI JH= HA?J= $ $ ,A
3(w )2
IJH=H GKA ?K= GKEAH JH= IB H =?E D CH ?= w(z ) LAHE ?= = A?K=?E CA AI @A I@

z A ? H?K I K ? H?K =

@EBAHA ?E= 2w w

$ % - ? JH=H F=H= =I IECKEA JAI JH= IB H =?E AI =I E

(a) w = i z+1 , z1
A @EI?

E E I GKA IA E @E?=

|z | < 1, z , z1

(b) w =

z , z1

A IA?J H 0 < arg z < /4,

(c) w =

= >= @= 0 < x < 1.

$ & - ? JH=H I FK J I

I  E L=HE= JAI @A = JH= IB H =?E

w=
5

2z 5 z+4

z = 1 2i
JHE? I  E LAHI I @A FK J 3 + 4i ? HAIFA?J = I ? H?K I

$ ' - ? JH=H I FK J I IE

(a) |z | = 1,

(b) |z 1| = 1,

(c) |z i| = 2.

$  ,A

= 2 IAA = > 2 IAA ?

IJH=H GKA = JH= IB H =?E D CH ?= JEA A =I FH FEA@=@AI IECKEA JAI A I K FK J = @EIJ= ?E= EJ= A A E EJ  NE @ I FK J I I = @EIJ= ?E= EJ= A A E EJ  IJH=H GKA K = JH= IB H =?E D CH ?= T (z ) GKA JEA A K E? FK J

$  ,A
= A?K=?E

a LAHE ?=

1 1 = + A, T (z ) a za
EJ >EA T (z ) = z + A IE a = O @ @A A AI K AH ? FA ? IJ= JA

IE a AI

"

$  ,A

IJH=H GKA K = JH= IB H =?E a = b LAHE ?= = A?K=?E

CH

?= T (z ) GKA JEA A @ I FK J I

EJ I a O b

T (z ) a za =k , T (z ) b zb

@A k AI K

AH ?

FA

IJ= JA @EIJE J @A 

$ ! ,A

IJH=H GKA IE z1 z2 O z3 I JHAI FK J I @EIJE J I EJ I O w1 w2 O w3 JH I JHAI FK J I @EIJE J I O EJ I ANEIJA K = E?= JH= IB H =?E D CH ?= GKA I HA =?E = A@E= JA wi = f (zi ) O GKA AIJ= BK ?E IA FKA@A >JA AH A@E= JA

w w1 w w2
+ AI = JH= IB H =?E IE = CK D

w3 w1 w3 w2
@A CH I zi O

z z1 z z2
@A

z3 z1 z3 z2

.
EJ I FK J I

I wi AI A FK J @A E

$ " - ? JH=H = JH= IB H =?E

?= GKA AL=

I FK J I 1 i O 1 + i =

(a) 0, 1, ,

(b) 1, , 0,
?= GKA AL=

(c) 2, 3, 4.
I FK J I 0 1 + i O 2i = I FK J I

$ # - ? JH=H = JH= IB H =?E

CH

(a) 4, 2 + 2i, 0,

(b) 0, 2 + 2i, 4,

(c) 0, , 2i.
AI @=

- ? JH=H = E =CA @A @EI? |z i| < 1 F H =I =F E?=?E AI = GKA @E?D=I JH= IB H =?E KC=H )I EI =I JH= IB H =?E AI GKA I AL= I FK J I i, , i = I FK J I

(d) 2, 1 + i, 0,

(e) 0, 1, ,

(f) 2, 2i, 2,

O A ? JH=H = E =CA @A IA EF = Re z > 0 A@E= JA = ? HHAIF @EA JA JH= IB H =?E 5 = w = 2iz + 4 |w 2| < 2 > w = 2zi/(iz + 1) |w 2| > 2 ? w = (i 1)z/(z 1 i) Re w > 0

$ $ 5KF FK J a

C=

I GKA = BK ?E

w = f (z ) F IAA F H @AI=HH

A IAHEA @A 6=O H = HA@A@ H @A

w = f (z ) = f (a) + f (a)(z a) + +

f (n) (a) (z a)n + n!

I CK I K JEF E?=

,A IJH=H GKA IE =I @AHEL=@=I f (k) = 0 F=H= k = 1, . . . , n 1 FAH f (n) = 0 A J ?AI GKA B H = =I J= CA JAI = =I ?KHL=I GKA F=I= F H A FK J ?H JE? a A A F = z IA F H n F=H= IKI E CA AI A A F = w

$ % ,A

IJH=H GKA IE A A F = z JA A I K = ?KHL= ?=H=?JAHE =@= F H IKI A?K=?E AI F=H= JHE?=I x = F (t) y = G(t) t [t1 , t2 ] A J ?AI = JH= IB H =?E = F = w @=@= F H z = F (w) + iG(w) JH= IB H = = ?KHL= @=@= A A IAC A J @A A A HA= [t1 , t2 ] )F E?=H = ?=I @A = A EFIA ?A JH=@= A A HECA O @A IA EA AI a O b

E?= O z = f (w) AI @A?EH x + iy = f (u + iv ) AI $ & ,A IJH=H GKA IE H (x, y ) AI K = BK ?E =H K = BK ?E = = JE?= @A w A ?= >E @A L=HE=> AI @A E@ F H x = x(u, v ) y = y (u, v ) AI J= GKA = BK ?E F (u, v ) = H (x(u, v ), y (u, v )) AIJ= >E K = BK ?E =H E?= A =I L=HE=> AI u O v

"

+)2 67

$ 64) 5. 4 )+1

. 4 -

+=F JK

)F E?=?E
6A HA = @A = =F E?=?E
@A K = HACE HACE R = =F E?= R A R -IJ= BK ?E IK E EIJH=

AI

@A 4EA = 5A= C K = ?KHL= IE F A A JA ? AN= GKA AI A ? J H R 5A= C = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= K E@=@ ?A JH=@= A A HECA GKA AI A ? J H @A = =@= @EI? K E@=@ - J ?AI ANEIJA K = =F E?=?E = = JE?=  =  A R w = f (z ) GKA OC A C @AFA @A @A JHAI ? IJ= JAI =H>EJH=HE=I O =K GKA 4EA = @A KAIJH= IK ANEIJA ?E= E C J @ F=H= A ? JH=H =

2H > A = @A ,EHE?D AJ A

A ? H?K K E@=@ 5A= C = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= K E@=@ ?A JH=@= A A HECA GKA A ?EAHH= = @EI? K E@=@ R 7 = BK ?E F (r, ) GKA I=JEIB=?A = A?K=?E @A =F =?A A R O GKA J = K I L= HAI @AJAH E =@ I h() F (1, ) I >HA C LEA A @=@= F H
F (r, ) = 1 2
2 0

(1 r2 )h()d . 1 2r cos( ) + r2

2H > A = @A ,EHE?D AJ A A IA EF =
A IA EF = IKFAHE H Im(z ) > 0 O GKA J HA= LEA A @=@= F H

=K

IKFAHE H ?

F A 7 = BK ?E =H E?= F (x, y ) A I L= HAI @AJAH E =@ I h(x) F (x, 0) I >HA A A A

yh(t)dt . y 2 + (x t)2
= L=HE=> AI ? JE K=I @A = BK ?E B=?J HE=

F (x, y ) =

= BK ?E /= = @A -K AH (z ) AI = CA AH= E =?E (n + 1) = n! O IA @A A ?

(z ) =
0

et tz1 dt,
C=?E

(Re(z ) > 0).

I IE F AI A z = 0, 1, 2, . . .

2=H= Re(z ) 0 IA FKA@A ANJA @AH F H FH = BK ?E

= = JE?= 2 IAA F

*AJ= @A -K AH IA @A A ?
1

B (r, s) =
0

tr1 (1 t)s1 dt,

A@E= JA

(r > 0, s > 0).

5E r

sI

A JAH I AIJ

HA =?E

=@=I

B (r, s) =
= BK ?E

(r)(s) . (r + s)

AJ= @A 4EA =

(z ) IA @A

A F=H= Re(z ) > 1 ?

k=1

(z )

1 1 1 + z + z + = 1z 2 3
"!

1 , kz

Re(z ) > 1.

"" 5A FKA@A LAH GKA

+)2 67

% )2 1+)+1

-5

(z ) =
?KO= E?= IE CK =HE@=@ AI K F

1 (z )

tz1 dt, et + 1

(Re(z ) > 0),

IE F A A z = 1 O @A HAIE@K 

2H > A =I B IE? I

=I A?K=?E AI @A F JA ?E= A A?JH IJ JE? 2 V = / 0 I J= AI GKA A I FK J I @A AIF=?E A I GKA = @A IE@=@ @A ?=HC= A ?JHE?= IA = K A = 0 A F JA ?E= I=JEIB=?A = A?K=?E @A =F =?A - A ?=I @A FH > A =I >E@E A IE = AI IA F @H HAFHAIA J=H A F JA ?E= A@E= JA = F=HJA HA=  E =CE =HE= @A K = BK ?E = = JE?= @A J= = AH= GKA = F=HJA E =CE =HE=  HA=  HAFHAIA J=H = =I ?KHL=I GKA I HJ C = AI = =I IKFAH ?EAI AGKEF JA ?E= AI AI @A?EH = =I A=I @A ?= F A ?JHE? ,A AIJ= = AH= K = EI = BK ?E = = JE?= @AI?HE>A = = LA =I IKFAH ?EAI AGKEF JA ?E= AI O =I A=I @A ?= F I FK J I A I GKA ANEIJ= IE CK =HE@=@AI @A = BK ?E = = JE?= AIJ=H HA =?E =@ I ? =I BKA JAI @A ?= F FKAI A A I IA @A = @A ?K F EH = A?K=?E @A =F =?A JH I FH > A =I B IE? I E JAHAI= JAI FKA@A IAH =GKA I FH > A =I >E@E A IE = AI A I GKA ANEIJ= BA A I @A JH= I EIE @A @=I ?KO= A?K=?E AI @A = B H =

2 f (x, y, t) =

1 2 f (x, y, t) , c2 t2
JA @A JEA F FKAI A J ?AI = BK ?E f FKA@A IAH @AI HABAHEHIA = @=I @A I E@ AJ?

O A A ?=I AIJ=?E =HE ?K= @ =I BK ?E AI @AFA @= ANF ?EJ= A = A?K=?E = JAHE H IA HA@K?A = = A?K=?E @A =F =?A >E@E A IE = ?HEJ= F H = F=HJA HA=  E =CE =HE= @A K = BK ?E = = JE?= 2KA@A >E@E A IE = AI @=I @A JA FAH=JKH=  @=I @A JH= I EIE @A ?= H = A? E?= @A KE@ I I=JEIB=?A = A?K=?E @A ? JE KE@=@

d + v = 0 , dt
IEA @ = @A IE@=@ @A A@E O v A ?= F @A LA ?E@=@ @A KE@ 5E IKF A I A KE@ E ? FHAIE> A d/dt = 0 O IE =@A I A H CE A @A EI AI EHH J=?E = H Jv = 0 ? GKA A ?= F @A LA ?E@=@ IA FKA@A @AHEL=H @A K = BK ?E F JA ?E= v = HAIK J= A J ?AI GKA 2 = 0 - A F I >E@E A IE = AI @A A? E?= @A KE@ I A H CE A EHH J=?E = GKA@=H @AI?HEJ I F H = F=HJA HA=  E =CE =HE= @A K = BK ?E = = JE?= ?KO= F=HJA E =CE =HE=  HA=  @AI?HE>EH =I A=I @A ?= F @A LA ?E@=@ AIJ AI =I A=I @A ? HHEA JA +K= @ A K ?EH?KEJ ?EH?K = K = ? HHEA JA = JAH = I (t) = I0 cos t = @EBAHA ?E= @A F JA ?E= A JHA I @EBAHA JAI A A A J I @A ?EH?KEJ @AFA @A @A IK =JKH= A = 5E IA JH=J= @A K = HAIEIJA ?E= D E?= R = @EBAHA ?E= @A F JA ?E= A JHA IKI ANJHA I AI V (t) = I (t)R = I0 R cos t = V0 cos t ? V0 = I0 R 5E AI K ? @A I=@ H @A ?=F=?E@=@ C A J ?AI V (t) = (I0 /C ) cos(t /2) EA JH=I GKA IE AI K @EIF IEJEL ? K ? A ?EA JA @A =KJ E @K?E =C JE?= L V (t) = (I0 L ) cos(t + /2) -NEIJA F H J= J K = HA =?E E A= A JHA = @EBAHA ?E= @A F JA ?E= O = E JA IE@=@ O = LA?AI K @AIB=IA JA F H= 2 @A I HAFHAIA J=H J= J = E JA IE@=@ I (t) = @EBAHA ?E= @A F JA ?E= A JHA I @EBAHA JAI FK J I V (t) ? I =JHE>KJ I @A I @EBAHA JAI @EIF IEJEL I A@E= JAI L=HE=> AI ? F A =I @A J= = AH= GKA = F=HJA @A = I (t) O @A = V (t) GKA A@E I IA= IK ? F A JA HA= )I D=?A I = IKIJEJK?E

+ HHEA JA = JAH =

I (t) = I0 eit ,

R R,

C XC =

i , C

L XL = iL,

Re I (t) = I0 cos t,

@A J= = AH= GKA ?=@= @EIF IEJEL JEA A =D H= K = E FA@= ?E= ? F A = Z GKA IA >JEA A @A =I = JAHE HAI =IEC =?E AI A@E= JA =I HAC =I D=>EJK= AI @A = JA H = E A= @A ?EH?KEJ I A GKA E FA@= ?E=I A IAHEA IA IK = O F=H= =? F = EA J I A F=H= A A E LAHI @A = E FA@= ?E= J J= AI = IK = @A I E LAHI I @A =I ? HHAIF @EA JAI E FA@= ?E=I - ? ?K @A = @EBAHA ?E= @A F JA ?E= IECKA =I HAC =I @A I @EIF IEJEL I D E? I V (t) = I (t)Z 2 H J= J = E JA IE@=@ I (t) LEA A ?=H=?JAHE =@= F H K ? F A @A @K I0 GKA H J= ? LA ?E@=@ ? IJ= JA O F H J= J JEA A K = B=IA t @A J= = AH= GKA Re I (t) HAFHAIA J= = E JA IE@=@ HA= A AIJA E IJ= JA t = E FA@= ?E= R2 + X 2 O @A B=IA J= GKA tan = X/R -IJ D=?A GKA Z = R + iX AI K ? F A @A @K

V (t) = I (t)Z = I0

R2 + X 2 ei(t+) ,

Re V (t) = V0 cos(t + ),

V0 = I0

R2 + X 2 .

"#

2H > A =I
%  - ? JH=H A A F =
? F A O A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI (r, ) K = BK ?E =H E?= GKA IA= E @AFA @EA JA @A r *KI?=H = I K?E F=HJE?K =H GKA I >HA = HA?J= HA= J = I L= HAI u(x, 0) = 1 F=H= x > 0 O u(x, 0) = 0 F=H= x < 0

)F E?= @ = HAI K?E @A FH > A = @A ,EHE?D AJ A A IA EF = IKFAHE H A ? JH=H K = BK ?E =H E?= A AIJ= HACE Im(z ) > 0 O GKA I >HA = HA?J= HA= J = I L= HAI u(x, 0) = 1 F=H= x > 0 O u(x, 0) = 0 F=H= x > 0

% ! ,A

IJH=H GKA IE F (x, y ) AI K = BK ?E ? JE K= O @AHEL=> A @A =I L=HE=> AI x, y IE D=?A I A ?= >E @A L=HE=> AI @A F = A@E= JA K = BK ?E = = JE?= w = u + iv = f (z ) f (x + iy ) A J ?AI IA JEA A

2 F (x, y ) 2 F (x, y ) + = |f (z )|2 x2 y 2

2 F (x(u, v ), y (u, v )) 2 F (x(u, v ), y (u, v )) + u2 v 2

O IE F AI K = BK ?E =H E?= A =I L=HE=> AI x, y J= >E AI A =I L=HE=> AI u, v IE AI GKA = JH= IB H =?E f (z ) ?K F A f (z ) = 0 AI @A?EH AI K = JH= IB H =?E ? B H A

%" +

K = BK ?E

?=I AIFA?E= @A FH > A = @A ,EHE?D AJ A A F = =H E?= =? J=@= F (x, y ) A A FHE AH ?K=@H= JA

>JA AH = IECKEA JA ANFHAIE

F=H=

F (x, y ) =

1 1 h(t)dt, (t x)2 + y 2 (t + x)2 + y 2

y > 0, x 0,

O GKA I=JEIB=?A =I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H F (0, y ) = 0 F=H= y > 0 O F (x, +0) = h(x) x > 0 FK@EA @ IAH h(x) K = BK ?E ? JE K= = JH I

% # - ? JH=H A F JA ?E= @A K ?= F LA?J HE= EHH J=?E = GKA F IAA @ I BKA JAI K = = JE= O K IK E@AH  A I FK J I z = a O z = a O @A = EI = E JA IE@=@ ,AJAH E =H =I EI =I A=I @A ?= F  J= = @ELAHCA ?E= @A ?= F AI K = I= L A I FK J I a GKA AI @A = EI = E JA IE@=@ 2k  5 V (z ) = log((z + a)/(z a)) %$ - K
KE@ >E@E A IE = EHH J=?E = IA @A E = F JA ?E= ? FA BK ?E ? F A = (z ) = U + iV ?KO= F=HJA HA= U AI A F JA ?E= @A LA ?E@=@ IK F=HJA E =CE =HE= V =?JA HAFHAIA J= = =I A=I @A ? HHEA JA 5E A ? J H AI K = @A =I A=I @A ? HHEA JA @A IJH=H GKA = BKAH = GKA = ? HHEA JA D=?A FAGKA F = Fx i + Fy j AI?HEJ= ? A ? F A F = Fx + iFy LAHE ?= AI @A?EH v = U O @A K >IJ ?K C I >HA K >IJ ?K

@A LA ?E@=@ = =

= Fx iFy = i F 2

d(z ) dz

dz,

IEA @ = @A IE@=@ ? IJ= JA @A KE@  J= - JA HA = @A *AH K E AIJ=> A?A GKA = =HC @A K = A= @A ? HHEA JA = FHAIE p = LA ?E@=@ v O = = JKH= y LAHE ?= p + v 2 /2 + gy =?JA 5KF AH GKA = L=HE=?E @A gy AI @AIFHA?E=> A F=H= >IJ ?K I FAGKA I 

% % - A ?EH?KEJ @A = CKH= ?

FKAIJ F H K = > >E = @A ? A ?EA JA @A =KJ E @K??E L K ? @A I=@ H @A ?=F=?E@=@ C O K = HAIEIJA ?E= D E?= @A L= H R IA =F E?= K = @EBAHA ?E= @A F JA ?E= V (t) = V0 cos t A JHA I FK J I a O b 5A FE@A = ,AJAH E =H = E FA@= ?E= @A ?EH?KEJ A JHA I FK J I a O b > ,AJAH E =H GK BHA?KA ?E= @A>A JA AH = JA IE =F E?=@= F=H= GKA A ?EH?KEJ FHAIA JA E CK = E FA@= ?E= ? GK E FA@= ?E= JA @H @E?D ?EH?KEJ IE = JA IE =F E?=@= AI @A BHA?KA ?E= @ > A 2 @ ,AJAH E =H A AIJA IACK @ ?=I = ? HHEA JA GKA ?EH?K = F H = HAIEIJA ?E= A GK E FA@= ?E= JA @H @E?D ?EH?KEJ IE = JA IE =F E?=@= AI K = JA IE ? JE K= V0 3K ? HHEA JA ?EH?K =H A AIJA ?=I F H =I @ I H= =I

"$

+)2 67

% )2 1+)+1

-5

+=F JK

&

+KHL=I A @ I O JHAI @E A IE
7 = ?KHL= A R3 IA ANFHAI= A B H = F=H=

AI

JHE?= ?

r (t) = x1 (t)e1 + x2 (t)e2 + x3 (t)e3 x(t)i + y (t)j + z (t)k,

IEA @ ei JHAI LA?J HAI K E@=@ HJ C = AI O =I BK ?E AI ? JE K=I xi (t) =I ? H@A =@=I @A ?=@= FK J ANFHAI=@=I A J H E I @A F=H AJH =H>EJH=HE t = ?KHL= IA @A E = HACK =H IE ANEIJA I FK J I A I GKA ANEIJ= LA?J H J= CA JA dr /dt = x1 (t)e1 + x2 (t)e2 + x3 (t)e3 A ?=@= FK J LA?J H J= CA JA IA @A E = IE CK =HAI 5E = CK = @A =I BK ?E AI xi (t) F H A A F = x(t) AI J= GKA IK @AHEL=@= x (t) = 0 F=H= J @ t A J ?AI F @A I ANFHAI=H t = t(x) O IKIJEJKEH A =I JH=I @ I O >JA AH =I A?K=?E AI y = f (x), z = g (x) GKA I =I A?K=?E AI ?=HJAIE= =I @A = ?KHL= JH= = AH= @A ANFHAI=H = A?K=?E @A K = ?KHL= ?K= @ = IKIJEJK?E = JAHE H AI J= ALE@A JA FKA@A IAH @A B H = E F ?EJ= A@E= JA @ I BK ?E AI F1 (x, y, z ) = 0, F2 (x, y, z ) = 0, GKA ? HHAIF @A B H = A JA = ? HJA @A @ I IKFAH ?EAI @A R3 = CEJK@ @A =H? @A ?KHL= IA ?= ?K = A@E= JA

ds =

dx2 + dy 2 + dz 2 =

1 + y (x)2 + z (x)2 dx =

x (t)2 + y (t)2 + z (t)2 dt,

5E = ?KHL= AI HACK =H A J ?AI ds/dt = 0 O F @A I KI=H ? F=H AJH = CEJK@ @A =H? s +K= @ = ?KHL= IA ANFHAI= @A B H = F=H= JHE?= A J H E I @A = CEJK@ @A =H? s IA @E?A GKA (s) AI K LA?J H K E@=@ AI = @AI?HEF?E ?= E?= @A = ?KHL= - AIJA ?=I t(s) = dr(s)/ds r J= CA JA = = ?KHL= +K= @ KI= I AIJA F=H AJH =I @AHEL=@=I IA HAFHAIA J= A@E= JA K FK J IKFAHFKAIJ A LA @A A@E= JA K = JE @A 5K LA?J H @AHEL=@ IAH HJ C = = O @A E I (s) (s)n(s) ? n(s) A LA?J H K E@=@ A@E= JA t H = FHE ?EF= O @ @A = BK ?E (s) IA @A E = = ?KHL=JKH= @A = ?KHL= A AIA FK J ) = BK ?E R(s) = 1/|(s)| IA A = = H=@E @A ?KHL=JKH= ) = @EHA??E @A AIF=?E GKA @A A A LA?J H n A AIA FK J IA A @A E = @EHA??E H = FHE ?EF= = = ?KHL= 5E A ?=@= FK J @A = ?KHL= HACK =H IA @A A b(s) = t(s) n(s) GKA HAIK J= IAH JH LA?J H K E@=@ FAHFA @E?K =H = I @ I = JAHE HAI A J ?AI A ?=@= FK J @A = ?KHL= AI F IE> A @A EH K IEIJA = @A JHAI LA?J HAI K E@=@ HJ C = AI ? = EI = HEA J=?E HA =JEL= GKA = @A I A AI @A ? H@A =@=I 5A AI @A E = JHEA@H LE O I LA?J HAI HA?E>A A >HA @A LA?J H K E@=@ J= CA JA H = O >E H = HAIFA?JEL= A JA = ?KHL=JKH= @A K = ?KHL= A K FK J AI A ?= >E F H K E@=@ @A CEJK@ @A CK GKA B H = = HA?J= J= CA JA ? K = @EHA??E = - @ I @E A IE AI IE = = I = CK GKA B H = A LA?J H J= CA JA ? A A A OX HAIK J= GKA

d , ds

= arctan y (x),

y (x) (1 + y
2 (x) )3/2

y (t)x (t) y (t)x (t) (x (t) + y (t) )3/2

2 2

"%

"&

+)2 67

& +748)5 -

, 5 ; 64-5 ,1 - 51 AI @E

-5

=I A?K=?E AI BK @= A J= AI @A = JA H = @A ?KHL=I I =I A?K=?E LE t(s) n(s) b(s) GKA IA @A E = A?K=?E AI @A .HA AJ 5AHHAJ

E?=I @A JHEA@H

(s) = (s)n(s), t
)@ EJA = HAFHAIA J=?E

(s) = (s)t(s) + (s)b(s), n = n, n

(s) = (s)n(s). b

= t, t

= b, b
IJ= J A= )I ? = J HIE H = b

@ @A A LA?J H = t + b = =@ LA?J H @A ,=H> KN HAFHAIA J= = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H E ? HAIFA?J = F=H AJH s ANFHAI=@= A A IEIJA = @A HABAHA ?E= @A JHEA@H E IJ= J A E@A A ?= >E @A HEA J=?E @A LA?J H J= CA JA = =C EJK@ (s) GKA IA @A E = @A = ?KHL= ? HHAIF @A = ?= >E @A HEA J=?E F H K E@=@ @A CEJK@ @A LA?J H >E

| | =

|r r | , |r |3

(r r ) r . |r r |2

-?K=?E

AI E JH IA?=I @A K = ?KHL=

- ? ?E EA J @A = ?KHL=JKH= (s) O @A = J HIE (s) @AJAH E = = ?KHL= I= L K = H J=?E O K = JH=I =?E =H>EJH=HE=I 5E A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @A .HA AJ 5AHHAJ AI E JACH=> A ?= ?K =@ A LA?J H t(s) = dr /ds A E JACH=@ @A KAL I @=H = A?K=?E @A = ?KHL= - A ?=I @A ?KHL=I F = =I (s) = 0 AI IEA FHA F IE> A E JACH=H = A?K=?E E JH IA?= (s) O >JA AH = A?K=?E @A = ?KHL= r (s) - A ?=I JHE@E A IE = IA FKA@A AL=H A IEIJA = = K = A?K=?E @A 4E?=JJE 7 = I K?E @A = ?KHL= F = = AI E JACH=H FHE AH d/ds = (s) O >JA AH (s) O =I KI=H ? F=H AJH A CK GKA B H = A LA?J H J= CA JA O @A AIJ= B H =

r () =

t()ds =

(cos e1 + sin e2 )

ds d + c = d

(cos e1 + sin e2 )

1 d + c, ()
IJ= JA

? c K LA?J H ? IJ= JA GKA HAFHAIA J= K = JH=I =?E @A E JACH=?E = >JA AH = ANFHAIE @A (s)

= H J=?E

=H>EJH=HE= HAIK J= @A = ?

7 = F=HJ ?K = GKA IA KALA A A AIF=?E @AI?HE>A K = ?KHL= r (t) ?KO= A?K=?E AIJ AI?HEJ= A B H = F=H= JHE?= IEA @ A JEA F t A F=H AJH KJE E =@ ,A AIJ= = AH= @A E I =I IECKEA JAI BK ?E AI = LA?J H @A F IE?E r (t) > LA ?E@=@ r (t) = dr (t)/dt ? =?A AH=?E r (t) = d2 r (t)/dt2 + =I ?E=@ = ?=@= FK J @A = ?KHL= ANEIJA JHAI LA?J HAI K E@=@ A JHEA@H E JH IA?  t n O b A J H E I @A I ?K= AI F @A I ANFHAI=H I = JAHE HAI LA?J HAI =I ?E=@ I = = F=HJ ?K = )I IE = = I v (t) = |r (t)| = ds/dt = L= H =>I KJ @A = LA ?E@=@ HAIK J=

LE EA J @A K = F=HJ ?K =

r (t) =
= =?A AH=?E

dr dr ds (t) v (t)t(t). = = v (t)r dt ds dt

r (t) =
=? =?

2 dv (t) (t) = dv (t) t(t) + v (t)2 (t)n(t) = dv (t) t(t) + v (t) n(t). t(t) + v (t)2 t dt dt dt R(t)

F A JA J= CA ?E= @A = =?A AH=?E aT = dv/dt O ? F A JA H = @A = =?A AH=?E L= A aN = v 2 /R

A H=@E @A ?KHL=JKH= R(t) = 1/(t)

5A @A E = A L LA JA @A K = B= E E= @A ?KHL=I = K = ?KHL= FAHJA A?EA JA = = B= E E= J= GKA A ?=@= K @A IKI FK J I AI J= CA JA = K = ?KHL= @A = B= E E= 5A= r (t, ) = B= E E= @A ?KHL=I J= GKA F=H= ?=@= L= H @A IA IE CK =HE = K = ?KHL= @A = B= E E= 5E = B= E E= LEA A @=@= @A = B H = F=H= JHE?= = JAHE H A J ?AI = A L LA JA IA ?= ?K = A E E = @ A JHA = A?K=?E @=@= O = GKA IA >JEA A @A = K =H A =? >E= (x, y )/ (t, ) = 0 -IJ E F E?= GKA AI F IE> A >JA AH

+KHL=I =I ?E=@=I = JH=I ?KHL=I

"' F=H= ?=@= ?KHL= K = HA =?E = (t) ? GKA = A L LA JA AI = ?KHL= e(t) = r (t, (t)) 5E = B= E E= LEA A ANFHAI=@= A = B H = F (x, y, ) = 0 A J ?AI = A L LA JA IA >JEA A @A A E E =H A JHA AIJ= A?K=?E O = F (x, y, )/ = 0 @=@ GKA = ?KHL= F (x, y, ) = 0 ? O = F (x, y, +) = 0 F IAA A ? I FK J I (x, y ) F H @ @A F=I= = A L LA JA KAC (F (x, y, + ) F (x, y, ))/ = 0 4A?E>A A >HA @A AL KJ= @A K = ?KHL= F = = = = ?KHL= GKA @A A IKI ?A JH I @A ?KHL=JKH= 5E r (t) AI = ?KHL= @=@= IK AL KJ= r (t) = r (t) + R(t)n(t) IEA @ n(t) A LA?J H H = @A = ?KHL= r (t) O R(t) A ? HHAIF @EA JA H=@E @A ?KHL=JKH= A ?=@= FK J 4AIK J= GKA = AL KJ= AI J= >E = ?KHL= A L LA JA @A = B= E E= @A HA?J=I H = AI = = ?KHL= @=@= GKA HA?E>A A >HA @A AL LA JA @A IK AL KJ= =I ?KHL=I AL LA JAI IA ? IJHKOA @AIA H = @ K DE E ANJA IE> A I >HA = AL KJ= @A J= = AH= GKA L=HE= @ = CEJK@ @A DE JA A I @EIJE J=I AL LA JAI ? K = EI = AL KJ= = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= J= CA JA = = ?KHL= A K FK J O GKA JEA A = EI = ?KHL=JKH= GKA IJ= HA?E>A A >HA @A ?EH?K BAHA ?E= I?K =JHE 5E A ?A JH @A ?KHL=JKH= AI A FK J @A ? H@A =@=I (c1 , c2 ) = A?K=?E @A AIJ= ?EH?K BAHA ?E= AI (x c1 )2 + (y c2 )2 = R2 GKA = JA AH ? = ?KHL= @=@= A A FK J x A EI L= H @A = y (x) y (x) O @A = y (x) AI @A?EH K ? J=?J @A JAH?AH CH=@ HAIK J= GKA =I ? H@A =@=I @A ?A JH @A ?KHL=JKH= O @A H=@E @A ?KHL=JKH= I

c1 = x
A F=H= JHE?=I

1 + y (x) y (x), y (x)

c2 = y (x) +

1 + y (x) , y (x)

R=

(1 + y (x) )3/2 1 = . y (x)

c1 = x(t)

(x (t) + y (t) )y (t) (x (t) + y (t) )x (t) (x (t) + y (t) )3/2 , c2 = y (t) + , R= . y (t)x (t) y (t)x (t) y (t)x (t) y (t)x (t) y (t)x (t) y (t)x (t)
AJH LEA A

= HA?J= J= CA JA = K = ?KHL= @=@= r (t) A K FK J t0 O F=H= AJHE = F H A F=H @=@= F H r (, t0 ) = r (t0 ) + t(t0 )

- F= I?K =@ H = K = ?KHL= @=@= r(t) A K FK J t0 AI A GKA ? JEA A = I LA?J HAI t O n ? JEA A = = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= I?K =JHE AI HJ C = = b O IE p (X, Y, Z ) AI K FK J ?K= GKEAH= @A AIJA F = IK A?K=?E ?=HJAIE= = LA @H @=@= F H

(p r (t0 )) b(t0 ) = 0.
- F= H = = K = ?KHL= @=@= r(t) A K FK J t0 AI A GKA ? JEA A = I LA?J HAI n O b O F H J= J AI HJ C = = t O IE p AI K FK J ?K= GKEAH= @A AIJA F = IK A?K=?E LA @H @=@= F H (p r (t0 )) t(t0 ) = 0. - F= HA?JE ?= JA = K = ?KHL= @=@= r(t) A K FK J t0 AI A GKA ? O F H J= J AI HJ C = = n O IE p AI K FK J ?K= GKEAH= @A AIJA F = F H (p r (t0 )) n(t0 ) = 0. JEA A = I LA?J HAI t O b IK A?K=?E LA @H @=@=

4AFHAIA J=?E

5A JH=J= @A LAH ? IA ? F HJ= K = ?KHL= A =I FH NE E@=@AI @A K FK J AI @A?EH F=H= L= HAI FAGKA I @A F=H AJH + A FK J AI =H>EJH=HE J = I s = 0 O @AI=HH = I r (s) = HA@A@ H @A AIA FK J J = @ ? A AI ? H@A =@ I e1 = t e2 = n O e3 = b - J ?AI

?=

E?= @A K = ?KHL=

(0)s + r (0) r (s) = r (0) + r

GKA ?

s3 s2 + r (0) + , 2! 3!

(s) = n r (s) = = 2 t + r n + n n + b r (0) = 0, (0) = e1 , r (0) = (0)e2 , r r (0) = 2 (0)e1 + (0)e2 + (0) (0)e3 , 1 (0) (0)s3 + o(s3 ). 6

AI @A?EH

1 x(s) = s (0)2 s3 + o(s3 ), 6

y ( s) =

1 1 (0)s2 + (0)s3 + o(s3 ), 2 6

z ( s) =

# ) H@A I >= F=H= JHE?=I

+)2 67

& +748)5 -

, 5 ; 64-5 ,1 - 51 JEA A F H A?K=?E

-5 AI

= B H = @A K = ?KHL= A A A J H

@A ?K= GKEAH FK J

1 2 1 s , z = s3 , 2 6 F H GKA F=H= L= HAI FAGKA I @A s = FH OA??E @A = ?KHL= I >HA A F = F=H > = y = x2 /2 I >HA A F = HA?JE ?= JA XZ = ? >E?= z = x3 /6 O = H = Y Z AI = ?EI E@A z 2 2 2 y 3 /9 = 0 x = s, y=

I?K =@ H XY AI = A JA I >HA A F =

#

2H > A =I
&  ,A
IJH=H GKA IE u(t) O v (t) I BK ?E AI LA?J HE= AI @A = L=HE=> A HA= t IA ?K F A

d du dv (u v ) = v+u , dt dt dt d du dv (u v ) = v+u , dt dt dt du d|u| 1 du2 u = |u| = . dt dt 2 dt

&

8AHE ?=H GKA = ?=H@E E@A x() = cos (2 cos + 1) y () = sin (2 cos + 1) 0 2 AI K = ?KHL= HACK =H 2 IAA FK J I JEF AI += ?K =H IK ?KHL=JKH=

& ! 0= =H =

CEJK@ @A K =H? @A AFE?E? E@A ? ?KHL= += ?K =H IK ?KHL=JKH=

BK ?E

@A F=H

AJH =

=HC @A =

x() = (r0 + r) cos r cos

r0 + r , r

y () = (r0 + r) sin r sin

r0 + r . r

&"

= =IJAH E@A x() = cos3 () y () = sin3 () 0 2 AI K = ?KHL= HACK =H += ?K =H IK ?KHL=JKH=

& # ,A GK

H@A AI A ? J=?J A A FK J (0, 1) A JHA = ?=JA =HE= y = cosh x O = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= x2 + (y 2)2 = 1 + F=H=H AIJ= ?EH?K BAHA ?E= ? IK ?EH?K BAHA ?E= I?K =JHE A AIA FK J

& $ 2=H= AJHE =H = AIFEH=

@A =H?

C=H J E?= r(t) = (et cos t)e1 + (et sin t)e2 A J H E I @A =

CEJK@

& % ,A IJH=H GKA IE K = ?KHL= F = = LEA A @=@= A =I B H =I  E F ?EJ= F (x, y ) = 0   ANF ?EJ= y = f (x) ! F=H= JHE?= x = x(t) y = y (t) O " A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI r = r() = ANFHAIE @A = ?KHL=JKH= AI HAIFA?JEL= A JA
Fxx Fyx Fx
2

Fxy Fyy Fy

Fx Fy 0
2 3 /2 )

(Fx + Fy

f , (1 + f 2 )3/2

x y x y = , 2 (x + y 2 )3/2

r2 + 2r 2 rr . (r2 + r 2 )3/2

& & += ?K =H = A?K=?E

@A = HA?J= J= CA JA HA?J= r () = a cos e1 + b sin e2 A A FK J = /6

H = O ?EH?K BAHA ?E= I?K =JHE = = A EFIA CEJK@ ? IJ= JA l ?KO I ANJHA I IA

& ' += ?K =H = A L LA JA @A K IAC A J LE AB @A =F O= A I A AI ? H@A =@ I 5 x2/3 + y 2/3 = l2/3 &  ,=@= = AIFEH=
F=H

C=H J E?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI r = ca GK ? @E?E AJH a F=H= GKA = AL KJ= ? E ?E@= ? = FH FE= ?KHL= 5 ln a = a/2

@A>A LAHE ?=H A

&  += ?K =H = AL KJ= @A =I IECKEA JAI ?KHL=I = 2=H > = y 2 = 4px > - EFIA x2 /a2 + y 2 /b2 = 1 ? +E? E@A r () = a( sin )e1 + a(1 cos )e2
y = x/ 3
IE CK =HAI ?K =H = A L LA JA @A = B= E E= @A ?EH?K BAHA ?E=I (x 2a)2 + y 2 = a2 5 &  += =I HA?J=I 2 IAA FK J I

& ! += ?K =H = ?KHL=JKH= @A = ?EI E@A x(t) = t2 y (t) = t3 A ?K= GKEAH FK J

5

= 6/t(4 + 9t2 )3/2 - t = 0 AI K FK J IE CK =H

& " 0= =H =I A?K=?E AI @A = HA?J= J= CA JA O @A F = H = = = ?KHL= r (t) = (1 + t)e1 t2 e2 + (1 + t3 )e3 A t = 1 ,AJAH E =H =I EI = ?KHL=JKH= O J HIE A @E?D FK J

+)2 67

& +748)5 -

, 5 ; 64-5 ,1 - 51  AJH AI =

-5

& # - ? JH=H = ?KHL=JKH= @A = ?KHL= y = x4 A A FK J (0, 0) 5 & $ ,A

@A =H?

IJH=H GKA IE JA A I @=@= = A?K=?E @A K = ?KHL= r (s) ?KO F=H O J= GKA r (n) = dn r /dsn A J ?AI IA ?K F A

CEJK@

r (1) r (2) = 0,

r (2) r (2) = 2 ,

r (1) r (3) = 2 ,
F IAA J HIE

r (2) r (3) = ,
A J

r (3) r (3) = 4 + 2 2 + 2.

& % ,A
 ? K A?K=?E

IJH=H GKA IE K = ?KHL= =I I J=?E =I ?

?AI IA JH=J= @A K = ?KHL= F = =

& & 5E F H =

[a, b, c] GKAHA I HAFHAIA J=H A L= H @A K @AJAH E = JA 3 3 ?KO=I =I ,r , r ] F A JAI @A I ! LA?J HAI a b O c A J ?AI @A IJH=H GKA 2 = [r
EI =I

& ' ,A EH A JHEA@H E JH IA? = = ?KHL= r(t) = (3t t3 )e1 + 3t2 e2 + (3t + t3 )e3 =I ?
AI @A .HA AJ 5AHHAJ @A

&  2H >=H GKA =I A?K=?E AI @A .HA AJ 5AHHAJ IA FKA@A AI?HE>EH ?

1 = v1 , v
F=H= K ?EAHJ LA?J H @A FK J ,AJAH E =H

2 = v2 , v

3 = v3 , v
A=

= =@ LA?J H @A ,=H> KN GKA HAFHAIA J= = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H E IJ= J

&  ,AJAH E =H = ?KHL= @A A?K=?E AI E JH IA?=I k(s) = (1/2as)1/2 (s) = 0 a > 0 s > 0 & 5A @A K = @EHA??E
C=H J E?= A K = D E?A ? =GKA = ?KHL= ?KO LA?J H J= CA JA B H = K CK ? IJ= JA ? = @A AIF=?E ,A IJH=H GKA F=H= J @= D E?A = HA =?E / = ? IJ= JA

& ! ,AJAH E =H GKA = ?KHL= @A A?K=?E AI E JH IA?=I k(s) = (1/s) (s) = 0 s > 0 AI K = AIFEH= & " ,A & # ,A
IJH=H GKA I LA?J HAI J= CA JAI = = ?KHL= r (t) = ate1 + bt2 e2 + t3 e3 IEA @ 2b2 = 3a CK ? IJ= JA ? A LA?J H a = e1 + e3 3K CK IJH=H GKA =I @ I A=I IECKEA JAI

B H = K

(a)

x2 = 3y, 2xy = 9z,

(b) x = 2t, y = ln t, z = t2 ,

I D E?AI - A ?=I > FH >=H GKA =@A I = D E?A AIJ I >HA K ?E E @H ?KO=I CA AH=JHE?AI I F=H= A =I = K LA?J H @A ? IA I @EHA?J HAI FH F H?E = AI = (0, 1, 1) CA AH= E =@=

& $ 3K ? @E?E AI @A>A I=JEIB=?AH = ?KHL= x = at y = bt2 z = ct3 F=H= GKA IA= K = D E?A
(s) @A K = D E?A @A IA??E
?EH?K =H A ? JH=H IKI

& % + ?E@= = ?KHL=JKH= (s) O = J HIE A?K=?E AI F=H= JHE?=I & & ,A
A J

IJH=H GKA IE K = ?KHL= @A J HIE @EIJE J= @A ?AH AIJ I >HA K = AIBAH= @A H=@E a ?AI IA ?K F A 2 2 1 + = a2 . 2

= J HIE IA >JEA A = F=HJEH @A FH @K?J (r r ) r @A IJH=H GKA K = F=HJ ?K = & ' + FK JK= IE AIJHK?JKH= I AJE@= = BKAH =I ?A JH= AI IECKA A?AI=HE= A JA K = JH=OA?J HE= @A J HIE K = AI @A?EH K = JH=OA?J HE= F = = + AI = JH=OA?J HE= IE = BKAH = @AFA @A J= >E @A = LA ?E@=@ 5KF AH K J H E @A = B H = h(r)v A = @EHA??E @A v O A JH ?=I JH J H E FAHFA @E?K =H = v @A = B H = k(r) v 

& ! - ? JH=H = A?K=?E

IE = ; A @ I @E A IE

@EBAHA ?E= I CA AH= GKA I=JEIB=?A K = ?KHL= A A AIF=?E JHE@E A AI - ? JH=H =I ?KHL=I F = =I @A @A ?KHL=JKH= ? IJ= JA = 0

#!

& ! ,A

IJH=H GKA IE K = ?KHL= A A AIF=?E JHE@E A IE = LEA A ANFHAI=@= A B H = F=H= x = x(t) y = y (t) z = z (t) = ANFHAIE @A = ?KHL=JKH= O @A = J HIE AI

JHE?=

r 2r

(r r )2

|r |3

1 ,

2 (r r ) r . |r |6

& ! ,=@= = ?KHL= A A AIF=?E JHE@E A IE =

r (t) = cos t e1 + sin t e2 + t2 e3 , 2

IA FE@A  ,AJAH E =H = A?K=?E ?=HJAIE= = @A = ?KHL=  ,AJAH E =H I LA?J HAI K E@=@ J= CA JA H = FHE ?EF= O >E H = A ?K= GKEAH FK J @A = ?KHL= -IJ IEA FHA @A E@ I ! += ?K =H = ?KHL=JKH= O = J HIE A ?K= GKEAH FK J , @A AI = ?KHL=JKH= NE = , @A IA = K = = J HIE +K J L= A A H=@E @A = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= I?K =JHE A A FK J A GKA IA = K = = J HIE " - ? JH=H = A?K=?E F=H= JHE?= O ?=HJAIE= = @A = HA?J= J= CA JA = = ?KHL= A A FK J t = /2 # -NFHAI=H = A?K=?E ?=HJAIE= = @A = B= E E= @A F = I H = AI = = ?KHL= -N= A K E 

& !! - ? JH=H = ?KHL=JKH= @A = A EFIA x(t) = a cos t y (t) = b sin t F=H= J @ t [0, 2 ] O a = b - ? JH=H I FK J I A I GKA = ?KHL=JKH= AI NE = E = +K J L= A = ?KHL=JKH= NE = -N= A 5AFJEA >HA  & !" ,A
IJH=H GKA IE = A?K=?E @A K = A EFIA IA AI?HE>A A B H = F =H r = p/(1+ e cos ) A J = ?KHL=JKH= A I >IE@AI L HJE?AI @A ?KHL=JKH= NE = L= A = 1/p ?AI

& !# - ? JH=H =I A?K=?E AI E JH IA?=I @A =I ?KHL=I

(a) x(t) = a cosh t, (b) x(t) = ct, y (t) = a sinh t, z (t) = at, y (t) = 2c ln t, z (t) = c/t,

& !$ ,=@= = ?KHL= A A AIF=?E JHE@E A IE =

r (t) = 4 cos t e1 + 3t e2 4 sin t e3 ,
IA FE@A  - ? JH=H = A?K=?E ?=HJAIE= = @A = ?KHL= H = A ?K= GKEAH FK J @A ,AJAH E =H I LA?J HAI K E@=@ J= CA JA H = FHE ?EF= O >E = ?KHL= +K AI I AIJ I LA?J HAI A A FK J t = ! ,AJAH E =H A F = " ,AJAH E =H = I?K =@ H A A FK J t = /2 CEJK@ @A = ?KHL= A JHA I FK J I t1 = /2 O t2 = 5/2

# += ?K =H = ?KHL=JKH= O = J HIE $ ,AJAH E =H = A?K=?E H = AI FHE ?EF= AI -N= A K E ! F=H=

A ?K= GKEAH FK J JHE?= @A = IKFAH ?EA ? IJHKE@= = F=HJEH @A = ?KHL= O IKI HA?J=I

= += ?K =H = J= CA JA H = >E H = = ?KHL=JKH= O = J HIE A ?=@= FK J > -I = ?KHL= F = = - ?=I = H =JEL D= =H = A?K=?E @A F = GKA = ? JEA A ? ,A GK ?KHL= IA JH=J= -N= A K E "

3 & !% 5A= r(t) = ?KHL= F=H= AJHE =@= r(t) = 4 5 cos ti + (1 sin t)j 5 cos tk

#"

+)2 67 = ?KHL= F = =

& +748)5 -

, 5 ; 64-5 ,1 - 51

-5

& !&

r (t) te1 + cosh te2 ,

DE ? C=@=

HA?E>A A >HA @A ?=JA =HE= FKAI ? HHAIF @A = = CKH= GKA =@ FJ= K = ?=@A = @A IKI ANJHA I O >= = =??E @A ?= F CH=LEJ=J HE += ?K =H = - LA?J H K E@=@ J= CA JA O A LA?J H H = FHE ?EF= > 5K ?KHL=JKH= ? , @A AI IK ?KHL=JKH= NE = @ 5K AL KJ= -N= A 5AFJEA >HA "

& !' ,=@= = ?KHL= A R3

1 1 r (t) = (1 + t)e1 + (1 t3 )e2 + t2 e3 3 2
,AJAH E =H = I LA?J HAI K E@=@ J= CA JA H = FHE?EF= O >E H = A ?K= GKEAH FK J @A = ?KHL= > += ?K =H = ?KHL=JKH= O = J HIE A A FK J t = 2 ? += ?K =H = HA?J= J= CA JA A A FK J t = 3 O @AJAH E =H A FK J @A ? HJA @A AIJ= HA?J= ? A F = XOY @ += ?K =H = CEJK@ @A = ?KHL= @AI@A A FK J GKA AIJ IEJK=@ A A F = XOY D=IJ= A FK J A GKA = ?KHL= ? HJ= = F = z = 8 A - ? JH=H = A?K=?E ?=HJAIE= = @A = ?KHL= B - ? JH=H = A?K=?E @A F = I?K =@ H A A FK J t = 0 -N= A K E $

& " ,=@= = ?KHL= A R3

r (t) = (3t t3 )e1 + 3t2 e2 + (3t + t3 )e3 ,
IA FE@A = += ?K =H I LA?J HAI K E@=@ @A JHEA@H @A .HA AJ 5AHHAJ A ?=@= FK J > += ?K =H IK ?KHL=JKH= O J HIE A ?=@= FK J ? += ?K =H IK AL KJ=  = ?KHL= @A IKI ?A JH I @A ?KHL=JKH= @ - F = I?K =@ H A A FK J t = 2 -N= A 5AFJEA >HA $

& " ,=@= = ?KHL= A R3

r (t) = (3t t3 )e1 + 3t2 e2 + (3t + t3 )e3 ,
@AJAH E =H = I LA?J HAI K E@=@ @A JHEA@H @A .HA AJ 5AHHAJ A ?=@= FK J > = ?KHL=JKH= O = J HIE A ?=@= FK J ? = A?K=?E ?=HJAIE= = @A = HA?J= J= CA JA A A FK J t = 3 @ I FK J I @A ? HJA ? A F = x + y + z = 0 A = CEJK@ @A = ?KHL= A JHA AI I FK J I @A ? HJA B - F = H = A A FK J t = 1 -N= A K E %

+=F JK

'

5KFAH ?EAI A JHAI @E A IE

AI

7 = IKFAH ?EA IA @E?A GKA AI HACK =H IE F IAA F = J= CA JA A ?=@= FK J 8EA A ?=H=?JAHE =@= @A B H = E F ?EJ= F H K = BK ?E @AHEL=> A F (x, y, z ) = 0 @A J= = AH= GKA IE F @A I @AIFA =H = L=HE=> A z = f (x, y ) IA I @A A = A?K=?E ?=HJAIE= = @A = IKFAH ?EA ,A B H = F=H= JHE?= LEA A ?=H=?JAHE =@= F H = BK ?E LA?J HE=

r (u, v ) = x1 (u, v )e1 + x2 (u, v )e2 + x3 (u, v )e3 x(u, v )i + y (u, v )j + z (u, v )k,
@AFA @EA JA @A @ I F=H AJH I HA= AI u O v = A E E =?E @A I F=H AJH I u O v A JHA =I JHAI BK ?E AI x = x(u, v ) y = y (u, v ) O z = z (u, v ) I @=H = A?K=?E ?=HJAIE= = 5E = = I r u r /u r v r /v A ?=@= FK J @A = IKFAH ?EA @A A K LA?J H J= CA JA = K = ?KHL= v =?JA O u =?JA HAIFA?JEL= A JA ? JA E@= A = IKFAH ?EA = ANEIJA ?E= @A F = J= CA JA E F E?= GKA r u O r v I ? E A= AI O GKA A JHA = > I @A A A F = J= CA JA ?KO= H = JEA A = @EHA??E @A LA?J H r u r v ,A E@ A LA?J H K EJ=HE H = = = IKFAH ?EA A ?=@= FK J n(u, v ) = r u r v /|r u r v | A F = J= CA JA = = IKFAH ?EA A K ?EAHJ FK J r 0 LEA A @=@ F H A LA?J H @A F IE?E T (X, Y, Z ) J= GKA n0 (T r 0 ) = 0 = HA?J= H = = = IKFAH ?EA A AIA FK J F H A LA?J H N () = r 0 + n0 =I HA?J=I J= CA JAI = K = ?KHL= C CA AH= K = IKFAH ?EA GKA IA @A E = IKFAH ?EA J= CA JA @A C + AI K = IKFAH ?EA ? IJHKE@= = F=HJEH @A HA?J=I IA @A E = IKFAH ?EA HAC =@= 7 = ?KHL= @A AIJ= IKFAH ?EA GKA ? HJA FAHFA @E?K =H A JA = =I HA?J=I J= CA JAI HA?E>A A >HA @A E L KJ= @A C JH=I IKFAH ?EAI HAC =@=I I =I GKA CA AH= =I HA?J=I H = AI O >E H = AI = K = ?KHL= @=@= = IKFAH ?EA GKA CA AH= =I J= CA JAI AI K = IKFAH ?EA HAC =@= @AI=HH => A A J= J GKA =I GKA CA AH= =I H = AI O >E H = AI I = A JA I @AI=HH => AI A A ?=I @A ?KHL=I F = =I

2HE AH= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

5A @A E = =I = = B H = @A @AI=HH =H I >HA = IKFAH ?EA K = CA @A EH A A A J H @A ?=@= FK J K = B H = @A A@EH CEJK@AI CK I @E>K =H A A A J H @A ?=@= FK J CKH=I CA JHE?=I A A A J= AI ? ? H?K I AJ? O AIJ=> A?AH HA =?E AI A JHA A =I 5E r (u1 , u2 ) AI = A?K=?E F=H= JHE?= @A K = IKFAH ?EA O = = I r i JHE? A@E= JA gij = ri rj = gji - A A A J @A =H? @A K = ?KHL= ?

AJH = ?= IKI?AFJE> A @A IKFAH ?EAI O F H J= J JHE CK I ?K=@H=@ I

r ui IA @A A A JA I H JA E@= A = IKFAH ?EA AI

ds = |dr | = |r 1 du1 + r 2 du2 | =

O IE = ?KHL= LEA A F=H= AJHE =@= A J H E

2 g11 du2 1 + 2g12 du1 du2 + g22 du2 ,

I @A K F=H

AJH t

A@E= JA {u1 (t), u2 (t)}

ds =
F H GKA = CEJK@ @A K = ?KHL= ?
t2 t2

g11 u1 2 + 2g12 u1 u2 + g22 u2 2 dt,

JA E@= A K = IKFAH ?EA IA ?= ?K = A@E= JA

l=
t1

ds =
t1

g11 (t)u1 2 (t) + 2g12 (t)u1 (t)u2 (t) + g22 (t)u2 2 (t) dt.
##

#$

+)2 67

' 572-4.1+1-5 -

64-5 ,1 - 51

-5

I ? A ?EA JAI @A = JHE?= I I ? A ?EA JAI @A = FHE AH= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J= + ?E@= = JHE?= AI @A?EH =I JHAI BK ?E AI gij (u1 , u2 ) F @A I F H J= J A@EH @EIJ= ?E=I I >HA = IKFAH ?EA O J= >E CK I A JHA ?KHL=I FKAI IE dr = r 1 du1 + r 2 du2 O dr = r 1 dv1 + r 2 dv2 I @ I =H? I E EJAIE = AI =I ?E=@ I = @ I ?KHL=I GKA F=I= F H A EI FK J A ? IA @A CK GKA B H = IA >JEA A @A

cos =

g11 du1 dv1 + g12 du1 dv2 + g21 du2 dv1 + g22 du2 dv2 g11 du2 1 + 2g12 du1 du2 + g22 du2 2
2 + 2g dv dv + g dv 2 g11 dv1 12 1 2 22 2

2AH IE F @A I A@EH HA= IA ANFHAI= A BK ?E

CEJK@AI I >HA = IKFAH ?EA J= >E @A I ? A ?EA JAI gij A@E= JA

F @HA

A@EH HA=I - A A A J @A

dA =

2 du du . g11 g22 g12 1 2

2 @ @A A H=@E?= @ g11 g22 g12 = |r 1 r 2 |2 > 0 AIJ IEA FHA @A E@ A K = IKFAH ?EA HACK =H A ?=I @A F = AK? @A = B H = @A A@EH @EIJ= ?E=I CK I O HA=I AI J= >E = EI = I GKA A ?=@= FK J I ? A ?EA JAI g11 = 1 g12 = g21 = 0 O g22 = 1 I IEA FHA I EI I O =I

ds =

dx2 + dy 2 ,

dA = dxdy

2 @A I ? IE@AH=H = JA I H JHE? gij ? K = =JHE 2 2 IE JHE?= gij = gji O @A E@= F IEJEL= g det gij > 0 F H GKA FKA@A @E=C = E =HIA O IKI L= HAI FH FE I I AH I HA= AI F IEJEL I = @E=C = E =?E @A = =JHE gij A ?=@= FK J AI AGKEL= A JA = KI=H I >HA = IKFAH ?EA K = F=H= AJHE =?E J= GKA =I A=I u = ?JA O v = ?JA I HJ C = AI A ?=@= FK J - CA AH= AIJ IA F @H D=?AH @A B H = ?= FAH IEA FHA ANEIJEH F=H= K = IKFAH ?EA K = F=H= AJHE =?E C >= GKA E F EGKA GKA AIJ IA ?K F A A J @ I I FK J I ? ?KHHA F=H= A F = AK? @A O A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I
5E ? IE@AH= I K = AIBAH= O F=H= AJHE = I J @ FK J @A = AIBAH= F H A CK ?A EJ= /2 /2 GKA ?=H=?JAHE = = ?=@= F=H= A O F H A =?E KJ= 0 2 GKA I @A A = I @EIJE J I AHE@E= I LA I GKA =I A=I = ?JA O = ?JA IA ? HJ= @A B H = FAHFA @E?K =H A ?=@= FK J F H GKA g = 1 g = 0 g = 1 I= L A I F I = /2 FAH =H>EJH=HE A GKA ? AIJ=

F=H= AJHE =?E J @ I I FK J I AIJ K L ?= A JA @A E@ I I F I =K GKA ANEIJA A F = J= CA JA FKAIJ GKA = IKFAH ?EA AI HACK =H IE A >=HC IA FKA@A @A EH I LA?J HAI J= CA JAI = =I A=I ? H@A =@=I O= GKA F=I= F H A I E EJ=I A=I = ?JA

5ACK @= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

5A @A E = =I = K = B H = @A A@EH ?= A JA A ?=@= FK J @A K = IKFAH ?EA ? ?AFJ I ? A @A ?KHL=JKH= @A = IKFAH ?EA ?KHL=JKH=I @A IKI IA??E AI H = AI AJ? AI @A?EH A I=>AH @AI@A A FK J @A LEIJ= ?= ?K J IA =F=HJ= = IKFAH ?EA ? HAIFA?J = IK F = J= CA JA A =I @EBAHA JAI @EHA??E AI ) = E?A I A ? F HJ= EA J @A K = IKFAH ?EA A K FK J ? HAIFA?J = IK F = J= CA JA 5A= r1 r2 n(u1 , u2 ) = |r 1 r 2 | A LA?J H K E@=@ FAHFA @E?K =H = F = D=IJ= J H E I @A IACK @ H@A J= CA JA 5E @AI=HH = I r (u + du, v + dv ) A IAHEA @A 6=O H

r (u + du, v + dv ) = r (u, v ) + r u du + r v dv +
F H GKA = H@A I >=

1 r uu (du2 ) + 2r uv dudv + r vv (dv 2 ) + , 2!

(r (u + du, v + dv ) r (u, v )) n =

1 Luu (du2 ) + 2Luv dudv + Lvv (dv 2 ) 2!

GKA HA?E>A A >HA @A IACK @= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J= O GKA HAFHAIA J= = @AILE=?E H = @A = IKFAH ?EA HAIFA?J @A F = J= CA JA I ? A ?EA JAI Lij = r ij n GKA E L K?H= D=IJ= =I IACK @=I @AHEL=@=I @A r @= ?KA J= @A = ?KHL=JKH= @A = IKFAH ?EA = IKFAH ?EA z = L11 x2 + 2L12 xy + L22 y 2 HA?E>A A >HA @A F=H=> E@A I?K =@ H = = IKFAH ?EA A A FK J @=@ 5E L11 L22 L2 > 0 IA JH=J= @A K F=H=> E@A A FJE? O IA @E?A GKA A FK J AI A FJE? 5E 12

#%

L11 L22 L2 ?AI AI K F=H=> E@A DEFAH> E? O IA @E?A GKA A FK J AI DEFAH> E? 5E 12 < 0 A J L11 L22 L2 = 0 FAH J @ I I Lij I K I A J ?AI = IKFAH ?EA I?K =JHE AI K ?E E @H 12 F=H=> E? O A FK J IA @E?A GKA AI F=H=> E? .E = A JA IE J @ I I Lij = 0 = IKFAH ?EA JEA A ?KHL=JKH= A AIA FK J O IA @E?A GKA A FK J AI F =

+KHL=JKH=
5A @A

E = = = FH OA??E

H = @A K = ?KHL= I >HA = IKFAH ?EA

@A = ?KHL= @A = ? HHAIF I >HA n @A LA?J H t

@EA JA IA??E

H = ' 

n= n = t
- ABA?J J= CA JA

Luu (du/dt)2 + 2Luv (du/dt)(dv/dt) + Lvv (dv/dt)2 . guu (du/dt)2 + 2guv (du/dt)(dv/dt) + gvv (dv/dt)2
I >HA = IKFAH ?EA @= @
r dt2 = t ds dt
2

=@= K = @EHA??E

I L= HAI @A du O dv HAIK J= GKA A LA?J H

d2 s 2 dt = r uu du2 +2r uv dudv + r vv dv 2 , dt2

r dt = r u du + r v dv = r

ds ds dt = t dt, dt dt

dt2 + t

O = FH OA?J=H I >HA A LA?J H

H = = = IKFAH ?EA @=@ GKA t n = 0

>JA A

I ' 

+ A A A J H @A K FK J = IKFAH ?EA IA ? F HJ= = H@A I >= ? K F=H=> E@A A FJE? DEFAH> E?  ? K ?E E @H >EA ? K F= @AFA @EA @ @A = @EHA??E u v = ?KHL=JKH= H = IA AI?HE>A ? du = cos O dv = sin

4=@E I @A ?KHL=JKH= O @EHA??E

AI FHE ?EF= AI

n = Luu cos2 + 2Luv cos sin + Lvv sin2 ,

O D=?EA @ |n | = 1/r2 x = r cos y = r sin HAIK J= = ? E?= Luu x2 + 2Luv xy + Lvv y 2 = 1 @A E =@= E @E?=JHE @A ,KFE ?KO I A AI @AJAH E = =I @EHA??E AI @A ?KHL=JKH= NE = O E = O ?KO= @EIJ= ?E= = HECA @A FK J (x, y ) AI A E LAHI @A = H=E ?K=@H=@= @A |n | ) I H=@E I @A ?KHL=JKH= IAC AI=I @ I @EHA??E AI FHE ?EF= AI I HAFHAIA J= I F H R1 O R2 O = IKI E LAHI I IA AI @A E = ?KHL=JKH=I FHE ?EF= AI 5E R1 = R2 A FK J IA = = ? ? E? K >E E?= 5E R1 O R2 JEA A A EI IEC A FK J IA = = A FJE? 5E R1 O R2 JEA A IEC FKAIJ A FK J IA = = DEFAH> E? 5E R1 R2 AI E EJ A FK J IA = = F=H=> E? 5E AIJ=> A?A I GKA '  IA= NE E ? BK ?E @A = @EHA??E AIJ AI @A du O dv AIJ I L= HAI @A = ?KHL=JKH= HA?E>A A >HA @A ?KHL=JKH=I FHE ?EF= AI =I ?KHL=JKH=I FHE ?EF= AI I=JEIB=?A = A?K=?E
2 (g11 g22 g12 )2 (g11 L22 + g22 L11 2g12 L12 ) + (L11 L22 L2 12 ) = 0,

' 

GKA @ELE@EA @ F H A FHE AH ? A ?EA JA IA F

A? ' !
H = (du, dv ) AI BK ?E @A AIJ=

2 2H + K = 0.
- ABA?J @EHA??E + =@= K = @EHA??E I >HA = IKFAH ?EA = ?KHL=JKH= =@A I I=JEIB=?A '  GKA = HAAI?HE>E I ?

(du, dv )(guu du2 + 2guv dudv + gvv dv 2 ) (Luu du2 + 2Luv dudv + Lvv dv 2 ) = 0,

@AHEL= @ AIJ= ANFHAIE ? HAIFA?J @A du O dv A ECK= = @ = ?AH I=>EA @ GKA A =I @EHA??E AI A GKA AI NE = E = =I @AHEL=@=I @A IA @A>A = K =H HAIK J= K IEIJA = @A @ I A?K=?E AI F=H= @AJAH E =H =I @EHA??E AI A GKA AIJ=I ?KHL=JKH=I I NE =I E =I
(Luu guu )du + (Luv guv )dv = 0, (Luv guv )du + (Lvv gvv )dv = 0,

' "

GKA AI K IEIJA = E A= = K =H GKA ? @K?A 1 O 2 5KIJEJKE@ I AI IA??E AI H = AI JEA I HJ C = AI

D C A A =I E ? C EJ=I du O dv ?KO @AJAH E = JA @A =I E ? C EJ=I IA @A>A = '  =I @ I I K?E AI F=H= ? HHAIF @A = I L= HAI NE O E I L= HAI A ' " IA >JA @H =I @EHA??E AI (du, dv ) A GKA =I ? HHAIF @EA JAI A AI=I ?KHL=JKH=I - HAIK J=@ CA AH= AI GKA AIJ=I @ I @EHA??E AI FHE ?EF= AI

+ I ? A ?EA JAI @A = FHE AH= O IACK @= B H =I ?K=@HJE?=I BK @= A J= AI JAH IJE?=I @A = ?KHL=JKH= A ?=@= FK J @A K = IKFAH ?EA

>JA A

I @ I ?=H=?

+KHL=JKH=

A@E=

H=

1 2

g11 L22 + g22 L11 2g12 L12 2 g11 g22 g12

1 2

1 1 + R1 R2

1 (1 + 2 ). 2

' #

#&

+)2 67

' 572-4.1+1-5 -

64-5 ,1 - 51

-5

+KHL=JKH= @A /=KII
K=

L11 L22 L2 1 12 = = 1 2 . 2 g11 g22 g12 R1 R2

' $

7 = IKFAH ?EA HAC =@= AI @AI=HH => A IE IA FKA@A @AI=HH =H I >HA K F = ? AI A ?=I @A ?E E @H O @A ? = ? @E?E A?AI=HE= F=H= GKA K = IKFAH ?EA IA= @AI=HH => A AI GKA = ?KHL=JKH= @A /=KII K = 0 =I A?K=?E AI BK @= A J= AI @A = JA H = @A IKFAH ?EAI I =I GKA AIJ=> A?A ? ?= >E= F H K E@=@ @A ?=@= K @A I F=H AJH I I LA?J HAI J= CA JAI r 1 O r 2 O A LA?J H H = n + r1 O r2 I ? E A= AI O n AI HJ C = = A I A J ?AI AIJ=I @AHEL=@=I GKA@= ANFHAI=@=I A J H E I @A AIJ I JHAI LA?J HAI 4A?E>A A >HA @A A?K=?E AI @A /=KII 9AE C=HJA O I

r ij

ri = k ij r k + Lij n, uj

ni

n = Li k r k , ui
JHE?= gij

@ @A I ? A ?EA JAI k ij O Li k IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H AN? KIEL= A JA A J H E I @A = O @A IKI FHE AH=I @AHEL=@=I O @A I ? A ?EA JAI Lij @A = IACK @= B H = BK @= A J= j + ?E@ gij IA ?= ?K = g jk J= GKA g jk gki = i

g 11 =

g22 2 , g11 g22 g12 1 kl g 2

g 12 = g 21 =

g12 2 , g11 g22 g12 ,

g 22 =

g11 2 . g11 g22 g12 Li k = g kj Lij .

k ij = g kl r ij r l =

gil glj gij + j i u u ul

A?

Lij = r ij n,

- JA I H @A ?KHL=JKH= @A = IKFAH ?EA IA @A

Rijkl = Lik Ljl Lil Ljk ,

= ?KHL=JKH=

Ri jkl = g im Rmjkl .

A@E= IA HAAI?HE>A 2H = g ij Lij O = ?KHL=JKH= @A /=KII K = L1 1 L2 2 L1 2 L2 1

/A @ IE?=I I >HA K = IKFAH ?EA

?

,=@ I @ I FK J I I >HA K = IKFAH ?EA IA @A A K = A= CA @ IE?= A JHA A I ? = ?KHL= JA E@= A = IKFAH ?EA GKA F IAA = A H CEJK@ -IJ= ?KHL= JEA A = FH FEA@=@ @A GKA IK H = FHE ?EF= AI IEA FHA HJ C = = = IKFAH ?EA O HA? FH ?= A JA 2 H J= J F H J @ FK J @A K = IKFAH ?EA =@= = @EHA??E @A LA?J H J= CA JA F=I= K = O I K = A= CA @ IE?= 5E F=H= AJHE = I = ?KHL= A@E= JA A A A A J @A =H? A J ?AI = CEJK@ A JHA = > I FK J I @A>A IAH E = F H GKA
s1

l=
s0

gij (u1 , u2 )u iu j ds

5E AIJ= E JACH= @A>A IAH E = A ? ?K L=HE=?E = I AL= = GKA =I BK ?E AI u1 (s) O u2 (s) GKA @A A =I A?K=?E AI F=H= JHE?=I @A = ?KHL= I >HA = IKFAH ?EA @A>A I=JEIB=?AH A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI @A IACK @ H@A

d gij u iu j (gik u i + gkj u j ) = 0, uk ds

HAIK J= GKA

O ?

d gik gik = u l, ds ul

u k + k ij u iu j = 0,

k = 1, 2,

? =I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H A s0 O s1 8A I F H A A F GKA IE = JHE?= AI BK ?E @A FK J I ? A ?EA JAI k ij = 0 O =I CA @ IE?=I IA HA@K?A = u1 (s) = as + b u2 (s) = cs + d GKA A E E = @ s A JHA = >=I HAIK J= IAH =I HA?J=I u2 = mu1 + h =I HA?J=I I =I CA @ IE?=I @A F = AK? @A

#'

2H > A =I
'  0= =H = A?K=?E '
@A = IKFAH ?EA J= CA JA = = ?KHL= r (t) = te1 + t2 e2 + t3 e3 J= CA JA = = IKFAH ?EA x = u2 + v 2 y = u3 z = v 3 O GKA IA= x + y z = 8/27 ? IJEJKOA K = B H = ?K=@H JE?= L E@= - ? JH=H = A?K=?E @A F = F=H= A = F = x + y z = 0 5

' ! ,=@=I =I IECKEA JAI B H =I ?K=@H JE?=I @A?EH ?K AI F=H= ?=H=?JAHE =H = K = IKFAH ?EA HACK =H
(a) ds2 = du2 + 4dudv + dv 2 ;

(b) ds2 = du2 + 4dudv + 4dv 2 ; (d) ds2 = du2 + 4dudv 2dv 2 ;

(c) ds2 = du2 4dudv + 6dv 2 ;

' " - ? JH=H =I B H K =I @A JH= IB H =?E @A I ? A ?EA JAI gij @A = FHE AH= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J= ?K= @ IA HA= E = K ?= >E @A F=H= AJHE =?E @A = IKFAH ?EA ,AJAH E =H =I EI 2 dudv ? IA @E ?= A A A A J @A HA= dA = Hdudv = guu gvv guv ' # ,A IJH=H GKA A F = J= CA JA = = IKFAH ?EA f (x az, y bz ) = 0 A ?K= GKEAH FK J F=H= A = K = @EHA??E = ' $ ,A
IJH=H GKA IF= I J= CA JAI = = IKFAH ?EA AI

z = x(y/x)
A ?K= GKEAH FK J F=I= J @ I F H A HECA @A ? JHE?=I H@A =@=I

' % 2H >=H GKA =I A?K=?E AI F=H=

x=a

1 u2 v 2 , 1 + u2 + v 2

y=

2bu , 1 + u2 + v 2

z=

2cv , 1 + u2 + v 2

IA HA@K?A A IK B H = ?=HJAIE= = = =I A?K=?E

AI @A A EFI E@A

x2 y2 z2 + 2 + 2 = 1. 2 a b c

' & 2H >=H GKA =I @ I IKFAH ?EAI x2 + 3y 2 + 2z 2 = 9 x2 + y 2 + z 2 8x 8y 6z + 24 = 0 I

J= CA JAI A JHA I A A FK J (2, 1, 1)

' ' ,=@= = IKFAH ?EA F=H= AJHE =@=

x = u cos v, y = u sin v, z = u, 0 < u < , v (0, 2 ),

= ,A IJH=H GKA IA JH=J= @A K ? ? L HJE?A A    O A IA E CK ? IK A A AI /4 > - ? JH=H A FK J @A ? @ @A A F = J= CA JA AI F=H= A = F = z x = 0 O ?= ?K =H A F = J= CA JA A @E?D FK J ? += ?K =H = ?KHL=JKH= A@E= O ?KHL=JKH= @A /=KII A ?=@= FK J @A = IKFAH ?EA +K AI I =I ?KHL=JKH=I FHE ?EF= AI -N= A 5AFJEA >HA !

'  - ? JH=H = IKFAH ?EA A L LA JA @A = B= E E= @A F = I u3 3u2 x + 3uy z = 0 @ @A

u AI A F=H AJH GKA @AJAH E = ?=@= F = x sin u y cos u + kz au = 0 ? a =?JA
@A = B= E E= EI F=H= = B= E E= @A F =

'  - A A EFI E@A

A ? JH=H IK A?K=?E

x = a sin u cos v,

y = b sin u sin v,

z = c cos u

?=HJAIE= = O =I ?KHL=I ?

H@A =@=I u =?JA O v =?JA IJHKE@= = CEH=H = HA?J= x = 1 z = 2y

'  - ? JH=H = A?K=?E

= HA@A@ H @A A A OZ 5

?=HJAIE= = @A = IKFAH ?EA ? x2 + y 2 z 2 /4 = 1

$

+)2 67

' 572-4.1+1-5 -

64-5 ,1 - 51

-5

' ! - ? JH=H = B= E E= B H =@= F H I F = I HA?JE ?= JAI @A = D E?A

r (t) = a cos te1 + a sin te2 + bte3 .
+= ?K =H = IKFAH ?EA A L LA JA @A = = JAHE H B= E E=

' " ,A

IJH=H GKA

r (u, v ) =

u+v uv e1 + e2 + uv e3 . 2 2

AI K = HAFHAIA J=?E F=H= JHE?= @A F=H=> E@A DEFAH> E? z 2 = x2 y 2 - ? JH=H ? I =I ?KHL=I u =?JA O v =?JA I >HA @E?D= IKFAH ?EA - ? JH=H J= >E =I ?KHL=I @A ? HJA ? F = I F=H= A I = I ? H@A =@ I

' # ,A

IJH=H GKA IE K = ?KHL= AIJ I >HA = IKFAH ?EA @A K = AIBAH= A J

?AI

d ds

= 0. ZY A J
?AI = IKFAH ?EA

' $ ,A

IJH=H GKA IE z = f (y ) AI K = ?KHL= A A F =

r (u, v ) = u cos v e1 + u sin v e2 + f (u) e3 ,

AI = IKFAH ?EA @A HAL K?E GKA CA AH= = ?KHL= z = f (y ) = CEH=H = HA@A@ H @A A A OZ @A K ? @A HAL K?E A A L HJE?A AI @A 30 = HA@A@ H @A A A OX ? L HJE?A A A FK J

' % - ? JH=H = A?K=?E

(a, 0, 0) O ?KO IA E
CK

' & 8AHE ?=H GKA = IKFAH ?EA

r (, ) = (b + a sin ) cos e1 + (b + a sin ) sin e2 + a cos e3 ,
AI K J H @A HAL K?E ) = E =H I F=H AJH I KJE E =@ I += ?K =H A F = J= CA JA O = HA?J= H = = J H A K FK J ?K= GKEAH= - GK FK J I A F = J= CA JA AI F=H= A = F = x 2y + z 3 = 0?

' ' ,=@=I @ I ?EH?K BAHA ?E=I @A H=@E r F=H= A =I O IAF=H=@=I K = @EIJ= ?E= 2h A ? JH=H = A?K=?E F=H= JHE?= O ?=HJAIE= = @A K DEFAH> E@A @A K = D = ? IJHKE@ = K EH ? HA?J=I FK J I @A = >=I ?EH?K BAHA ?E=I @ @A ?=@= FK J @A K = @A =I ?EH?K BAHA ?E=I IA K A ? A ? HHAIF @EA JA @A = JH= GKA IA A ?KA JH= CEH=@ K CK HAIFA?J @A - ? JH=H J= >E = A?K=?E @A AIJ= IKFAH ?EA FAH H J= @ ?EAHJ= HA?J= = HA@A@ H @A A A OZ 3K IK?A@A IE = 0 '  5 >HA K = IKFAH ?EA r(u1 , u2 ) IE = =
gij = r i r j ,A
IJH=H GKA A LA?J H K E@=@ I r i r ui IA @A A A JA I H JHE? H = = = IKFAH ?EA LEA A @=@ F H A@E= JA

n(u1 , u2 ) =

r1 r2
2 g11 g22 g12

O @ @A A = JAHE H @A E =@ H AI FHA?EI= A JA A L= H =>I KJ @A LA?J H GKA =F=HA?A A A 2 du du . ,A K AH=@ H 8AHE ?=H GKA A HA= @A K = IKFAH ?EA AI FHA?EI= A JA A = S g11 g22 g12 1 2 = EI = = AH= A CK GKA B H = I LA?J HAI J= CA JAI r 1 O r 2 AI

cos =

g12 . g11 g22

'  ,A

IJH=H GKA = IKFAH ?EA

r (u, v ) = ue1 + v e2 + (u2 + v 3 )e3 ,

AI A FJE?= IE v > 0 DEFAH> E?= IE v < 0 O F=H=> E?= IE v = 0

'

,A

IJH=H GKA

I FK J I @A = IKFAH ?EA J= CA JA = K = ?KHL= @=@= I

FK J I F=H=> E? I

$

' !

= FHE AH= O IACK @= B H =I ?K=@H JE?=I BK @= A J= AI IA AI?HE>A

I = dr dr ,

II = d2 r n = dr dn.
IJH=H GKA IA

= JAH?AH= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J= IA @A A A@E= JA III = dn dn ,A I=JEIB=?A III 2HII + KI = 0, @ @A H O K I HAIFA?JEL= A JA = ?KHL=JKH= A@E= O ?KHL=JKH= @A /=KII

Y OZ A ? JH=H = IKFAH ?EA @A HAL K?E CA AH=@= F H AIJ= ?KHL= = CEH=H = HA@A@ H @A A A OY - ? JH=H = A?K=?E @A F = J= CA JA = AIJ= IKFAH ?EA A A FK J (11, 3, 0)

' " ,=@= = ?KHL= z = y 2 + 2 A A F =

' # ,A @=@= F H

IJH=H GKA IE K = IKFAH ?EA IA AI?HE>A A

= B H = z = f (x, y ) = ?KHL=JKH= @A /=KII LEA A

K=

2 fxx fyy fxy 2 + f 2 )2 (1 + fx y

' $ ,A

IJH=H GKA IE JA A

I @=@= = IKFAH ?EA @A HAL K?E

= HA@A@ H @A A A OZ

r (t, ) = f (t) cos e1 + f (t) sin e2 + te3 ,

f (t) > 0
IE IA JH=J=

A J ?AI @E?D= IKFA ?EA AI K = IKFAH ?EA F=H=> E?= ?KHL=JKH= @A /=KII K = IE O I @A K ?E E @H ? CA AH=JHE?AI F=H= A =I = OZ >EA @A K ? @A A A OZ

' % 5E JA A

I @=@= K = ?KHL= HACK =H F=H= AJHE =@= F H A =H? s r (s) ? JHKE I I >HA A = K = IKFAH ?EA A B H = @A JK> @A EA @ A A F = H = = = ?KHL= K ? H?K @A H=@E R ?A JH=@ A = ?KHL= 0=?EA @ GKA AIJA ? H?K LE= A ? IK ?A JH = =HC @A = ?KHL= I @= = A?K=?E @A K = IKFAH ?EA JK>K =H @A = B H =

r (s, u) = r (s) + R(v 2 (s) cos u + v 3 (s) sin u),

R > 0,

0 u 2.

@ @A v 2 (s) O v 3 (s) I HAIFA?JEL= A JA A LA?J H H = FHE ?EF= O A LA?J H >E H = @A = ?KHL= A A FK J s 5A FE@A = += ?K =H I LA?J HAI @AHEL=@ I GKA @A A = F = J= CA JA A ?=@= FK J > ,A IJH=H GKA I= L K IEC A LA?J H K E@=@ H = = = IKFAH ?EA A ?=@= FK J n(s, u) JEA A = @EHA??E @A LA?J H K E@=@ u = v 2 (s) cos u + v 3 (s) sin u ? - GK FK J I AI = IKFAH ?EA EHHACK =H @ - A IKFKAIJ @A GKA = ?KHL= r (s) BKAIA F = = A GK FK J I @A = IKFAH ?EA A F = J= CA JA AI F=H= A = F = I?K =@ H @A = ?KHL= -N= A K E #

' &

= IKFAH ?EA ?=JA

E@A LEA A @=@= F H = IECKEA JA F=H= AJHE =?E

r (u, v ) = cosh v cos ue1 + cosh v sin ue2 + v e3 ,

u, v R.

= += ?K =H = ?KHL=JKH= @A /=KII A J @ FK J > += ?K =H = A?K=?E ?=HJAIE= = @A = HA?J= H = A A FK J r (0, 0) ? 5E ? IE@AH= I = ?KHL= I >HA AIJ= IKFAH ?EA @A E@= F H R(t) = r (t, t) @AJAH E =H = ?KHL=JKH= @A AIJ= ?KHL= A J @ FK J O IK F = I?K =@ H A t = 0 -N= A 5AFJEA >HA %

+)2 67

' 572-4.1+1-5 -

64-5 ,1 - 51

-5

) CK =I IKFAH ?EAI
6 H

J=> AI

x(, ) = (b + a cos ) cos ,

y (, ) = (b + a cos ) sin ,

z (, ) = a sin .

1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2

4 2 0

-I K = H IGKE = @A H=@E ?A JH= b O @A IA??E

?EH?K =H @A H=@E a < b

r = (a sin cos , a sin sin , a cos ),

r = ((b + a cos ) sin , (b + a cos ) cos , 0), a < b.

|r r | = a(b + a cos ) = 0,
-NEIJA F H J= J A LA?J H

n = ( cos cos , cos sin , sin ).

H = A J @ FK J @A = IKFAH ?EA

r = (a cos cos , a cos sin , a sin ), r = ((b + a cos ) cos , (b + a cos ) sin , 0), r = (a sin sin , a sin cos , 0).

+ A ?EA JAI @A =
g g11 = a2 ,

JHE?=

FHE AH= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

g g12 = 0, det g = a2 (b + a cos )2 = 0, a < b.

g g22 = (b + a cos )2 ,

+ A ?EA JAI @A = IACK @= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

L L11 = a, L L12 = 0, L L22 = (b + a cos ) cos

= ?KHL=JKH=

A@E= O = ?KHL=JKH= @A /=KII

H= (b + 2a cos ) , 2a(b + a cos ) K= cos . a(b + a cos )

$!

- EFI E@A
x2 y2 z2 + + =1 a2 b2 c2 x(, ) = a cos cos , y (, ) = b cos sin ,
2 1 0 -1 -2 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

z (, ) = c sin .

r = (a sin cos , b sin sin , c cos ), |r r | =

r = (a cos sin , b cos cos , 0), det g.

2 = g11 g22 g12

r = (a cos cos , b cos sin , c sin ),

r = (a cos cos , b cos sin , 0),

r = (a sin sin , b sin cos , 0), n = (bc cos cos , ac cos sin , ab sin )/ a2 b2 sin2 + c2 cos2 (a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 )

+ A ?EA JAI @A =

JHE?=

FHE AH= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

g g22 = (a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 ) cos2 ,

g g11 = (a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 ) sin2 + c2 cos2 ,

g g12 = (a2 b2 ) sin cos sin cos , det g = cos2 a2 b2 sin2 + c2 cos2 (a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 ) .

+ A ?EA JAI @A = IACK @= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

L L11 = abc a2 b2 sin2 + c2 cos2 (b2 cos2 + a2 sin2 ) abc cos2 a2 b2 sin2 + c2 cos2 (b2 cos2 + a2 sin2 ) , L L12 = 0,

L L22 =

= ?KHL=JKH=

A@E= O = ?KHL=JKH= @A /=KII

H= abc((a2 + b2 sin2 ) sin2 + (b2 + a2 sin2 ) cos2 + c2 cos2 ) , 2(a2 b2 sin2 + c2 cos2 (b2 cos2 + a2 sin2 ))3/2 K= a2 b2 c2 . (a2 b2 sin + c2 cos2 (b2 cos2 + a2 sin2 ))2
2

$"

+)2 67

' 572-4.1+1-5 -

64-5 ,1 - 51

-5

0EFAH>

E@A @A K = D =
y2 z2 x2 + 2 2 =1 2 a b c x(, ) = a cosh cos , y (, ) = b cosh sin ,
2 0 -2 4

z (, ) = c sinh .

-2 -4 -2 0 2

r = (a sinh cos , b sinh sin , c cosh ) r = (a cosh sin , b cosh cos , 0), |r r | = det g. r = (a cosh cos , b cosh sin , c sinh ) r = (a cosh cos , b cosh sin , 0), r = (a sinh sin , b sinh cos , 0) n = (bc cosh cos , ac cosh sin , ab sinh )/ c2 (a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 ) cosh2 + a2 b2 sinh2

+ A ?EA JAI @A =

JHE?=

FHE AH= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

g g22 = (a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 ) cosh2 ,

g g11 = (a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 ) sinh2 + c2 cosh2 ,

g g12 = (b2 a2 ) sinh cosh sin cos , det g = cosh2 c2 (a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 ) cosh2 + a2 b2 sinh2 .

+ A ?EA JAI @A = IACK @= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

L L11 = abc c2 (a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 ) cosh2 + a2 b2 sinh2 abc cosh2 c2 (a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 ) cosh2 + a2 b2 sinh2 , L L12 = 0,

L L22 =

= ?KHL=JKH=
H=

A@E= O = ?KHL=JKH= @A /=KII

abc a2 sin2 b2 cos2 + c2 cosh2 + (a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 ) sinh2 2 c2 (a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 ) cosh2 + a2 b2 sinh2 b2 (a2 b2 ) cos(2)]c2 (1
3 /2

16a2 b2 c2 < 0. + + cosh(2)) + 2a2 b2 (1 cosh(2))}2 -I K = IKFAH ?EA A = GKA J @ I IKI FK J I I DEFAH> E? I K= {[a2

$#

0EFAH>

E@A @A @ I D =I
x2 y2 z2 + = 1 a2 b2 c2 x(, ) = a sinh cos , y (, ) = b sinh sin , z (, ) = c cosh .

2 0 -2

-2

-2 0 2

r = (a sinh sin , b sinh cos , 0) r = (a cosh cos , b cosh sin , c sinh ) |r r | = a2 b2 cosh2 sinh2 + c2 (a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 ) sinh4 .

+ A ?EA JAI @A =

JHE?=

FHE AH= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

g g11 = (a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 ) sinh2 , g g22 = (a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 ) cosh2 + c2 sinh2 , g g12 = (b2 a2 ) sin cos sinh cosh , det g = |r r |2 .

+ A ?EA JAI @A = IACK @= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

L L11 = abc sinh3 a2 b2 cosh2 sinh2 + c2 (b2 cos2 + a2 sin2 ) sinh4 L L12 = 0, abc sinh a2 b2 cosh2 sinh2 + c2 (b2 cos2 + a2 sin2 ) sinh4 ,

L L22 =

= ?KHL=JKH=
H=

A@E= O = ?KHL=JKH= @A /=KII

abc(b2 cos2 + a2 sin2 + cosh2 (a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 ) + c2 sinh2 ) , 2(a2 b2 cosh2 + c2 (b2 cos2 + a2 sin2 ) sinh2 )3/2 K= a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 cosh + c2 (a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 ) sinh2
2

$$

+)2 67

' 572-4.1+1-5 -

64-5 ,1 - 51

-5

+
x2 y2 z2 + =0 a2 b2 c2 x(, ) = a sinh cos , y (, ) = b sinh sin ,
2 0 -2

z (, ) = c sinh .

-2

-2 0 2

r = (a sinh sin , b sinh cos , 0) r = (a cosh cos , b cosh sin , c cosh ) |r r | = cosh2 sinh2 (b2 c2 cos2 + a2 (b2 + c2 sin2 )).

+ A ?EA JAI @A =

JHE?=

FHE AH= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

g g11 = (b2 cos2 + a2 sin2 ) sinh2 , g g22 = (c2 + a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 ) cosh2 , g g12 = (b2 a2 ) cos sin cosh sinh , det g = |r r |2 .

+ A ?EA JAI @A = IACK @= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

L L11 = b2 c2 abc sinh cos2 + a2 (b2 + c2 sin2 ) ,

L L12 = 0, L L22 = 0.

= ?KHL=JKH=
H=

A@E= O = ?KHL=JKH= @A /=KII

abc(c2 + a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 ) (b2 c2 cos2 + a2 (b2 + c2 sin2 )) sinh2 ,

(b2 c2 + a2 (2b2 + c2 ) (a2 b2 )c2 cos 2) K=0

$%

2=H=>

E@A A FJE?
z= x(, ) = a cos , x2 y2 + a2 b2 z (, ) = 2 .

y (, ) = b sin ,
2 1

0 -1 -2 4

2 1 0 -2 -1 0 1 2

r = (a sin , b cos , 0) r = (a cos , b sin , 2) |r r | = a2 2 (b2 + 42 sin2 ) + 4b2 4 cos2 .

+ A ?EA JAI @A =

JHE?=

FHE AH= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

g g11 = (a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 )2 , g g22 = 42 + a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 , g g12 = (b2 a2 ) sin cos , det g = |r r |2 .

+ A ?EA JAI @A = IACK @= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

L L11 = 2ab3 4b2 4 cos2 + a2 2 (b2 + 42 sin2 ) L L12 = 0, L L22 = 2ab 4b2 4 cos2 + a2 2 (b2 + 42 sin2 ) ab(a2 + b2 + 42 ) (2b2 2 + a2 (b2 + 22 ) 2(a2 b2 )2 cos 2) 4b2 4 cos2 + a2 2 (b2 + 42 sin2 ) K= 4a2 b2 (2b2 2 + a2 (b2 + 22 ) 2(a2 b2 )2 cos 2)2 . ,

= ?KHL=JKH=
H=

A@E= O = ?KHL=JKH= @A /=KII

,

$&

+)2 67

' 572-4.1+1-5 -

64-5 ,1 - 51

-5

2=H=>

E@A DEFAH> E?
z= x(, ) = a cosh , x2 y2 2 2 a b z (, ) = 2 .

y (, ) = b sinh ,
4 2

0 -2 -4

10

-10 -4 -2 0 2 4

r = (a sinh , b cosh , 0) r = (a cosh , b sinh , 2) |r r | = 4b2 4 cosh2 + a2 2 (b2 + 42 sinh2 ).

+ A ?EA JAI @A =

JHE?=

FHE AH= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

g g11 = 2 (b2 cosh2 + a2 sinh2 ), g g22 = 42 + a2 cosh2 + b2 sinh2 , g g12 = (a2 + b2 ) cosh sinh , det g = |r r |2 .

+ A ?EA JAI @A = IACK @= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

L L11 = 2ab3 4b2 4 cosh2 + a2 2 (b2 + 42 sinh2 ) L L12 = 0, 2ab 4b2 4 cosh2 + a2 2 (b2 + 42 sinh2 ) ab(a2 b2 + 42 ) (2b2 2 + a2 (b2 22 ) + 2(a2 + b2 )2 cosh 2) + = ?KHL=JKH= @A /=KII AI IEA FHA AC=JEL= K= (2b2 2 a2 (b2 4b2 4 cosh2 + a2 2 (b2 + 42 sinh2 ) ,

L L22 =

= ?KHL=JKH=
H=

A@E= O = ?KHL=JKH= @A /=KII

,

4a2 b2 , 22 ) + 2(a2 + b2 )2 cosh 2)2

$'

+E E @H F=H=> E?
z = x2 x(, ) = , y (, ) = , z (, ) = 2 .

4 2 0 -2 -4 0

-5

-10

-15 -4 -2 0 2 4

r = (1, 0, 2) r = (0, 1, 0) |r r | = 1 + 4 2 .

+ A ?EA JAI @A =

JHE?=

FHE AH= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

g g11 = 1 + 42 , g g22 = 1, g g12 = 0, det g = 1 + 42 .

+ A ?EA JAI @A = IACK @= B H = ?K=@H JE?= BK @= A J=

L L11 = 2 , 1 + 4 2

L L12 = 0, L L22 = 0.

= ?KHL=JKH=

A@E= O = ?KHL=JKH= @A /=KII

H= 1 , (1 + 42 )3/2 K = 0.

%

+)2 67

' 572-4.1+1-5 -

64-5 ,1 - 51

-5

,AI=HH

,=@= = D E?A

=> A J= CA ?E= @A = D E?A

r () = a cos e1 + a sin e2 + be3 ,
=> A J= CA ?E= AI = ? IJHKE@= ? J @=I =I HA?J=I J= CA JAI = AIJ= ?KHL=

= IKFAH ?EA @AI=HH

r (, ) = r () + r () r (, ) = a(cos sin )e1 + a(sin + cos )e2 + b( + )e3 , r r r r r = a(sin + cos )e1 + a(cos sin )e2 + be3 , = a sin e1 + a cos e2 + be3 , = a(cos sin )e1 a(sin + cos )e2 , = a cos e1 a sin e2 , = 0.

20 10 4 0 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2

n=

r r = (b sin e1 + b cos e2 ae3 ) / |r r | g = a2 + b2 , L = 0,

a2 + b2

g = b2 + a2 (1 + 2 ), L = ab/ H=

g = a2 + b2 . L = 0.

a2 + b2 ,

b , 2a a2 + b2

K = 0.

%

=KJE KI

,=@= = IKFAH ?EA

?=H=?

r (u, v ) = u cos u(4 + cos(u + v ))e1 + u sin u(4 + cos(u + v ))e2 + u sin(u + v )e3 ,
?

u (0, 6 ) v (0, 2 ) IA JEA A = CKH=

10 0 -10 0 -50 0 50 -50

50

5E = @A

,=@= = IKFAH ?EA

r (u, v ) = u cos v e1 + u sin v e2 + u3 cos(3v )e3 ,

E = IE = @A O= GKA F IAA @ I =I F=H= =I FEAH =I O JH=

? u R+ v [0, 2 ] IA @A F=H= A H=>

0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 0.004 0.002 0 -0.002 -0.004 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2

+)2 67

' 572-4.1+1-5 -

64-5 ,1 - 51

-5

*E> E CH=B =
 4 5FEACA + -LCH=B L AJ = '%" ! 4 8 +DKH?DE F AN L=HE=> AI 4A?KAE @A FH > ?/H=M 0E * + ; '$" ?JE I = = OJEGKAI EH I? M AI IKH = JD HEA @AI B F A = -@E?E

6A H = @A BK ?E

AI @A L=HE=> A ?

AI @A +=IJE

=@HE@ '%

" - / 2DE EFI .K ?E # EFI?DKJ /A

AI @A L=HE=> A ? AJH = ,EBAHA ?E=

F A = , II=J ?/H=M 0E *

=@HE@ '#& + ; '%

$ - 8E@= )>=I?= /A % ) 5 .A@A

AJH = ,EBAHA ?E= , II=J AJH = @EBAHA ?E=

=@HE@ '#$ EH I? M ''

2H > A =I @A /A

%!