SCHLIEREN METHODS by L.A. VASIL'EV Tranted by A. BARUCH ISRAEL PROGRAM FOR SCIENTIFIC TRANSLATIONSFOREWORD Scien methods have gin despre acceptance nth ay of ange ‘tomatic rr ve en te ee to ei S.A Abwkoy [3D Hoe end R Noh [92] and ther: Ren, owen: the ‘hey and he exprienal matbos a aplton nthe erento hae Sdspoe abt hangs mam. the acon thr has btn developed mids many ne quanative mbos have apee, proved meted of ‘sulaios of eume shomapenetes have bce eu athe apa ‘hese methods been expanded Comat thee bar sino ned a eerie "teeing resto dere the comtemporary eve olden ofthe mes, lindo demon the potble aitiey fe f the veer in aos Franher of scence and ence. The poe ook ide oi co ‘Schlnfrramets and tbe en troop Kult we Oe peed ‘ahr book The stumen ofthe probe howeer, scent ges oo Seapine ttre needs These ice the nterrometes wih «faction gti. eqn) ‘hog « shlten atachment. ‘The smiaity i pure) sopra bower ‘Thesolenctn fhe iacon gating athe eterno spite ight en sno rst wo coerent gt secs cn be satan ple 2 ‘tana smitansparn marr Such metods ar lobe ba hy YaiSeromter Te sehen names ca a be ted ter proses meh th stot of iuminacece copending meted, howe, eo amie “Te phenomena which pase chang ia sited wave ae primary ‘aid by the ot Bag sid eter beyond the ope op AS Fe ‘etre astuneas Dae found appears a ter tance af nce Xap lsatnks, ado copii An eetonicoteal alg ofthe ‘elie thas ued inte say weak magus Tring techni, $d th ierumontato, 0 Wel sero Spee tse ae dest Ne Sed eachother fils We ht acordigy esti ous ee aa ‘Tite hier phenomena ot pte ‘Shei the parrot wih the ec inden grade hich re sf eine fnpertans i conan Ie eprint, td note al of Eke Aiton in he inborn a he nye ont swe ave ince ait ot a vecon on themed of leuion of yolume inbomopeneie: The ‘alia mths feaiaiog recommn oa gs ums of pial nd thr enomeen bet mano pln charter when app scbleeh “Te book many bse on ini paps phd by tenth et sot of ther sete ae aoe. Th £3, 58 G46 adn pat 5, {54054 and 57 eps tne verbatin tens of V8 Sabra 39 E'Wied oo tte work of 8 Me Boouertowlar W'S Sttbortikh ted ¥.S Tatarena 1 Vsti, V. A Yakov, Me M. Skotnto, SM. Ra nd so ‘v's Satborith totam ate pt ints fe bok in the ous ‘he popron. The torr rel themes ph eoeetone TABLE OF CONTENTS Par The Geer! Ther of Seren Methods ciate :1s Seon eng " Boe er MOUNT AND AOIUTMENT OF OLEREN STROMENTS 1 ite a Part It The Dict Try of Sern Mths ee eee {See a | Dried 2 epee i es 5 ees deINTRODUCTION anos of atts fin stole at conta tobe developmen feceenaodeonermorethan acre} lil hbase wor ar cond {= Waters Europ niyo Fane sn Gaany Res, heen oie Sho inhi rena ied he USSR. We cal seth hee he ma ages isthe dlopne of heres eto ‘Tesclen hod wa sgpve by th French asronomer Lie Foca [5] 4 166 a a mae of guy cent the marae of ge aonoe ‘bjt of igh ring pee Inthe i knw 1 eyo SE Fest necdge meta Te 8c the Gar pict Acgut Tale, app hs dt the ay cnn shomogencine (120) In fc, he ecrvered «ten epleation oe Slresdyowe Ponca tbo, Dut th rat value ofthe rere od Th nr ae te pied by ynamis nthe gee devs of {ccs have een ch ple ae ooh Upto the 2h eer, oil iy et nd be ay of pen nome no nrteslentas lor the apples ol schinen mtd With the ser ‘sini cman ethos underwent consee deelopoes. They ‘cq psa inet, tae en hea of nave opr avi (U6) ‘ed Obama [41] eeltedtndpenenty the icon Ges the late inten plane fhe shee strane, wee othe ssp ‘in atthe wane shape nthe oe pla eevee fn othe eurknats le amb ener nvetignon webs ohh enemastein and mpot at need in cent ya in connection wt he ‘pc ft icon hyo he hen td. und to sad a tps of tampa aboot. Cetfopton leony, The dy of onesie ti fo a hetercange pes the acl ya ‘eam pesos, ql oar! of opal sand the sy of cal ‘eer tan coats ao te new sppatons of hen cde Fly wanton as eft om save earn mesma Names papet mete pbb om theses te Ht wae at sage et is page rowan iompnty, ao he lea homoge) inetereindto terete inde gaia espe tthe mio ole ‘Ofte inpovtanee wee thst Makoto [S47], wh drelope he ‘eave med of hoa amen nh core.stop Pitan tho. hd ab improved paca nek tosiges wig sleeh naam HS constaed conser he deepal of ren et He spel tyne metodo quniie and quae mensrones, And developed procedure or clang. sma lahomopenctie Hie ‘wats [121] sumed the developmen sen metho up 190 "Toa the then td te sapere ccmue of shlen ead ae antag to deep rapy Oxouo desope te clocted Be etd 2-44) adapted ito the dy of tema byodnmi od dion [heanmenn, SLU" oped vane el fr garam es from the ition fern phenmen. Auto [I-S} ol te faction fermen in scien nsec fo the guantatve nay of opt inbomogeeti Suiborahish (31-5) mathe rato develope aifinion hey heats th fame od the he ome’ prom te piconets metodsaplei o ce whee Re bjt pte sseorde ono the coiates Hesgpeed mete Forman thea cl otn fa plane mane andthe eae of hemlet [devon theca fs endl wvyancondactd setae torte sh ciperncll ral oe ineisaman scares metbod His otsancing ‘ook wil enoattey have 3 sigue fet on he mbgunt delet of older so Not [1 92), Bates [4-6], and Omen and soy [1719] ceottte tthe inpevemen ef te gsiaie a gna mee ‘Sami eie Tce sean le 0 high degree he neo feos of shlrenmeatrnet ed ig tl pemie h Ie of ain an item brat ten ed cen eae othe deny ‘bon arouse owe ‘Condes sterton har Bsn pi othe soa mad fenton «ampler pose lahomogmtisSterator and Lithin wid 4 sear Sowurnation othe deo Toon othe ig etn sap inter wats [132] eat mst tte ona guna proxi “(lio oh aimee shone tempt ie made wh inde eqey ouniyr bye of arcs age Theat or igopet [Dla ah sets orth alan cane ‘er swer nl fact nae deed “cunt ober auc aimpest Without high iy tran ‘Tact hve to aay essen ues Teh meee Psion, Seczoe me cans into Ze (1-17) To pro. fen he aig of en nuns na de owe yon Te Saco tears TET, TEIN ABS amd her Sexcapedby EBDOY Gersopnion nih te wa ae ee cup hn ewe wala eerima “Fe cmon ong the enon fen metho Tey auc toy aed sion mtd Topo meds cco meh, Foamy slow men We rset ht ow meta (Cherie the ed opel Drs mc te ota hen ‘mint yt hn omen eh bem ye Shonen oe she sore homer tat Soe So the ‘poy these shat mda lr nto eng the Do ‘Tohadast mp ti “To np ofthe own et ot aly ete ite he Wet sim weal le the 6 men of wh enema an bo (Seino in tamper nhomegmate Trent th coin of ete ‘Sone sa eu sh tn, a Sn {ttn st cba sh spe ots ed he ‘Semoat a he ang Sova Paap ines diloton ‘Zee mba ta cemeanronc at wine ot corer a ‘thoes te infenso mca andre plan eho We sno lee mah he ons pamanny te flowing ‘annoy dy met vi dit cr mpl ops ut fh gt eam west na eae {eihelonesoetnte nue pe Thro rove eit ‘ou contin he chant ee enpopmey snd oe parame Sto ine mainte wich Soe oer hdr Fo he a id whe osc pgm and mn te erro and Traian meus wi the te Uo bo slr ae Se pion Senos 3 ean ania cami ins ane cnet eo intonopny ai he saw meio‘Te meaued mae i gol he app of et ein in the atom ‘the wavefront shift or curvature nel experiments evitons oth bse tare fthe seroma ate ‘cut se Tay hone! shot, a a he them are deetied. The image formation can then be treated ftom the post vw ie an aon mn yh he he evita abe coaetd at an te a ese “edinropn cage spleen pan gener thet Dam willbe alle he swig apr ca have silent topes: Fora Ke ‘opt lt cred op oe. ‘iene er tort the shape ofc pram psn ad light iae I e cll insy eae date eal fhe dition "Te cerned in the ae peel espe i oq no tna I QUALITATIVE SCHLIEREN METHODS 1. PRINCIPLES OF THE SCHLIEREN METHOD Tete cheng i rt Fos (dei {poatgh nue (Figre iste tne rome bet thee, bribe acae 08 pte wit hep ssight ee Kale the Foust ae Sige place the ge pane I the ete ee of abe ad he: A ened wave tity sper we baa soe, nfm extinction ofthe Se yong het wl pala i a lve thetghtsouenage tome sin the cee sto te wae Foot ‘het fom the etn il prods am tage Beuminos pln taleec fegemt comment main ote ios bd ‘he nl np nd he cre el ume ot opal he iy il ert ach eee oe Te hegre wl ape fFonaed spats cr bchgosnd When nee reed ough 0 ‘moe emrd he pa tthe nomen wl spp Sar ht» Seomtasteond inal opal tems itn lpi dts th HM tout et ang tebe bng el smal ints snr of SSC cach of tees fos emery nage oe oro Exh es chp athe moment tt he ded coe therapist ‘Sage Gin dcr ond wre fh savas eae vai ojo Sopa ani nee ed rom eae Fe pur thse ose yee oes he se a covend tee pal sn ot sans Telos cad by ‘hpi dest ih hg ies rl ten Ts ars tml meth et ste apa Ee) be hae ‘tnt the ae ag 4 wl fe gh an haa origi ones ‘toc at pts cD nil teal inode bites non fo and E (Gitte tha yan ¢ ker an Aran hangin te sainaion there copia oe cng hee i eon merle ee aa 6 and ana ah ee ‘sony oats ar pene 2 ty te tl mith Hh oe iY be a acne coepontog opts Brand Dlr oy sight is eatin Sg nica) fa it usw bln mac rae dies Des Shenae pont Pat empl da whew Bh eae ‘now tyre realy “Insts ans pedro te fda echo shen nb gh ne agen yt seen bee oe ‘Secon tltexie cera pers "etneclget wc ive daphagm te imagination altel nl bit othe suc ima rn he asthe ms ss slong ieee sno shane the isin A ele instemen SAN tele terete mes poabl to tng beween pists hat Tithe tle ofthe projet of he angle of ip devas on te De peptic to the asd “PS ing sh eso the change in te wae nt shape Poor sity ‘tthe esac so te ely stor rod hi dsoton The ae eft an sree ey any op nbomogensty wah ites the bet bam The Te, tnc me bet wl pps ifr Samia epesding on ow they Get! tet kas span (351 0 splice the pin bt sours by lk some santo ieet ada king posse ooban «mush ares Het Dx ‘Tete cP By ice he ak, we rece he capone ine * ‘etn say in dee ios igh per roses sch asthe ofa proce SESRESGITSGA tee Th recin of th exonr ine ao ee ‘Siccuyatate ror rs coset vain othe ramet alta SSA thc edo to facta in empartare amonper rere nrapondngy ot "Te avntage ee si oa ppl othe cla sures Beso or wonoueal she ett ith he bac amet) dene, Ths si ogi artbam oat wh of 0, a 01 my ernie gb xs Inger ya tr #39, 335890, epee, ha eve a honed Uikesores bow eter cesponds to the same ey. The a sore eesoe atl when tt mst ea gh seni an ow Ht Tne Represent pot strc asl ony whee rue by pei aes of {te measures Some sxampie lb condos bon 2. BASIC SYSTEMS OF SCHLIEREN MEASUREMENTS eres otal ems ial or schlten measrment ae cc vai HETTce ge numb i eto he de ranp of poems and the parle ‘Siemens they imps on the et te errements nsf ara od [Boobies mc av not csi the same poe (ss sof meter hae sa) tismore spd wo bives potable etruncnt, aduing ts oiion ‘ite to et taf move the toward the insane nid mel Sth teed mnt te nrnen ste mos epee rset lng he reocy ef poner sock wate te simplest erangonets ar xl with ‘Mem oer atl cee components On he te ha te ae ‘tinhomogenctis wtih oly sy dai the Ui, the opal stem the semen ein tad he mot ar conser more compen “Teds mat stressor comple than hat shown Fis 1 ANional betes usta iodo, forming image ofthe iomopnsity nthe nseon Toe aia objeve ald eve iirc bu sc an araabset Te atin cher photographs ei, pia high sect, 2 ery beat tse wats sali eds Sites auc iba to ba, he ‘al poste soso fing an istered ape he soe Atel by sal Te ntodocon fs condower bjt so pe to sale sextet “Tete opti dass wi now ey dec Figs 3 epee oof ‘se sso tis mail stable for goaltate obevatione ravens ‘esinpay and ee of manne an aston. sng gee ey ‘Nef arhe mai objective Nermally and prt fo eat messes omples ope! stem sed aed whith coveted or aria erations ‘Tas sym wil he syttelyreprcted in otrdawings ty snl pt Alonset A deadantge fens ng sexe the age vl of toe Sheraton pec inter fare bel Figure eprenne assem requ fe gaia stds A ghqualty Sons In ation mor oben ae be fom chose aeraons. a <4 "sini to ous be et oc an the ender ten othe pti au, sae ras othe darkening os comes pat othe sd. The variant "Ghee oer part the et han he illmsaing stem nthe reco Soran tin cut wel he etal pr sate o mean Analy ed ese how in Figure sist he ih srr ine rsingPotoraa pate postned same wah aps 1 the "To rfecs te shan ofthe sion, the ape ot the Het sare as ple oe tet thee and oe oe hee cs ens a3 mer (Figure 7 tn hic be cdg in inc te tet fling the sar ge {hight soe age The ety a hs em per, esl fo he “oui paseo the eam troup oe bomoaeesty The santas Bowe St her sdsng tareret bjt, which edict the hg thro arse Ens Inthe they dole cosa i te pth dio he ‘Shen png The marrow asap nhomopsniir re pit nderooing Dowel he rumen sedaed Tie spat a Fp tre ed only fo $othng wet ehomopeetis.1 st ihe sty reside I de of yates tat prove or abs usage of tery snow he nbmogeny (ire Te sey icend ty sinsion sult te umber of psd ofthe Hh ea hough the benny. Such intsumene am however, diel 10 we de hel feat scnnty fo iain an si ncllatons,Seharin [121] pos out tenth fan cased by he page of hides aa corbin: or {he budding an cons afit the age Mumia, The tstramet ‘cl tots and baw eng omer, ne the ay doe nt allow the ‘Sine pth daring oped pasage Toe dws en why ewes ‘tae trent tat eon asad Fie 8 ‘hs preven ntonee, can tranents with 2 Kee can deterine col he baton oe pest i th tle ofS Gein oe ae ne etiam ae ty rn ey rerpendcus (oth haeige. The eae ell of anges of devason (esord by rumen aalogos fone wd eating eles mabe ‘he ance a indent at ech viewing the ibomeseoay a ell {eleto the ober This ds av apple oan whee ne win ade Ter menring weak objets and he thet formes oan os ase st "he Knap fly owt alt imag sd in the socom te coves only Mike The erence eden of berstion ial oem ee ne {Beng ror he os arm an be ade sal in hear lng emai ject: not doer ot exec) To meat the poe ‘hon ote pes fake eatin on aa plans i ponble tot eating ‘em nef th at, sv a hat repel by Fire 8 ‘These fs someting o a cveig pt beam inconvenient fr quae Investigations, sine Hema nbomogeoiies sit the tinge to detent ‘Stent depen on te eon nh een secon Stee scl expr ‘Rae ie soe to ee to sce onuens, ofr guttersuet nde ote quanta oe, he most Wily wed ose ae ‘Sola wich he nomapsey spa ina pall am Sa maiston fst be ppd to all the systems dbl. Foe eagle sce ier 10 td ‘Toe most idly wel aye ithe called Zaye Fig 12 a which to ental elosnes ate plased opponte ac ther Te contest: and he photo. trol unl ze ct on teat ie of he op an. A carci [heratln oth on angio onset ty te reduc teal Bat th ete Sj tre by the so th Ishomogeneiy Te ene th fol Inthe lacy ao hye desea ‘Sci lee an ean the ramet ine Acerdiay, sap Sema cme ty pai Speclly eine cresting es ea the cl ma ie tony hi dosed note ew ad ee {Seenloye Saher are clin tts fhe oun aye i aspen ‘ho shock wavy uae yocoomena of themodstie, “Tessin inrmen ed i todas af a le nrg abd wily Cconidrabe dite nec in comston witht nao To ke th Inaranent more conc wc ade of mle ection a te Het han by ‘en of plane mir Sch imporemete however adv le then ‘te narumet stew an nse nh wera pate td nase at Intent thea of iets, se It thre dv oe the ne ‘rem cmpatle wih te space valle Sth sues ae found fo be mere ‘eae and mor ele Testequenty expats oa apt ote cet bing sl son of he emmonets a the scien iste. In Figure 13 sch a finn walled ‘pte trie whe! W, which eres ar een mir [14th ison ofa ier combustion nin sed tere por Ti sof ch tae ‘en apt more efi thn te maactae ef mode a ansparet ‘atria he on ome tao fein Tos tase stem dtribd tore repent calyx sl amb fhe pet ‘tly of eng ope sens Tet te nea, however o dese ch oesince ial all the rent ystems es be tcl to ftom of those eed ‘ove Son of them ae Seda combiaos of evel ase sates, oo vidal mons rom ent ase ses te in Big toes ou ile! mets Yo sata, sil and ig i). och 3, SENSITIVITY AND RANGE OF MEASUREMENT ‘The nay of a mening itr Sine te rat of te increment fhe natu adingf the creme the abo he parameter Bang ene ue se oy Kad pan have dite ysl mana lth case ofan mnt, Kite Aloston of te nue neil nad pi the con seta singe “The pum K and p hve dient masigs fr the dierent pes of siren intranets eth potogpie rch, he eared magi he Spal dey of he ybolopapie emus D, ad te mee parame ‘orally the anda etn inte nhamognaty.Theore 02) Set sine Dike with henge iain Fad the enaon carci bterlation De rtest-6 oo aca the coma cro: con and bia canta, we hae x a nev beating, the fit fhe it nthe ee wl dtr by Baebes, es) ieee exes the coat sensi of he ee. The mensrementsensiy Then egal att sacl eo, ‘A noted in both tensa an the photographic methods of eseration the seit ned wt the iage cnt i deter! the ale he ‘etn change of hep inten hee ine potodc mao th de somponeat ict of bythe ae plier. The sored magenta thesia api asi eed oe abe ‘Sang fe ik nteny he age see en ‘hers conta determin bythe dope ofthe characte care of he Pamper a byte eae “Thermage des wil be uel ltd of sense eli above. Te aang is he pos fonpaig Sle ethos ‘rttot energie quo a the pots a the humus je or of te Popp miter shoud he ep eid omer ht he rans om {hae magne fo he Wo ses ets malian by & for Which Spent he pop othe eer nd the tho a Portree, {Stor is coment ot nites itm ange oe hich ny ay. 1s sce cnr fren aptie eco, ach a te cor age the ‘Sith dow tom he famen. ‘We sal examine the consrton beter the senstiy and thease saat tects ntument ote toe wey el ptometic etd “The eon panto can be considered propionate arn of hs Hah soars inte not covered by the aed: Whe oun sited, r=, es eB is conan depending on teste Hainan the stem abortion, Sette mec what tea he me ‘testing he nhomogensiy tech te agli thet source imageby te ammat b= fete fi the ac om tahoe) tothe toda for stem sar to tae shown Figures 3 0&1 poral Sas fl thd fh th a ojo ‘When the eared angle ae she sensi ae resend yh flow 69) Sam eal, cu0)\| 1 woud low tht be sntty cold be cen! wiot i by edi stewie pe ao eit image Tht = nto pat uo the sara, td the teu te sont sev othe cies low ge Semin. Fools (9) plea cal to elle wate ‘ope pt the it ap, when thse ations ot pet ‘unto lagen ith he mjunes part oe heen trot ‘ke poles cove! stn of toe eipeinetal conto Tes te pote [Zap eed oot wed and tobe stu 29 nore ‘Tech pode pt evan of he ight eam enc) ose te suet Drie wg of he open ato he ie mage To pore cording he ‘Cures age highs Sl enc in nr ote he ty. ‘Dy meant oth orm ening tee, tao polo alte the int tal of devon which cas he sha mentale came nthe tess trament at dren ade Tac ange of si of cvton whch ct site change nthe recat maps oe ate tage amination o the sonapie Senay he halon) cle the rane of matress method. The be Spent oo ss ofthe tava Tos, he ahomopenty eh are {ae so rth ha it compet covert yt aed or compe ux oe in ihr angen tango deviation wien con hee Sinton ad the arate dependet pee Cov othe amination {hun oh ance att Soon inthe abomogenty odie shape ot ah tina haat Siping the rng shoud be ted asthe spent thea on wich ‘monotone changes mination aks place I bows. te dboon of ‘eviatin ain the iniomogenly is known blretan posible make oe ‘other irition ranger ae wl tol ata wi ha be ue echoes ‘ew fom seal posible stern nsec i ple we the Tai ominy of fo eon ang ond te ey aon ‘She neasuranet regu Foy some nian iaviatons the measeret range chosen wo in tte pon af ander crraponing to tome Gren chang in he eatin bat ‘nbrethe dependence fh amination ne evan ag bar certain able ‘ents eestor i,t ey of oe th tilly inte ys Ie The ln goer thisartion wilt ened {Soar marking oul Te meaarement range mthod ug se oma for quantitate anal il tere bert othe Seat om wi the "he veer propriate ike i aout in lng te range of tmenenet Thai wists whe ns ened athe ren of ee Shang inthe amination, be ery lage. But he acl sof essere ‘te comideraiymarrower Ine, nn paar ceding mes a, ‘eal ave oan the tone thes age deff ach a ‘Stott eee eceielyuneoteds wle the Sls arinson wil ent t hangs with th ching inthe sel deviation, fre ing ‘the ceon wi ea Siar phosien ake pace open pr othe ‘iho mow when he pt denser ae he repo of enaeapae ‘mets an become nly tn speci range unit vie “he tot marron ang i dermie by the perpertion fhe anes sion range and he see anges cre plication of th mathe tha > mei nt ether th otal ange met may oars ‘Stat pny dopag down a. 4. USES OF QUALITATIVE METHODS ‘The widest of i ie method stared mma aer i dione. Tipsy sda epi darian accuracy. Malate provers ‘sample utating the aca f the stem tnd (Sh ole 0 ‘arc the suo carats mary miror jac othe acon eee ‘eat slot thet termine th a othe Eat oo ot Seca Pies ‘The ster contacted by various stor [4 121] demon tha his etd lay eos Het een op totenh an ang sonsAs memoir; he ot aphaton of hen meanest wae in the mance of op inom atsoomi sais Seren maths ade Ipoh te qulty of ance snd te et wre Sng ‘be mandating pos Te oben cold be amie by sane and sso ts sap tat cul be aken ha eto og hg imager TT tenine polo er purponly tor manlctring hos, a8, 2 ate improve the lity of espe ae Te method eee ‘outing he mana cen of lene ors oe atc Seopa ‘Troi and edt the produc of fst jc ich have payed an aorta parti araomc ssi. Thedecpmsn of the sheen method ‘outta tha fo te prowth 0 aston cpa "Toe metod as ter ppt thst of poiograhi ad sim betes 1m ons api experimental sy ofthe erates abtatons nd ‘cclanton fhe bectve ares ally responsible oe he arouses “Toe coeparion othe eperienta als with hoe pede he aeron Theory proved ta be concave. "Te thd slapped to st mantra ope late by deeraning the gs galt bow roesing came pone to make ‘cass orig ger and hu andthe expend senator te munfactr of ete somone meg os alo Became ostinato thease of bomape. “Draving spe ado Joao that shape oth ace which appear ‘igang ayn tmprtan print ance et gla Ther dts 1c of inporance een when te Bt wed or eetHay Hees (es ‘Thdouptne ecu bese ital erp ovat esha appleont {iis Thr ithe ps apport ef phot pats posses sk eect the [yerthckne ofthe pure milo mlb ance As srs he coepondcce ‘ston te ag uminsGon od pt Jena ote potgrpe mater i be elma, Seinen mth, by sling race disorion, mak it ‘Pasion thease of iorons an to preven them. “The metod hs eds ist develope inthe staf poesia ses. Ie ec preastyetlnean yas in connection wih the Gelopnent of pons ttecoopy. It ented th dceiaton othe oles ack ‘thes moving om ere tn ote mode othe gedit {the chrastrsion eta wh oooh eae ow 8 ih ‘ck ote Seren plop eo consonant Qu he ear te unfory fthe eam Hl ag te possi of mating te ‘onion exiting dine lot ihn ator The tay ofthe {ow past mods pt om any phenomena cringing Mg. Sack ‘oar eqn ofaqinstae re athoup th ae casi quae ‘Shien eos rales or ving un a ranma Ars ae eqn ln hs repr, hs ening pf he seaman ch foto ofthe he oe or inoducng Maro owen one snc wes ito. A deadvanag of tae metho cy of esc ech a {svat xe he sa ets ofthe penoncoon ae Sioned te inode ovo dion Gaubenre "Tact methods arf conse oi the ny of nse geno, sodas exon recs n sho abs fate [20] Te oa aes fine ore othe proces make pose ool det ant en ‘tomoycien rat tree he sen ad pd fe ote em an to post moe preci the es of ean (1713). sins tro nme cme pole fo meas he oye ona Ittomogenir shock ner fame, The meen matocs ae he ow ‘texts pp nthe Senay change whch he en tre Teach onary arn tera he wae apenas nn he fon rt nation wi ps hi he she en ie desty change {besos wane arenes th pone owe nme hon main cele otoganncoeane ra snp ene These ae spa ea al stint ante thm he ea, wich a “ie ober ste gees noose a ry nr a he anes in eh they ue scien me Shae te wd oe Pleonens of {Gemodiioion te comet xe bot Heated tae, the Now pa rine War, he cite! gues whith ae pce i nema! contort egies Schieen method a ing wily wed nt ty fod enemina ssw Sic the anise eva ngs rnp the cle talons ercare substan ile fom the paca ims eg ee oa Ics we andthe pee lag ale. The tn oh eeopeet {nd propio of waves, theron of wanes wi Boas maty te ‘alae cary sono he photopaphe. “Tew ol clen method cnt chit ya mambo ei Scie They aed in the ay fhe dilation ming an ober eed ‘ec The span of se metho i entiation ofl ik meso “ising toon tne tha sen teva the react ns, afr “lermining changer the dws othe chemi compostion I acento ‘ond the mensreneiin one econ along the adel Acer, {he seinen shoe the enon the sl the inne a fuente "Teuton fares metho a rography aks poset ber ton ofthe prow of ental and of he due Otte the Growingvik Data in thecal wre ad asprin wader ‘Spuimpl horton asta [39 arose ere hse we I th yo te propa af see all aint brainer “Toe gual) f sound nuion, the pets of ‘Sooner th acs popes of epee there pole 9 el at ‘eyes can be cred yh apps of ren ethos ‘Mos miecopic preparations are spares here te bem of tic viton mat be ete tlre hey ean be lveipats. Te sche fete hich bth esa please chines ae noche het fx mses ofan nina sp atthe mest scent nth fe They we frase fo mead In wich auton achieved bythe nrducion of ‘jeer ating cnasnse ie and th propriate reparation "Tae are some ingen i tay unforeen apa of he sre stb It war segs [96] ta hey We lore posers Toevinee pare. Accordg fo ths poet ah from WD ght our {Gar i set ote irr pia Coney Bl else rs Their a afer pang OW «ating. fal on the ten A mode ‘Stine yrange te slaston gu 0 and fcaed y the eee ‘Sc £0, hae intents peporon othe rights ofthe ante age ‘dete at hl fm The ore of pune bets fhe eros ling on he ‘fim eae 0 bod te of tre ad te hei te reps ‘Sri on the neiy tbe eon a A HS yelled om te cared tons i ot stopped by se dghragm, and therefore th prions ape {rah with magne dark. Thelen age he nboboges te ol sera coneponing tothe image ated te terns ‘cid on he scrosy The sdhastge of thr muted a coms ih th Toren see tied itat tiers mich gerade the gs isnt heey teeny eho ihn eae ety Teta of ti pot a. of soe organi Mera, wich il ck whe steel oth elaton ry Such modesto phe pet pes {he mage for a Tog po. I ao wa oy een Ba ok ‘Maho anlogoes (© the shen methods have etn developed in other ances of ter ay well icuding erg, enone meray, sect faieting, ae Fer ample emaer te nsation of lowe oes ‘ream by an lose mre nstoment [9 106) The tao ton ‘cited Wy te ica gun climad by seetiomsnee ese ten pa Thou th bet verse, an ele by the eletomagnet tine bth eng pr. Te in tae treet BF a op ped th pot Converge athe secon The decors deen! Oy he iehomogeety emt ‘step den te ro, on nich th ata or. Ie spe of the emp exten! mmr Rtwen he opal a cle sctren ntact pation fo th ‘panne ow Io the pte ain the ae of Svaton depend om the fence ater grat. we the scenester the eon the Sle of devo fhe arte Serine! the calison of dts Wie ‘oss indepndet othe uterine paris tthe opal at ‘Sermon nthe ety othe peur noone kad ta ebin e Slo a dete" reve the tage contrat hr ese 0 ‘os the wath he ope part of te sous whch bane acon aberaton Wien ae sects rrot ete enya doesnt ‘ete devston age, Dt only ede ection te nome fered ‘latrons Sethe een a orig fw cons har ben san 0, tisha spond to very sal ety hans compondng ope a "These detroit is ces aid ose sty of te Sonia tooo mak agate cet ele Ia thr caw the anon o oak Sl ‘etic the dovon angle Mich casi srt hose exalted Inthe ota aan “Ths Ei sure denon ha i fn of apn of acces methods fe wide ad Yared Howeer, the vais hoc share sind hse ate. Gonchar seit a ange fen he ening an th ane ua {ae metho ar edn bth Ise reo ep een theselon mods ina genes cote sectng etme fem difiret ara ‘Tin ake tonite odacove the geen fhe thant compar the “irom tannot tet appstn nto sot he optimum mth tay 7 ‘Bienes extur th soln ofinal peor wl xa En dr nye cmon os wie ange poten a aameal I QUANTITATIVE ZONE METHODS 5. SLIT IMAGE SHIFT CAUSED BY LIGHT DEVIATION (uattatie shen photography ye abl mation on pti ahows- fences Sceren pocpraghy ca, howe, be ao wol for demining he {hapa he Beh wave Coe fri pangs troeh he fommgncy, and heforfor oblige ete nds dteton ne tenga Tesomoch a th te pote ge compe wil be eared party We ‘al ti ous fo metas of eteminton feb eration sgl “he med ah the change inton in the age plane of he cen inten i fasta test fhe sag the fal lt fhe mash tevin ofthe resin par The sh ne bythe deco the a ye ‘Sanopisly ahonageeaer meson Forays ith paral sg 16, the lacey inh ring pln othe min seco teres pat ir estan «It llow fom he ‘Ey of th tinge Ed and Se ta inthe fos plane th an jin thereat by amount Safes en Sins the angi of devon st wl sn eps angel the devo ange canbe epi the angle ite with scent soe onmts lain 0: eo me i ti wl ‘ue paemet hit ag th changin intone obi nea ipod te soe ste bogey the pale ait CSc tiers to th po fips as ese ‘Ths th pocmnge te esi wi ston none arisen one te isome oh pobem Foster, Ne ‘omogentr sn tun some scan eon ote pt Irn cbt pd ie come ea (ge Th then oer ae For aa ang of deviation (53) eas ee . In hie cave 8 depends ones poston ofthe iba. te most ce. IRE Gre apron! hep coy as tein can he aber sions bead sale <1 nen ori pons ot ed fon ha thesosnd cas yb oe ease (0 fae 6, “Tere ae css ehpecin memrementho mere with iho Jane whe ths Sppronnation ie 00%seepntie; ae rt he mabe {renumet een completed oxmel (53) ser frm foul (52, which dete fo @ part team However wher fa nse» Gpens on he potion a he [Shonen ns ua om pit o pol nae endo hse ‘lou i ae igh troygh te mame ale ba are dient ated npc ‘ri separ ibn in vary degre Th cops the proses te ‘eastonet aed bus preted the elongata qr surements Sachem fave, ower ea adeanape the yo el ‘rvs the arate ose the sl urbe ef ats, th oy {hig see ah amin hunber of opi! some bate aera rover ee. The quanaie sy of sch panera nesses the ae oF Ermas (51 The someiose an teers ote esl stn "aso eet bythe poet nrg the mesteme sn Ad 6, ASSESSMENT OF INHOMOGENEITIES “Te fo atop of quia appation ote sheen rads nao & trad dacenof he eaerement sensi he inormopeey dapper. Ith astray of ear mas ino tm pone o erm ‘Seti engl fh deviation ysechen pean Tein ee ‘wighter y 9 ete Stings val. td the nkonogenty tee Sve at&t ih of min waa sit ft tine ie thie thorny wt O05 mw rf = 200m, urrpande a9 ‘Thismetiod set for sing he guy of oil eompoaets— obey, srr lemons, pete component fo be cand ato les Precison arn: is oo sual, howe fo stdsng sda the pies recess witinan komt oor anpovng te ga. ‘totes won of meth fr suayng he ropes fot nhomogscss lst immersion mato oh tert eb pacl in sal luton ana ‘treba Te ain me seh eal ‘hur the pear componon whit fee the ihonapey ale i ‘sahaked Tn is componton he act ces fhe 28 he boroseni re ul, Th rete Inde fhe ii i teri with» refto- ‘nr ry the een tod (y pling the nln wep shape covet ed cuting tn al iage apnoea) Te meted ond or tring te feacine nt of wesprent ot ee shape ‘Reamer toe era namin tr te atomogeety Tol tis ned. Riches [16] sume he eo th one ‘thd metus Assoring themed. he pte Dw et on {Be obj ore ther component The sore othe daptragm as Sid Intoa mabe of oes Fie 18) The knoe was owe comet Wi the oar ofeach zane The dileee tetin the adn oon he Le Poston sony se apa ue for each ote tots etme the etn Ateation fhe ie aro the oe and trae te sap of he wane fro othe rr surice Wha Richey Splat for dren ‘cr sap lor the sent fe ren ent fone ‘Se namber of maar! polis Th nese othe nh on eee ‘action lect dina cane cing te ssn aon astor sued a separation fhe ons by lng son he so by ein several Mein ont fhe ote staid Tht modo neue the ‘oy of te messnete (35) LE i oer ate Adena there tha isthe eid raga he me sna retard i os. Ths meee tle ifr ob whet pores ons ent fe fng pte aot ‘cL ithe oma mute mensch grt Wiha cree ember of onc t ee boomesiapee Staging Geen hy Bot ven lt na trata een ns eto ie‘ le dwar sone methods te tony orto ennnion 7. STUDY OF THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF AN INHOMOGENEITY Wien shine esrstne oss is moar 0 inet the reatne Inde ditt along the ui coun. Thanetation 9 rion om ‘he hel soprano! the wt, he tat of sprain of oe et Seponents thse pode te The method ed mt xen that tie cst andthe inal in[129} On ft poe ope ystems [2] shown in Fete 19 Hi 88 apt ie late ‘Ata gt source 5 placed nthe fol pit ofthe climatingobistne Ax veil h are can be ting the tere inage os amos by. ‘Between the cliztingejosive Oy andthe rssing ste Os he nome en's wou parameter sr one Sesion. wy 0 ‘je th ttrament a thst igs wl be pent thi recon heal ot the ing ject te neds 4 plas oie ee ‘nl wih he ap othe amiatig sit Bnd he cl Ie yea tens CL and i ecsr,he photon optics. The fara the opel system fees par are sed neck ay at Mov tn ted te oben od ver seta ine wth he nie i ae poet Simaaneoy onthe sen. A cure pti he Sabon o he ace {nex along the iboopeny pad ma the be Wei iaomogenty athe ght as pus oo thane portion he Incas nl a Temiour sph ne ote on the wren Whoa 4 Ithomoreni inode, he tinge produced y the decd aye ste ‘iret prion ate ini at wine Bema he ios band nthe screen bend The vale ft dipucannt at Some oi ofthe age Fe epicors, ahoes te ale betwen the nl i andthe mae of the amie st stivon sal he ag he nin sh cies oda y the eral Xone ete angle o ih devon the conjugate pot ishomogen The sensi ahe eto al 6 som jroo ay “Theory, can enced by ecreing «In racic i ted ty te fie wth ofthe it and by aberraon and ditactn phone. Arg salt "The wih of he miout and depend onthe wit of thence 3. Api ‘nsw cannot be mde very sal det te abratons fhe ial {he action pens, dina tig Tha tho aly for "dying penomen nis, bre he angler of Jecten ae lage I ely “Tare ae sumeron mndations ofthis eto, whch dlr seceding 10 te aon ft nce it an fhe end ee ‘Salar potecy enced incertae esses as wal Ths when steyinepotopphe spt coe So om sap tet we frat some econ fe paso ous the abe. To th the cose (Peto [5 we cn ef hoe varanasi prcntatin Fg 2 it Int of his sate ection the ear) sre intent for elo ips ‘ested in. The ae ions hat aphngnD ped neo pln ued olin the po the akon hic to be the hens fhe second pm Py ih nd Meld spe he we ae, ‘Tw clr oul defend on ie inet aun and tengo igh evan at nc pnt he nhomsopnely son ba siete. ‘cond prom plod beter the ena aphag an the ree, dees eas hen cin. Ts Sion ag em and nh colo the pit conser The ample of te cre dpe on "To mtd aml and contenemt tempo. While ling te sare sod thet ge tnd st and he chases ts senor in pace "Te methods deco above are wiley sie fr oneditcnina ishono- Theverem and th angle ih evn nthe hostage abn end, ‘ery elton or ty earn, the eared oa meee Ie the mpitaeat ch pot ft ston The apy do of prose tale ths metho onvenot for tnnve tun od for Gay conte 8, FOCAL KNIFE-EDGE AND FOCAL FILAMENT | Matador etbloing cree of et sng of devition ae met id in | pret mexareent Tine mth ace pac! te fl ple | ete main ob ote reccing prt parm he amin tsa ‘rss ating the Ht ae toe et ped Oy the nde Wil ee ‘kh the reniing Hl wl fe tS The Boundary beeen Bet and ‘Rado dene te ovr ef the as of pots whch deb ig hough sage | Sterne me Se eo ne ating y | filing ooteotest tent potion the eae is pone to ete 1 theta cane light deviasonn the ste te shop te foal eee mtd rer} spl i hs ot found wide srpleston Duets het it ofhelumining a boda fsbo fens ue nan, the appre bounty eae ck and white an ‘ove unde dieet condone of photpaghispocesing (sian Bui on codons inthe ceo sal beso Th econo he i thc scopenio yan face inte inlorce ection poromena steno Ieper ppeas onthe shadow boundary, oie comping he nr sina t potopapt Tos thn ttn ee ine yea Fo nce ‘id oe source aot ie dfn, ts etal sete wih te sao ‘rte crraondig elo ef point delectng the iat hoop oe ws ‘Srsoncto he dstans extending fom the ml ote emnaig Cte nthe cnet tony et wane te Same shadow it thin or slo pane sates onthe tar hand the amet shadow covers cose pr of he fleAven were made to we the pete wesn ofthe meth jus describes sepnig he fol mnt oalt This math hs ot on Wey aoe, ower, ice the oberon oa sngl right ne gunn dak background Compt the orteltin of te las fps feu devaton sgl ith he ‘oor rane of he st fl “Teresa sorter poe robin te sae experimental date contig ‘ei prover; 2) he danse eee the poorest be seal arp to Pheer the overapig of he fein putes produce! by aac shadow, ‘tla eres the aur 0 shows in he nbomogrsty imap Tn ree fo nda ore etal ty of the komogenity i thn erry fo ake 2 ‘et photog att obit the ndanage he tbo, compte 6Il SOME SPECIAL SYSTEMS 9. COLOR METHODS‘so with te cole ip Site nog cla a se shapes oe ttn ane ee ae itachi aot [ight deviation in the direction perpendicular to the lines of qual colo. ae “rhs wh cic i ae img ca tig te he sure si sy dso. Tocca oa ‘omen b herp ont at en os 1 ter fr bance demi ey a of oes toe ‘romero neteey pty vie eon So maaan po owe tna emu, bed ak sai “he rt np iy hag fei nf ih he sors ap ana ke ren Boe ob? on he inte with f be clr pe ane wit tte son image "enon igs natty oe tte end ec diet enh er way ata vous nag wi abs opel a ee ns ie etn arom shang nang Sere wk alow it sme reminiscence ‘Se chge t o w eeae e Snlins Ot es ‘Sig telson th once tana a omine t Sint oslo ehh a etna “he vn eth stv tr fo ainsion ast eine so ight set res i yin ots Snore Asoc ce soe gu) ho a eae {oe whi hig ses ie Tet om he sour $s colina ‘yebecatemer Oana th pein The join fom th pc ‘be ftton at «gt sure fr th ten taps The spectrum Sone atthe cs othe mats ojo te amiaig pM ae ered lathe man oben ofthe cing part coved by atop esti orto: aot ora at wel with rowel Be "nthe asec of abomogeess te el that uso an clo ‘Seren color cocreponis tech angle deration ‘Ste specam wilh ey td coral higher es an teat! tan nthe preceding vars Mu ataciens fr exo poppy ‘facta rae turn bse on hi ten hid etre willow be dtr Sins he sive O, 0, a he ei Postate 0 Experience ar cobs ht Poppi bes cn tee one "hey prowl asain opulent othe iomopncie ellsing "height ay ais 10a “apn ih pe ne (Pigue3)compord of wo Kd fs avin the sine rane ides or felon aed a + dope semen. Tae 0 ‘Spr ps ae dient Sperone he race nde fro gt Diet inbescmpone od thio it nth ths Ti low it oo deta ‘spss through oe sim ad tela and ed igh ae atc in cise Secon This prim neeping«pralelbear i ituay ff aberatons Io devin the beam ar whl ae place when se which es tte act contrion afte stm This pot a cowseabe importance ‘she the espermester ins ae to bul he sachet Inde to vary th with of he spectrum it icone pint pris stich a bert oppnte sens abut he ota Te pry hy {elena om zr, when te angle ete he pins & 187 we he ‘hth aode by singe prom ‘schon cro eon he seach or the Soviet made TAR-SL ‘etre ssw oo Figure 33 11} Te condensers O, pee the Be sate ‘teal Focusing sce by moving te ovary rtating te “hoes contr ervey the al ration of prim PT sit ped inthe focus the bine Och ret pra em athe we piss Thehoe 2 the miu wavegt frac which pes an obseabie clo SitocAssaming at hs Wavlenth fret 200A the inna Sige of devaton which cn be over for = secrum 0mm we shot {otras amen nd ig usatonia i ag ome ie "Te mints with depend on eaberaon edo he acon ‘Te dunce Inthe sputum betwee ac sigue clos must be Jager tha teetering da erent ae eh nts! a sare ‘theo plane Forth Sait made!Q 481 sl TE 1 nr minsnon ‘ith 015 mth ection eth lw nods to poe er pay ae dosnt ‘Cole shiren methods ae stb he quia mare wll In ‘he eh erent ard sre of he age at be soled with the ‘onepeeding poston fh pra ieee fo te aphnga. Tae ae Sree ef tcl i he sage bowers, ia prtlely ie to become a many pmo the eb. Phtoprphi neamrement fe "ype. sthovgh publ vet tne conc’ th protby do 10 the Iperaions of tenor phowerey metho, wich oc nt ow aed ‘epotactn a al rsd "A ecd cod for ching quanta reser Ht rth revs at suitor [W0} Aire sppens on Ue pstgraph, whose erro th low of ote eal eatin sale By wg See! et fer mca tanh eS of Seviton tgs Tis meth roe sl-an het aod iltandalt method The clr cts ane ph ad wih ite it Ser on 4 Hack andi ln, wis sapien tc Prowany Te chad nth or an comparative Atanas ne ord Say bn own wae “he mo cat ta i the metho of sands cole phaopaphy, contig of sing snd het of now Selection proper ae ‘redness pt fh el whch ee ne ent. compuie the clr dition fle standard bet and in Ishenonensne nee orate ach cole mth pcr ape of deviation “Te metod i rlre gute comeri fortron fe ne "Te detr foes drag El Slopes sn pring dst alt he nese eor,sinshismebod dist eae pv sent ete Te ‘Sie of ese pit and shadow em the pone at mean. ony ‘temsay lth ptt ah nag on whch xiao of enol fl Pt easly sed othe potgaph Sc ths potas ated ov the ae ‘iol aed hve een poo under Ihe fame eens ee ey ‘ee Thus Pats Id It the eno lve eps photog of ese te, bt Wh flea ium aon and proc Oe ater ‘A esl the ps ae ict ered tu the oespndice fete the‘eli th Gel an in the Bas en peer. Thre hes poo “The color potorapy metho hs arama es compare with othr methods it ena merce o te debt of deanion sng are gic. The Perrone’ enor ins cae ge ha when wing poston arrest thas Neves, the method poweser specie ivatage fr amen Ithomogensia ad mating nate carne he oto of Jeiaion Ages ean tet cos ato the eae method mae ‘healt ofthe overal pater the inemognny and the poss ‘mesrring ie ang cana any ot oh jc Te guaite pote Sogo «singe mater Ie doce ot eu enone or ter pend lentcstatian When edge ae ued he phtopraph ly camo and ‘he corr ened Ia und eo st paso meas th ‘stan rm th clo sp nth stam eso he ee ete, Aor fbr soncedsveniosistine meted prating thecauton te es ‘Slight avn ‘De the retvy low Sensi of lr arabe at prot cis sre coantr inthe aptaine heel chen mtd the frat i pce, New Rota mn ae pone Mapes 10. STEREOSCOPIC SYSTEMS ‘The own see iazumentswhihb igt Sure imal compare wih theta gf tein ote sth et, ve depth of fo ‘Opaqs cj oo the epi at are ven sar rom ital an) Stan Ts Ihc obet i ata tac of mom ee cs of te IABAS ramet, ‘yerating with mm lit nh of be bet oe wl be rented ya ce of ‘Sefason 7a in dames (oan mag '3. “The change inte ine hlomsaoa independ of te postion ofthe Innomogeot slong the pal as. This convent fhe quant aly {paneer tommmts oats the mato rosg of he ele Shdth wane om the oe Seton aay avrg the mbomeesey tothe vatesof he tcl radiant ata pt of enone ee ‘cenaly simple This ane roe, hone, compat the way of ene, ‘Siymmetic bole snc the sipeponton of te sindow pater of ies ‘Skomopenit of of pra fh a bj ie wee poston slang the ies of ee armen te pon to etre Ue Sipe and rin be ert comet “Sel meat re Known for crercoming this iM. 4 amber of te {1,12} inom ws sinuses petograpied by seer een ‘sare each of wih war nad at leet ape wih soe the Iehomopenety (Pius 3 ad 9, In ode 1 ete the sual Seton af {be inhomogmi the preceng i ach photpapis nee tee of seeocoes he pig ecuray depen on te ange tesco se aac of ‘The second posiiy fv deemiaag the lotion of te inhomonnetiss consis of uitng a ge gurament whlch can be toed thcus iret ‘els (112) An expe of sack a system is repented m Fgue 3 thephotograph ar sha iret Patines of the ntrnen they ate rsdn {Be ame ny te when potogaphng nth several itusen the bjt i Dopo! coats on sl er move ln Wise tearm outa the steer cig changer Awa ofthe rho ee ict upping the say tan posece Aniogsious applic his rangement Seite [10] The ightsouce Iestoent ws pico! i th abi In ght the pt sure moe ete ‘etn Then a ihr il or moving Ta he ir variant spe pate ‘lsiperpotsc p,taken st dfoes ering ea, penton the Potopap The second tare! led amr of photograph, acho 8h neesponded to projection at diien angle The shock wate shape a ‘Semin protean the pholograp pdt tape ange casd bythe irepulrity fhe wing poe wee aed, ‘Ore a he widely no meted step observation wt ¢sheren isan nha mpeg sures [2.9 111] Te opal areseenet israel by Figo 3 Aurea bat suc peje bythe condor ‘cpa backround. Whi the sin sap and arrangement of the apertures an be {try th sips ad st convent ston sf se se ural o {dal anspara ses parted by opaque paces The gl i paed nthe st ica pla of the ain oboe a he Moning prt ofthe shen ‘eran Inte sod foal pane oO, the viewing apap Dy pac ps SSpiet ise speumag he sgtv image ote yi Dy. The cane ojo pees he "Ieee and ar gl sch wa thatthe age fh source fDi partly obscured ys pau sp of Dy AS Fst ee of Dy ‘omy toga wit tbe page ptf Dy corapaning to Seem anlogout {0 the psoureand-aesie este of th ay ste suet. The Stlstcach ter Theahasogenety maps crete he let trae” sesoperpsacretingscomples pte Frome orn omega! bear oming hb pic tea pe 4A here ithe ince om the sormspandin sore spre othe i “Tong every point ofthe worl space pases Hat Be angle apere cwunent, on "Teicha poi sine ous be def plane are eps by cic ofenatasnefameter Data, 102) ie be image seals, he itaoe oe te een pint te nhom [Femi thea ol ae, Thc of conon nen oh he eee Sethe ish te objrt Benes poe te obet ed cit foe some vale of! The tance hws wo ja ut ago ey Frm ieret sero he el oa pare emed th depth of fo. "Pe wanes th» mallet ight source es pt ram spree omc Irs tan oti) ete intranets Thi nds ta deren a {he depth of foc. Only ss marow ron of the ot pane esha ‘Bpeentnd A pul dotraton of hehe part become pole "Te cofaton te ong volte raneat ore compan ht ofthe rinses tree I the Gt nance comers ae ‘tomo ea wo ereconsner athe mond tans he wea rita ete ge dat ede susan aletaion,‘The deg fhe laminating pr ofthe fossa ele istrument based lke ling riper) the map tp source tells ‘Sus comple te woking sen of Dy ant mms bh = poi 3th an sete mot ot vignette pt beams emai oe Dy These ‘eee full the i fh hosp ot Source egal {othe swollen oO proj on Tie stad pep pane of ,s cic with y sh rouse are sald for betes 0 and On lowe sped. Then few sn%, 03) fur tf) (a monks): 7 eth ear mage wih Wh he ou rote ‘magi dy fn Sr So doy fo ate tapes he Samers ees athe Sete yyy Whe tb chcies Oya Oe fe tower spn t's pcr sl gt secs wi age aio ‘Teta ht sure the woh eames te oi em Ts dng the revving pat cy To hep mon ht ra ‘eames atin angstrom Dy Onl at artethelabemonenty hough ‘ih pt be merging rome deere sis epi ory Uist Furthermore th lt beans mst nt be cto by ther of ‘To tiny sie mien sod the ational one owner aman of the eee sues, we mit have ao 1 dic oobsn a objec O, wit th shat, epi sice ‘ory ages weld tothe woanty of ying le le. The epi ‘lin ppaenly dy = dy teste fondo he le pot the IShomogrnty truce the aie he ner umintd ae a a5 ana! 08 Ba. Fh nein of te ter pont hl asia te nor senely dca ht ype ct sin. The ot enim Samad fovtoncan eke nth sf he wrangle sgete Oy ‘SSL ct arth eo te come ee mie yeas of heen baie poset cle he rs stem ‘ute gen pratt the bt ste Te dts tween and Oy ici the ene shmop Ie wind el mentee ‘sly eerie by the Sitnce betwen the peotecve mnonr the Wid tunnel Te dancer a the mas obecties = detemlon bythe sie of the Ithomopenny. Toe dep of fru A een by the accra rege ‘String the pen of sch pt fhe nbomoeseky The fe! Te fo, 10 reece at ba snail oe To thle ast sensi in he sytem al he objet nt, mus te masigmas A Bighepcd ahem ley cn te ond ae On Wier Inuranen of average satiny embed oer renyrmade opal een seat Wet Soe eae ob S153 wh ae a “Thema ad vena ih mus have wh Wh oped and ‘hed nd gt spot mut cine pil nthe fella en ‘hice ofthe ren part Mahan metho xn he ed emanating he pn baie bet procure to we photographie metal The mae the laminating i dav to ler na on nsec Won Set td Poppa’ ovate The luminsting isthe adi tenet Sew phtorapbi ple acl at rman the tl lane tema cine eth rein yr dows ye expose Theil tha onl ont ‘meat ob minting id "Tega bape = fener portance. heats Mig dare every pin the itomapney slmsted ty «Sais mato teams Pus 3). The ino tony poten np neon eli ei Sic of conon tense rests dere lonaaton Ite id 8 made of fall ste th and race ote ered ape dete sme fom ie {oesing elle. Tho dambock cen be limited ty vang« pl of comet Slr Int cae the dapeaane of he nage soar sed the eth Toc docese. Mote complex gi stapes at seam use, sne ator ‘ical arieia he manufactur sdajnament te pean ne ley he othe eteThe cation fhe i hp depends oa tain ete othe ean af he sno ligt deviation wich rrr ty theintrunent Aa range sie + fn of pre ies menses oly gh of Svaton pepe the Bl fa i fone dt cng bean ‘ng ins ofherw the creponden: bers het Stine the eae gue 3 chows photographs o an at hte 60" an charge in the sumo ata ets prose oat Tht arta th cto {Stem The Ht sure as 8 PRIC rary amp, its lio en of 13s 2em The width ofthe inating pL was Pom Under ech of the opp indeed te dtu ete oe othe efor plane Fest = Ole tage np ow eer able Fr = 2m the est Soandacis are bred. andthe imbomgnety E abered vey weakly For Seatbelt scones almost compel ones psec as red spate |ndtnte ape Ith gl with scangd by some far, the dita fo whi ‘ch photograph sr same! are cused byte sas te When te rt ‘place bya ees photograph ke ve at considerate tne: om the ‘Mba planar vray tia tha ea whe he objet iit pase Tsao inate he ent veo since topes on the hae of hh one el ie re Sse te ot gt The tent ofa ossg sevens gee lower ha tat he oinry fore wl ol for studying cae one mhomogetti. Ance ck ‘stedy ae compe nomopensis ap sii ih the pe sed postion ‘iret character pars ave be decid By wits conering bas feces pombe to stay rong nkamogeite, fa ae per than the dtr the ej Fae 4 Te aia ‘beh cab stil etemi! ty th i locating whens be “sna in omecates Thi proper eqn ome bascone[ 1) “The above system ao wed a «wea quay contol maton deka ‘Sens ad protective pases exten De Ths fon extended igh soars male polo we power lap cues tie tra fae more fly than sorry stems. ASA el "ryt insormets ave ben ulcer efor he nein ty of Inge lakerogenin td the ert wed extinct ae ave the canbe of onsale if some ees11. PHOTOELECTRIC RECORDING Avene retin ofthe proc neces) othe sy tans proce ch ‘Sapison, combustion oe Thi tine lun san beached yptocte ‘org of ie crs sts adage spi sangeet shown ured [17] Te ld fas oor sere runt arta otaced thestop 2 Only asmallarsemaasopen in which ny changerin tego ah svn can te gored Bold the Rowe pata 1 photos ‘pir for wea eh eet wich eet igh a naps th ail ge Te elton f the Ht bythe pat of th nbomoget fig he st ‘ssa change inthe ight Om ing onthe tomar Are rel caret Rowing tow the petompir sil ange Thee changes a cea ‘ecote y an scloraph Irn xa he st prion oe aie ref he eoting stem, the ple amps nthe cen willbe ropoion! {0 eit a whch determin th alot i etn. “To minimize the averaging of he devin anger over the te par of the Inkemogeny facia si snes ede the i aperture. Ts prove the rent of the neuen im spasean i, bat rel ino ‘oul th icon plonomen Ihe mth othe difacon ma emus "age than wth ts pnt no oes tein doton [te cecon peer ote kaso dean’ te eatin find = 4) a Tr roe © 4 son te coon inthe el plane of the eek pst Fervent the keg, that wih nthe se don F=f, ite wavceagth af th second font te mej othe Te insane readings depend om he olin of the cde et the gh stopped ye kos) The nt = elo fue ae et ki cordate "Te ses for poole menus date by he magni sy iat ein ty ay “Te seaty is ht fo fe ato pate Ta ait whe wh mosh smal tan the diction image wed he as Ks cork sia? mi asin cork sa os, “he setivay cue othe erst on Fig 42 The abs he ay pe ms pan eteLuby an the ordinate sn con xin? flo fon hi a ha te sniy main for Nef = 1 in pail wok th ait ith etl on the afte epee nd startet inbomogeein I loa evermore {miter The su ofthe dace pte he ocd pit te mals jen of he eigen: oa mine {eve ilies forte TABS armen er tha he ath of he oma nap th stint st Therefore ne ty af ene om {oct the mentee entity determine by the faction phnesena {edi tower ha the serail ace wi comple op este ele “Te pow or arpion of te objet std pay una oH he proses ote ress Av ana exptines ws conde i oe {Destine te ntnecf hs ator The ving apn la permit fn pms fhe ia ld ye nhomogey ao si tha te ‘aorta Elo atthe vale the onlsaph dna Fo mal iplcenents ‘th ncwing phragm td open on he sgt pron he crnterie are th pe cnesonding the Int eflion eemind ysobacting ‘fom th al pth pd the pa expense combined son ser ad aborpn. “Fe rept [7 11] a which it whe si mc ge tha toe oP yoy ed the phate a pected on Fig 0 [49] Meta layers reap {otts prs stare Seth pase hit spn retest he mal iso ‘Soha the gw a oun, he nae lone! folowing Retin A sme pi wat wed by M4, Fraion and G. Noma [As icdent lig wave wi eormed upon eston da he i thn a he mele lupe Siaee Het pray palatal pon rection fom ga the ratio of splits the det an cect ght an change by plang pie ‘hd a mayne and fr he pte cys aa ts ah on on a ily in (13) dapbragm was wd made os wedgesbaped pt didlo hee purty pel ct Figure he mie neg eign with he ies, ‘Se onc patents rays ing na pane pr tothe med np ctl By dpa the mie ecg ts pea change the ps hee ling onthe mile plate Fors weigemgle 0 and n= 154 Space on “The phase contra muthod wa lio we io connection wh intl and alia ‘lt bat the like ration, on he oe nd i Ee Ieee aad "Tete method for obtaining olor nsf te nhomogeniy wis ugg ty F erie twa aed on thee of phase Raving he ae lane Index a te surouclig om fr ome range woven dein os ‘Bereaved of he pte was her than ttf th mam: he Spon strstr vdeo The cota ae hela po hg {Serf depend on the aneleth fhe gh mange horepeaty. ‘When wept seas he fleet pols oleae become dirt ced ‘There a exit any ther enor ening ele se coma "Avail rrey thea pase conta an te Sessa runes shone pret wf 58,12, INTERFEROMETRIC SCHLIEREN INSTRUMENTS. “The comblos we of hla an interac struments sens very ntreng ss pomnng Inert onthe chang he op pak leg the (aslo wns male ten a ies me drt then hie ramen {nqoanttiemesstemans Tie scien cbs eat tounge teen ‘lhe opal pas eng which mak thon mre se te stern the Shape ad geomet he hoc wave rein sone an mie eas. {slows ta introns te moe wade fo me Spe probe snd ‘sheen iaraments for ther pee “Tesimalaneos wef the wo gps finsrunens ems hight avenge Combined intfeneschitn sty Were ated to ep these. Towermeten in whch the stan sneha bya Opa vet Endep pcd in the oa lee the mam bjt ae requely i. Instead flocking he aul arm ab posse ons the gh sure {ne fomes Wy hsm bind he eee Ite egies the abomenecy re ct pe at seen apt ane In trent ‘tists poe token, tar ser sd ites pteee, ‘he tng canbe place now fhe eng pat of he treme (ear $9. Te other ering ps ten proaus«ps etn pater, Ire tegen th a with he Roeder re compen a be # ed Tietrenceateen character [7] Two teu late inte lt, one of ‘Th te working bean pal) et fy te ace Depending om he Sco | : _ wi magi ange oft deviation othe ishrmagmeiy tthe intamet ‘sme the nape tied wl aproinate eer an nen ae 2 ‘ren one Fly te hedge of nsrament (Figur 56 (157) se miro, whch dees a the pe beam othe knfoeage Ins stress poste ota ‘ler and interne maar simaanene ‘ Ineeteoneie syste it, inertromees, polation inteerometr, a) ase tequnydsgel othe asf ern intent The cnr othe ‘ee umiang and cing prs whieh Spt and recombie tee bens ‘he citar wave interes wits th plus wave we oan at-bats image: ‘Asa example conser he stem presente in Fgue S447. whch the iene uted combed withthe porto a whlch he m0 Iskonopency. Thefts otaie n= Sian marina oder oot nes oe a the soo te asin ef fet + I. a ote se he ‘Secon red yeas fa ron Spl pans adsteeple two ver Onesies mal anche the oe Tie unter are thon womb ad on he en i acre he tren of {ho sql Some wane shied troughs smal dance A re the Testo of te pate obaied tomes condey changed. Tha the ‘hit ery san be ete index pat i etemined “hoe sae ate pre tron fe an hae ating a common wth ines syle They ae a bonerer othe aie heey ed ken [neuen ware mag x expensive th he wide fl ere sd i grhns ane Th mek pom conn of he ‘ey of ting to ilo istrmeata Sich trees itn nec Th the omy ad Mach Zane ner snc =) (on the Ree over le cise ans are ro somponets which Incapeenty oven eth neering beams These tasccomponent pra “Pec are sym in which escrito a an nero suche the syne wing fal amen Ti sai pry era weve andr ed onthe fc tha th ian pater i in se ne ‘oie imarenes pater Stl peaking te poston ben ‘rena ot pry erst wi he net othe oa ath eh {2 etatomoguncig, hin mula halite tubers arlene ‘Under cert como ii however, psi o eet th nea td 0 ‘ute te aterm tt pe roms pes A compe aml 9 ‘arene: som mst exnitn the ison pena king ihr he inomepensty ae the ram dein pertuses A etal depon 14. SCHLIEREN INSTRUMENTS WITH FLASH LIGHT ‘SOURCES AND CINECAMERAS ‘The proprio varus opti inhomogencis change wh ine, Some rocnse which tay stony te fod ote use upon cn naan Sch ae he penomena Wind tance whee ghnsy Rocbaons ae Fragoy cowl sexi he ackroen of sedate Sow Ste bee ae ‘tid wih thi father td igh oe scene ih ‘be procs with ver sho expres otha he proses pe ea ay enya ding ech expo Theis ght sure svat pet ane ptt rac the ep fo 10" aes depating on iy Se schen instrument ‘pete auf te fh Hebe owes fra marron the requitmen of eatvely hgh poser epecay wan sing mek eating Intomopentin, vnc enous tak th visting aoe ana, ‘see fae hem oman o he The esa he sk Scare poner as to egtesing of he ath tA tnd oes fr increasing te fsb pvc to lease he pack go a rea he gts eas hes toa ene athe ah ne Ts pocear boe, Wot ait sche nstrament wth ameer th ape prt ot Tt oc ag imo y the etd seni an he possi th ‘jt sam aeration I rer fo prve th characte of i ouse iti eee: neesay To Ices he Bight Tumnus ody eps OY ‘skiing te dca gh ling eas reste 0 a, aby ing es ch tea Rik yal "Teste photophobia ght sure ae aly heh ‘lin eqn ge ante eat of photogs obi wth osu Sours sce rats, the tasty enroute pt "lar ews ue sty Soma fet nage stares Sle fish photos ‘Stat desert te ene proces howe i te te only ne ome tlle Amt elope hte a here thease leon fais of nr The tye a ye Fue 8) [612] eel ash suras with common cote ecrenzing the Dac wh te paca nd {nih enh ter Ase ef cpr en potgrapi atone a rod “Ts opal pcm conser ao owe ben nent Thr ange teat males posite the potosaphie during wy retrial of wp to 10" {ame pr sos wi an enponre 10-4 raback of hr ies Tht sth isunent ou the abomegeney sts dro ak i aston te amber eamar inch ater ts “An sang wat mde simsate prs io the viewing of sasom moving lnbomopeetes sock wate Stel spar ape mere reagan oy tdall wee projected simaansonty on he ne lit of etm of comes (Thou) The concn nis produce a here eo hse las, (eri toe meno eee rng he ie eal baer mo es, ‘Scagurelon rw weuin ‘he mec and oy oad Scars these et oer ice scan nhc sap the PYse dng SDS an be apet ef ponoengy i loner nn th ve wie ee Sores ara Ta ont sz hth power hous ed aly mute meen 5 * ie PPO HS Gao tn th waly of compl proces te seein of # si of sree pitts enter fine cee pb, td cos move fi Jac area foaming hp ers ne shotng rate Neves, ‘att ied anes sod on et (50) "Gap tei snc, poogap canbe taken a te ihe posible spe iat} Suh smn com opting te Thc no see Deane (Pia 6th Th et ban ae al maser he nage See wn len by soon rr be aching te ious Tene ere ban es shin vn wich he gt ae teat distance cons: eileen ‘rane By thr tho poet aban shooting sede tp ee 10 ‘es pr second ‘Sytem lane sh ight source ae ot lable fi th yf uinue objecn The put bight tf thor duration. The lo of ec en ‘user meer cohesive ober og pd ae ea ‘Mocs the to niet vet an he pr, Tet patch res {nd imearus art be ke fo eos The atm fede he ale ot The gh by cringe ute whan pou neegr hn nt of pln {ndat eam tine alent al conning xen ht et oh anrbl itis tel oayehrenin thee tr ws espa nd ‘te procuaruncrsady. Vato ol hte wing lent pyle, hvebamn develope bt they hve ot a et ou wie spattoe ‘Slr cea can be bie) sng Kec el and nl esto ster This method haa at ous wie splaton, de othe cpt at cl alate td the inv a cratn lthough eb pasa be though he clo al Spree re al whence he xpoeie tne ech me mt be ey shen or the shooting set most be hip Ordinary Saccmern a hh Une ‘eon see by moving the i rotting 4 marr OF om ar a0 "Tews of hel low pnd cameras (ose hous ames er sn) oes nor pa ty eifrencs compared ith rary phosognpty The Sern le bagy the method of ataching the cna to The ern Ieuan i he amination th lien he iratine ate! the (num If andr css ached ne nctument, ome bias Stactn the dst traton ope ‘Some mare compet she Qu fhe me of cen sient wit siembigh send camer [SS] Thee lst te compe dees and hate sma pear fares which comple thot splition i conncoe Wah ‘hers struments Many camera hae pulp seal pups, wie ereInstruments wt oly one pu pone opts 1 spi he bean ‘py td al he pups Bo sch arangnent ented npc Ret ‘athe camera b 2x a the shotng sped osieay {owe han the matin Be a othe ppl anh hip-ped cameras ‘hans the dilate phenomena sd recs he earn a nce te comply tind hos ee ily roc only gain sateen mathe eed at present wih osm uae ‘lth combs! we hte ntrmat and hghaped meas re etd Sie) Inondertowanderto quae meetemstr# axay tse Pron connate with the constancy ofthe exon om pe to fae nian of ition, smpieton sd automation of prong IV DEFOCUSED GRID METHODS 15. FUNDAMENTALS OF THE METHODS Tedd yi ets dein ome late meet Ros ‘ath nar ira ob thous but thesia ts apaon an Prosoning ls me iat forthe untae ay bei ae shape “ferathod war rategunt develop by or sotits Nanos Imran wes ad ans tarred froma quan io a enue mao (nroumov [04] sagged at he app tothe wy of Bdrm Process a as th ites pid tual perpen en by meses Wek the apple af Ih erator two dition cel be siltasonly ‘eared. eos gre wre asl od (57) fo tusing te proper (a gusts Dow Sulboehth [2 5, 3) devope the tie ther) oe tt, bdo he parameter ating the pater inte image lane ano he ‘penesa say of te induces of thee praetor on the parle ater ‘Theda tho as toe scl apis eta pelo nd msccop ect (60,10), Tete dnd pat sd oday character tere ethasin oh he weg of devitnn elses by mesurag the pacemet of he ‘hone em ar of page opts ech srounde ya taneparent are The neta fi group ile scr he Shape a lot he i ad the ‘roca br pooweng tis ppsIn genera the shape and aranemen of he opague ps andthe ar pet inthe pcan be ite abary, The precan bea tm cone a ‘larry apes on Tene that he et sures sa dos tase ‘lan he shal en ti however, esr os pt or ae ptt Tt sources when wig it i arbry spe Thi reds the ent ft let Enge an nny coe opens hepato of hereto non iE quantatve mourns menny ony he poner the ise ae fonspoting fot same pot te ele ap afer he itodton a e Intomogsnly wich iro easy sxompshd wih of aa ar us ‘cdg in ie or pings Pie) ae he mont wey wed. The iter [teen hn he ta lb ee he rinsing, 0 th ‘is dc ined wl be emedte roone ith Other pes of ps wl fe Til ‘ne ole apliaton dlc ie represen Figure The aig i pclae specie tans rom the min bee The ight Dear alias on ‘heey spt of he grating ae ppd ad shadow of th ope ements tr oral om the sen ata rer Han opal ahomogrsty appears he Ines eth hao the groves ae shied ake he ‘Ain ll te oer uve a quatiatte meta, locus gids canbe sect in rao pe cle rts ach natn wi 2 paral regsements ofthe tho ae however te sane for all pe We sal, {long tamtc the pre ban arenes: whch mw nly we "hough it snow expat atime owe ater pes of schleninomene he ei ton fhe natn athe ae ple on tere 10 tte tveritoc ug dosed od mato The only magne momar or ‘Stemi the Stibwin ofthe agi of Ugh Gevaton i he moar nly estar tebe o mpi the caletion oy pe po he lage When wie ht sure nthe shadow teamed ed les ‘sigs, an th onton i wore tel to etermine arate Ii nono sc the fad an rt of the aorpin igh by the ‘Radowe wil be idea tient aes ote Sl ba es of he sds ‘rid bee ae for the ue an of deviation. Thiet of he ete ‘chs te pocss le which lw cana apa intensely oe the “hr ipo advantage of hs mea th simpy oer ny case mr some nstomenatin i egies a fe abd esting compass {lhe Figure eps a hater photograph abn yh eo Ie ‘esta lth abamopetis ofthe ist bas ofa photographic ne “Tae or several yarn of the mtd, rig snoring fo he esis of ‘te vei daphagm Inadtn tthe poston conic aon an be past int befor bhi he oct saa ear the iabemopnet age THe ‘ine msbod daly ted int sino byoyeanie phenomena fa ‘ution proces wheres howwa the soe mth Te method ass the lara srt bags eed th eet rl mt ih how method a ly slat he Soc es mtd bat ae said to tesa of iemogeete eed ih thou begs sgl: Toe Sites thos tve Sie working orm neh ind pr: ‘Seopa the bse but the ante Btwn he ari maa ak te ops! sem fhe numeri compie, the laghagm canbe plat ‘ren ay nei component nthe ath ro eB rte onde betwen th Sado shit and he angi of hgh eviion Ine Ta ating se as tbe dapeep and hs bo ihomnguy the shadows16, BASIC ANALYTICAL RELATIONS hth arg of pt deviation the itomogesty I there 9 ope ha {sty th ght teas psig hou poi oe bet plane Fp) mets {Se et ping ad ens the pict cote image pane conse Wilh When an ahomonsey nodose te bea pass along de af ts he {ria pointe Ber thence of th inhale ob he Show of some spe ae of te i jim 9 afer the inode tthe Intomopcey we observe outer pr of edition patna te ee pot Ao oF some Lt ei etre ee any “The relation tte he angle of eviton andthe ay dpe the ea found fom te ce anh se eb ge Stig op = 9 ant taking ‘Ete atcoum tn = od ht pint dae conus, we oan “ as) ren “The dosing eee fom te feat I pose he i i ao (ewer te fal pam sod te man obec, a este the i laos “lame tote sre tha toh fos poe Te quanti and fae conse "Te dace! thea onthe ri ato si ofthe ove saw nthe mage plane We 3 ab 9 i 162 a0 0, 6) te he pment te poe hoo Popa Ue he Sips or nag a wesc orm a8 083) “econ 16a 1) ide —_ werd) Since fans ae wally of the same ro piu aol is comsieay ‘ale da either (68 can ten be eso to ass) 065 68 ee the pig slg on tbe ptopeph witht he inhomogecy. ie "hen poem p ited a at te os . sn ‘We an id by mt of thee formals the angle of Sight devon in the ishomopeney fram the depacamest of the some shadow onthe pth ‘eave to gn postion Ase patng oe nena et he sage even atta marco tt oly rojeion othe pane perpen tothe prose The essen a low the el pooped ier "ese ajtnent tern inramens one witout the nhoopene ro potoraph and then with tbe inonogesy — working potopeph La ‘so meas ado dplacement x conte us ple the object Fea sage obtained on every popaph The conor of insane felt othe model can te wd some cnr sec pol or ing ‘ae dopacnc: hs etd mesure boner comes 8 jn fea ‘Ones potogagh he dts fom the corn a 0 the cnt fhe oor shadow inthe cin perenccl thea mess. The band ‘Sipcemet obtain sabes 163) (169, (1 ol om he engformula the componeat of he sage of deviation i te inhmogensty point ‘crresonding tothe postin he cero te oon ado be woke photograph sine, Ibe abomogesty Sos nt cy the insane ld and pat ol be shower undress the Solace or te ‘sip in erste comnanion the ne osm ote wed orton ofthe tans nhs ype of meses harap es) shoropans Ite inbmegatio ae compl, in ado are acd pF ‘pit neven ange ples Spel mess a beaks oder ite te rani: rer a made itr ort gp td ae oor ‘rte bi spc etcetera ste colored eileen sate | sna! oberon In some stances the dbo of ahs sevaton 1 Ge estimate and more acteurs re conducted aque ‘Thusmats posse tocorreatethestdows one to ad working bleep "The grote rhaows om. acompl ifiacion pers Buta ar demonstrated by Sattorkth epithe st eer teeter of sym be ifacton ser, elclng ith gh inn, mini or asin, he eu ef pet ‘oresponding wt as psig ros Ue cto Ce poones OF the treeprn paces Te diction strate of he shadows on Both the eo and he working ptepaph flows the sane palin ie appa othe melied lately Simple If he wave fot cunt change cnet fnquea) ete ‘Station in wih sone aes fhe photograph are expe! ae shows Toate beet nt everest alefthe same pe In proce sch ‘hotgrapt sa ror take te mil othe dal aod ti wan, oily a he eter ne fhe oo sbdow. Praca! meseomers have bis the peasy eck proses, wich Bowe, mor Somes Won fetes pts we wd I umber shadows thn in he dee ‘eves pres and fs stibaton efor ete fa farsi. 4.008 (or gpa p The vale ef [demi ws cay {hermeolctier nelue! teal esepson he samen. The {alu fs ound by messing the ates ra the bet ple oh wh the ‘Ser fc 0 vom lees pout fhe nrumens. The nea of hr ‘earremelpeealy sein a conibaton om cri “The mtd of detemiation of A amet mare complex. Gea, the esting ft plc nthe plans, the sie woking postion the ‘he ofthe Sepeement i mere on take The mun iauay a the Imereti th cor f eting te grin i he ea ple ego ‘Se at the gn en ph tin te as he ve ont ae 6 ees the dame the main ojo te sing part Fr D = 230m, atom aed p= Ol mame obtain dh = Oma Th sore uta initecase ofa sl decisis const eee Wo we the sme ‘toda rhe ting one Cy examin he ner oe ren “nein asa esa he grad coving ate rage bythe pti 0% Tiered at mand othe rma 8 ws 17, SENSITIVITY, RANGE AND FREQUENCY OF MEAGUNEMENTS : ws seve sail ws “Te seni can tert te made tine le by nrg 0 fo Uden Tas however sccm an ees saw wt ne photopaph fs by ecco te sumber pant wn age ‘ition can be east a ao ty a cone econ nthe acu of ‘erminton a the sido cetrne.Ths can appa be preva fefene the eng cpacng The conto fom he tiracon phenomena Ieee a othe ning he shadow ents oc te mec)nly 0 shadows appearing th mimi sey wl be se wy rare the ade othe min ote of the ing pt. For = P= ptsmm R= ism p= Ol nm the sestily Seg = 32 = 10 irate seni icone lowe sincere oo oo 8) ont sas Furthermore te cease of the obscene groove ‘onan! by an cee te eer leona he sao cents “Te pole ofthe age of te ord pe eh the ange eration ange whch can be menue by ths method i more comple ‘Totaly eons he messes ang ar impos eny by ese ‘ie pi a the dphrame tana te Uae bea Ta eats Bee ‘Sado oe the cont an ae fet tere te rove dale ‘lee han several pating pacing is mage faten sian he ‘earenet ange We hae thems potogph Tis question hat no en say tae Yo at ed, ‘Soiegeti i polo detrmie te gy eatin pee hy ie "Te number of groove shadow in he nage pane depen onthe mae fost curvature Lath do ight mae hae sur of eta Rn te sina orl othe opti! sand tothe xan ad in he to rou th yan From te sma tangle wham ea ae te pone covers f he ‘neon and spt yy nd the orepondens ewer pl hy [tig planes he nape ae oP an: wonfegirsae ay 7 1 __.. a7 oopez urea ny Whe grating groves frm an ang wis th ashe eat fb groove setenv n= teams, wn shown ames integer ale. The cnet fhe zr rane since ih he gn eccrine “Te eunon orb eters ete roe sadow oii ying (75 and 78 iT ft ime 5 2 DPN TIel ad ena Fae MR PTD sr aston ding te cathe me oan he ri nen seo Wit he sd enon (178) pon ts emia the a of aac te wane ot into paral andpnesia that pane ade fnd the ‘rte ft nda miei te nbomopeney pane “Fda tetanic akan act roots a oP Ve NTA Mi, peters ‘te init wave plane 5) euntion 179) ees (63). yan euton silat 139) pol od the peat! witha he ove shad a wel Ths ebtionsin, owes np ee ‘hth the poor shadow s manly eteminl by action penemens By combing (16 (166 (172) and (174 pose wo ob orale stone mire gh Sry een ae Np, = 58 (19) we wih o messanger of 10°* a at nae pis dst Stam om each fhe, fot N= 2 te menus sent cant te Wer than 10" ma Given the enti, we sam fd the min angle ‘can be nase for s he sh of the shadow Thus we can ese Tintin ofaSsom the saint menting "rad1 rsd iat pty Ore ao ent any ‘ie sth eth fhe pic path of he tinh inomopeney. By on ony Ininhomoenie wich cae they though ne rating sping te iiece etme ota pal fr yagi yoo pc ea owen he rat ‘coreay wk. The icomiyefte rod the sane aor ineoeaee ‘esurmens wich the ain etree ata eae 1 mcans he have eqn pn oad te tunee AER saturn and menage othe saocse nt ptig pec ule [ee meauring nal of devon of genase withthe dented sn” “hie rg th je Te tat td ehocs esse onl the pjeton a he an of Sonnton one Ferpendar1 he ate Boor I ows hate ae oe ‘abe fox suing gen nbomgesty te th sun esi vr (tet even o erating fy vy the ange betwen the cin the pnt roe and he sted Scion ine jt plane wc ev to fang rea) at tation In wi eo portant parts te shames are menued wh seqate west, he ama ages, ‘destin sc within the messengers ‘Sy amet snd eve pos on ine tay ofthe boundary ne, menses in section erp othe nol ne cmon torte Ri esa) od ane ating the ting eros oe wc he lament shadow ere weston penal ‘hy aa te pa wing fr be aon at i ie 18, CROSSED-LINES GRID ANO POINT GRID | elon sang estab oly or measing the oon of te geo Ee datn on hae perpen othe psig erooes Ire ae ‘tere flt of Seton sg ncnay to cont wo ene ar tno ‘Sel experinen ring theater he npr the te dio Te ncn ay ae yr he Pane he roost! hing oat fos cra et Th te sre fhe ‘Sono ebjeine mire “heather teow th in uel Simm ne ‘ere ae tater he el re for obiiing the ese vale hte oni of tne combating ue oto sce romans messi he ans Ps fortemere, the ih Wann aac te amount of prattcoment te trou [2 ede «bi made of 9 paren ens [epoca somponate othe angio light Seviton and hee Tce the (tel ans of ein Aa provement the ome rma Inst ton of yo maaaly penn sts ge Ht sure Ts the tem ey complcod ara oul and i nterpeion bone "igure 6 sows a chro iechn pie shone fa coe ep. ‘he at pins ws sng (1 16} the ones! he he pois of intertion ot tens ofits, mata Perper Tne The shadows he pases appt on the entice comple ‘Saat vce oie wi hse fh shadows the ple ‘couding to eotstea pts Foe el ahows type sadom pte Great elon Pave 6 Te the mtd of Cloud ith, he nema measiremel procs const | taining wo phtophs he moa the woking Phtopraha mig ‘te consondece Seon th enh tadowe one wo pola ‘in mening i piconet lhe cane ec haoan aeson tan of i de ny compe pete “Te pptiaton ofthe method wth dove nnrumente ye 19 atonal sana: # alana mote hou sy of poss with on tat ir {rely inthe a ofthe clint index rants he agi Hb en) “Tm meio as teva exementdy op the IAB-51 ten [6] For a The diplawents fe Shaw Poets a the an of Hee deition «exe== ——hep sadows onthe wring oosgrap war prove abe res Og {te ne spc ia the repo ef eves fers Ineepaain is et he intense snen hes the fin par iy compat (ater the pute belted rte namber of shadows Gea) Av experimen es ‘temic of meats pots bot the placement oe poi hada the ‘dlcecst lhe pcs mete ied The eat xt teeta ith he et obtainlfom potegaps catenin the repo bebe tbe Seteminig the eat pas mere veveal occur Th eps to ea Ie caresponence betwen the pint ter andthe working ptoeaps ewe 1s phtopaph of comple scien patereshovlag how shadow 19. SCALE METHOD AND REMOTE GRID METHOD nore to esr laa angle of ein he ating mst Be pls arom he (oe Thuan ange af 10 radial nie he erueen rng ng ‘ha nm apa orf ~2 10 mm) Inver fo obtain ibd 1S th ig cela to hea eh ‘Simi defoiing of soot 3mm and TED ha 50 em ‘Saprape plc the snd fc of tn ain pce tthe rg pat ne st oa th tie dae th roto eb ‘ing theo oc comple, we ee be eam cots a Sau the amen! ef parte ht sens therfore ea alt Inaromett stig unl heron othe Mahe Qual fr farang aren promsInte screen i dhe cpa ax rel tor Fate iy scone pec herae nde ws the rte Bd meth and he Sle meiod arses of the defoaed pd metho! sn whch the vowing ‘Saporagmis paced rath boop iso a he aj i (973 Sree th okt plane and the imap pla re eojtte, then eo wee ‘rly det fr ites pres Th ae meted as pope he wd Terstuing ponomenn cent, he the fn patng mead ws ed ter gxveymmis stair Those can carepond fo tine the Get yi Inge tines om the fo ple. The pase ef he gi i the ej lane Covrpa ta doceing + vant ni nage pant cent “Tne dala othe poe sas flowing tie devon oe 9 oh mange entrsogeaty ean he Yen grid miedo soa oon) eres he stan rm the aati ot eae pase, an the age see ‘Wat be i of 1) we obtain am 19), ow om Tesesiy bene sant wo i 7s ‘Tes matod ad the soe it mito wil ow be computed. The 096) ‘The seni of he emote rit metho equa 1 tht fhe defocus wn “Te le method and he rte ai aba can be ed with te esi ste ntact ying aoa ache Sting th ati ewe nena he a i th tye pote 20, MEASUREMENT OF THE DERIVATIVE OF THE LIGHT DEVIATION ANGLE iW THE CASE OF A CYLINDRICAL WAVE The docu mathds can wn o termine meta he age oft ovation the wae neal rp owe hse tos meen the dae oh ange fev swell The tote ts anh exper rental Geopnet of te metod ne abd to Sutra [52], who ‘te weno dro Tetthe wane rom ay tin thedieton the, aaron enn, “Te distin ofthe erase geen sms 10 Bow, A on! amet poli terme pat he nen a ge (tothe wave see geemtceThe dere these ht Seaton Patsisdternionsy sing the ange w betwen hetanget ero ‘isl the iescton ple an the ak wave pr an 100 rear tion (22 ner the lowing frm to ) on, For mito meric pts, ae clan ates oad 8 nlor pti (EG) tat lesen) °* Gavan) a or sl the eo lor eta Withee inthe or ‘eco die ans vaos whih i mented tee "hs advble to pace te Bnew i such my tht gle 9 wil be = Theflamen doacuang must ranked noreroreias ete he tne Fe the prpom i esmened ht al experiment cones meeewhich te nhomoseay chara cn ima I ete ate a ee spate) Past re the ro slr than the meio or then Pie een by ‘tenting the xpernenal baton devant. ‘nthe esimentl Sevlopmen of he metho the crate of Ht wave fsalished the validity te thor alton “Te method can alo be wd whe the eer ofthe wae suc 26a veh ang tothe uae ayy Bt then Ps) sete inert a the esate ofthe ange Heoen te wna ry the peoosons of the ‘Eead ae onthe xs coo pune the dein othe pment noun en atonal eprint cont i which he lat placed i the Faster wf lated nthe ton of he prj the persion the Vv PHOTOMETRIC METHODS 21. BASIC CONCEPTS The min rvnback of the doce rid maths that they mess caly# crt fangs of dvioncorresonng oh cetie the action pater ofthe groresor hth scoot tig Thi since for may hss sec In quate sty te docrsenan of te cbrvd fed amps the detention oth shape and the charac ofthe nbomoaee. Frrthermor be acrny of th eared ed method th Beane emma ttre, 10 deelop. Guna nade of saying. anearnt ‘Shomoginiie ch wou te aptly ein agi a poh fhe swith igh saint, Soh ae he pete mete “Thr si ome eae the eof eee sano ody a2 gh sur Akos paral covering he igh source imap ple athe (Ga plane he man chine he ig pat an ope kame [int ct nee ou ae dae andthe ont tba Mock bythe ae shangnssning cage inthe iuminnon of he obved ato the een othe potorapbi atI dieetpartsothe akomosnty lect gt ough fete angles, they wil cue dre placements othe ‘usage Thrfres long the Unfesdp comms cove fart othe Sours inaga dent usin of he cen Wi carson to exch ange of ‘vation Items pole In pil to determine the mal f Svc By Imescng he en ution Dome lato magni“Te quia ptomere maths cone wth he uae ‘TECH dermis sine inagesunietioe. An igri ution tte ‘Mean of het devin ed em sain to the sap othe ising dagbagh ath the ef Suermaation a the Te dena ange Tesome coh bomencysonpar! wah nad ‘het tna detect propre cle! sso By Uterine ‘epandece hres te pt of he wo objec whch ve he ane le he ‘Sines ilumiatin we En esi of at i fn amnesty be ‘ied Tha ae th sor plone mathe Ts ale pote oflow «ilove postr et culate wt changin ‘te sect thaninatin il conepnd to ey age terion weg rte ‘Maps aot bight snbton othe Het Sura he shape he eng Suprap; and tes, bY mewurng he sboate tale he buon oF ‘slave variaon Sed te deviation ange. Ths the soot photon “Te abo sholottric methods wth to be desapd n wiid in prac, duet the daty of merng the ilaion Ts iran i evra xsd rom te dere f acon (or photoraphi dea) of te (Enluon, THe Bick, however, dense many fatter than the mini such ate deeopmen’ elton the ere een adton she tensity aca ao "Tan lats ol he apple of tee ee ln be eb In te bot looms: mato nes elt tein a erp tiie he ange oh deviations he com utepoi fe Itbomomry Thee be acid a suer of condone a od, According Lambs lm, the eipnes tthe sucess ming eat sn ogee total as propor cost td ht ‘te nomnforiy in the mnton ase by ths phenomenon maybe sit than 1% besten pot te igh sour ma he wed an ang ot thas 4 tothe opal ane heal hi genet ily ide ma the exiting onesies ltrs ete Sete ABST, TE “Te ant other intrament te erm it th our one a ag ‘Sapmore tas OS tthe opt au The rr dost xa 0% ts ae 2 Theta sure mst bef form wih A lb see ot ome ss er right shal be maine yin estima) Tet sour whe moe css te ihe mast te wife al eto ‘The caklaio fhe tuninatn fo he el ih cern a he ono ys non he spn fer sore ihe hs sme not aise stole photonic metho cannot posal Sr spate proce to ato fr he omanoeaty ft nan Tyeseurning We detaton ncn eh ies ern pa igen nt stock cma ma ‘Gosh ours hvia senor behooves elominoubo ‘3th ease rr ist tot De spp yt bjt in and Oe ponte hemi ion cnphren aa! te oc plans tela aetne "Cte pe and unpre the foce plnesopm b wel Devinn tan te shape sancti he er leon a he ian ledtomaanrenat ee Titan ale menire anges devon mo net working ‘Si ct dv sd he Goge of emuion Bacenine concn mu examined xh nial ca “The sun maou ane sombre codons of play, Wie reece) a’ ppt te cons oo taal al be ‘raget nee On iota kirtsy know oat edb onot Sn angi nthe Standard sce nie serpin In aie tte regener ong te unlor Mamnaton of he ataner se ee ‘St cnspnding pont nthe sca andthe Ikomopeny ste mesure "There ewe pe f santa method: the snd ata te stan eign igang othe ar eth smi BE. ‘Tne abo ctsra mato whch he omogsnty potogatied hoeh + ‘tard ite. Tete cl! he mcm sane meted 22, THE CURVED-STOP METHOD ‘The cation method war sats ty Maks [5] a coe the re ent etme hh peat eo Aevsopd ar nabs plone meth “Th meade a oomngcaphragm an pei st wih aspen agence 7 who curved saps A and AFC fe Board Byte are ne eat a ‘Ail son awa lows, carve shape mas the enn independent of {hevale ethene ange ef eating etre he ine ation and ‘Spi he posing the rls "Tene sce haniour se The op the son focal ane ofthe smn bein sch aay ta ia syne 9 prc othe stCrete 1109 sega dpe tae nag Tachi practi yg ie Or ote a ema ays The sit the source nap rode y te nkomogenay ens a ‘Shang the nth fhe open porto the "Ts tc cay be obser at whe the It image paced stan lope pr incest pa tra The mages ters the ph abe op. ‘Thar the pitch the espe th cute nd the argh elie inert Tuition etd forte sme sat Toe mags ch Sterne he fatty wh the amination chang when fhe sage shied eo oe Pc tre he mali of the sop. Te map teins th ait ‘av ofth epee ant mii amination thei econo he een heal poston eg he urination ny tek pnw be safe os sano he i elas ae erect Teele tghce craton en mee si ent a ces oblate cater b as ey ere «cnt fo te even pot of the gy, ae epening othe ‘Sorption or niin he omogee. The opal dente of the emusion orponding to tha amin wil be: Dy =es tb, as) as) By sob G22, 223) n 24,23) and abating (224) rom (25) ssc btn allowing fr 2.0) @.xDe=riewsh bg OO 20) ‘Takng io acount hat EE,» weeds (26) 0 the oem (@.-D,=ylondh . 6 poe wn Inte asec of bsorption (2.7 ruc to ‘ en ene 1c ths poe wo determi he ano et devin a vo oe Iskomopenty fom the mesuemen he optical dens eth eon othe {rhe mtn photomph hoje! tors or th Wo aio [Extetacy hn fs deine lo Sem te ese ‘ay eo stopp. cana iminatn wit doco abortion ‘he densy ofthe eae st the tame pit fhe nage il tt te enon DD og = rows es) ying 299 228 we in (20-008 oo. ‘hoe formalise vid he nhomoenely do 20 dpe he sc iage Sep he re portion oh fo a lh te dete wih‘The mmtemet range dpe onthe poston of he sop wth eps to he singe and onthe saci he xpnir BO a shox ea ofthe Soest the ange Hf hihy fl ale mh 2d of expone ‘Sra smal tan loge the wring ange wil Be te hy the ade ‘Sosa Anandpur or rregor othe elon anette wore Ing rang om one se The working age the ov seat f te rans ‘odie mi hele ae ots eaned pono he top ote lie Ish xpsue ochre tina posi est fra pen easement min the si anger devon mat det stage th ee th cred prion ofthe stop al the conesponingPotpaphi denses mt Ccrrspont t he nis fhe near prt ef te characte save The vale of Teenage then ean sd he aad of exon e log ey reese sumber of pice acca y he rojo af the cared [orn he oy on he ah and 2 te wi of he poogapie mae "Tsay eh coed metal rea > rine 1 ea Fe 21 and 22 tin Saag = Poe, e218 here Da a4 Dag ae repeciney tbe anu ae te minis dese (Convene nds he Enea pa of te carci eae). Te emalion spel ose eerie om (221) he setiy ct esing the apf dvaon fie pen rane quaon (215 ao ‘howe tt te ana exptht ove ean and process sndons ae {ie lunge pnsle ile teen te muna sb he minum Sener "To experimental codons a seleted a ll me fim ad te rmusig iedons pring = masini dilecee Des Bis ae med They andthe Ie of epee the ln ae 2 Testo oi deition Bh ot ee st ar apeonnaety Teeny of mein his tion of devin anh wih ch an mo fond rom 2 a "Fe etay soy parce re eine fom 2.9 af (2124 The sia car chara’ by telat ole ear of eae set oh angio evn, depends he tacked the aero the Sop ad he pl det fh pert adhe hchroun car ‘Se romuitre the sop ers nts maser the cnn 3 Cave op ae manures photographical aa ue The opel sty the emolane lye sounding te angen orion sanctity tg: Sore pt fom the it oes posted se op” aon vers the sep andra he homoge Thad ron fo ‘the tana poton eh sop and he "opens" background base owe) 200 [me an ner i the eth he wide ht ge sonra sir tan Bow B 10-24-10 eu 11 ibomepensty sis th mae poston te umn a hat rai ilbe ‘mda nh ian cn a a21y j foetal ae ol osSie car oo eatin (220 ee to ea For c= 02mm, f= 10mm, a= 2.64 = 2h, lg = 10> we obi ry = 38 For Aig = ir? we obtain sey = 28 Teton ta onder hme he err da he trans of op wckground he ies btwemn te ote seo he ackroen od the ‘Serre ant be note un 30-35 Dn poorly msnaactre sos he ae desy anathema nnn oth wl eof thecal porSon A ol th ney fhe miele doe at erespond etc othe pion thsi ke opts Set ofthe aero ert te \, ana aay Weng (9) = se 4 82nd eer ta th i of testy asin is of tesa roe woth of het age, ob 7S amy By combinig (229 wit 219) we bain sfese eg ‘oe sourc ies at ail a conditn sini 42224 35 serine 35 a2 hare the sure Bhs A a amie eghnes cots xing Ieee he For Se 10"rad = 000mm a 2a =O em wea ‘Spi Sig 107 = 10> Whi the conton 2228 8 is ay fie, he egulemet for ABI i ets Wann be seit et source a DASH nro dhhree [Emp ora ca lsat mp. Sastry ee ae band mah te PRK ‘rey dictare lm. the itr! it lige wath ay a 8h plat loge When ach abt sources we ed the ia bese ‘cts oer tea 6 igh ad Oma nde eco! "Das to Saving inaccuracies, Hite rel pe ft eens clean, ee. te caved aperture eg Jos wo cso eat Tote {yet Aasmerample Figure Trepraetrs aetcicopap a portion the ont corte stop of he Tp ntrament. Sic he deviations athe spi stage ‘esl, he Umaing curv sate wien nh om amet + 96, e229) een azn sbaion of (227) 2.1 ye 1 fie vere Toga fe ) “oot + viele Relig) an introdecin the cong of verge vale athe Sevition fromthe pce shape a mage 219), we baa he ol ‘coe ve ayCondo (229 ca be tion fr te that manic with cet fou, es Sem. = 200mm N= OS, and A= 1Ore he ‘ain oat alr han 410" a asd ein (2229) athe means ofthe to of eon ote care om he ea are tere tan the id fhe image th nesses te eons ‘Sra: ou and he erenens eptig the quay stop matic bee “DI ort bin the det of the pt devon ange 2 ery to male photomety af th aero andthe working phtopape and 1 Soerie (tep often od The potametc ero ate erorsin he Semon 40,0) Be os sey a Dg — Dy) ae te err inthe dtrition fy a8 Dy ~ 0, Ince potiening th sve he woking, pateragh darigth ‘atm of nl in he erro eterna te A ey The tl mesarment er a thes te ear renting om the fe a ‘ac tee bcos ir h(a chit emi “Te eatin fh main ear te erst eb ede to he on stun tat the acta err cane be eed alow? 0°" rad Thi oe Iara he orf he Rafendge an lt phetomsie metbod an roy ato the rr ef the dosed Md met Df the le age to Team honeer te eel tad or wang iomopnieSlecg he pkey mores 10° The malar th doy esas aprobe sie hacer ee ‘Photgrapic muficare the West procedure The graff fs drawn ot 8 100: sale on mot Watan paper raced ae. The maou eee lowe in be enn ism Ipod 0 Bose deg potoptng 2 dl pnt sich gous ud neste To prot! the Sop fom ms ina be bengal atone. “Te sop sia dtm hy the low ater [The minum apres dene ye dain phenome the oe beehive a esse fhe sere rng In net rpc ssrreets hole eof mile 2. The maim pte canny lng doe othe iyo wort ‘Te Wrand TE-a ones theatre ancl abou em A ae ‘era would en Soin aera nan i oo eal ta posal ferns Retwcen opt deat hh 08 the cemeteries sullen wae eager 23, THE KNIFE-EDGE AND SLIT METHOD ‘he nd mh ft ye nee tt Rorreeeeteeermerremttareree rere Sees ict cn Wenn ay neal “The uetion Bi sowing fs he sores lminanse ad thee bron, (iret a lee fd point a cat ey adm ¢ Phe ‘agi at pat tein ro 24). the ihomoety cee te Het hrogh te aml he image is psc by Sof and tbe amino athe tne POM the nhomogeaty Ince becomes “a an toa [" noe Coy By combining the egos forthe pil dem, We oan Lqgue-ser—1 eos enka D 33) ‘Ths in thi cod awl he angle at deviton the nore ‘an be dein rom be derense btn the Jess the 20a the “Tring pgp We son Wat ae up coat urine, sme recap nb be ao sors wth arabe ‘wine Inch cne = Fan the 9a Sens ven by aveas [Ran onere Tithe totalesorce Since Jini seo, as, ‘he caeltion ger ea etl 6 213. “These afte mea c= In hs moto, vith cura stop method the entity depends 09 th ale he menue deviation ape Sig psa oat he Tnarunent in onder fo alee mins Sey tthe Bld pit pte Into atl cnn the att mast Be igh or sal ion sg te we & oo “The sno he me depend on theme y thane a of| ‘he ope pt ote sore as BS sng tighy emule itis poe ore ‘cording oh peed hoe ego, he sent can made stern sn oreo simp on Janey To cl mesure ‘etre ht teint gn te it ores, {be steraiom of sh sum the dilation fhenomen, ee Dien co ‘foints uner erst codeine dtl examin of he to ex ‘tho itor il ben inh cerepodng cons We weno men tat iepouBlto shove conden nd wich he wih he pen pr (tthe a wi ot be age tan 2 10 making y~# gy cone a fav andacemaly pose 2 seo low fer when mesure, we als ‘he anam atasuble sestty saa es jot etecing the ih hough 25 10°" ra wil ge a ite 01 thd wedivide 37 by 213), 5. Bega Co “The two methods wil eo ol snstivy fh = lope Fore = 2th cond oe comes = O36, The pach othe ep ate he tie aller a he wth of the open pt of hea image. While sli’ ey t cian Er = 012mm, he mance ad we of slop i» pc f 007m ds at ‘Sem practi I's obra th eum ta teat ent otai {Sie byte kno ad ct mth mut ihe tan at te canedstop ‘Conder the queion ofthe mercemen ange o he mathod. tI ely sve tat chee lmitation chang onl odin ale ing the es10) eon whe the kleae cover the lt ope pri: te case of com bby enced orn compkicy covered ithe sees Sanson rns foostat frames constant sac The que catered and dace Hah caer) ‘Another tering th stare cage the atte exper of thei In he eesonf he sge tke i the eens ‘rcesponrrepion nochange opal deny erm afte on ‘ep device soe The minum snd masimum angle f devin use of exposure ete equation es “hie formal together wit (2.7) andthe wth te working rng. deers the stop ten matty aed rage Tha if von ag of one en ‘amd bet image uncovered yh norogcniy wean ake fan Ene 310") ex “Tel os mtd iin ican considerably more xpath the Cartan Tn ay ving 312) by 0213, wend that thee of ‘ovting ans forthe sess (or thea seit orb ame age) gut to (OPIN Fors? = 2 thal equal 040; fe 2 tt oaghy ato 10 vation anges of he opposite sgn a mest te siti covert the spesrament ange vical ea a the rode i the range d te{Tie deviton anes are yer! soul mrs tLe ade coves hal thet ng tan t= 36a he lation the rar tere bytes ‘nh oe nye a5 mf aay flows ram thi ana the mead mst ont fr mesg sevaton nl lh mesg In hs eth edge cl v hat the ig devinton byte inbomogesey nl “open” the at mage The with f the pega fhe isle in order to seve aie sai ease Sal cosa pps pd tage emvacing a he expected dito age Ss th prt sre oro there stop tad se raves ere Kaeasproremeaicaa rl andar Beret gue Tadd, Uhevenp kc mb malcared wth ap serrny Nt 001 Misawa =u tly al mete ‘Othe sus fee ema importa, ower Foros mg tht he contin of te ioc wi he aro sors Duty nthe prestige th rgmacs Rao te cnet slong he sD et Be fenstat ely the Siocon pore ote keg. The mgocces Pring ssc often he enc on Seay eevee he zo and te working photograph and tothe deinen of te false y Beco or tating es observe fos he compari te two methods hc i parca Saesin of speion Sees tbe menument rung abd the sy ae nde te pon the itmae,tervotop med convene lens when heuer able to rate nthe ot nape ones toe apo ce ao mre een fox metering evo ge rz a Sr 10ra Father tc etre of the caret eto the Spy of seni te mere deat ag bag properties 0 "he opt dneiter te coon The tbo the pial Siero Uh eve th devin ale a aay cn he lear the dey (aint te gasens oo tar ne a, ‘Ont eh han smal ange ht ston ne oe mea with he ‘mana anes lh len names or tb eases {Be plein te abe ration, an the sal postin ofthe asda {Sih rrp tothe singe wel now the hese ad st ho reo 24, STANDARD METHODS ‘Theses hotmail wel today ete asdad aod, ‘nhc he homopeniy i compared wit a bet khown defection pop ria hr same i he compat th ing ae fhe bt fed ‘dein ih gully mus Bae gual ated ger “he sere wal ast of wedpr oe amalcaraae ete When ot f| dss de rapetve apr url ae The pe the ‘hes ings having the wane eatin he same pt density he eo) ‘the mae gen wedge dete! th ry teovgh tesa at th andard ‘ed A avis of hs mtd tht oly ade of angle von ‘urontie thot owed cant mse tee anes bee Sctermied Wintpaaion Fares 0 aleve hh cara te mute ‘cs ms be lca, ysl in oe at take spa oa ur ofthe ajo fl The fain eats nee se nd he uc of mena Spe Ths un il be ‘spb em Segue ue a he sandr abc Te itn ot evan angles tis town the fo gt fe es eel fo faces Pei wi tit he ah toh th an au were he tance fam the pon ot fhe eo pt enter he oh vin ee eine ny prt tan het (41 ana) “ehcp an the ai “Ts iposs atonal Fequtemen op the trie ent conden fe experimen Far exalt eseary to fad ses oth sare ed ‘hh do at dett he ih ay dt re the sada st ma estioedInmany came when ssn leone i einen {Sacto ay Two pots av ean ach nce’ coe wth he Inbosoeniy, a teeter witht andad jc The fen homer 10 ton eros counsel with the nti ote som Wiehe sd the Insane ehsinent tata epee sca tchwe ten te Te etsaring sal ang of devon ori crate diy goetly sassy allo fr the aldsonslaberpton ste ane ob the ‘reprint anid beth meat imag il belomd theuation orth al devistionwilbe owes 7 hae it fore projection i edition of the ear of evition ‘ibe rgent ten he ee hd es he esp whi he Spal cnt the sane a terol poo he nhomopenaty nd ‘he whol et image covered yh ee ‘Anat! ty Skt the wih fe op st cane linia fo he slat y Stings pit nthe standard with he ae anton a ht ‘theta ofa el pom which dos not ee! ight thst % ss) 1B, 4s) _ Moos 7 io a0) By combining 246 with (244) we aban en tecn aan ‘Teeaddioa abana th ln canbllows fori hy It Bowser, rersry ok in ai hs proces oo acura aed ata “The traniprnsy ofthe anda eee way asumed tte aioe oe toe ete ace ahh in ft the age of ight ‘alsa Ou en ad te ‘hss kes a ifleret tent poits To etna ete te vale ot {intro toned ty he ppnow alee fr heer {te ero corte place ero om dtr, Sam hens ad Pin ith n= 1s Fr the te ~ O91 forthe ep ies ow “alah emer by 001% Suh an ere ean obvious be dm “The abort i the stand che complete the working frou ‘According smal bjt ar eqn std bythe semcompenate fot- tens mate thie metod the btsiognsy ie photpaphed though the ‘Tcl ens The sranpment fhe os noc at Be ah fat ‘ihc wl scpy ony apt ote lene whe theremin pt © te The ‘eon const of die the pine eal ay i the tage of the ajc {inthe noted prt oft stand oye The ang of deviations fans irom he formala od co sehr the atten eis ttaee the pt of ol deci te re [eet theksandintecjeand pte smage el This do oe ure forecourt abortion in he standard ojo, bt apa oly hen tte akoopenty owes pt of he struments eget {oaks to peta oe wih he nhomogenei photgapoed rouge be Sand len othe ssond withthe saber em slo, wou th nbomo- fT a sb le ny ot hes a ae "Th te ol stundard bets witha hrown datos sae foo = so etry pa opel» namber of sad ait opt ‘nati es) I teas ume eo pooper tke each “Sorponding ou pon ptn oth dese with psf the ih saree inne Th tof potogrepo wih Stoo alae of he opti deny wil be ‘alee toate gayle oe dest sae "The tne rth tn pte md poston with eget othe soc, snd the eon pbotorapted. The opal dense onthe working Plotoep compared withthe des ale be densi arcu he amp (Ween wie xs) sores far the niece coorsinat elie 0 the ih sos image {heh which te deny sale ad the working photopph re ake, reget Touiminte the dren inthe masta tg of deiston aed ny the procosing a euve D= (2) ote, and the angio ih elation ce "someon est ofthe andar ethos wh costs tnt dries vcompared withthe ote pote: methods that hey adept om "he nnanormty ofthe sit imag uit, ad he replay of the Sop ‘haps Whie thee deviation rm Hel condone led o some thee Sens, they bry ale te rest neuen sie ecu DT) "The rp erry sr due o nace mance ofthe anda oe and tore the termination of pois eal opt des. Fhe wana meth hae some datas compared with he ble pte: etc choc ‘The points of eel dent smpare elect ifn pats ‘the photopiph. Ara cel the mewsareneat eo nd the enor de othe rer the potoerape That the andre bods a panera Mo pera {rsung foe absolve photometric matbod "Te sundance tenor stand edge o spears They rout be manfred with sft sxeray, apeily for higher{td te neon seta vation ote sanded ccs fom he ea ‘haps are eine by te erro the een ds ed own Twig pss oe flr bythe wea edd ste = ils ‘ype: [95] tesa bjt war a gave sop bubble Ulortantly the hoes noting abate conta at nanlaciurngacuny of ht Saad ‘bt apo och ew pales ed othe apa ty aoa ‘Ase onary pecan tod the semi depen on te ii sin denn ne or ag anon te sae ths. a aon ‘any of muerte Sevion sn nope ote tson ‘the ani odevaon nthe stndardoje hepa thedeviton se inthe standard objets ge, wo sir egies wl orespond to two cose pos lrg enor: Long rl leer te ecg wl at and be, ae thy Nave sl grain of eatin anges On thor ad, he aad sce ‘ots ll th angle inn the rl Inhomogsney The open ‘ition asommndntng the soar roto fs ich ‘alata abn athe al shomoqsely The messes ont 8 ‘Sen equ ors sania inbonogenty, eG ti0) ier R the ads of be sand fens. a be case ofa nowsymeal| Tnhoogenty nce to le es Hh R= fu hore ‘maim (a absolute vale ang of evition tele yn enone 25, IMAGE ILLUMINATION “Te seen plate atin i fenestrae ia thea of photons ‘ths In praca! shleren work, sonrble te fo In cong th ‘rma expos wih al be opal ee oem al on he ie Pa of he character cure resins tine woul andi twee poe 0 Slate somal epee of oe sped o teemuin) Furhomote ksoege oft Human hes) for termining the sini angi ott evita the nhomogesy wich cm be end by Uteschicea see Ie oro ease sal ange of evn secs) dc vere the wih of hope prt of th at age and ome, rea We my, hele, nr be ep tne oma in th 8 ‘Renmer sana te erent ans & reed. Te neo ‘pons tinea tine serpin of the mares ele "Tee penne repr ipa nb yo ow-eney ans promot, wich neta ol ond Ue resin an Bp eyo Tesehnen menarenente "Toe age lminton a bedtenie by he nua es, on ste min fof a a ae ce ect ee renee ees Tielman son ase aero Sats euro pis oh cee et wet Sear oesthcinemty apse hr asin xt ining tins ah ih tr envat trate cneapLclurciettacbenee cacao a vers ann Sora rr oma me tea pepe peepee eeprom smote tape tts Sent oe Sb Eelgeeappe el merkerrerhrohelrory ‘inadstenns siren pe ets be Bea aera cae ar en arenes "The cqution forthe ett of menuroment le ee 7 a she Li hes of th sore imag in the dection pepe tthe Tiel "Fo oti sum amine nth shen imag, Kt sour hold ‘prj om the st ith the args psi maghietion Ih Dowee, ‘etay to Rep nid tha rt tener le sure nape econ Tania of mai ois stration an cn, be mage cannot ema Jager tha esi Las forsee ect a en se the pete a he ‘prt mst not be sa tha the apron jive in drt{iret compte: Thi eq at eile with conseibe ‘gi orto chen te stm acto al hes rs ose nr thine ihe a yb haunt sons imey hon tempat a ty ‘his paranet Wien srl arte optenam we shou alow fr especie ndion get sie fhe unary ale age al em {te mcrensn) nme a he epina slain y= re ‘Shree nb Soviet TABS, TE: and TE, To. drm the expr ne noxsary fo sing bray taped acgntiven Soul ike no azust he eobion Gara The oped of 13 ahr han oy The pen thal wah he te chattel he so eo) Dy combining (253) wh the ution the epi densty of the emis D-02= yg, asa) whe ir the exposure ine and i dened by (253) By combining (254) {swe ban a eget for he export ine hh a ction othe ‘oud dns eo ‘The ress of he cael of teens tine forth TABS a E19 inseunen ar verted on Fr The anomie coda fo IAB-S1 te toon equ 05 fr TED O08 The sped of he Mika 0 Sn a "ake ul to wih y= 2 Fo the A2 fim = Duns wih 9 ~ O85 The mina fs of the K-10 Bent inp wa ken elo 6D amen sd that of {be DRS-2meruydorare lamp thane itis sn that when IAB-S name coined with KO amp and A ‘tnt pe pa tt an ad oO mn pote ge hat ‘nt ditacton shesomena prevent mk with sone open ss Tous poms _Abwing an eyo ie loser than 001 ae en be tad a the Ras “Te uation dict thes of wane process reauingwkabigh spend neuer fash it sour The rac elation inch eae ‘ene sns pact Vales dvb in view the arp uy lt ‘ure andecmers wed. Beers dans tht he ay bp ess) whan poor time shorter ta 1s ict ace the with ofthe {yen pt the st bow Ol mm whch mak pst ay ete acting ine itty by ee ha 310" When the when ptr ie ose ial the ince of he nt ‘zs road ys ita on cntat State, ny at very low sage oman ete reached hen th op the ena sett ofthe pe ethan tects nthe ete eng ‘tom be retton te with of open pro oe tinge Ta eh one ‘oe inomopnciis whch ld chet sat follow at tee do et ‘simu othe open it oda sme measrl ang of dviton athe Inbocoenet, characters forthe intronet-ee sons "Te cpa of hee to detingth btwn rts deter by the eso ee, Wh expe Byte oma ihe i the meas egal asinet wich heat tere and [ABs the misma bis nent ftw he askew sd he age for sich th ej sl dine the tec The empl eltonsip teen este mls of the esol coast an the Pckeo¥n hes for dietet snp sis oth ebjers epeetd ca Fe [0] “Tepes fh nial Bama fe fet he ied esti stay Toy ite cneray om pevonto pron. The pa sia inte, Stns tecwecr 1 ta tm We sale our eons on "stand ee ‘inte bug mean prance lett nero te en 133 tr Srv th etn ta 7 st lal leh sen eal Sah 3m, per ef th ens S848 opr; ris ovr fhe he ez Sa | a — We sacle the wh of be open pr of he tag fo mich immuno ch ha tol cont 705% fr leet nem tn gh sores Ins fo gre fat hoe vlc fe ofa re ‘Staind for B= anand B= x 10" *eae The cacao By femal 252 ea ote eu enn To “eet don gia Tab ae nun Was be wih hop stor ch he lant betwesn he sition a teh ss inthe jis dose yt Weber-Fecoe law nthe the anf it ‘eatin cambe rived eh ihe nin things pt og ‘vig lowe ilmntn,hsronp became oe compat Temas snaned inh ecltins tt the elev gaa tn HE 0 fred gs Sune ihe fase eating he Mh anos al ‘isons Ts Beane 0%, ote pon ert ot oe rane ‘Steer anda bent the observations se male nan alo pepe “recon toh step plane andn th retin the gan oH age “hn om Table 1 the abervaton fie imagen fone at dot swage we died rite The mini perma si wi ise ‘yt, seal fot he ear section othe ee brace. This schoo ‘tenon Cnet fo berate sce st owe lamin th ee ee ‘on ae aap othe we pt fo sue mam conte epee “Teminaom with ofthe len i the ce aes liner, hh nl fen or teyprxee ‘iscomideratymorecpedieo conduct te obserationsthougha maging thin whch nen theta tuminnto o he fag extent Tote ‘Sino o te uss tment sensi mat ith ibe briane feaiemens is eeray ant sco he al apertarect he et Bs Muminting The nhomogeney. The ee opt dos Oo ei the gh beams toning rm te homoge The a fom ort mise wih of he ‘pen pf the st tage nhowe Surin correspond the eres s2L22 ai a ag on ere ite ee pp aan Bay be imam igh: oresponiingoth ight porto of he carve For ABB 19 gl ane? Joo ate peetng te fix ABB ~ 32 Bay =< 17S canlga TH ary that Br he inant po of fe Ut source dow not rei theay, The nina si fe jen pu thes ng ‘oseatiyamalthan ti wth wally meta acai ‘more sme he ey si a bein illo Dye fila aelstin = pone to tern ima sg sean wah nf tee nh ial athod aration 1 a 10808) ; 4 ts ass Sins B an thao 8B) depend co the sino parte a he roo fhe ye pole to contact the Stn (ig th ‘ales eeu sage rifle! wi of the ope ome orth sett ee for ri por cm (E19 with Kh thine othe sy wth the cn the with exe he dese inthe outa seat fhe ye Sow toa Mth OD an. Nous i 8 ‘Wah hing shee vay ays cons tere const 26. APPLICATION OF PHOTOMETRIC METHODS sch ofthe gute photometric tha ass pce ites in paca apbitions. Tha the ascute photomei mehods nee repenta dete ‘mnlon ef teens nae var ln se spool fin “The aowig uth of ondotig te eprint nso abe cae setae neat repre cchin he for ip mh eso ‘teres photogephic ety Toe senators ae enact ted othe ln fn whch theses pater wl be photograptod. The “eo” and “woke” ‘ogg tn nach «may ta tye ae ie winds formed Sythe stent Fw s “Te tonnes ca be pepe net ways—by sting with se, ‘rom py as by popping py se The dent of he aes we Imo ih» nstomear Tay tos shown 0 ao ear & conta ‘nay diene ttweon ace eee ‘A photometric mesure en of ach tent ate dens of ch tease denied Toe 7b gel tote Spe or fhe ine porto ote ‘hacer plating the enya eager a te ele reso es Si fa fenton othe densi he rial sp prae thenves igur D.The i termi orca tse sep a ey ees cone wean Pa) yma ha emt te tn hwy yan be doen sith a mach higher acuay tan whe a singe slenator a The meee er 03-005. Tesi pin ind tha the emmy pnd on the pc compotion tthe gt sures and the expose tne The sentry, hres hae fo te ‘house uni the same codons ar when the baad he woe ‘otoprap ae how th ae eM sours nt seep. The soe and eeopny cvs ae snare, hey aed ot te arr ech tne ap may be cnr stat rte ch fl chica rosary Rowe cond cot arene feet msi out othe same toh in order chek ostany nao vale Aeron condo compotion he Syelpefesocs empre and elope tine mast be ent for he potogaghe,tle the Mutations of 7 re lage than the easiest ary ch oprah (08 an fre the omy ted for sir wh Sete i eum temo andthe woking phtewrapa tn such epee poetic aces be ten forthe rant action onthe sco the nok. potons (Gres adn Fewer ih he aren nang ote poe, ‘ican er Marte cer which res te efeece i, The sori of the vous poi a ten estar The dros betwen he tel deste eal othe loan ‘Seto of he tans rom ch of he carves t he en be Dp-D, = tos sind as) “Ti method i ul wh te dtibtion of devon angi not knows in sdhnc thn poe on one micopbteneter acing the carcteie ltr at which beagle fight ein shou he determin! I ncnvei, wee be te dstbton ete ease! peste Scion skoawn and {hrpostonhartecnntbisd nthe ese the rc stage and sone Prossang cneme mach more me than pot yp pstmt. Farther ‘Bore the asa one than Wh thei ethos. simp taken wiht sandal ror edge The weston ofthe woking Blosoraph ao he etn fhe anda aso we ere I of Figs) Perpenclr othe niece re recrded The aang nd aback oe Feandink miropbtoner ae he ames in the pens ae ‘Wins stnlod ethos are usd the main sorcerer ae the fom omy tt ainaton of te ere el and lle ah npn tine ove the phoioaph deo he test of he str In asta ese ‘static, trl to ake ss pholgrapk wi te iemoetty ‘odthe sar les ado he he osteo he pl ey be ety ‘ound ovary conection mot be ode inthe meres thane ‘hae rate the ieee betwen the ops destino he pot othe ‘ero pinoy orespondi oe poms ote nhmogeey ane tard {Erste te tnag Scan ithe. The nl vation ten ao ean roer-nie [ 26) For 0; = Dy, mala 262) eas tote one fora ofthe stadt sthode (241 The confi 10™" requ the for» elorey ‘hae el ut rare om pit opin, bch compat the mere ‘et considera pact! tes th cota oul ce ow ae tecrdag equ ava Co ie the silted forma (42) with ‘An nteresting sppation ofthe atone scleen hoist uaaiane stay of movi shock wavs. Fish pt Sours ae to! to porta thee onsen Mite ee posible howe, detemie the racine inet "Teens ttocen the op eae ta pint of he Baal seen lsat wave ant ths cresponing post lhe eto phtoprapsen BY (athetnteetpeandst mb) S0{t6 + atone sind C Dy = reg! er) cts te tine dependence fhe Mash sour tighten 0)eth ylacy af heinhomorensiy. xn! = (thine Nath inten ivi cenit conden te mentees the point where E anima “Te pol ny oma tal meauenens scones to tao (265 into an expt ‘uo fhe eas parte 80) se messremente ae taken theron fit chang othe me ot. Te ath should te ttre, wie ie tong osprey uct ‘ide and whe afc resource ring sap nage fe ahrogent nit eosin Teta te pt npn oe anf mas {ute The proces brat and acoringy pk of elev daraton a2 ae assed The wave oy wa oop eqa oS kaos One cf the ouapts (Sttined x shown on Figure 4 Gute mastremente pe the spe he ‘Sos mtv tnd th conte etc ante extent of te se oui peers he eer ga From the quanti mesure eft nr ot eition, ‘re find he dent tbo nthe Bow repre on Fe 8 The Scovarton ‘tthe chen pte wit the care fs desl buen lense ht the tsnnte photometiemethods inset emiation owaformies eu By por quality of he prot glass and by eet, VI SOVIET-MADE SCHLIEREN INSTRUMENTS 27, 1AB-451 {AD iste clon nstument nich i twill in he USSR today Tested on Matto deg. Thelosrumen jt epee n Pe “Te srt cons of wo onthe ama a lima) i the ‘eecing pr Each wt salle tbe 24cm log oh sium mete ‘150. The wig ach be apoimaey 50 ‘carer supporting lt an Codeor hx Het sous, tact to ‘te colating unit A sina eng in he resvig it re the Es Machel andthe stacker bev ao pholopgting he een ie {nd viewing testing stings. The ats of he ender sachet Tops wth he proton amp Bouts 50m, the the KO fe posto ap (SDW. 12V) othe DBSH.2S0 ih rece meh) dashrge lp cant ee the Ugh sore 3. Sole fey ‘oing earn hese venlion sd gat cote ne led ‘nthe sxruent st Powe i ppd through a emrne, Whenever meer spy the ierument ean apes th ter Se tues sch 8 sh tm contd spars et Th pores sippy andthe cote ey for sach ah Sour ar uit by he or To pent opting with an tcoalon! perk the esrunen is supple with a9 adel lnetocms lens rang pele o Sette llosnating sembly at oeirbl tune om he odes ess “Tiss dane to avoid damaging the Sorc: othe et en bythe spa charge“Tomener sa nsem oft beter 0, made owe bended me, 2 mn ‘ade and eS mim acl eth. The second ote pes the mag ofthe [amino art ote sore he lnm lament ore charge poe ‘Reena ot petro te lestaneet. The ist ebete can be moved slog he otal sift intromant oeg the sur image ote For ‘sua adomnt conto pom sna Retwen the sexo senders he cube se the ht nrc map the ter te the ‘toh iter tbecnterng he inapeon thei andallows ere og ‘he sorce ime ‘revo dram wth gt er ipa btwn the conden ad the pale gt beam alent Ine he clea Sher hich re 3am (tk and ar mae olen grads ops (202512, ZAS18 and KS. The ‘evita carve thee Sera eps a Fae in prt mov, Tg ee re Gog usd aghast opeatons eg. when Seeing the ‘Stage ia the oa plane ofthe main objective th resin uni hot Tg ie the je dazed an he ssinest sca conde poor. “They sete oe ata expermentl wor he oly enon hee ‘decent unions in none pote mesrenent ort sate ntsc! egon wen ag tacos ethos} Ural, however a ‘ies elf ster puro ich ca ie a login tes. “Te entrance i peur of he nen nema as be vara bess ‘ands mith asedingectcy 001m Its heath 25mm ean be opp Ua sepedpirgm to. Emm snd bys wee dtr oay se om (to lm fntead os pers, ante pit er wih De meets 3.103 01m Tie St canbe rotted though 36" about the opt ats ose with he conde stchnen. The nut of mente! fhe angle orto 6 ‘Tecate onder taco fgeer wilh te diagonal mst My mounted rage nich canbe nei by 25m erection with sae of ‘long the boy fhe instr. The st spre har xn te Bough {oh fl pane af the nob oe mining“Tele eft fom ihe agonl ior Malls othe main bet the tainting wnt A sina bene lo dn thes ni The pia seat theabjeive sbown in igre. The obetvele Fg cme {Sommer Mad the ments N nstued sucha they bth ae are of ure opens: To eh Samstag) the ma ae ‘the inbotopmetes which an Ye sd wth the instoe 250tm THe teal inthis 917m, The rece os mens wih sua sist Sh ‘rate ees comely the aeration ofthe prea ioe oe = fs Pee ‘Themain bjectvecfthe rhage cli vita co and mouse oppne ach othr ta thatthe sony! sterations cae Te tl ‘orton of th uments ala i he aberration ofeach its art "Te inkomogenty cu be rtd beens pi of tee ss, wich ‘shel r poses vcoom o len mechan proton equed ‘Te mio and te mesar ante mee ote pcp of apne. Coveted psig re poi the nut Boy, hough mich he name a ‘lnc sth ingot minors te apne Soppoctny ings nd pad onthe Inst fot he pel spas "Toe anga fhe bt ben ato the otal th sae the esvag st etogig The ASI hea re Zr Foneaus tgs Fame vain then mny be wed nd fi Enesss The knfesdg cnt ote rough 20st he opt a, wh tenig scary of and thst paral othe minting mae foe a) The kg removal, i eld in apelin fed by lng penta ‘The fing syrmetea an he ksi cn be oad Gogh {ot and edo eerste icsig it age to wig he ut devce "Te nde each le moved opie wt the potograpic mit ant the eon dagna ior on » cringe snr tthe clio snig, By tmoving It lone intromen boy, mf ring the ie lane a come wih the amit a ape lee focal pon ote hneedge inte rng tu) or mar» tm ing thei param The descent Tims are iv om the mam pon, ih easing sea of 01 me "The photoset of te ttuen ton whinge rch tached o ‘acca The opal unt conto wo lens Oy The rt ens potn h Fa oed am and ig deter of 2 canbe mowed 20 lye ‘pial eng page of bce ante Stance beeen 30 {lem fom the ced of he reg ui fee The age sae tment lahomerrety, ata distance a 260m fom the tbe end The aon et prt o's removable ptoyaphisatachnet Thee ae two such sachets (Ore of tn a santé Sovetmade Zor caren with f= S13 ‘nd imap dmater of 2m The second chine a age 80 -en Same es es wih f= 1989S and nem Idem fi ‘Areoling ler smote betwee he ne the potoprapi ote permiting he insertion a serpent os comply eectng mor. BY vari the pear mht opie mater, ean cn! chcentons ie ech olnurm Theinerdon of semtesvpret mos makes pose els ‘iin or phlopapting ote lon image by to ober or fo emeter ‘Simutaneor photography on two dient seals or taneous Sheraton nd potopahy a abo omit "Tee standar exposure he Zanker te wd th 24mm i, With ‘aman fim hate ging exposure om ae 08a ed “Te stent ako proved wih len cps, hod or the cone ad the rhotorapbicuni and maging str monitoring bk ting "Fen pert othe ring et Om ter Avs tl oly inhomopentie eng te ight ym mot thin 3 cane sewed A rextton fn ng ste ans so pony he ono te et photopraphi lens Tegner he arto he felt whch st ght by 2 hy aot he sere stuent el ab 1 te eat th pepe Th ceiaton Srumatelora zs strvsare th ware othe wave et har conser {othe destin of eet ofthe apap the msinar sgl igh Sev ‘be much smaller) Tht mareed ange sult fr met sandy ross, he angle of eviton big uh sale thn he ining ie The oil TABS a Linge pupoe inn ands asus for spbraon with mayo te matboge reat advantage eri th py of ‘Spring eal theconlesr ao he phosphine ui ho he ain beter [Aba rou, vasos opal or mean! athe ach end spelfor wick witha singe meta can be Gina ad ed wth theism ape the ony ee ats lr Any. Sacer sc [Ii] A arety oe ances ae the ntrament a fo [Erument in whch hte omen a inttadued donated TABLAS) oe 28, TE19 lipped by team fended by. Bow The opal pen wae Seed by NR et he def emi sm, ol ah “he lamp bongs ae turhangabie They ae supped with spel raleor ped bio tei source, mich tet dob he bit fan: An “The twos conden rots the nae of he lina ayo he entance owangs The svitshoer is elcedby inrpsiegs apes ante pt eam The hts tn nly nen emesis) heft es ot cond covered yrs ites hing eonsion tii af sos 204. The wieegts tami by the se sto Sas wee ced 010 make poste ook With he aetna tet {fue wed peal elon. Sone Be canbe ote bythe egeinett ‘Shang lr eqn Pune ae pon he eems ofthe minor. The planet plan sin inthe ovo ans ae mately perendiea "Te bight fp aca be ara steps of 2m om 240 1mm: he sit whan be ore comiaonay between am mth an acre F001 a ‘Having pl theog tsi he ght acs petig oo ed then the worl eames dlr othe rmainobtve a he coimtor By moda Thirr on te ote sito testing oc, we aciate te glo sachet ‘ih pers thestige na peruman projet inthe ston cally ‘oped by the singe. Teer, ith comet alge Hastert, 20 ‘ional rasan nein whe the inary age eed wth = cle fren The sera sth can Beate betwen and 20mm y Flag the [Rois pone opposte decison patourapy wos thos cn Be ‘tpl te cient appr mene cient ‘tr Te cle ata an foi oly hone othe tra ight hosing, lesen for ie gl ft nto elie he object. The tation ‘Sere eis y mena barb ory emote Son, win an aerey f6 ‘Toe alinting anderen ws te ena! minster, mae of two spear ad an fora operator. The obete fon a 2476 ‘Soe ding sean he const iron of he pit ima tefl paw he oie wi. The lel compensators are set eat be fc Pane fe main sbptvee The postive lene of he compte are mowed ‘change tothe ote ans un bapa core THe compensates Giniind wa stint devs nthe phe seats “Tor objec mira deed and beige o ee te resng stistbrtereincned The ag ef eluting sia cise ‘th he plane by tcning inte ete 1S nd 10 "Pauly eh pe tomo hcoliating and he evn unis pends ‘onthe combed a ie wx eas eed y the min Se of the da conten nth fol plane of he sin ak Sty sping. be ‘Shere imtument prance lo nb be abate he dean Ferric tothe ks Thor cba shuld be caer ot {ni oy te mimo the of conson bu alo Dy is shape and te ite dstbton inte ik Homes he Kole oth masa of {GScoteonuon in sun for stating Beppe ound sete or al tmensrenents The agua ints kf consion for pon thee ‘Soyo 0san the Haar dmc? mim Fer pots an ae ten C8 ic eeopongstoassams f35mm fom he oa a, he aber honey beeen 9 11 for rer deco Noth the sal tebe tion and te mg the Seton depend onthe set aie ‘are hres dtvn orien tanto te sme ‘We ean stoma hat he average abortion for a? longa fe ouply cal oan thr orament an har mani devon ages a al hse mle hhpson mere ne at ec he sitsbe The sostv canbe tree insane cans by tng he ese [tion sch ay tat the asigmate seats ee po naps the Greco ard othe ede eth cee the mtn teed ‘Se minum aioe ofthe aeratons at by se slr sate Nate, lorie tient the posit of tes te etry in hs aye {o'tnon the derbi oth strut sbertion andthe Sabon sf the ens ih deviation in te ahem “heh ap om th ain jive of the eevee the rolitng Hock, whence the wo beam ede othe wo a ol he eng hit Apolo ices cach beam By arabe oiotatoe of he plot stecan engi th ht i one oh ars wt combi atti the {trom the oi woking lamp. Thompson fe ais extn {he sod rm, he te stage esting. Tn te image he bjt ‘a eee arm fe poral nt lsntet Sab om on fhe two tutaly pependuer site The reat oquilre (0 an asemBy af to ihren rumen coving the se ell The este etc of ts den Tha the light om the two trometer the nbsp) at ese nl whieh ule yume where th ht Beam inch ae alt san f paso moc ay. "Tis wostone instrument produces 4 gw qlee: we cn conde Selleten sunt ts arly mesa ele of Sve in one Sinn ny. deo note the ttre daa ote ean nde nthe SShonopsnay, hoes te comianton increment ‘cvs ti dation. ‘Rchonomiag ots bum siting matod th fhe polarons does ‘otcompely eights imap Morow cn al he eninge ‘Seip isonet by the de et mot fh ced at ing oct, ‘spel in Hghortinty mesure ater he ht comin om Sh ‘ngage lover he ramet ese ihe wos wef ogi, he port recs the bight fhe xi tole image to othe sgl ae an he exponed pat the si ‘ith fhe ttl age iaton wl Be nl“The ayo mearemet determin in his aby he exe a as Tre i) “Teele dap in ety compe with he a instrament sea 19 Seared ss) For Li tay the sestvty is und by hat Moden istuments hae si Fee = Oram, th eet eter wen th with of the exposed Fact lominatig lt irae rai fon hone lite, "Fo ig ein bythe pce not wll ve he narra el Soe part fhe el ar phe han ther Tas complet tbe appicaon ‘many eeantatte mtode of rnsemen ach he metodo sana ‘Shomopaneies Moreover pec deoainon ofthe ke accompanies ‘faction from the raion. Thi compas the quantve and Gustaie Inept of the sere pte ower the soi "Te aneter fhe ext pup .Tir makes the instrament sible fr ‘mening orogens nh et hl ih eet he ht roa {Tbe maxim sags of devon which can be mene a eed fhe ium fae ck male ue othe igeing cated By aro opt ‘onponet ot compen have dinensonscompaase wi he with oe ‘eked htm Waenssing thm ofdteed rie th mnt “Sable defceing eins et ied yi sen abe fhe nen bet “Tao spans at he bet band in the iat lps aepond ing vo diet cco ofthe ening laghragm. Each nage cn be ed Sil hoaps a xis. The itn o nado ne ake posite ‘obser eras tia pln ot elshomogeny ni he res pats the pane ef the sewing apoapm wth th lumina tage The Imusiaton of te space epi 4m oc § Thi er comet ‘nage he ajnment of te sumer an makes posi ah esha ‘Sue contol the un a neous ote expee By moving he mors apart wc pice point of cones thay: ‘dong be opical a ofthe intunen. The depacenet eno ha ‘Sisoimn, wit an crt of 01 “To seameet os pevied wir ember of ient ewig arbres wich con be litt the ede: hs Ine lament ih ed ‘Kom. The dha eine sey perm ting the dah hough 360 hap cera o 6. The keds ate placa ihn 15m rom he ‘pl ne wih an sry of 001 evoling mir teas ste image othe ei Vital ober ti af he potngre amaas ‘Cian sar sil mers cn eid he phtorahia nent Tey can be sted by rete onl wing eetromagte ‘Whi the TEI8 bas the avast of computes and Wey ao Bae srr eraback. 1) Allie icament sachets ae mouse i he sme ‘og, Arar, the astomer amt ere sid owe ode 3 mat fy for he acess which te may no sed. 2) ue tothe comply of he Struensee pe umber of opi compotes i beyond the net [ower olan he instrament be marae odo wth TABS. Prbemore, {Se insrument goes gent oot falas ad meds evcing by abr {ecncans 3) Dato he complete ei, tet to mod he estat edt sup 0 tw measenent thos 4) The ek ateorpon cacy ‘much higher tha in sampler arene 29, 1A8-453 ch of th wo instrament oer above ht std rabacks, hich lower au ad af appleat a sone tpn of ere meus Invacopision here ct lent sd ore prming procedure or developing ‘ihren ium K consti desing sof base set ‘ite intrest aura oe el of em, he ol neh nd the anty of te pot age These of lessen be ell sal Toe ‘Sater with parmetr std abe 2 meet the reytenent of et Simpl abst wit the same fan D made sine nd cheaper pt ‘omonents can ad fr lover ql meaarenents Reet of Hh geal ‘sje cinao be forauckmesuement ‘Nsunbe otc ne maicttedcch tended ors pe mane reat had: potosearte rene clr scien, potorph, Nhe [Bntgepyte Each aches ese inch way ht ean bese Inu series wa any ula abet oe ene clang niteThe eens of rang of obecives and sander athens cbt ‘sox slate or Bs exit. Toe oy for 9 cama iment stone of staré components kas histone ely ate fom te pin of sow fps td vet he sandrdhcnoe of the com four along fo he muda Faro hat ar nated carepond he own saan compensa fe otmet Spaced eyo opt Fly te ate wil ot ema ole by te deopment a neers mead Siac ba odo deen Sisal re etcocts Tear onto ses ember te impovemest of chisen thos and he deapment one ‘extent cin ‘esha ere his ton te AB intument, eign on he si of hve pnp bys tne al by WK Ewan VG Koko Te monet te ft Of ped si, ich ost al he dso ‘Shicca meturenene Penryn how tat es he rei tne fhe expense ter tan a eters suet The TA-S3 an inpcred enon o he ABI chal depo fe gone tn he undying rcs i enn (129 “he be out teinaroent he seat ha fe TABS cons iro par atcommodsing Went miro nerics ej wich eve Stains ote cltmatng sn the rvig a Mae cage Sed side th fr es ecg te ating wat Bene oy ‘Sictuntntor and he cage abe ecinguia emomble hinged rachet tnd he ngs tachncot The iechnpa sachets econ 0 “he ba meson and charac fhe sume ae si 1 those lhe InBASL. The do ew Ser 2mm he fal ng fhe a ‘Sherer 43m, he ep lls om he renga x te ‘Rien oerch bets 130tgfe legh 23 mans umm Gtr 32cm “he nromet todd for mentite pt devo ngs eter O ad 25's opal homage The maximum ony ated ih pot aol arcs fry 2? Wo ht ahomspnei eecig te pty an angle ofS 107d oc Oe vould wha eof 1% {we do ms cone case tocaton ptm an exer ce) “hema bet altered by N.. Cubel The ine only ov hl a ago a tt ein teortion of trequalyotn pot image ote epalas yaad ss emenator ‘fet thos tnd (330) Ava oy oe cm gr Sang ‘bout a muedceqeas in anti, sich Raf a teste ata ‘tig tener or ranset prone ah ae ih Sptcencners Inthe AB-451 shaban ofthe obstvein th svi ante calinating unis ane a hts int ew sp cach un corte separately. The ‘Zahapl Seis is ths rp! by 2 more cmv sangeet the eget ‘meters eta oat nh abe aboot pc usenet bs postin sytem has rove tc on the ole Some proven ae Be oie, Noweer The sealing he ins eel af mans as bes improved ‘ingen fo the econ “Te cringe mas mae ote masive I canbe dale along the ans by 4 10am fom tessa poston “Cnr and" ono baeeen nand “he pencil opi as ofthe mitor-menisus oben doe nt coi wits se othe cyt bg shes on tia ro aon Imaeare stated w the ntoection of he geome! and th opal ee “repependei tothe ical ans while takings seo ithe pemetl fi Ara rel hepa oh st imap andthe nde lan coud Te age Imo long the poetical uy ad eee the dtocung of th sre ‘owen afl he posto the akaopsnely ime he str "Themalptpo appeatons thr nrunent made aye i frais ght sure Ordinary inane! lamp a2 a amet ae the mo ‘nei frien alpen ann uaa studs teeing ih tine slaon Thay asl sable sn asi Morea ck ange te unatabe for etc uuu st, inc te iment Jos nt poses “nibem begs the dcion perpen tote Iai fa ar ofthe ion dt bythe sit fa wor nes ble po aay snd wih auch ag wha losiens on conuncon wih ghsplceants, siete csi longer expres than those corerpnding tothe la pst ofthe eon ‘Surin Highest merry dshre lamps bish posse a mac higher ‘ing po 0 mesic ora mm ee ania age nly, we must io coder tans! proces Flat one ate foe conve ot sta. se ty cn be easly stented wi the poet ‘Se yl higher ation tan tat chseed wid a higeeedceesamere Flnthampe sing ase of uron bene Ol asc and 1m Bw wth‘eas Te cont pen ae pr mi py tom “Te sre sangre let sores fer sigthe sale stent for pracy al fs, Prowson tas sla ee mace or secrotoee fs ape wih cncmers: ncn the ane apr the soar toe ian ate oat theca rate Sok rangement ec if ‘Teli the prostate ow neuer exposure for ech "Te eh sores at lcd in wo lp hog teed thet amie ge iluiting wait The wo lp howlgs and a oenwltor aeratiog tetacn evo pt our hgh ll etre fede he ims i ‘est Getg te wing apg in the ings paseo he Dmiting Sicetig the ance po he times) ey ie whe ah Hah source bel mest, eco ign eet wi ned amp tdthen smith veto he assure Puteri omes possi cont ihe ajrtment sity In adatom, by eplaing teeing mir lh 9 tranearnt owe tnx to Het sows ulepeou by ng wo Dh lip: ve can obs two age of moving obj and amare! nome enue on the sme ams and 2 termine th wel “oe ligt suc een be spc wiht 10mm the mp Houle abd sa rel tinge proce by te conten ca erly rogat o come with the inating sit ofthe sroment.The nage oss by apg the oneersneach fhe ems Fong esr) cote hough window ‘ths pe ada sniansucet mor oh wih he pon of he kt ‘ours inage thes canbecbervod Cron pars ea eae toads the lik ete ss of humm sources sch at teanton mene to ‘stirs mor soa pine Up itr ste ples betwen he ro ene ofthe condense. Gren, allows sed gus Sts and erence ers ate ede the nares i aot psa inthe xing st fhe intrument in otf mat POO ‘Panic atathmens “Tomoin othe centrum hs xmas ght 19min dan aperture ang ec O and im th renin sarc of OD] Stop ae rove inte at pase, arving the it hog i dere sep 1.2.4.6 8 {mm Its ao pane to se rood stops 51,0301, 003 001 wn dame ‘Thesis edce when working mh gh source we pit related ar the otal ai the am. Ths desis he exprinenteror come ‘ithatertons ofthe man abc narrate male ofthe kes ad osnet errs Rosed sour re date determin ote dic of {belgtdesaton agian abomonesty, fc nts when aig ts etd “Teinarument can ao be cree wth ren sit, i a spate angstrom Oto a4 my nih an austen any 9f 2001 Th ih ay ‘tte ies makes that mach more canteen for we with he action ‘nd potomer methods and epecln ast phony. The messes ‘nuit someting ther cl by cared eo es parece encerat drsnton the encvered prt te iain “Te mii un (Ft 90 canbe rotated together wih the at oad 220" aboathe geomet ats andthe the stroma ent ore ‘vintton of te umiating sit wh spect othe sre RelA sae test acy 06 sles fr alt ll ns By dienes he fe ‘trol we exe apy big the atte rege postin, The fon Taal hoaph the we of es, bem ir meight SDE herr ney 1 out ok spate pda inbe ring it the nsroment A sycioning dese ‘tra sal for vey rvlaton inom oa tera drag sh orl "on snd whan he recorder oper ith hte as ig sure, "A twechaael potosetestachat har bee deg forte dy of tease roses, This a spre tse, contacted tthe oie it ‘the sche tment Te opt sje tach Toms i {Seinen a 0 mma amet Two ste ree oes ports om the image The ct witha be sel etc O and witha erry of {10mm The bs othe ecm be made eal Yo 3 eA i ie rant the ht om ach tote eth of «patomatinie A ete Iclowe # moaned top the poem The two bake with esd Ponts canbe acd independent ofeach othe loathe ame ping ine pepe tote nial au The glig ine ean be ante Fou [Stow te op st Each ofthe its can be bought Tee operations oan Pein fhe cteen ge Ai uel photarlac ering te il Bom ch potomuiper i detiee ofp fa to be clog ot fo 2 Sepamte eilowagh. The owls earn ston ed the TABSSS1s poi to ache alot ay ie tslaton up to 107. Thi i quite ‘alt for oe sere meson “Tae IND-ASs thor canbe sas wth al the caret eleen method From thi hace ch cn pee pny er a ‘tra snail avtge in pac rh the latent asic Sia he icles connected with extensor a gots gt cern, “Te dv he inset bse ui ssp acho fe the ‘ret methods makes ieniy apni oh mpementaton fa che fn simnr methods Poertn and iterromarte mode of wwe Ot ‘atoms, can be ely ponte it he tres 30. QUALITY OF THE SCHLIEREN INSTRUMENT COMPONENTS ‘Sze nd serton aston ofthe scleren itranot tb he mai se: ‘ens eating the gua oe opal ad mechanical componente nt anhe ‘Sov nly encounter fn opal mates manatactre Hower, hte ‘evo sinners shart of the ern iret: which ae Ink at place, he siren tapenade ftw it. Th rt and ase i shapes th ight wave! psig ough te abomogrety and fms as Inge ofthe ht source athe Weng apap, ema component athe Stabragm wopping the termed Image othe it sorcery the cnodear the mn objec teeing an alain pat he petece ‘dws resting the Inbomogenty the ewig dupbrapm The second ua rota the ight source sd the cde jc, ao te phtorb ‘bh andthe rearing aranentation "The an ke pein othe mia andthe wing dapheapes ad of ‘hein abst: re intern thy ped on the ales fhe i Seviaton Stor ine inhomogeneity, The lstrent ol pie ae meet aed Strong exon never ae stil ih mors rom hres prot ‘hich arly poor opal quality. Te wlbtefmotion ef ron wavein ‘hock tubers meapred sing amal-metrposowapie objetivo thins an pein compres of ntononial eps se Sid by reo intrest sng longfons sonoma ees wih olig power almost ‘Sulit dirname stunt te wi 0 andy ‘Seapolidosheren sun amo al te rancher esses a ene ‘Tear main component are re tors whtoshape aise opto areal ‘Bele waving ‘he sgt mann pkon tiny he carer tthe ‘ntomogonty andthe method sf ene nd: Wi dnd de ‘slut tome he nil ning the mv ot owe! a ay “Tevet Sos he wave fom mn poe mate shel ay 8 ‘onsdably one han he sunt eared snp opt devon te ‘tba regsienei ar npoe by he ees of peratig the etunent oe me es ine Th ral ery sna then ‘rod, mst esti Gble to whtand Cann wang Te ot tay be cove wih spel pore fm Neves te cery of ge Seas 5 oi operation no shel ol pre oot: Uae fom das. on cA ht Sng hk vice te oes wil ise Prey stenon maf pie oh sion cote a ames of ‘ee perma: pratt protec par Te ape popes at emt rod ot image inthe al lt te main see te cng ‘tt The dan ower, may be meigeahael or sen meee» cost Strate afte me font sor hs Goer cay coed ydapacey then se ete ota snc Datos ence as fom ts pom alo igh sro an aan a ef Sipe snd th ssa be of poor gait i em oe chars A tes Spt Nomogcty, howe, the gas at eof he Nats gly be ‘titty Sveti Bubbes nh a reset le ans Sreare ners ean Stor th poten ae se ube to mechani or chea ttie seh ol hen by wr he ao of ops renee ey ‘hse The ce propria cag tn he oid ree af at orcs nds podealy changing pest: ow aper mimi tes, mero Stace tpt hea opts aol tai ge kone eel Aon ma hie be mate or pte one Sst ‘omen Peso cf he ase es pore “Te gut of he cones and he photopic nt ar the ame or ‘mana ili into fo esac one The mai noo tie conde sto ania unre tenet Se up the ena incaperure Thecontesr apres som ap ya of 0 2) thane apr man jen The uy te see snl ‘te eine the ues Spe bts iw snp! Cintetoedusandesr The quay ft pial components othe photnit depend on he ng Owe ramen A Mh gig ey ‘crema reap cored ppc obese esas. Se hm cof Tera et at {o°sheom. We ment rumba when dipig ie gen hat bac aa mayb inset in ft ftir Te Geers pesealiy venga pay of ete fee nae ‘Sete arya ase aes fom fol ln othe mai ace ‘singer ede connec hg amar oe pate cee "Scaatng emus ae inp onthe hai compote chen inane Prin ston ou ont pu toe ei ee an {chen wh at pra nal pan eens so he sp ‘SCoy components iy npstnta pws vinaon Tony cane ‘Spttenot ch requir tph pein i ou lt eginat {Sonn okt we apap) te Stn pt Pend f the pte sn We me» mom ow ih tong ‘Sis stool mri Ansett on oa: tet ‘Song compo T cs eal cn Se ied witon pret Amey. 31. UGHT SOURCES [reg mcs we in see mescement ae inant amps, he | fe tconsdcharp pst ath ne The coe th parla sures | Jape on he pe of te inbsnpey ase aims he cpr Proce lamps re nual ei salt poppe ans of hy rene ‘Ate soln, susimuh armen ens) ured 8 ca ‘regula cagesent amp confi or os measaronent ec) tei and he ight stations ting from the we of an AC poe soe ae ‘al The only xepan sr he exh fable photometry ie wth ‘laos bay mat pets ham cosy ne det of pac ent fhe ining tae coment oo bos met sch essremens Te cel bine ammo) a oe agesconant seo "Te sleet luminance of cance lange as prt menue inte case Te ft th cz of ant pace ea Very shor erp thos or highopeed same re cea), Hihpetare mercy OF eos ‘dvcurge lamp eal sind hs can. The cod ese whan mono. ‘rome lah & neunan, One f the song emis fer or bod Uy eh ster or tnce, the genie of mere) Ts combiation makes ogesetiacta imma ses omenes Ferra pert aere sect tne Teer tr niga rare src yc et tao tn a th epic endo eesti ea, sdite capaci uate adely vers Crasiecmeten anion [anal and lr matt ae gue ond The urea ah co Sede sah en west coe ey Speed ot td re moe ha mol eager al Intent The propio te ain which te decane tae On {E57 ston ieee: Dias highrenre Mane Seed eee ‘res Exper how tart poet mamas ou sod tpg ssp oration of: Hr whan ncoy escan a Bieceimes it anit oer Gory Ror Iyl> Ry, toner Comm te Yee aw plea! an rhea td faethe pesos of beagle of sin ofthe plne wave a Bnet te nes sO" and Os A Eade partial covering the mae ct in te fel plane Q(T de dg parle othe 9 ‘conc te it Bu ssemeren ll Elen my ack wn Leite it erste ier laminate st ith ving sooner ee ee TE 7 med iesntey tates emresteat ee ee eee ‘emer cs assim St ee Seen Than tan ue rn 3 Jen verre PIL ome. Lr Bieta aah +28), w= Eu enemies mBen neat en sone fe santos ensanien sn ents fein o8F om Belen 87 = Thane onesenesretia, 0) [Westen ee) point othe inage depends on he dance thu pt othe ag the working Bld ood te dt of ‘ours imag om the viewing eaprap bounds The quis Ry Ry Enecrn Bete fw te tnd Be ont ony In hey ter thee ‘lnc “Taking tn nto acount, we cn wote === G0 without any “The neal In (85) canot be evahuied anil, Howe, inate ‘expres vith cen inatmens he pratt Eno ane ‘tnown stone mi or oo sip (43). Normal he with 2 iting st tng ch ale than he with fe pa it perro ht fy Tang th into aso a a ing hat and rte catcentla we reach the cnctsoa ta the on of, ang Setucen fy and for in he sine fe eral se 0d eos saat subtanayser ha lun Thee we can wie mba sobs eo money OMe sI-aBy. SIKH I =SAe wa) GRE O= GB. Sif) - Sib 3 imposing smarequlewets 0 the vaso of we obtain 9.3 Baty ue Therefore wean drop tm of ond fx este iC tite he ate sof ene oo 9) From thse ampins we obiin Gian +1 = Gu +H = Cintra = = Sain =O, 19 A Sig (on i= ~Sianby Hv = Slain +9) =Sinen tn ml (85 eda with he i of 48.7 and (4100 si = VEL Gog eh =r EH + + (Sir, -S12H, —Sirb, + SEALE HEE, ab) ‘ich er ater integration 410 = BEET effe.ey igh, he +R2 A chy ~S MEOT sen seh sneer SiA0B ooesiP | 2. RISEU, PY DORE) mt eg, -eGre mle ‘Teele of the lanes pra thy anc The sours a iis ‘arr umious st pra te € ata dita om, To ston famition an xe ye eda I eh de sump we fat eryn-cterenl + ofestenso-sticnesne(J]} eas suns ff the coonte decbing the poston f he sure image (ine [ss eal the datans rm the ieee he uniaing st ims “Te vper em ein panties bts for > Oa he owe am (oe {elt The eri corinne igure i eee athe ost wre the Inge of th rer eg soa be acing fo gntcal oie The ssa ‘ected othe cori o the sen plan byte sqaity ve Becnsn. “Te cures are ie fr dlrent ale af the parame Th ~ 1 (ieee ag, the uintiondarbaton depend on = oly. We ote tat ora uncovered i age (ly > 0 the Maino den i ‘tly independent fhe ale oy Ibe sureeageicovere thee ‘ene ofthe diffraction taxi lated onthe opaque cdg ‘ithe pole laminaondatribution caves nthe steeples aeons ‘tm tho shown ius 108 an 10 by ing te hoot ae 7 doce fhe angus an the cena tects pte f tering st age tothe knead an an ices o he waveeglh Ievtean imran wh he diac muting wish prporbonalo“To sed te luminaton ditbaton deste by (21, we ioe the linens magia: sain nets? a, Fon.) thon asonme to 1260 [one 11-06 boas ser ane inet $0 —DP Leggy spe Ses pac) + [See nae o Hsing +94 8in@ = + sea eT 9 | tt ge tn tin ing te agiriuem fain tnama innate sense Sepa es Picton ta cemaercemh te fe a anes eee ar cael Prcnpmusiansaemnaneepar se tae rota i Wie pay Smeal a se ce LE Serer I= = Gor ffeinies ncaa 1) BEAD + HABIT 5 [antes n-sne—n-()+ LULL mere aaah os “The up eon In pets aes fr |< 1 he lower ten for [> ‘gare 1 sows cures of motos debunked by (6515) oth ‘ales ofp ndted inthe ure; ~ ~ co crepes fo ome opts. “Te cuss te scan otha ney he ie tri aba gs in {fase 2A 4 Se Be am ‘Tec fide i sir oto nat The ditacton maxi ‘me we and row ihe dace the wi othe neneed part oe Ac Howes, ne the dstibton a the cas «aco i, ete ite os puten someviat smell bythe seperpostioe of mumous deena Paterna It rom iret pot of eure “Ts phonorena wt vegies experimen nih se TABS inrumet| (US1-A dpeapm with» scan ct was pedi he ojo ple A it Iino by = cepsesor was th ight sure. The lemiating st image ‘na pasty covered yt hae. The lt image a the alae wee staged Pera o the dpkg ele. Tho the expres nyt oly flame ‘Sir eompting nose Soe be naument od war notes smal eran ‘Sepragm war sawed em) Ar ase, the comet fom lanenone inne and ti ute team muck rg ha he nenie ‘tabeatone The experiment slyp sao tht deseo [o), “Te potogape mere posal futaetaly the ection Prpendicle vo the kniloap terre obtained se psn in igre 52 Te ois. th cre are proprio [J], the defo af the recog {ryote mopar The als of he praesent ‘Send he ls wed f\ \ A J Pa aw \ tt of he itrasoa phncren wih he aroning fh ocd pr ‘Ths in Figen ith eve ide vcr part 2 Be ‘te dfacionpnomen noel et he mination ction ont oe {he capragm eee The srowing of tbe woweed prt het ede ote ‘ondeingef he iltaton ain wich then ls ge Pa th aphaam ‘Spertre nage gr 12) Wien th nh fe uncer pt roca ‘or Fe 30 te rion wth cee ir ebay fom ht ‘old by peomeal opie Te quutave a guntatiecompasien of [Beene an hort th cad he vay of oar claaton ad ‘hex apnea opt wott wah scare tant ‘We tal ue the umiton dsrsion obese ge bane of he seta nt fretting th eo he phere he hd ‘he ede ante intrude ee of eae pone {the ll oso thes eat ya math a he ented rt fhe tage: he nbomogeny si fat ne spoon wee ‘he wiih the unotred prt The tv angle of deviation ten ats ean 7 iL etm Ne we geo a he abn fk Aas car et J and J ae the illumination ofthe mend Sl poi bana oe the ie & od fo med prt tte Th ne ect a wss8) se Manat ao geet igen nn 9 ao 2) Asin hat re ha ae tag Oe an ppg het ‘wems, we obtain we GE ee ag a(S HD) ‘a9 (9) 40) Atlin ising betwen tn a. 5, The angle ot devation 50 sal ht he sof the ditto patern the wine pbotoap with pe ote sro phage mach se, ‘han the cance betweon te gee In ths a nig (819 te ene io fo Jt (20 a the expen Sor Js eine in te sae may sed Tuner suming that £~ fy Oban 1 (cont, _ ont _ 1 pits aad rh ost ne pr otem ee Xf, = ~ Ps e pio nu oad athe mide oh objet lane phi tee a aa way nay « 29“Let cite the numeral mle of the eon, For (+R) = 1mm fo eidmm Las %10-*mp, anf ¢,Olem we obtain n= O28, ‘ih fey ieee Ti expe ss thatthe icon phenomena ‘not be dceped i moairmen pea the bet tory Ibe difectoe matin sre atl lated dof the eet reaog ove ofthe trae oI psa of ight Svat in he nhomogre) be bing mens we can tps te Yay olising ncn ny a8 ‘Shes nthe eset for he mintn By and we (20 ate fr a vba Ga) Satin (4129 a he algo exp for J oA, we oa fo ee ee aes ‘Tis egreion a (421), es he el mn or Be part f te ots ‘ss a wich the angle fh devin te nbomagenty can be mented ‘ia redaction eo at ecg Fo ihecan whens mesureent ithe pos caly at th center fhe fel wie he reverts set eprsion 29) ames the oe « 29 829) Itteinbomopney poet beingsonieeisoeted the ihe diaphragm, ‘ten rept. weR “he pnsal meaning anions (621) nd (825 ely dered The nce ne dpe pero the tance of be pol Eom he apg ge b scompaned by 2 dase inte fet of iacon; te Satan Sppeachs the geowetral opr dtibation andthe te minis. The ‘ern n the Bet ree ar ilar ect. ‘When he wh fe ance a ageism btn a spepoiton of incon pate hich te sited relate fo one anne I the aor ‘nce erie by te mo y= 6 an Gl) betwen te of he ‘tems speingoed tease ge tse umiaton refs he ‘perostonofmany team, si he ober tribution spproaces te g- Imei opr ation. The dace pheeomena became notcese ony Ie Inte is oad eat th eo the nape the eee eas the onovete pr of be a made arowe, aan ‘We an tue deuce hatte with 0 the coed part fhe st soul be lage in oder tenures ert Haworth oly fr se he incase f the with ofthe uncovered part aves. drop In he meserenet ‘Seti and othe coma of te labomogeny tne wt scene ‘est i ete Sanat rh i no ys 26 fo (482) a (827, we obtain retin betwen the mR) a on wre 9) ‘To derine he mii sel of kt devin io he inomogreny which can te measured ih avn llxction eer we combine (23 an 0827) ity 263) wing te seri exanion of 53) powers the sal uaa Dy (o- pater oR on) = Pee waa inert) Sd For $2) = 10mm DD, = 002 y= 2.4" Oh and 42 $5 10" nm sn dee tom 830 thatthe ae 4 10 adr 1 = 10 acon te (Se te meas witha ccc f abou en pre lows a 31) at E27 10sec ach Mar op contdeaby seller tag hve vel tet in prs. The minimum sag of devin wash cio be ase =t Drees f eget conden temic rper tan thi tore leon “Te etanple gen has the ce when the wav nt abe ke sla rr he ete tre eld. This apporination apple i any ess {nd thn the sles meaaabe angle flight devant ibe ‘rl be much rp. The nunc of difacon wil te patty soon ne ‘ody proces eta ope Boon ean tre of mea. The tant the inhomogenelyaramsrs tn distance 63.0% Bom he oer Tony, we obain = 6 © 10rd forthe sme ume ac fe ‘recling ample In sath deste faton evr trom ne th te ‘ror ue ne ir, and he lotion oe booger: fom the ition patra prunes peas an mpcaly ne olen‘Wi head fhe above formulas, we can ermine minima dance om tied ee for ich eagle of ovation can be mensared wh en (Wor Thue f= 04, 1= 33" Wm S10 and 9 ec onda ‘Dereon fi ig ther han Lm rm the ee Note in quae saree he Eitan so ere with the cxstion he ntl operon ts meraremeto We stl Soi ‘Sines the ren err the wth he osoerd par termined {ora Vp ofthe a th Ay a tbe err wl eeu Aopen Oe a aR md By comparing 830 a 6.29 oan ee wot, 9 ® Ye Otte nen = 0 ty =25 tt wih gw teh de Tes ney ced oem SEG act bys deo seen of een din oe ie Foros esac ut ee bet a ‘Seip and ocd it foe mea ht ie "sina rere ng eit eee sg tet oon mane Heme ue emis {Ski paca sara sm erin ft ne ve fore Sei Dancnan src an eo" pos The ow: Tree rartaneteaienin tip eg Sixipuitin ae! eons: Aare pee ‘acre erga tm sss Temas SS rme fol rR Rane nbonowey seta pn oto een Rie co rm co dei by (6 sal te ibomepoey tog eos he srt Ra eee cn eo my a he fdanteigends e "We nom han tthe pb of he ere tram tot se fhe ny ae une Ibomopeiee Then te ‘St at lee expats orang ais Ha drain sai tan he ‘halle snr metre toy The eon a he stunt nc) te © bit hao, abortions ofthe opti sm, temper Hts, a9 ‘Shatiiyofsdb lamination ton or point crs dnd by (47.7 be wien rae = ee Tear-ons. oar +nsa> (l= rend) + rnb Sido SB + + S1fate+ SLB + (Site ~ SP ML £6088) I~ SERN ceand) + + sins Bee Cy Cite + HPT oa) ‘When hing thine fel pot sant ot ery ls tthe bjt ae tap eles (= Rao = Rh we etm spd the eto he oa i Spt ce oe at rand B= Tro i ir 0, S\Br= — Sib =a 03) ony yuaon (02 roaches © 10 -BE=ST ae onerensatseans ioe Si Pi FSB #1008818 Ble SUPLED + 4m Head) + eno CBP) (9) Cows he carves loting he amination the cnt Slt point (= ‘etek postion wth espe the le mage or a aed tle of thet Pasumetr (Figure ld) The ope o the cates detrmeesthe Resbtemet Sent ofthe potoskie resrng methods. Not thatthe caver have 8 ‘Somplinted charter: these iumiston may cotespond to diflaeet dope fle ote ve oat Are rey mesure bese out ol neof eon ado wh ngeatin h ian ‘Teeumer ithe = cop os preps nde bch orate (2 The pasecotnst mato tan the eee and tt method Sera slr theca = Tas auton nth satiny with he evi ‘in pace Sl om 2 ae ple ft ly apts wis pe Sar than 2 fer to advantage fa tensiny vere hear ad ale ho to more seni tan he ‘pte bad in meering small deviation angle oer he maou pr ‘he insramen Sel pc, the neon! shit eres 6) mo de spy Tie anal phase sit troduced bythe cde Fig 11) sal (0 wth ely the pase ie met iow andthe mato eos ‘pple ‘Ss oa etn prole to nd meds wih he ihe atin ni, ‘weal tue what flo tht 3 = and ¢ = We thn ba fom (3) 1-40 (ME) Cone -Onee he —BHLM, 689 “The drat umiaton with rect tthe dace ofthe kode ethos with potodsre meterenents ne determine by dcestting S03) + (ML=M peanes cn? +t Bhs IRN 1 = 08 (A=) cipi ~ Paal + 0 ~ Ss + SLO. ono tain rm (612 fr r+. Apr rm costa concent the dates Helge [canes inca - SBS 5 8 stones sanea( Ae BEI) an 140 se [esos ennea (2 nite crta (EE cn We have cones an aberaonee opti stn, working witha iniey ‘Toe optil nme ue npacee have sos sberaboes. Adon ere ‘oar has fate With The Cumin ition in hue pan or fs ‘Soest be fond by addon iprnton oe he rao chee pot ihe exe igh our “Te emt canal ol es by Mee rwose(e+2)e-s0 (Se) can Bocle (or dewle -1(2-4)a} enim forme amin act Hoe f= iy eure wth haning ove 9 ew wales p= Land = ff ne aban os (09) “= $e ue[ae(ted)-w Pea a ead anFanci (01) an ($012 ae pote e Figs Ss 116. In cxamiig stele, mente soba eens Newent to meade The ly ssn rie ee ei nd a it 6 co 1 te pune nen p Fw 16) This mean that osc he amnion sh sets conta, eng Independent af the Ene poston dative to he sit ig te keep over thet ae pri. the roger ta trie th so geome otis Iai a we may ‘gua mtn w hagin te aboot teed epi Te tin o pom opt n npoite when wine patos ‘med owe eat low shoe aes it las Irony wht tea x mned na eg cet ao, ioe hat x nro ht ey a oe gs faa Te wanting acu) ote pas nie enh pe ‘sed hte thle esse hanes cn Phot mtd Duo ncn thes ea te Sal wae espn vorabe eric condos asp Se et phtend «cy won een nn ods Salen geomet! ops in tt ith amps op ony Inthe phisecnat tod he sentiy sm oto mht ae ke ‘it te ce dp ft poe ie hoe heme eet ‘Seated diane pts sh sit he mewereent ceo ese ‘The tangs of te oo ne detmined byte st wide we tae he toa thera thd flan an sine te mt Ince Thi somite prac! ta te med cones 51. RESOLVING POWER OF SCHLIEREN INSTRUMENTS, Scere pote can be ante gator quntatvey. Te ian lute pbetonetse meio mesure the sit of fv shosow tows «acter ‘Bi orth color te mgs of deviation ava whe poe aah "eaaemets seconde. The quae tas dtr he hae og ‘di pstos with reget othe ng boy, he as boniay oe se td the rat os dpnement et Hwee ave of hinted sling pone, the ys om a en pont f the intomessoty do not comers at oe pa a he nap ne pedece ‘ciclo onfon which ase acer mesure er We doo oe ‘rv oft devin ane a try point, bt se ae reed ner "he nomopeety re, gato he ssl cee aco Wien detmising he ele pson othe mode and er camps hock round hounds ofthe model ad te snc refund winner ned "othe rar ofthe cof. Salers uc canot eee oa Thasth astray a orl een be vary spay esr tod) epend ote sing power truncal chan dd Re wytL the minimum dance betsen ns in th jit plan which the {ntact bythe ntamest canbe ead be det the eecine wah of he ough il Req expeme 2 ‘umes of estate es pe neg i th age plane Whe ns ant 2 el characte f the phtopapie obete gua, he estonia th ‘tj line nds more ary he pts the arts le Te ‘ohne pone dy he berate in es oh see TSsrumeat tnd th plop tachi the guy of te un, And 0 "Teiuintiondtibtonin thedacion pater sa ction fe flowing tice parame Po agi - WERE, oan ~ Jima osama tam = FSavam ey 1, and Qa thas voit of the mage pas thai parameter ‘incon ptns with eal ase of san Se made conren by eh aloe rnfcmaton, They asia te flowing for pao: are el piv and teal of sar patter popotonalo Ji) "ite eet a oh shadow pale ote image sen, ‘he ilu dbtion depends none soordnate oaiy-tbe dee ‘isco th geal ran he scenes geo rahe (san "Te postin sgn staan ithe sree image and he ade shadow oi in th ‘spe esto and te aesive se hey pot a oppose detons. The ilumiton detonation tee paral Pe The TTT eG) aie bE (aay iT Vie rT Comite the aon puters formed whe Y= 0. The 4 sn Tr. cay eT LF} Stal. oxo Lee “The tuninaon bation depend onto parame: PallFalts 4 = 7a wl “he acon pts ete sudo on te Sovit-made TABS scleen instrument The floc itt the ojo as 2s tefl at f= Bigmm Aereuy amp witha ir lig the pec my Une Seed the igh source The ait sit wis ws OUT-003 mm coat ‘th malo by plane natal pate an paneconrer al wth ‘rf erature of 220mm was psd asta of Sem fom he ol ‘ane Antes lbeene a ebaeoal as poured into he cvete Dy cans Inge retin concretion th mre component war onl change {te ean of creature othe eal wave seeing fom the eve The "The mae ont urate inh linet lane changed a ef dosing Pram oan heek~ (ayeK, the wave ot cat coe bythe caves. Anceage seen ehh ln cin hep oe Two enh endo isaac tom the sea gs, ne bee he ral rene! ies pte tte tle Certo these nage, the iraion bands ono sie ofthe ‘the ther sete mle prt of he shadow, ning the cea ih and. Sldotoyd. The pene te he aly Secoyed pater are depend tron whisper sige ae ob cong the Fast itn bands ugh pot tection the rome ae ithe imag he seen ‘edge Th ut eel hn met he roma coin toe ithe reponse mage The destroyed fs ened thereon thos with pu he ine he sonnet of he rome ‘he brgh cilfacton ba net oth cena hae ot ber omy ote Consider wha the shadows of the finest wil be if the bjt lane ‘oundary The wave in dseibed by the equation z= Z; (x yhand the wave in fa by te equation 2=Zyle He 2, and 2y me qua ann The[onblta tae) te Caorb(Gekmns)} ste = Lepltz(-<.- 0-2» “aveeljedomsiitel om Haze 5 ite stce othe ean srs pitt te mage of he phase The sbadow foc the mae 2 2, fe he oaimanon he tn po. ‘Tota wo ena trie th et asin ptr, the hdr ees the devon owed yt ston afte wave ec, od the oth term ‘ep thy conten he evs fo he Bode ein Tn teerperientl sey of tae unto tute wedehapd gla pater fK- gassith wadgeungerof? 1” and OF sing IN ose ere Btn hex pn Tp ikon the volewe wa9 7. e {or die! vl of Yn an for lr stl poan he ae se ‘own in Fore 17 igual he ates oer by he en te re ache pte ne oan ee the uk finan of th wave psig trong tee andthe ih plat ‘Wht ight Figure 12) produces acetals Buta fhe ifaction tad ‘When hikes plac! perpen tothe te dp he dracon pate, ie not datesed gute 19 ‘On the bas of thea we cn gst some pra eommendions rer the prosasing of neon postop chine b he sad eg rma =|1 (ise ofthc i se he pata the ‘lapagn eas wie ei witha wi dar of 025mm Theda beetace wie wt um; thei eoing as $50 mm For tee paras there wat vtaly na ineson betwen the dann pene age ‘is, Ars se he ptopapb saws the ifcon pater ofthe cial “Te wndeton pat of be shadow on the it, were te shape of the band indecent height nave drain Oe teh arin mth Pte ce an aa ening ae Band nd ich eh dt lo the ite ede sma “Thi ano he icon pisern very pot hs nats the ssi it he igh dation Ros tpl wl nse Benga ton indy an seequen ker pub ee QuntlatePocenng of he ee ‘8a, DEFOCUSED GRID Wie obj Ss bounds are ee te dation pte iin fr th Cas ofa ele gi clei fr Sent sce eth ae than eto parler Boon 4 orrocusto ono 260 ‘Tae exo rte amino i th nae plane (26) reso Eff £m any—an- Eavest0e— ues of & cma sara oe) on occ etree ea am Sree ead St tame pr gn ceantaemeimancinancamtrat Eecinnnp ann cenbremee mene fonu-tien stoma boon Eat Bp en comes Bram! OM plate ERT ies ate ee us) eeePowe sis ar eae aso ves of he agents sealer th 2, oF (ikem a mena eh aa Clscipon the ince the parameter I Farthermer they make pe te dott tr rete, For p= ike diac pater ccs almost comply with te Frat acon pate atthe ern oo seen fe rt tas 10 “Lees” Poste deviate om the pmetl dro For 1 ~ 1 he st dae {in east lcd ate pater eter Wi thefts dete in " Foun 20 and b= 5 re wit (313 the lor The wales of gis wih = 2, lr ai acing ad tact dls ‘ape ate gen Tbe? ep 27 he iftacon pers change sia or cheval of te pranete 9)test \ Paes For > 2 he same plenomenn tke place for sma values of Ths thet manip a the center fo = 05; th sal aes pe feet 03 Foru = sth os oT responding tthe ena psi the ‘um nde eel ar and I, epee hee te cot oe complely stoed ad the asi Ine beter he neces red the ‘Sserfthe aspen saclay amore impart Tory ct Fred ptrndetrratr chet, FOr = 15, deviations areata sendy fe = la orp 13 =, of The come ot bere ie The reveal ech ee dint pater ‘comer cnt al Waco atonal‘Teper with = 2h emt tes in tat he ilminnton te pots fre the fit revere (1) We besa) temining te aio ‘cay ado eso he poteragh be suber oer in wich he gt ‘ito angle arent) “Ie dtansebtoron scat shadow nein he con preniclehe oats “he minima vale of atin for = Si the rode ity st, the nlm umber er the me ore with "The numer oad inept wit eg LN oa “The vl of Th mat ati he coi Ny > 14 and heer p> tsr VAT 410) ane wave Go Poteet) p> 18 VATS eau Forth pmsl ate ofthe had ino th ro a th working p= traps to srrpon, (510) (1 mat Re sated msn Thi sired if (G0 said andthe sig of debe i 30 ebay tht the ‘Porsilaes e cloe Logehr whan te iskomopsney nro. a) ay “The ete din he einaton of he ge fit Svan depen ote tere he coordi of he poms ie Neean ssn ht one 0 photopagh th cordate se mesee each On te ptotawththe Inhomoeriy, ae) Ha uy wiv ous “Te minim i pcg which cnr he mation number exsinei a nant FSI os “Te aul vane font ae cose) more comple tha thot aeuned in ‘oat eneations Howee, a7 ol of te el te wie at cat be appro fete by quate suri sce the lizaor aa en pot ine age Fane detannty i parame ef eal portent wane oc und ae joe pt be oie ps "A hep be nomogenty wth maximum wate ot crate Pn) see fort ein the for plane he atrumnt a proper sae oe Taewis, sing S18, tin Sra = Ms arn TFsanl [Bewhr nthe iehomogenty age, we siiely have detype ditaction ‘stem ih he spc Satta ais)Wecan dia 8 Wy defocong he i nth increasing the absolut abe of carat I Fy > 0th sfcnng must be psn. Afr the debctsne Ls (Prom + = fm) sy Tia °° FP Lad wich sows how mach 5 ec by dfcsig "Te ins nthe ber siemens te moe consis he lage th ieee tent cre Pd he a vate Hower £51 dacnng lei os ese te random mesreneh OE «(ra qgha) wen Tartine el cn a eft oy = (a9 1s dscele hatech of the ie 58, an Sy be sal. Theis prods eines wth bene of 0 the sarrent rece or mp8) than bene experimental pis Inet redie ees Ee, iivavinlevo week wits al 55, THE PHOTOMETRIC KNIFE-EDGE AND SLIT METHOD “Te photomeiekileofee an al mtb wes Fouad Pe snpragm tendo lament ea pe We sale contepone- fo tvmiein and Sormine te ero resting om nel icon enon (2). Tn neh fe of thea ede fhe ithe oe rm thet age) std te diaco om he bet lb as he unin iron rom ey) = 0 (Cote) HI + (S06) HTP su) A datactve eae ob photometric andl metodo compre withthe amet unt dtc el metus sth se extended sve. ‘harder, a ation integration ove he aechrnt pit othe eee atthe uminating ot image be pepe to the al, The he ent lt ofthese il eee mvs of be mee the vale =f {d= coesond fo the sore end pol he oa aM let en wen [sina esa Using te tbtiton of vara T= Ee ain ean = cep oa HB, «(i cen-w strane. 9 Noting ta Ae ht + Ay 34 ‘nthe curate the nae font in he lane penta the ie, at Sine, +BY Ay) + COO + BEA) 9) is tm angle deviation athe ton perpen tothe kid plane ‘the pit ofthe nave on cojate wih yh me we Felis) a FBG) om aes‘We obtain by negating bar nanne fei - sre sos Leskrany-Zatereeto8n stig i pr ghey sin _ en wh iy tt ie 1= Cte Ct —S0- C+ nd + +19 ag +39)- Fd +3)- ~my +m) + ’ + Loulenpstn ~ 2 ext + 07+ = ~Leajewpcian + Lenten 9 418mg 02 at 6559) are ithe easton ad 7 Vem (10 “The itaston pats in hi ce depen oly on te parane m which pends in re on he angle tthe wave oe ett the ‘econ perpen fo th Eng sche wae eh “The haa amnutendtbton eve or m=, and 10 ae son ln Fare, We atta the lrgee ae fthe pra mth closer aviation io the ria Toe sepermonta poms comply He the ; A 1 s Fos ‘To determin the poiomeric metbod ear, we gat te pnts 7 0 and 2-610, ast that my and m+ 1) ae ure that ef ed vs? and fm 1)? an roped Use thea expos a oe Freel eng woes 59) ete 19-0 fogs vanI geome opt J) = Cam. es ‘Trandoming $8.12} obs (9 According 10 thi ome oper formu, he image mito a any i depend oto the towered wu oth stun the nie ian ‘the wave rth conjugate pol Tica ato ear dren atom {esd sting hat fe imapesuminain wn putes he reese ‘eatin angst sere "astin (513) abo soe # mtb far photomeleGerizaon of he evi angle Tied Janerts a9 ‘aeons o the anc of an akomepey and eto (51 apie when Ue labomogeaty odes, we ae a= Haorem—y esa fa 7 ey forthe working elton ofthe pone Koc an it mtd “Atl however, lation (S13) nl comet Ise a the acon shone. The sen devin fom histone en ty (820) 89 enparing thaw maga, we can demi the ee of he polome ae ‘Spud wthod To each rene teaorm (55) flo tw compare he distorted and ke andr wae, hele dent cava, ‘ee hune a the pos felt ness Peg Gey Gant eee | tee weer) Expeson (620 ges the tr of the tania photometriemetof wan ‘grr be faction st he ear fhe abomogenane. The eer cnn bythe carr ens wn the andar andthe acta ichorogentis, {he th of the uncovered nd the evr pat th i forthe pot une omparion and the tate fy tm. TESS IO" mm. 0) A= 0 thew Bom 3 10% the meuremens ae conde hy the secreted method t which ‘he inomopensy examined trough a andar em, ten y= Ae opal "oth wave crate rode bythe isonet. ‘he eror ola whera wedge wed the nbonogeny these ‘We sha gow determine the eer othe stele poner Knlesdpe and st metod is pometi frou wea dy 1 sn sz ‘The compan of 21) an (552) ide he os29 SE) “Terror of hi method evel oh glo the eor ofthe semcompenat thos othe meted sings megs. Thine ar ee all be he ss he ‘toned wane compared witha pan wave Theses: ofthe mathe Wecan ee the er by tings lc ach tha the cate he sve cnt mh sana ee ramet qual othe crate he wae {ce i pane tough the nhomogmety General overt, el to~eun[ (xe 00) tei] ((Bevm)- cris 8007 ales a(t en) cies pereih si one <(-merdene IP van xpesion (618) deine the ination ssibuon inthe ese of an inte row ight sree inorder alte ration dun fa wie lt soto we ms Integrate oe Hom ty The aes be negation vara etre he Sura o the inst st th eooate Reenter a yan ae uch that +9, rif dy reve gn ie the itraton Tim while Ra, + If + + rf eas ose al he tie. We have + sia[2c| sen = [aa 6 “hi xenon aot be nets in ow oto Thing, ve he ‘ined pie nate abd he oss gucci helomntion dt ow lh rented een mane on ye ly by ura epton “Te doubly capa fh tc to pal eae "ovr, we an eae he ite mentenent et The oe itn sin Sine te amination nthe igen dpe ote atl oft devon {nde wae ont curs th change in he lsat dng te eerie i be epee ara ta ents banat tte wus Farther, =A fs = = fe te ston of he power opis pretnn for J i th denrsatar alr mei he a the A the ebthaon we obain for (617), Hoy 9) “The deren een (5:9) alls 1 Theft aid wih he relive measure coy ate ond em Wi the sate ro, Toodingin (813), septate, (629 Ger sa — 1 san ‘We ist 55195521) ad simpli he expen by eplig the Fore Inara tee sis and oes With the ft eas he aye taunt Dap he area rh ty wf ECS) ALEC “Pc SE | - teat semfyton- w wins ws a |fen) hee) 4} _ safcrs oof From among the ote ems in 5639) the It he oth em, 3 me esl opr oad fr an eee, BRR wan ‘The ahve expo lee» pair case, he pes formas. By wg 4y, = Of (S71 we ban (4822, which denn he err he ae 11s pan wave ont Foc I~ pa) = wo we obtain anton S53) or the coe inthe ene oan ares quadratic wave "Tein ib lane can be weten nthe om Pedy | a (a2 ‘The inuriationdsibton a incon oft varies od The ihe ss eed by he eatin aod (629) ere the datas he aie to he mie ofthe uminting ot Ina and hang ald the umanating sage The ale Stes 6-1 Ta. a0) where te ste or things point tthe ae imag Inte detion ‘eyed tothe ke "The pte ofthe amination bain ae gen by wos Varo" Fa on 1 the wih oe veing Sapraem apt. Weak he pr sinner toh ne integra a 362 Ay ad core ithe ane btwn aon perpen othe bet fl owns Seceb kde og) aoe ein For ape mae we ob dcon| Fars fn wh the dp etal space Between the Ki shadow’ and the ‘een inge ke a oe gle "Tein in tn yn of iret ses. Fra perl wa rae age betwen de shadow an he rca age then as‘We calla uc th iluitionditibton and sti devon ‘om at rote by omer ops The direc vec he main ‘slated (628 andthe uminton clad fom th rl feta pe ltd igae 1a, cospond f the arse the opt int ‘the fner tpl 628 and AE tothe urn, te cleasons (62 neta a ‘naondsrbetio inte age panei gen bythe expesion ne [fperktgeermfocmen ona teeta ee ee eeioe ten Peta) = Va = oe “Te fncton P(X, ~) def the mae sap in he tet plane, sb par fie ewne wd pate sce by be opus. The ode ae ae ‘ected along these ple of te ware aac “ocala (7.3, me series expand the fcon fs) = VM) + Oy 169) Ye + e+ my + AVR — + 1IY—IeP- 69) ‘The vl of yan jy ar termi rom the elation Led = We) 8=0, Gaia vsoaty=0. 626 Yan Yate te ae pw have cater pEsteemeser ma Degen seme rent pi wl DoW rmearememamsasts Siorurcss Fe 57. DEFOCUSED POINT GRIDS Coie te eiacion theory of he dacs pot pd eto 26. We hall ‘se thatthe ight mae iy be abet plane a proto. The objet pane ‘lapbap ad the poi gi reamed ote ie pe A mowers oi source i, oat onthe ope ask of teste. TTS Ys he ruactseesmewifin om meets nts Cie Sas Geonem, weno os Inte ntee Fed = Hind =O. 10)dh i as te oe tne ree-nstfpige— pig hw" on ‘Ate bso of 711 (5.18, ¥e otan fe enen, — oa Leth center ft rid sce be etd tt er oars oping teeters werinanb-teea, 66 ae wen- EE on ous test eel (90 she en no aoc Sc ea ch a oe sine ih oan wom aghalate- (9 oun Wecan rit without ay lof rei Voda? + ous Frm (59) (70 (57.14 an (78, we th Sad sen 8 mos asing, 0m oun sam & Bz inieg +n Us trio ie hana iter omy 6-2 ee yer) 5 oof fae Vinony-nseure trie enon] Fnttnond nd + rar soeaal]f™ Pals neon teas +2 Vs [Véconsincony — ning + + Seenowang nent ]e2 fren rinoeeed. ra64 AWLOWARCE Yom UoKT WWE CUNVATU i, and hae ile en (we sue hat > My =O, me Be nen (5025 aa (7.20) 1een=|t~6,P, om Mir)x EE afm fate « mond sang esd “£7 Lofft ee ee ware reap] +=2 Yittout + Ysa om) 1s rm te ove expen th the slay prac the dine ‘on pts roma pit Bae ub “Teva othe slr paters opto tothe quantity 2) et ftom (57957. and (519 oat carver oven te poetic stadow ofthe ty te sips ih the seme [Vel 3) and ipl ~ 8h The elie see ae Greed log the syne) aes of he ‘seria ¢= Psy) Tr ctr te load the tention pt he Toso ier tas" (19 (125 * VT, = a) ‘ys te phtoraphs he citacion pate, te emi fe ey salu fe paracrine ob ten ‘beso centr Theresa ae summa in Table The pal os ns eig approximately egal 025 nist to condo mesuemens in a may pots posible The mabe fener! points na ee popaton fo teat te pray fered by he cents facet dow yet wom “Taking 4 «fein PUA (29 “The shadow cots can be piped when casas, (29 peasy Sal cr ora plane wave ont, > 62514 an “The mast number of wel shatow pit ins phtogaph ae with ab inkomagenly he fed of vow fhe tent ew = xm stdin hea popes a0)“he randoo essen of he ak deition ale it bem [mia 139 sveapeetor & IIIS. 39 “he mtx outer of show pints ich cn be ob fr gn Et ae oie wm ‘Theil spacing for wc hs name fads eosin ai, pangs la wan ia The stimu parte ing wan et of cme th tithe bt wakig rang depends on the pie estes ofthe exernet 58, CYLINDRICAL WAVE OF EVEN DEGREE (Oar nat of he iracton ear od the sgpeion reiting he eal of ‘fiocund qi ten phtoyphewi compe ion pater sume he Sivan dst as wave exes fe oj plane by a etn of fetor mend dere in te coordinates However he ata wate ote ral ‘more compit deen slp fhe fot are ot aye ees wth — ae ee eee none Ea i here ner Th ranted A en ld bn te mae sue err placa nthe fol lane Then We we he argument ofthe it exponen oh inter inform ran [a pt nS) eno pte aoe erie Pando “Te gromercal ms fhe shadow pase lng the ne ~ x, Wendie ste stan om be mag pte i, + 8s) so) ss) 9) ws he nerd we wt (389)om Lousy] elie oun nin = hE ‘he ilninwon sibs depends ono simiurky partes 288 Ye “Tae ih the puters proper to UT "Fe only cen athe ue Obed wit a nse wave of cond segrs whe he sion 1 an) hoes contin the pasate, Aad in 3, we hve oly ne say patria this ee » n-2 fe, se) 5 rT ‘ or = 2th ifeacion patent independent fhe Bane psionic tothe wave aera yet hep othe ome a, For n> ite lusiaston Gite symetoal ny the ment mide is ned with he aye ping hough wave apex The shape ofthe pater {depends on he et poston “Foe wave syn cn be ore of ied eos. To estimate the bye csr we ses cnt 19 elt iuinaton dt fo furth epee wel) fit) = gia — shgit-rae + athe ~ Ps dere + aha, hI uy he pater wa nk equal 00381 and 34,7, = 440 and 80. The sales Ste princes re coe oe ale ceuing natal easements ‘The cures ia Figue 14 te asymmetial with espe the a but tay nt snore oly ltl ate tance eo th porta aa beng {malnear Feel ~ ts theecrer tive ate ht theca ulite ‘heer fhe ends wanes ha th polt sl elie nina, pm AN See es Se “Ye deviations om syne a te wal surement pols fhe ston ‘tere sa od see the Bed ney eos can Be aedXII UTILIZATION OF DIFFRACTION IN MEASUREMENTS 59, DETERMINATION OF THE ANGLE OF INCLINATION OF THE LIGHT WAVE AT THE BORDER OF AN OPAQUE BODY Sekiee photographs thee with Rehaensity intranet sow a bight Sitncic'band nxt sige of th page ojo Scher easements te {mp e ewiy of Bands the raonshp ewe the eo Ida andthe iaton dete on he bi of rome opts nt snd tere Te foe the merement tens, the Dioae Wee one ‘Sate cman dsibton nts pvt fhe image depends on te shape otto wae ont smrpag om te nbomogenel, wemay Uf sol the ier foie, sandy fo detotin some gametes of te nope a ie ‘pace eee om the form of he duction pte estate te dpm of Fig 110s our uthomatcl model an astue spot ih source "Te image mination debate dete by the flowing exten Hence fate ren-abenine- -akusarah aeons Ps [benean- f ‘esta cone n oar nas he phenome aig plane the mae of one ofthe gs fhe ot plane caprag for stacy he penne ge ‘son the line x = ti he cifeacon fora th apogee hat mest portant; the diction fon he ond ela: ~~ A hat satay weak low at be ell alloptebe daptzag est we Expresl athena, hi appoinaion mene that UR SNS a (Wee) asta ons in (31) terms fod /8iR +N, fd fr wih dete te sna malve th ttn the pio of CUR} =) and CRs Ir) ado the azn fe athe ‘Swans of SURF e)yhif and SUR rk for lage vate of he ‘Westal xmie te the nls ofthe ti an the rind by thisappoimsion 1s vata pact, ee plane potion of te ware ot Sst nthe bet ple sty by ogee phages rf he jes and gases stom component ee bt a By wave oat canes ‘eeto te complenty ote komen hoe se raration toe) Mow weal obs ae exesigyeooplt, so tht an eas lation af he ‘tration pater stoned Geren patel work we me conser "We more th ori the condat 0 he pit wit he roe nae tt pe nl ett = Une bores steering -starnrrsitinene ton ter=aes-n Le ffatsr- ates +[OQ-sterston]} on ‘Te top em in pretes coreponds to pose vale and te btm “To determine te potion of te amino er te nag, we equate to athe dave ef 9.2) 0 eget Me) _ An Wf tL yeaa O (when the atmo complstly covered by the kit gin (23) til = Tempe ae sed eae {Sha pot inter anh ee the vay Seaton pak a he ‘Spasueedse i wat allows, esa omer separately he cat |<] # and x = 0 Encep fr pit near ¥ = oc pt he fe fhe sand ae he foc pln phage 2 €~ nth cs th nguren i) bsomes Sot lage and we my ake neal ine seal 02 and tea ine as oq to sro fee x = 025mm 2-45 10mm, f= DIR Pe Samm te etna fr = 30 ante eoition ofthe ga ns ad ‘Sloe oon th above we oe ot ted 00) awn fefertate[(2Powtee]}. om ot ets tan x was 7 ste “The graphic oon of 9) i opened in Figue M2 The sais as sn Pe fete and io ovate as ps the any, wich Semin the ales te ight and he et nd ie of .,Th ere. ‘fie than side Tos oe eget eves fhe argument Phe ober carer {eth ae ofthe righané e The raph in the loner ihn corer ‘he omrap represent fe sal eqn ccd ted “The eqationbs son fr P> Chics ereapens fy > Of > 0 (ancy da not eset. Theres hen he fe oer the i age, hae ts Sel dfieaion lamination ps wish cine with onto te eins o ‘hc optus edge Tis estes ofa de postion of be apa og, ned far the galtgive subj of slice pct, The Mate the SESS Patty atin roy-tes new oa ‘This cxposion i tracted snp and tha we ca develop mba for smearing the ange let deviation ote thermoset fom toe emia Uinepan gon he opage edge tht age ngayon Eee andi ite byte itorogrny to's new pocon wih oe “ ; con “The pr rion rio ele a arte ntodton he noma ‘a Be found by phate o te "to" ad the"works”Ptoeaps on ‘oom (9.7 an (598) We te ise of He stings cased bythe seco (ea) ster ao esha decribethe ef is teabag wove of he selceninaramets 1) ‘A dapbragn whe staph opague ep plo’ in te et lane A Fount dae ado ning 80pm se ee tara thee: Po {Gan retaken fo aie posto ofthe hl wih pete Snag whieh orespnd toilet angles of nlnation of he ght wae oe nthe abt lane When the le cover he it iage comply, the whole Sd ie darken! in acorane ih he hry. Onyx ene alte tthe Point whee the pom nage of te opaque ee shod be satel (hue Figure (0, kthoush “Te photopph dont a he items pk eterna with & miro shot The exgerigenial cave wat soinpred with he theta eve ‘Sete onthe sent of (90 gue feeBs suo) Fog BE Bee SA) sn ta teks pono te it nd he pa {oases 20” conparionpotopah tns vecng he wey a ping {sep atenator on the Kim Aner advantage hatte edt ‘singe same ight Sources he se ego a those fo he whinge (Ls inte eee ay hn fh od ef int {iH e] ad teseondermsn tbe epanon a SFR) Te famine oan “AL _ Uleemied + & 6) To aR vie) 1 flows fom (912) hat the at Sncees mahely when the i mage eons the tiled f°) "he ee i he Geman of he Het deviation angle can be snd cmhE om C-a)ng = ea rai pe) ie i fh at ug tte nhomopinty ch satan he stance frm he tage toe Kaede the ol postion, equating, (2) canbe ease to i. (9915 T RRE In B — wed one (te allowed enor k= 510°, R shold ot be Ie than 2h for ToS 10" am Tike it ge sate ke ee ol non fe wo photons he “ao” ote working phogap) he ers al the eeu ale (aia aarae T 7 IRE WGE ‘Te ren tor the menrement af the age ft devaton thes eo inet) ng, aiey ‘Win he i of 9.16 an (8.18 we ek the exgetinen oactons 2 that theron stald ot xd sme peed mle and sie Se si ‘ose ses oe tg, “Te apts of ths cmpuaon mahod i eka ested bse ‘othe stumption oa plane wave ont ove he ee struments I el ‘hntinnt eine of conde wae ont exare-eSden, eck wate faaton tne eeu se by ae wth the almest plane sons However oe aot eee in he ences cob oe ered {heaton of comprenion soc o ther opal omnis hte ch (oun ous) “To esinat the pobable ete we anu tha the wave otha ik "it dtu x fom he ge (Figure 123 nti eve we ane ld (365 reser nr Sef vmt[-oten sateen}. eam eee ig bene one are se Sibaeocla stair atoms a daca shams suming ht Oareamal tet th carves ana the pons itrcon te agen Sen ay aren 1,23, the acuay out (9.3) improns wit te increase of "Fost bcoge dor nt cover he Sit iage the action pte astra ste iteacton ands abe potion depend thedtane bers tiki cienod the ctimag Having andthe potion oe llncin anna ‘Suminin nh age of topes eg wecan atria the ange ot evn In he norogeaey (rte dpacenet of the it image dt te ishomogsniy) The deviation age elated 1 the pion test action maximum bytheegay 0208s =n) 39 ‘eter and athe tance om the fc matin ote ope ee on The pholopnpht len tlre and afer intodeson of th nbonogeiy "Fic mato ite we sine the daplasemen thet pak ol i ‘tl rom the ng nh ice between hata son pes fu -29, (39) 2. one were nd he distances Between pak one “zo” andthe wing ‘osoerap In pac! wor iconv to wrt) inthe oe on Neh in ths case he ab ines each fhe extended of the niles poston rue the i image Whe he ke paced te maine an minima Sit With reat fo the pags ee thy apprsch one othe we teks ved ay om the et and ede es ht moved "The upper meas! et ated whe he ak aso aro tat \tey arene rented the stone om teiacgn pot of eh peaks inv vag sea for ia oweeromatc Het tune an tesco ae {pore oly by sbi se enun} Ime kee IAS fumed ‘rth photograph ae of 24mm, the sling poet Gee Table 6 wl fe Sinem The els ae ese te speing betes hs tesa ae ‘Weta ont 935) hat his spacing eoresponds roughly o G4 ~ Sm “Theta iii atuned when te peaks become red od poorly ti tulle Farheror or anal fy th ditacon om the econ dg te xp ‘rene in naeegt, alt The oj plane apragn an iniity oops pre othe yas ithe at x= Rand x =~ Re Te i sure faghrigm Foselt kaedge 2 st “Te iinasondrtbtine fe he nae sae of he eer strment exes yt ol (19) nasciffad ce nva-obens an ater nu sobensnes tmi(odenenrat Sento cok wrarvat mene) -ii(st eran -syensae-abovmrenga sails ofatcrearrstcnrna sb onettes sateaenmrai(abencar | | cabearay-abmrnreatins nt) nie -adarorsadavns)]} “» asuning se apragm eds K and — Rte scent far fom tbe ose and npiting he nln om he inton aton pn et ‘Aig the wane ont dicot, we ind (moving te On pode wren 1a =20 f0-ea(@her-c b+ sa-ean(atar- ade) sasenn(S)'+ au(J(obenot a) w ‘Te tp term in pte coxrespon fy > Othe btm terms to fy <0 “Tne craton 2} show a he iaton ston syne stow te lene postin of Te dicontiny image accra to pometa pcs. Theiluninaton pak alas loa athe cee he faction ate. ‘These sae fr eight oon lhe dont "Te symmetry ofthe acon pater of pase acon deny din test tom te pen obaiedaan Opn oe. Lats cosr the umiston tion apm earth mage ofthe wave “Te istion oti ema pak otal by suttn = Oa (60.2 re-efuunese(*)ou] en auton (03) gee ono metads of eeminaton of the opel th increment he donna meni fom te menteement of 1). The Sst ite onthe compron oth enon dtm ee nd the workin tote apie corresponding ote poston ote doc (1 Tate aero compre soa, he nag plane Manian el 10 eo bad wits sllmg ie none of ead Sei) 1 ac wa“oer he eit tes ont onthe" abd tek potorets covering oh poston fe grote age fe shoe {rerio bythe ere =D gg 1 7 0" ire D and, athe opti dents of the measure ld pit ov the “2 {ith working postop By combing.) a3) We MD 1 _tmeea-() [CY staat “r = (8) + meen Aer 0rM an ws) ay ere 11> Oin the working potion, and ifaw! ~ ") “Thee eo te ener pe 4 aa FPR KS coc THT a ee dna an) 4(osnsB) e—e— esta a] sin 0.20 a2) wocan tna hepa ofthe diatin method met pres an Boe vals othe shock topapy. The eh source ms sachin ge he spark ne te wee ‘ruin the zone of orm om parameters enn he seek nese theca ‘c} Seal lr mie the igh om th sores king he et ‘abe that the marie sual 12 igre 5 pth hora alo ‘the ope pth dilernc in the compresion soc at the ede oat path (TOmm ithe inhomogeneity aad arcu shesktube operating codons(ac nil ee ack ae ete 5) Ue “pho Oil nthe soc ae sania 156 The sock wae inde ee? a of ow oe ees ntact tend) {fatponpohs week ose, ith sow i coved aos otal Pre uettpe The pcnay war meth cor ote eb ela N erin oh coro hae wep. Tie meet ‘alu Heep th i emty of the px opp the comgrnion soak ‘enh Te experimental and heal ales cde wn amas ths eld tht the mete be tecely wad nthe ty xed fs with plane comprnion shocks and sens poming fr the Sots of henorens comparing the ropartion ef shock we “The ciacion moss cate so cond wien sues Oo wich ‘nl sinily broaden th spe he sce cig 61. DIFFRACTION SCHLIEREN INTERFEROMETER ‘When mT ek sure ted and he vowing apap thin lent ‘Macon ns re ena of heii a mot Tey Xi en, Gtate sane he te eee ae "ane we oft ren ituent inthe intrrometer mode coral ‘or ir meee an afer all sheen nme re ack mere commen th ‘Seeayemie errr acon method [) Arak (1,3) spl te med tthe soy aes “The diac pte uch me comps tha he coresponig ease pater Asptig of he fastion bnd eget obmeved Ta bands sae {int dapet wie enone fl ay over "Te texture the phone ca Be nde ony om the poi of view of diatonic Tae Sten In hs deo Was made (25).Iu wa shown that for erin at of nbomogeasins the dition ands te Jods! heh ‘amr othe merece ings, Many ian fee oe emer, howe, aed urged he i i aay Tete bjt lane eae nrtes by the equation “Thetngon oth faneat i ¢~ "Telit duran the mag ple a has be writen Ee 1 ftv arfB ures cesses ia] nears EL eoftemmnsdesroraremhes [feo ffunirecesrewenifas coffuninecwenenrsvifaa). ay SUPER Tee eofftineans ee onv retest + ofS tnensacemenen x _ xenniy-[ oftonans saceneweijanws} as The um af the ste neal es th iitaon of he ihe nance funtion he nape lane fhe creme when ere sno ening or nage pit event st re forth nero ( 6.2, Th asin ‘in of aplenty of he method bing dere = Matai wa hay hiv mean that he lament rest mach mare ogy the ht wave out imerrping mos ofthe a om o. The ree of cndtion( and he tcl ea apg hs etd ay feral Inbonepemiis wl be ded belo ‘egg, and wen ne orm beetles ag, wa ofan an expres fr the iluintion the ie ple: HENAN 20 c06 AP 8.) —DREE =I, (1) SF ORAL nox sk ep tbtned~ “sb e-nnteienn sah. a bedfotuenmmeneas sokeennwenedrate-nntncnsed tu nnteene eo safe nntocne} wn sete ravens nthe sce of phage dp akenegal won: the mpi ole renng anes pode esseSubst spinon ae atin te mpi of the seing lant eines with hemp the dacto nage ft lamang st fed parr ws a istinened-sbancnegh am ano, (0) We Pont +e Racket x, cou ‘Tour he git pater modi the mae ne ate orm etd a he rel the merece of wo wes ee ave of constant slope 8d + ‘sve of estas. The pas isons between he teting wee ‘Scio by he pase ib action seen ofthe et pane aus nwt prt of thine ings ar ley ic. Writing fort th compar ein Ina en ston) ~ conta fo the dase btwn te station pit atthe comin bound fhe two zoe we een (19) ie om waLamtesn— Lam wn poem, cs 1A tice es we can wie fateh ey ‘The amplitude of entering wave cing om ots depends ely on th ramet 23 rigs Wsly can Ye del bythe expen SS uy ‘Assuming tha ¢ changes nelly betwen any minimum andthe eae pak ‘tinge ptern wee “Te fens const equ 1 8 or mal wich erp 1 pois wet tie owas. The sot ais or beost wus) u6) hen ines aan, when bad eels we ake 1 = 5 10-4, f= 2% 10mm 2 = 4 10" tee ote eon in wc eae ion band ae il te wil be = is A alco of fo the "Sav of the eel arly ft the cota ad the eran ate Bose Serita Se enon an Bs ny mow re 1 ‘Werth valu ofa const ove theme el te itaination peaks wou ‘thea ase points corresponding oa sage 12 nth optal pao ‘es as postion depen he ht nensty cen ad ina wl be (Seated a smevtt ile prin, etwas dpacment We aan th an be dtr sfiey ciate om (13, and tht the nga sien he expen cn beep 15 tees tam othe owecseesexpanon Wests conciags panos wih sang oincnation Under nse asamp, the eatin the pein FC H+ seen) Fowtnte0. gun We itodie a nw variable, wld en ste ittence toe he solton e617) an he el poston thr exon Fy‘Sine y sal equation (1.7 eam be Wanoemed to an dey quad ee er) aie) 61.29 ‘Sic th pic parameter the dace eres in tion of we len ie omen to este (61 2) the om, tn _ tte 0) aay hte Myf «pata which exons te alacement of the ht [ater enum fom te nal poston. "Fis method wo aul for mesng ahomagssie wih 7 < 5 10-2 For f <2 10? and 2 10 me att = 02, nc ee of w= 2 ets ‘eer od nt 01 Te et cine analy v ‘Thus the bat sit om he Mel oso imal alot aap wth the margin marry ever We canter eat the diaton pater Hit wera ida erent "eed itm po tee eons, and ot wo a bore andthe wae ot shape in th ie egos esrb ye fon Ph when the woo ‘eens we bares plan wave the expen foe Et tet wile cam Heatly +03? Ala + aosdet—viyh. (6123) ‘as asm Ree, ore ha inlainle (29 lsh

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