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Thevenin Norton
Thevenin Norton
Pr amplif.
(Tenso )
P/ auto-falante
RTH
http://angelfire.com/ab3/mjramp/index.html
Para o perfeito casamento entre o alto
falante e o amplificador, deve-se levar
em conta o circuito!
VTH
+
-
TROCAR O AMPLIF.
PELO EQUIVALENTE
RTH
+
vTH
vO
a
LINEAR CIRCUIT
vO
_
LINEAR CIRCUIT
May contain
independent and
dependent sources
with their controlling
variables
PART B
PART B
PART A
Circuito equivalente de
vTH
RTH
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
+
vO
RN
iN
LINEAR CIRCUIT
May contain
independent and
dependent sources
with their controlling
variables
PART B
LINEAR CIRCUIT
vO
PART B
PART A
Circuito equivalente Norton
para a PARTE A
iN
RN
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
i a
RTH
vOC
+
_
vO
_
i SC
RTH
Norton
Thevenin
iSC =
+
vO
vOC
RTH
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
EXEMPLO:
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
SOLUO:
Resistncia de
Thvenin:
RTH = R1 // R2 = 2
Divisor de tenso:
ETH = VOC =
6
9 = 6V
6+3
Circuito Equivalente:
IL =
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
ETh
RTh + RL
EXEMPLO:
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
Soluo:
Resistncia de Thvenin:
RTH = R1 + R2 = 6
Circuito Equivalente:
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
EXEMPLO (Norton):
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
SOLUO:
Resistncia Norton:
RTH = R1 // R2 = 2
IN =
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
E 9V
=
= 3A
R1 3
Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
i SC
RTH
by a short circuit
v
= TH
Thevenin Equivalent Resistance
i SC
1. Determinar a
Fonte Equivalente
de Thevenin
Remover part B e
Calcular a tenso
de CIRCUITO
Vab
ABERTO
Circuito da 1a parte
i =0 a
LINEAR CIRCUIT
May contain
independent and
dependent sources
with their controlling
variables
PART A
vOC
_
+
Vab
_
Circuito da 2a parte
Remover part B e
2. Determinar a
calcular a corrente
corrente de
CURTO CIRCUITO CURTO CIRCUITO Iab
LINEAR CIRCUIT
May contain
independent and
dependent sources
with their controlling
variables
PART A
vOC
i SC
i SC
v=0
I ab
VTH
a
VS
+
-
IS
R2
I SC
To Part B
I SC = I S +
1
ISC
=
VTH
I SC
VS
R1
2
I SC
= IS
VS
R1
RTH =
Parte B irrelevante.
A tenso Vab ser o valor da fonte
Equivalente de Thevenin.
VTH VTH VS
+
IS = 0
R2
R1
(
1
1
V
+ )VTH = S + I S
R1 R2
R1
VTH =
ANLISE
NODAL
R2
RR
VS + 1 2 I S
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
VTH =
R1 R2 VS
+ I S
R1 + R2 R1
RTH =
R1R2
R1 + R2
5k
PARTE B
6V
VO =
EXEMPLO
1k
(6V ) = 1[V ]
1k + 5k
RTH = 4k
O circuito original passa ser...
VTH =
6
12[V ] = 8[V ]
3+ 6
R1TH = 4k
1
VTH
1
TH
= 4k * 2mA + 8V = 16V
V0 =
8
16[V ] = 8V
8+8
Resistncia de Thevenin
Parte B
Para tenso de Thevenin analisa-se o
Seguinte circuito
MTODO??
RTH = 8k
6
12V = 8V
3+ 6
Divisor de Tenso
EXEMPLO
RTH = 10/3 k
Parte B
Loop Analysis
I 2 = 2mA
6V + 4kI1 + 2k ( I1 I 2 ) = 0
6 + 2I2
5
mA = mA
6
3
= 4k * I1 + 2k * I 2 = 20 / 3 + 4V = 32 / 3[V ]
I1 =
VOC
O circuito fica...
PART B
VOC
RTH = 2k 2k
RTH
RTH = 3k || 6k = 2k
4k
VTH = 6V
VO =
+
VO
4
(6V ) = 3[V ]
4+4
4k
I
RN
2k
IN
I SC
RN = RTH = 3k
PARTE B
12V
I SC = I N =
2mA = 2mA
3k
RN
VO = 2kI = 2k
I N
RN + 6 k
3
4
VO = 2 (2) = [V ]
9
3
VTH
PARTE B
RTH
+
+
-
VTH 12
+ 2mA = 0
3k
RTH = 3k + 4k
2k
VO
VTH
VO =
2
4
(6V ) = [V ]
2+7
3
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
RTh = R1 // R2 =
(6)(4)
= 2,4
6 + 4
Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education,
Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
ETh =
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
R1 E1
48V
=
= 4,8V
R1 + R2
10
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
aI x + ( R1 + R2 ) I X = 0
( a + R1 + R2 )I x = 0
a + R1 + R2 0 I x = 0
VOC = 0, I SC = 0
VTH = 0
IP = IX +
(VP )
VP aI X
R1
IX =
VP
R2
1
1
a
VP
I P =
+
R2 R1 R1 R2
VP
IP
VP
=
1
1
a
+
VP
R2 R1 R1 R2
RTH =
(VP)
RTH
Calcular a tenso no N, Vp
KCL
(IP )
IX = P
VP VP aI X
+
IP = 0
R2
R2
R1
1
1
a
VP = I P
+
R
R
R
R
2
1
1 2
(I P )
RTH =
VP
IP
EXEMPLO
KCL @V1 :
V1
VP
V1 V1 2V X V1 VP
+
+
=0
1k
2k
1k
Varivel de controle:
V X = VP V1
IP =
RTH =
VP
IP
EXAMPLO
3
V X = VP
7
VP VP 2V X V X
+
+
2k
1k
1k
IP =
15VP
14k
VP = 14 k
I P 15
RTH =
@V_1
+
VP
VP
IP
IP
(IP )
@V_2
Varivel de controle
RTH
A
Equivalente de Thevenin
5V1 2V2 = 0 * / 2
2V1 + 5V2 = 6 * / 5
V2 =
V2
= (10 / 7)k
1mA
30 10
=
21 7
PROBLEMA
RTH
A
B
Equivalente Thevenin
VP +
I P = 1mA
I_1 = I_p/2
I_3=0
R_th = 2kOhms
I1 =
RTH
V
V
= P = P
I P 1mA
A resistncia
numericamente igual
a Vp mas com
unidade em KOhm
VX
; I2 = I P
2000
2k * I 3 + 1k * ( I 2 + I 3 ) + 2k * ( I 3 + I 2 I1 ) + 4k * ( I 3 I1 ) = 0
Varivel de controle V X = 1k * ( I 3 + I 2 )
Tenso atravs da corrente de prova
VP + 1k * ( I 3 + I 2 ) + 2k * ( I 3 + I 2 I1 ) = 0
Equivalente de Thevenin
Circuitos com Fontes Dependentes e Independentes
Calcular a tenso de circuito aberto e corrente de curto circuito
LINEAR CIRCUIT
May contain
independent and
dependent sources
with their controlling
variables
PART A
RTH
+
-
vO
_
VTH
VTH = VOC
RTH =
VOC
I SC
a
b
b
A aproximao de zerar todas as fontes e
combinar as resistncias para determinar a
resistncia de Thevenin em geral no se aplica!!
Obter Vo
Parte A deixar mais simples possvel.
Part B
Resolvendo
Corrente de curto
VA
V1 VOC = 12 V1 = 12 + VOC
I "X
VOC =
4 + (a / 1k )
V
= A =0
2k
I SC =
12V
= 18mA
1k || 2k
VOC
2
=
[ k]
I SC 4 + (a / 1k )
RTH =
Soluo do problema
RTH (a = 2 k )
V0 =
VOC
1k
VTH
1k + 1k + RTH
Super n
V1
+
VTH
IX
IX
V1
V (3V )
1mA + 1
=0
2k
6k
KVL
V11
V11 = 1000 I 1X I 1X =
VTH 1000 I X + V1 = 0
I SC
Varivel controle
IX =
O circuito equivalente
RTH
1k
+
V11
2k
KCL
V11 = 0 I 1X = 0
RTH =
V1 = (3 / 4)[V ]
VTH = (3 / 8)[V ]
I 1X
KVL
VOC
= (3 / 4 ) k
I SC
VTH
+
-
V0 =
2k
VO
_
2
(3 / 8)[V ]
2 + 1 + (3 / 4)
V1
2k
V0 =
RTH
6k
11[V ]
6 k + 8k
VTH
Tenso circuito aberto
Equao de malha
I1 =
Varivel de controle
V X1
; I 2 = 2mA
2000
VX1 = 4k ( I1 I2 )
Corrente de curto
I1
I1 =
I1 = 4mA
Vx"
; I 2 = 2mA
2000
3V + 2k ( I SC I1 ) = 0
I sc
I SC =
Varivel de controle
I2
3V + 2k * I1 11
= mA
2k
2
Resistncia de Thevenin
V X" = 4k * ( I1 I 2 )
RTH =
VOC
11[V ]
=
= 2 k
I SC (11 / 2) mA
EXEMPLO
Alternativa para troca de fontes
Linear Model for Transistor
R1
vS
Vx
a
+
R3 VTH
R2
+
-
g mVx
I SC
RTH
a
VOC
ISC
VTH = gm R3V x
Vx =
R2
RR
v S VTH = gm 3 2 v S
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
VTH
+
-
I SC = gmV x = gm
b
R2
vS
R1 + R2
Resistncia equivalente
RTH =
VOC
= R3
I SC
Teorema da Reciprocidade
45V
= 3A
15
3A
= 1,5 A
I=
2
IS =
45V
= 4,5 A
10
(6).(4,5 A)
I=
= 1,5 A
12 + 6
IS =
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
http://angelfire.com/ab3/mjramp/index.html
PreAmp
(voltagem )
Para auto-falante
Modelo simplificado para
resistncia do auto-falante...
RTH
RTH
VTH
VTH
+
-
SPEAKER
MODEL
+
-
+
-
VTH
+
VL
SOURCE
PL =
RL
VL2
RL
V2
; VL =
VTH PL =
2 TH
( RTH + RL )
RL
RTH + RL
Para cada RL tem-se uma determinada potncia.
Como obter o valor mximo?
RL
(LOAD)
(R + RL )2 2 RL (RTH + RL )
dPL
= VTH2 TH
4 3
dRL
(
)
R
+
R
TH
L
Teorema da
Mxima Transferncia
de Potncia.
O valor da Potncia
A carga que maximiza a transferncia de potncia para o circuito
mxima :
igual a resistncia equivalente Thevenin do circuito.
PL (max) =
VTH2
4 RTH
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
Grfico de PL x RL
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
Grfico de VL,IL x RL
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10ed.
EXEMPLO
a
loop1 : I1 = 2mA
loop 2 : 3k * ( I 2 I1 ) + 6k * I 2 + 3[V ] = 0
I2 =
3[V ] 1
1
+ I1 = [ mA]
9k 3
3
2
VTH
4 RTH
PMX =
100[V 2 ] 25
= [mW ]
4 * 6k
6
EXEMPLO
RL = RTH
d
Problema com fontes misturadas
PMX =
2
VTH
4 RTH
b
.... simplificado usando Thevenin
em c - d retirando 4 k e RL.
loop1 : I1 = 4mA
loop 2 : 2 kI X' + 2 kI 2 + 4 k ( I 2 I1 ) = 0
1I
I2
I X' = I 2
Varivel de controle:
I "X
=0
I SC = 4mA
RTH = 2k
RL = 6k
PMX =
8V
82
8
[mW ] = [ mW ]
4*6
3