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DISCIPLINA
: Varivel independente
funes de x em [ a ,b ]
p( x )
[ a ,b ]
Q.I .
S .F .
: Srie de Fourier
Ex. F ( x ) = x 2 , F ( x ) = cos( x )
F ( x ) mpar F ( x ) = F ( x )
Ex. F ( x ) = x 3 , F ( x ) = sen( x )
F ( x ).dx = 0
F ( x ) mpar
a
a
a
a
0
a
0
a
0
a
Demonstrao : F ( x ).dx =
2
p
(
x
).
F
( x ) dx existe; i .e.
2
p
(
x
).
F
( x ) dx <
1
x 2 dx = x 0 = +
0
Exemplo 2 : g ( x ) = 1 / x Q.I . em [ 0 ,1 ] sob p( x ) = x 2 :
1
2
x
1
x2
dx = dx = x 0 = 1
0
{n ( x )}
p( x ).n ( x ).m ( x ) dx = 0
(n m)
1a
(n = m)
1b
a
b
2
p
(
x
).
n ( x ) dx = K n > 0
{n(x)}
sen( nx ).sen( mx ) dx = 0
(n m)
2
sen
( nx ) dx =K n > 0
Exemplo
(n = m)
Exemplo
sen( nx ) cos( mx )
cos( nx ) cos( mx )
+
dx
sen
(
nx
).
sen
(
mx
)
dx
=
m
m/ n
sen( nx ).sen( mx ) dx =
cos( nx ) cos( mx )
dx
m/ n
cos( nx )sen( mx )
sen( nx )sen( mx )
sen
(
nx
).
sen
(
mx
)
dx
=
+
dx
2
2
2
m /n
m /n
sen( nx ).sen( mx ) dx =
0
2
1 n / m
=0
(n m)
sen( nx ).sen( mx ) dx = 0
(n m)
1 cos( 2nx )
x
sen( 2nx )
2
dx =
= >0
sen ( nx ) dx =
2
2
4n
(n = m)
Exemplo
(n = m)
{ n ( x )}
p( x ). n ( x ). m ( x ) dx = 0
(n m)
2a
(n = m)
2b
a
b
2
p
(
x
).
n ( x ) dx = 1
10
{n ( x)}
p( x). ( x).
n
( x) dx = 0 (n m)
a
b
2
p
(
x
).
n ( x ) dx = K n > 0 ( n = m)
Definindo se n ( x ) =
n ( x )
Kn
11
p( x ). n ( x ). m ( x ) dx =
a
b
1
2
p( x ). n ( x ) dx = K n
a
1
KnKm
p( x ).n ( x ).m ( x ) dx = 0
(n m)
p( x ).n2 ( x ) dx
Kn
=
=1
Kn
{n(x)} Ortonormal
12
Exemplo
sen( nx )
Definindo se n ( x ) =
2
sen ( nx ) dx =K n =
sen(nx)
pois
b
p( x)
( x) m ( x) dx =
sen(nx).sen(mx) dx = 0
p( x). ( x) dx
2
n
2
sen
(nx) dx = 1
a
( n m)
13
2
p
(
x
).
F
( x ) dx <
{n ( x )}
p( x ).n ( x ).m ( x ) dx = 0
(n m)
a
b
2
p
(
x
).
n ( x ) dx = K n > 0
(n = m)
14
E( x ) = Ann ( x )
n =1
( x ) = F ( x ) E( x ) = F ( x ) Ann ( x )
n =1
15
= p( x ) F ( x ) Ann ( x ) dx
n =1
n =1
+ An Am p( x )n ( x )m ( x ).dx
n =1 m =1
n =1
n =1
16
{ An }
P.E.
{ An }
{ An }
= 0 (k = 1,2,...)
Ak
17
= 0 ( k = 1,2 ,...)
Ak
a
n =1
n =1
= 0 2 p( x )F ( x )k ( x ).dx
Ak
a
+ 2 Ak p( x )k2 ( x ).dx = 0
a
b
( k = 1,2 ,...)
p( x )k2 ( x ).dx
Coeficientes de Fourier
p( x )F ( x )k ( x ).dx
Ak =
18
Resumo
E( x ) = Ann ( x )
n =1
= p( x ) F ( x ) Ann ( x ) dx
n =1
Coeficientes de Fourier
p( x )F ( x )k ( x ).dx
Ak =
a
b
( k = 1,2 ,...)
p( x )k2 ( x ).dx
19
Nula
em [ a , b ] sob
p ( x ), quando
p ( x ). F 2 ( x ) dx = 0
20
p ( x ). F ( x ). n ( x ). dx = 0
( n = 1, 2 ,...)
p ( x).
21
p ( x ). F ( x ). n ( x ). dx = 0
( n = 1, 2 ,...)
p ( x).
b
p( x )F ( x )k ( x ).dx
Ak =
a
b
2
p
(
x
)
k ( x ).dx
=0
( k = 1,2 ,...)
22
cos( nx ). cos( mx ). dx = 0 ( n m ),
cos 2 ( nx ) . dx > 0
p( x) F ( x) ( x).dx x. cos(kx).dx
k
Ak =
p
(
x
)
k ( x ).dx
2
cos
(kx).dx
=0
(k = 0,1,2,...)
Por que ?
23
(n = 1,2,...)
24
(n = 1,2,...)
25
Seja a Srie
A ( x)
n n
n =1
Termo a Termo.
Ento a Soma da Srie E ( x) Difere de F ( x) no Mximo
por uma Funo Nula.
26
Demonstrao
Seja o Re sduo da S .F .
( x) = F ( x) E ( x)
( x) = F ( x) Ann ( x)
n =1
27
Demonstrao
n =1
p( x)( x) ( x)dx = p( x) F ( x)
k
28
p( x)( x)
Demonstrao
b
p( x) F ( x)
Ak =
( x).dx
=0
(k = 1,2,...)
2
p
(
x
)
k ( x ).dx
p( x)( x)
a
29
Demonstrao
p( x)( x) ( x)dx = 0
k
Por tan to
Requisitos :
(1) F(x) Q.I. em [a,b] sob p(x)
(2) { n(x) } Ortogonal em [a,b] sob p(x) e Completa
(3) S.F. Converge e Integrvel Termo a Termo
30
lim
2
(
)
p
(
x
)
F
(
x
)
S
(
x
)
dx = 0
n
na
Definio 4.2 : Se Sn(x) a n-sima Soma Parcial da S.F. de
F(x), qualquer Q.I. em [a,b] sob p(x), em termos da Famlia
Ortogonal {n(x)}, em [a,b] sob p(x) :
n
S n ( x ) = Ak k ( x )
10
k =1
31
p( x) F
( x)dx = A
2
n
n =1
p( x)
2
n
( x)dx
11
a
b
2
p
(
x
)
a
b
p( x) F
a
( x)dx = A
2
n
n =1
12
32
Teorema 4.2
lim p ( x)(F ( x) S N ( x) ) dx = 0
N a
b
lim p ( x) F ( x) Ann ( x) dx = 0
n =1
N a
N
33
lim
N
Teorema 4.2
2
p
x
F
x
A
x
(
)
(
)
(
)
dx = 0
n n
a
n =1
b
N
b
2
p ( x) F ( x)dx 2 An p ( x) F ( x) n ( x)dx
n =1
a
a
0 = lim
b
N N
N
A
A
p
(
x
)
(
x
)
(
x
)
dx
+
k n
k
n
k
=
1
n
=
1
a
34
Teorema 4.2
2
2
2
0 = lim p ( x) F ( x)dx 2 An p ( x) F ( x)n ( x)dx + An p ( x)n ( x)dx
n =1
n =1
a
a
N a
b
p( x) F ( x) ( x).dx
n
a
b
2
p
(
x
)
n ( x ).dx
b
b
N
N
b
2
2
2
2
2
0 = lim p ( x) F ( x)dx 2 An p ( x)n ( x)dx + An p ( x) n ( x)dx
n =1
n =1
a
a
N a
35
Teorema 4.2
b
b
N
N
b
2
2
2
2
2
0 = lim p ( x) F ( x)dx 2 An p ( x)n ( x)dx + An p ( x) n ( x)dx
n =1
n =1
a
a
N a
b
N
b
2
2
2
0 = lim p ( x) F ( x)dx An p ( x) n ( x)dx
n =1
a
N a
n =1
n =1
2
2
2
p
(
x
)
F
(
x
)
dx
=
A
p
(
x
)
n
n ( x ) dx
11
36
p ( x) F
Teorema 4.2
( x)dx = A
2
n
n =1
p( x)
2
n
11
( x)dx
a
b
2
p
(
x
).
F
(
x
).
dx
=
A
n
n =1
12
37
a
b
n =1
38
Teorema 4.2
Pela Ortogonalidade :
b
n =1
n =1
p( x) F ( x) ( x).dx
n
a
b
2
p
(
x
)
( x).dx
n
n =1
n =1
0 = p ( x).F ( x).dx A
2
2
n
n =1
2
p
(
x
).
n ( x ).dx
39
Teorema 4.2
0 = p ( x).F ( x).dx A
2
2
n
n =1
2
p
(
x
).
n ( x ).dx
n =1
2
2
2
p
(
x
).
F
(
x
).
dx
=
A
p
(
x
).
n
n ( x ).dx
11
2
p
(
x
)
2
2
p
(
x
).
F
(
x
).
dx
=
A
n
n =1
12
40
41
n =1
n =0
Ak =
x. cos(kx).dx
=0
(k = 0,1,2,...)
2
cos
(kx).dx
x.sen(kx).dx
Bk =
2
sen
(kx).dx
cos(kx)
cos(kx)
x
+
dx
k
k
1 cos(2kx)
dx
2
cos(kx)
sen(kx)
x
+
k
k 2
=
sen(2kx)
4k
42
F ( x) = x, E ( x) = Bn sen(nx)
n =1
Bk =
cos(k )
cos(k )
2 cos(k )
k
k
=
2.(1) k 2.(1) k +1
Bk =
=
k
k
(k = 1,2,...)
(k = 1,2,...)
2
1
2
1
2
B1 = 2, B2 = 1, B3 = , B4 = , B5 = , B6 = , B7 = , ...
3
2
5
3
7
43
F ( x) = x, E ( x) = Bn sen(nx)
n =1
2.(1) k 2.(1) k +1
Bk =
=
k
k
N
Aproximante S .F . de O ( N ) : S N ( x) = Bn sen(nx)
n =1
(k = 1,2,...)
44
45
46
F ( x) = 0, x = 0
1, x < 0
n =1
n =0
E ( x) = Bn sen(nx) + An cos(nx)
47
F ( x) = 0, x = 0
1, x < 0
Funo mpar
n =1
n =0
E ( x) = Bn sen(nx) + An cos(nx)
Ak =
x. cos(kx).dx
2
cos
(kx).dx
=0
(k = 0,1,2,...)
48
F ( x) = 0, x = 0
1, x < 0
E ( x) = Bn sen(nx)
n =1
N
Aproximante S .F . de O ( N ) : S N ( x) = Bn sen(nx)
n =1
49
F ( x) = 0, x = 0 , E ( x) = Bn sen(nx)
n =1
1, x < 0
cos(kx) 0 cos(kx)
k
0
=
=
Bk =
sen(2kx)
1 cos(2kx)
2
dx
sen (kx).dx
2
4k
Bk =
2 cos(k ) cos( k )
k
k
k
2 (1) k (1) k
+
k k
k
2
Bk =
1 (1) k
k
50
F ( x) = 0, x = 0
1, x < 0
E ( x) = Bn sen(nx)
n =1
N
Aproximante S .F . de O ( N ) : S N ( x) = Bn sen(nx)
n =1
Bk =
2
1 (1) k
k
51
52
53
a1 y (a ) + a2 y (1) (a ) = 0
b1 y (b) + b2 y (b) = 0
(1)
13
14
onde :
a1 , a2 so cons tan tes no nulas ao mesmo tempo;
b1 , b2 so cons tan tes no nulas ao mesmo tempo;
r ( x) e p ( x) so contnuas em [a, b]; q ( x) contnua ao menos em (a, b)
parmetro numrico a buscar para viabilizar Soluo No Trivial
54
: 1 ,
2 ,
3 ,...
55
Teorema 4.5
56
14b
14c
14d
13a
13b
14a
57
ym (a)
yn (a )
ym(1) (a ) a1 0
=
(1)
y n ( a ) a 2 0
b
(1)
y
(
b
)
y
0
m
m (b) 1
b1 ym (b) + b2 ym (b) = 0
=
(1)
yn (b) yn (b) b2 0
b1 yn (b) + b2 yn(1) (b) = 0
Teorema 4.5
15a
15b
58
Teorema 4.5
d
d
(1)
(1)
y
r
(
x
).
y
y
r
(
x
).
y
m
m
n
a n dx
dx
.dx = (n m ) p ( x) yn ym dx
r
(
x
).
y
y
r
x
y
dx
r
x
y
y
m
m
n
m y n dx
a n dx
a a
b
b
b
d
(1)
(1)
(1) (1)
y
r
(
x
).
y
.
dx
=
r
(
x
).
y
y
r
(
x
).
y
yn dx
m
n
n
m
m
a dx
a a
59
Teorema 4.5
Obtemos :
r ( x). ym(1) yn
b
a
r ( x). yn(1) ym
b
a
= (n m ) p ( x) yn ym .dx
a
60
yn (a)
ym(1) (a ) a1 0
=
(1)
y n ( a ) a 2 0
15a
=
(1)
15b
b
0
(
)
(
)
y
b
y
b
2
n
n
y
(
a
)
y
(
a
)
y
(
a
)
y
m
n
n
m (a) = 0
a
2
b1
(1)
(1)
y
(
b
)
y
(
b
)
y
(
b
)
y
m
n
n
m (b) = 0
b
2
61
Teorema 4.5
y
(
b
)
y
n
n
m (b) = 0
m
b
(n m ) p ( x) yn ym .dx = 0 , como n m
a
p ( x) y
ym .dx = 0
62
63
13
a1 y (a) + a2 y (1) (a ) = 0
14
onde :
a, b pontos dados para aplicao de Condies de Contorno
a1 , a2 const., dadas, no nulas ao mesmo tempo;
b1 , b2 const., dadas, no nulas ao mesmo tempo;
r ( x) e p ( x) dadas e contnuas em [a, b]; q( x) dada e contnua em (a, b)
64
65
y( 2 ) + .y = 0
y( 0 ) = 0 , y( L ) = 0
Resoluo
( )
r( x ) = 1
+ .y = 0 p( x ) = 1
q( x ) = 0
y( 0 ) = 0
{a = 0 , a1 = 1, a2 = 0
y( L ) = 0
{b = L , b1 = 1, b2 = 0
66
67
C1 0
C1 0
= M =
) C2 0
C2 0
[ ]
68
1 L C2 0
C2 0
[ ]
69
C1 0
CCs como SQH :
= M =
cos( L ) sen( L ) C2 0
C2 0
[ ]
n = n. n = 12 .
,2 2 .
2
2
,3 2 .
2
2
,... n = n
2
2
( n = 1,2 ,3,...)
L
L
C1 + 0.C2 = 0
70
n = n. n = 1 .
L
2
2
,2 .
2
2
,3 .
2
2
,... n = n
y H ( x ) = C2 sen( x n ) y H ( x ) = C2 sen(
2
2
( n = 1,2 ,3,...)
nx
nx
) y H ( x ) = C2 sen(
)
L
L
Por q?
n =
n 2 2
L2
yn ( x ) = sen(
n x
) ( n = 1,2 ,...)
L
71
n = n. n = 1 .
L
2
2
,2 .
2
2
,3 .
2
2
,... n = n
y H ( x ) = C2 sen( x n ) y H ( x ) = C2 sen(
2
2
( n = 1,2 ,3,...)
nx
nx
) y H ( x ) = C2 sen(
)
L
L
Por q?
n =
n 2 2
L2
yn ( x ) = sen(
n x
) ( n = 1,2 ,...)
L
72
n 2 2
L2
yn ( x ) = sen(
{ yn ( x )} = { sen(
nx
) ( n = 1,2 ,...)
L
nx
)} ( n = 1,2 ,...)
L
L
n x
mx
).sen(
).dx = 0 ( n m )
sen(
L
L
0
L
sen 2 ( nx ).dx = L
(n = m)
L
2
0
73
74
Exemplo 4.4
y( 1 )( 0 ) = 0 , y( 1 )( L ) = 0
Resoluo
( )
r( x ) = 1
+ . y = 0 p( x ) = 1
q( x ) = 0
y( 1 )( 0 ) = 0
{a = 0 , a 1 = 0 , a2 = 1
y( 1 )( L ) = 0
{b = L , b1 = 0 , b2 = 1
75
76
C1 0
CCs como SQH :
=
exp( L ) exp( L ) C2 0
C1 0
M = DET ( M ) = (exp( L ) exp( L )) 0 para < 0
C2 0
C1 0
SQH s admite a Sol . Trivial = y H ( x ) = 0
C2 0
[ ]
77
0 1 C2 0
C2 0
SQH admite a Sol . No Trivial C1 0 ,C2 = 0 y H ( x ) = C1
[ ]
0 = 0 y0 = 1
0 = 0 y0 = 1
78
C1 0
= M =
CCs como SQH :
sen( L ) cos( L ) C2 0
C2 0
[ ]
n = n. n = 1 .
L
2
2
,2 .
2
2
,3 .
2
2
,... n =
n 2 2
2
( n = 1,2 ,3,...)
L
L
0.C1 + C2 = 0
79
n =
n 2 2
L2
yn ( x ) = cos(
nx
nx
) y H ( x ) = C1 cos(
)
L
L
nx
) ( n = 1,2 ,...)
L
80
n =
n 2 2
L2
yn ( x ) = cos(
nx
nx
) y H ( x ) = C1 cos(
)
L
L
nx
) ( n = 1,2 ,...)
L
81
n 2 2
nx
n = 2 yn ( x ) = cos(
) ( n = 1,2 ,...)
L
n =
n 2 2
L2
n x
yn ( x ) = cos(
) ( n = 0 ,1,2 ,...)
L
82
n 2 2
L2
yn ( x ) = cos(
{ yn ( x )} = {cos(
n x
) ( n = 0 ,1,2 ,...)
L
n x
)} ( n = 0 ,1,2 ,...)
L
L
nx
mx
cos(
).
cos(
).dx = 0
(n m)
L
L
0
L
L
n
x
L
cos 2 (
).dx = ( n = m > 0 ), 1.dx = L ( n = m = 0 )
L
2
0
0