Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
1. Introdução
Definição de fundição.
História da Fundição
Características e potencialidades dos processos de fundição.
Princípios fundamentais.
DEFINIÇÃO DE FUNDIÇÃO
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
Processo de Fundição
Rota Metalúrgica
Seleção e Preparação Rota Processual
da Carga
Projetos
Fusão –Tratamentos Matérias Primas
do Banho Ferramentais e Insumos
Vazamento Processo ?
Preenchimento
Tipo de Molde Forma de
Solidificação e/ou Modelo Enchimento
(Materiais)
Resfriamento
Pós Processamento
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
Processo de Fundição
Rota Metalúrgica
Seleção e Preparação
da Carga
Fusão –Tratamentos
do Banho
Preenchimento
Sistemas de vazamento (manuais, mecânicos e
automatizados) e características dos moldes (bacia,
Solidificação copo, funil,...)
Resfriamento
Principais problemas: perdas de temperatura e
agitação do metal líquido
Pós Processamento
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
Marcação
Areia
do Macho
Caixa de
Molde Moldagem
Superior Massalote
Descida
MACHO Linha de
Apartação
Molde
Canal de Areia
Inferior Cavidade Ataque
Distribuição
do Molde
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
HISTÓRIA DA FUNDIÇÃO
The Bronze Age began in the Near East before 3000 B.C. The first bronze that could
be called a standard alloy was arsenical copper, usually containing up to 4% As,
although a few objects contain 12% or more. This alloy was in widespread use and
occurs in objects from Europe and the British Isles (Fig. 2) as well as the Near East
Fig. 2 Top and side view (a) of arsenical copper axes from Oxfordshire, England, that
appear silver plated due to inverse segregation. (b) Detail of one of the arsenical copper
axes showing the joint of the bivalve (permanent two-part) mold, placed so that no core
was necessary.
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
The use of 5 to 10% Sn as an alloying element for copper has the obvious
advantages of lowering the melting point, deoxidizing the melt, improving
strength, and producing a beautiful, easily polished cast surface that
reproduces thefeatures of the mold with exceptional fidelity--vitality important
properties for art castings (Fig. 3).
The molds were made such that the flash occurred at the edge, which required finishing
to sharpen (Fig. 4). These edges are often harder than the body of the object, evidence of
deliberate work hardening. There is also evidence in the third millennium B.C. for the
lost wax casting of small objects of bronze and silver, such as the stag from Alaça
Hoyük, now in Ankara.
Fig. 4 A sword of typical Bronze Age design replicated by Dr. Peter Northover, Oxford, in
arsenical copper using a bivalve mold. It has a silvery surface due to inverse segregation.
The flash at the mold joint demonstrates the excellent fluidity of the alloy.
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
At Gussage, an Iron Age (first century B.C.) factory was excavated. The lost wax process
was used in this factory for the mass production of bronze bridle bits and other metal fittings
for harnesses and chariots. More than 7000 fragments of clay investment molds were
recovered (Fig. 5), along with crucible fragments, charcoal slag, and other debris thought to
represent the output of single season.
The Bronze Age in the Far East began in about 2000 B.C. more than a
millennium after its origin in the Near East. It isnot yet clear whether this
occurred in China or elsewhere in southeast Asia, and there are vigorous
efforts underway to discover and interpret early metallurgical sites in
Thailand.
Casting was the predominant forming method in the Far East. There is little
evidence of other methods of metalworking in China before about 500 B.C.
Antique Chinese cast bronze ritual vessels were of such complexity that it
was the opinion until recently that these must have been cast by the lost wax
method. This had also been the opinion of Chinese scholars in recent
centuries.
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
Fig. 6 Cross section of a leg and part of the attached bowl of a Chinese ting, a
footed cauldron of the type used for cooking in China for at least 3000 years. The
leg was cast around a core, which is still in place. Part of this core was excavated to
allow a mechanical as well as a metallurgical joint when the leg was placed in the
moldand the bowl of the vessel cast on. Source: Ref 1.
Cast Iron
Cast iron appeared in China in about 600 B.C. Its use was not limited to
strictly practical applications, and there are many examples of Chinese cast
iron statuary. Most Chinese cast irons were unusually high in phosphorus,
and, because coal was often used in smelting, high in sulfur as well.
There is some dispute concerning the date of the introduction of cast iron
into Europe and the route by which it came. There is less disagreement
about the assumption that it was brought from the East. The generally
agreed upon date for the introduction of cast iron smelting into
Europe is the 15th century A.D.; it may have been earlier.
The mass production of cast iron in the West, as well as its subsequent
use as an important structural material, began in the 18th century at
Coalbrookdale in England. Here Abraham Darby devised a method of
smelting iron with coal by firstcoking the coal. He was successful because the
local ores fortuitously contained enough manganese to scavenge the sulfur
that the coke contributed to the iron.
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
Fig. 7 The Iron Bridge (a) across the Severn River at Ironbridge Gorge. The structure
was cast from iron smelted by Abraham Darby at Coalbrookdale. (b) Detail of the Iron
Bridge showing the date, 1779. This was the first important use of cast iron as a
structural material.
Fig. 10 Bronze statue (a), dated to the fourth century B.C., found off the coast of Turkey. Now in the
museum at Izmir and known as the Lady From the Sea. (b) Assembly diagram for the precast pieces
of the Lady From the Sea. Source: Ref 3.
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran Art Founding Colossal Statues
The Colossus of Rhodes was a bronze statue that stood more than 30 m (100 ft) tall. Although
filled with stone as ballast, it was destroyed in an earthquake in 224 B.C. The fragments remained
where they fell until they were sold as scrap in 656 A.D. According to Pliny, other colossal statues
were erected at Tarentum, Rome, and one at Appollonia that was later taken to Rom
Fig. 12 Overall view (a) of the Great Buddha at Kamakura, Japan, cast in high-
lead tin bronze in 1252. (b) View of the face of the Kamakura Buddha showing
metal losses at the joints between separate casts.
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
Equipment Advances
Wheeled ladle for one-man operation used in the latter part of the 19th century.
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
Equipment Advances
Molding Machines.
Sandslingers
Synthetic Sands.
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
Foundry Mechanization
With gray iron, malleable iron, and steel added to the foundrymen's metals for
casting to shape, it follows that equipment and methods for the rapidly growing
castings industry were also being given increasing attention. Molding,
coremaking, sand preparation and conditioning, and metals and materials
handling methods also progressed during the 1800s.
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
Estrutura
FUSÃO ENCHIMENTO SOLIDIFICAÇÃO
Propriedades
Produto
Peça
(Peça)
Fornos Propriedades PROJETOS Massalotes
do Líquido
Canais de Enchimento
FERRAMENTAL MODELO/MOLDE
Reações do
Líquido
PROCESSO
Defeitos
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
Ferramental
Desenho da Peça Ferramental
Macho
Caixa de Machos
Placa superior Placa inferior
Fusão Solidificação
Tratamentos do Banho
Manutenção da Temperatura
Vazamento e Enchimento
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
Versatilidade
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
Processo de Fundição em
Moldes de Areia
Marcação
Areia
do Macho
Caixa de
Molde Moldagem
Superior Massalote
Descida Detalhes de um
MACHO Linha de Molde de Areia
Apartação
Molde Canal de
Inferior Cavidade Ataque Areia
Distribuição
do Molde
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
Processo de fundição em
Moldes Metálicos por Gravidade
Fundição em Coquilhas
Máquina
Coquilhadeira
Processo de Fundição
Sob Pressão
Detalhe do Processo de
Fundição Sob Pressão
em Câmara Fria
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
Gravidade
Centrifugação
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
• Material
• Peça
• Fatores Econômicos
• Infraestrutura
Material Propriedades
Nível de qualidade
Propriedades da Peça ⇔ desejado
Definem a maior ou
Propriedades de Fundição ⇔ menor facilidade de
obtenção da peça
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
• Ponto de fusão
• Reatividade no estado líquido
• Fluidez
• Modelo de Solidificação e formação de rechupes
• Coeficiente de Contração volumétrica
Peça
• Performance: propriedades finais
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
Fatores Econômicos
• Projeto e custo do ferramental
• Vida útil dos ferramentais Relação
• Geração de sucatas e retornos Custo
x
• Quantidade total a ser produzida Benefício
• Custo total do processamento
Infraestrutura
• Disponibilidade de equipamentos
• Experiência profissional
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Disciplina: Fundição dos metais e suas ligas
Professor: Guilherme Verran
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