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q +.-k k V:WOX
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0 05YV:+.^ Xb
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6

,W X8- ] V:+ ] - ]5a 0bY2X )C] -E05-O^/X+ ) 0 X - ] V:+ ] -+6- oÈ05-sV2`, W ;) +.^ ) VYCX a X/Y ) V ] NX4V:0
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]5a V:WOXH^ ] -oV2+.-o` ] ` ))2 X/^cV:YC`,
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Ò-, V10p V:Xg+ 05-r+6,X0 +./09V:+ - x V
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0 ] Y2Xf Y2X/0 + ) V2+.^0 O Y ] 09^1W
X ) X4V:^1W ,YC+.X V:W,XZH09V2W,X/809V2+.^0 V:W,X ] Y n]5a YCX )C] -E05-,^4X ) V:09V:X ) ] ^1WE05Y:09^4V:X4Y2+6/X
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0 V ] \XcV:W,X4Y W,XNY2X ) ` V2+.- bV:WOX ] Y [ W,+.^1W+ ) X X s05-sVZ05 -, ] X/Y a ` [+ ) - ] VZ^ ] - ) +.,X4Y2X/
W, X4Y2X X/YCX Xy^ ] - ) +.,X4 Y0 05YV:+.^4` 09Y/[ ,`;V^4X/-sV:Y2 0 ^0 ) X ]5a Y2X )2] -E09-,^/X ) ,`,XV ] V:Ò-,-,X +.- O[
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V(x)
"would be
bound state"
tunnels under barrier

escape to
Q
a V:W,X E05Y2YC+.X4YZ+ ) \X4Y V2W,+.^ [V2W,X/-V2W,X 05YV:+6^ X )2 X/-O ) ] V )]5a V2+.NX8+6-QV:WOX X [05-,
X/WE0\X ) 0 ) + a +hV X4Y2X0 ]f `,-, ) V:09V:X x] X4 5X/Y4[X4\X4-sV: È0 +hVV:`,-O-,X ) V2W,Y ] ` .\ WSV2W,X
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) ^/09V2V2X/YC+.- ] -,X Vy+ ) +.-sV:Ò+6V:+h\X Y2X0 )2] -E0 XV2WE09V
5
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V:WOX 05NXV:+.NX5[O+.- `,^1W* 0 0 V:W,09V \
N

potential for tunneling
PO
%

P
R

U
W
><
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S

P
\[ R]_^
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Q \
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Y kW,j X/YC Xb + ) W,0 +.^1Wv]%+ )X/ Y aÒ` Y2X N X4+6HV:W 0] 5 +.-E]505a Y Y ] V1 09V2+.-*V2W,Xb^ ] -sV ] `,Y W,+6^1WS+ ) 0 , +.^/0 X8t`,^1W
X \] -,) V2W,X ) +. Xt<\+.n -s V: XX \ Y:0 ) Xg^ ] ) - ) +6,X/Y l Vg ] X ) 0 )a{] ]*) ] Ym b-d [ XN ^1W,05-\X
6
905Y2+.0 X f+30
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r
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< n
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+.-sV:XX\Y:0 [ ^1WE05-J\+.-bV:WOXg905YC+30 X
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0gY2X$5 + - +6V2W
j05^4X5 - 05^cV[ X ^ -oV2+.-o`,X4nV:WO+ `,-,^4V2+ - -sV V:W,X X4^ -O W,X4X4V
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a =< WE) 0 ) ^/X4YCV109) +.-_05v -E0 V:+.^ a{] Y ]\ X/YV:+6X ) [V:WOX/- m ] ^/05-g XJ^ ] - ) V2Y2`,^c) V:X/ ^1WE 05-\+6-
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z
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W,XN\Y ` f
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C
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a V:W,X4Y2XN+ ) 0n^ ] Xc OX a{] YCH09V2+ ] -F[ m [ ]5a a{] [ ) `,^1WQV2WE09 V \ W ] ) [ X8^0

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jj
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< <H
Z ^ ^ \ ^
Xc;W,+V,+6V ) X ] -,X4-sV:+30 ,X4^0 09VV2W,X ) ]* Y:09V2Xy WO+ ) + ) ^ ] - ) + ) V2X/-sV +6V2W ] ÒY +6^4V:ÒY2X
]5a 0Y2X )C] -E05-O^/XZ0 ) 0g NX4V:0 ) V10 X ) V:09V: X
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] ^ ] ) ÒV: X X Y ] ^/X/X4H0 ) +.-,V:W, Xt 5 Y ] `,a{-O] ) V109V2X Y ) ] X4)2) XY2X Y2X )) X/] -sV ta a{] Y
80
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F fF
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R
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]
] V:X4-sV:+30
? ><2 [
Y#+6-+.-s\X4YCV:X4
:
V(x)
"bounce"
static
paths in inverted potential
R
P
]8 X/YC+ ] ,+.^ )C] ;` V:+ ] - )]5a 05Y ,+hV:Y205Y2+ 05Y \X /X YC+ ] n09Y2X

e
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P
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)+ ^0 X405- e
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P
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0,
z v v
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0d
d
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fd
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Y2X 5X/Y/[F
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05YP\X
J
,XcV_
6 % < ^
<
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?Li ^ ,X4V
W,X4Y2X
l8m
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0,
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6
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n
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J $ J R yR 4 .
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R P \ # X J : l=< ? Ip < c R nS V 5 =RR
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R X | /
Rk $ R 0, c <
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w1
0
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6 :

F

: <
paths of period
,
&

BADC zFE pHGIEL A
wj F ! c
V
P RR RP b V

/ ; P wJ $
? " s & ] ^ s # & # ^ c
%$

l $JX Nl " 4 $ ' & RP
l
J$ 6 y S X l X RP
P

4X S !/ N X R. l g R. $ X R RR
R $ $ F .4 w j F$ P4 V 4 l R P
J 4. D
B $
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X wRV X R 8 O /( h ) w6 ! | ? < #
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X R 4 f $ JP RX lS " # # Q X $ J $ X XR
# 9 ( 8 X D JB ( 0, * + R X R $ X R
/ $ R R / j $#( R - $
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J P $ $,
R
J
F
jump for
<
c
<
=
type 2 superconductor
R f > 0O V&.
$P 325X4 ( t R0
R $V1
V R rX R P
R $

X
$ V0
+
XX
/ R
, /.
76\G98HG C EB;:Z0< CB BF A= A?> E E @DBA >

+ EM
$# DC tR P R P XGF
jump for
no trajectories
for
<
c
&
<
c
$ +.
RIH J RLKLK HMH K R HK HS K F P
wP H E K p RRHV UT ^WV /KC H #V P r H J H X F
K Rc
R MHS O E N H[ K QP HS E SC K H JJ RHHV p S SGX K P gVX T CV \ X F
E
H]SK C MHS J HV V $ C
$PZY UT ^WV X
J R X C F
SC X
F
J
SC
UT ^WV GX^`_ UTUa ^WV G X a
H J K

XR
R c b DC b 8 .ed b b d I f
HJ H
?B T b S K Ug Y T + g Y T
K h C H XB RE R $ E L. g
N? g Y
C
QK Y T a g KJ U gX b
p
h CW
D $ C
RP
J $
F
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3 r&5 31 ). ue5 ,7L.
HV 6 I K L E R H 6 % $ Q H H E
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X . g
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XD C Ywv
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W J K C H EXR Ry Ywv
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z g. J HS E HMH
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z ^
Q Q ^_' d
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F
=
type 1 superconductor
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ADC zFE 76HGIEL A >
E J MHRH E

z
0
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F x g
J hC g Z M z P$$XRJ HV $H Z

P . F R HMHS R Rz # Y v z . h#C H C
% F
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