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1)

VAZO VOLUMTRICA




Vazo volumtrica definida como sendo o volume de fluido que passa por uma
determinada seo por unidade de tempo.


Q =

E tambm:



V
t

vazo volumtrica
volume
tempo

Q= v . A, onde: v= velocidade; A= rea

As unidades mais usuais so: m3/h; l/s; m3/s; GPM (gales por minuto).


2)

VAZO MSSICA

Vazo mssica a massa de fluido que passa por determinada seo , por unidade de
tempo.



Qm=



Qm

vazo mssica

massa

t
E tambm:

tempo

Qm= . v . A, onde: v= velocidade; A= rea ; = massa especfica

As unidades mais usuais so: kg/h; kg/s; t/h; lb/h..


3)
VAZO EM PESO

Vazo em peso o peso do fluido que passa por determinada seo, por unidade de tempo.






Qp=

E tambm:

Qp

vazo em peso

G
t

peso
tempo

Qp = . v . A, onde: v= velocidade; A= rea ; = peso especfico

As unidades mais usuais so: kgf/h; kgf/s; tf/h; lbf/h.

4)

VELOCIDADE

Existe uma importante relao entre vazo, velocidade e rea da seo transversal de uma
tubulao:
12






rea

dime
etro

velocidade







Q
v




Q
Q = vA

V =

vazo volumtriica
velocidade do escoame
ento
rea da tubulao
dimettro interno
o da tubulao
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3







rea dD tubulaomR
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A2





A1

A1
A2
v1
v2

rea
a da seo
o 1 rea
da sseo 2 ve
elocidade
na sseo 1
velo
ocidade na
a seo 2




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oamento em regim
c
Se
me permanente (figura cima)), que se caracteriza
a
or no havver varia
da ponto, com o de
es das propriedad
ecorrer do
po
des do fluido em cad
o
mpo. A ma
tem
a que entrra na se
assa fluida
o 1 igual a massa que sai naa seo 2, ou seja:



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omo Qm = Q (Q=
uido incom
=vazo vo
mpressvel e como a
mos um flu
Co
olumtrica ), se tiverm
umtrica qque entra na
a consta
n seo 1
especfica
volu
sua massa e
ante, temo
os que a vazo
v
mbm serr igual a vvazo volu
o seja:
tam
umtrica q
que sai na seo 2, ou





Q1 = Q2




13


Com a relao entre vazo e velocidade, Q = v . A (v=velocidade e A=rea), podemos

escrever:
Q1 = v1 . A1 = Q2 = v2 . A2






Se o fluido incompressvel a vazo em volume a mesma em qualquer seo. Essa

equao valida para qualquer seo do escoamento, resultando assim uma
expresso geral que a Equao da Continuidade para fluidos incompressveis.




Q1 = Q2 = constante



Pela equao acima, pode-se obter a relao de velocidades em qualquer seo da tubulao.
Nota-se que para uma determinada vazo escoando atravs de uma tubulao, uma
reduo de rea acarretar um aumento de velocidade e vice-versa.
(;3(5,1&,$'(5(<12/'6


Osborne Reynolds, em 1833, realizou diversas experincias, onde pode visualizar os tipos
de escoamentos. Vide figura abaixo.
Deixando o lquido escoar gradativamente pelo tubo transparente juntamente com o lquido
colorido (corante), observa-se inicialmente um filamento colorido em linha reta, uma
trajetria bem definida de filamentos coloridos que no se misturam. Nesta condio o
regime laminar.
Abrindo-se a vlvula, aumenta a vazo do lquido (aumento da velocidade), nota-se que os
filamentos coloridos comeam a oscilar, se ramificar, estabelecendo o regime de transio.
Abrindo-se ainda mais a vlvula (velocidade ainda maior), os filamentos coloridos
misturam-se ao lquido, em consequncia do movimento desordenado das partculas.
Neste caso est em regime turbulento.





/48,'2&2/25,'2





/48,'2


VLVULA











FILETE DO LQUIDO
COLORIDO

TUBO
TRANSPARENTE




14


.REGIME LAMINAR:








.REGIME TRANSITRIO:











.REGIME TURBULENTO:










Reynolds aps sua investigaes, concluiu que o melhor critrio para determinar estes
regimes so, atravs da equao:





Re

Re
v
D

Nmero de Reynolds (n sem dimenso)

velocidade de escoamento do fluido (m/s)
dimetro interno da tubulao(m)
viscosidade cinemtica do
fluido(m2/s)



.LIMITES

DO NMERO DE REYNOLDS PARA TUBOS




Re

escoamento laminar

2000

2000

Re

4000

escoamento transitrio

Re

4000

escoamento turbulento






Notar que o nmero de Reynolds um nmero adimensional, independendo portanto

do sistema de unidades adotado, desde que coerente.
No geral, na prtica, o escoamento da gua em canalizaes se d em regime turbulento.
Exceo feita quando as velocidades so muito baixas ou fluidos tem alta viscosidade.


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H1 = H2 + HP


HP= Perda de energia de 1 para 2 por unidade de peso.



HP= Perda de carga (m, cm, mm)


Observao Importante: Havendo o escoamento e devido H P, temos por exemplo:














(Trecho onde no
existe mquina)



(1)

(2)

H1

H2

Escoamento de (1) para (2): H1 > H2

Escoamento de (2) para (1): H2 > H1


b) Com Mquina




M


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H1

HM

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H2

19

c) Resumo:

Fluido Perfeito

Fluido Real




a) sem mquina: H1 = H2

a) sem mquina: H1 = H2 + HP12

b) c/ mquina H1 + Hm = H2

b) com mquina H1 + Hm = H2 + HP12




Potncia (P0) Fornecida ou Retirada do Fluido na Passagem pela

Mquina e Rendimento
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- M.K*.S -

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- S.I.

N/m3

m3/s

Hm

N m J
 W
s
s

1C.V. = 75 kgf .m/s

1C.V. = 736 W = 0,736 kW



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Tubo Rugoso
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25