16 ApostilaSistEqAlgebricas

!"
#

$
%
$ & %
' $

() * + %
' $ , -
,.
/ + .
0
/) #
/) /0 #
/) *0 %
1
2 3
$ 4

,
' $ &

' $ #
/) * $ & 5
$ ) -
' $ 6 7
' $ , 8
# $ #

%
$ 4
7
$ !98(*:
$
# $ !98(*: *

! %
# ; $. 6 * &<

1 #
!

(*

= %> 5
& ; * *

** -
(?. <
y = f (x) 3
,; <
y = ln(x) -

$ 4
7

$ !98(*:
#
$ #

)

( *@

< * $ !98(*: *

( *@

< * $ * 8

5
)

)

*
? * )
) * A ) * * )
* . "

?) * *B * *@ ' *
* *A * )

) ) * * A *
:
* *
?A <.8 ; 8
. * )CA
;
* : A * @*A A DA 8
*A <E *A A C *? *
' * < *8
) =/F> ) =/F>A

= > = !>A
< ; =&'>
G * =&/> * .

H * : B *. * * =A

&'A &/A /FA /FA > )A * *
G; A <. * <
*
) A * @*A ) = ? ?>
' * * * /F ?
* * * ; *
**A
* * * <? * /A * )
* * * : ? 0

* * )
: A ?

* *

!" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#

)

= > *
< C * ? @ ) * A
*
;A C )8

? @*A <

A
A * A

< )
.
A <
A
.

< C ?
* = .> <
'
< * B .
<

: ; B

G
<
* A @
=* @*A !98(*:> .
8
= !> C
A

<A ;G
<

A <

< !A
< B * !
) C

& A 8 *D

A ) < B <

*
A *

<

* *
;
; A n
n I8
A ; * *0
⎧
⎪
⎪ a11 x1 + a12 x2 + · · · + a1n xn = b1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ a x + a x + ··· + a x
21 1 22 2 2n n = b2
Sn = = >
⎪
⎪ ··· =
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ a x + a x + ··· + a x
n1 1 n2 2 nn n = bn

n
Sn = aij xj = bi A i = 1, 2, · · · , n = >
j=1
' I * . n : n A
A = [aij ]0
⎡ ⎤
a11 a12 · · · a1n
⎢ ⎥
⎢ a21 a21 · · · a2n ⎥
⎢ ⎥
A=⎢ ⎥ = >
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
an1 an2 · · · ann
BA aij I xj + A aij A 8
*A bi A *
A ) x = [x1 x2 · · · xn ]T b = [b1 b2 · · · bn ]T A

*8 * = > < 0
Ax = b = >
!" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
! "# $
% &

A . )?) = A @ A−1 A−1 A =

AA−1 = I >A = > "
0
x = A−1 b = #>
A−1 * ) . A x )

' ( )

⎧
⎪
⎨ x1 + 2x2 − 3x3 = 4
⎪
2x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 13 = 5>
⎪
⎪
⎩ x − 2x + 2x = 1
1 2 3

x1 x2 x3

' * *

= > &)8

@ IA xi A
A n A
)
* *
= 5> :

!" #$% &

2
* "

0
*?)A *

J
*?)A ;
bi = 0A i = 1, 2, . . . , nA A ) b = 0A *+,

+ :C -./0 A * *
)A BA
) x = 0
' ( )

!

"

#

#$%&

' $( ) *

*
*

x1 + x2 = 0
= %>
x1 + x2 = 1
1 0 (*

= %>
' *?) * ,A

* "
,,A ;
' ( )

+ #$,&

#$-&

!

S1

S2

x1 + x2 = 0
S1 = = 3>
x1 − x2 = 0
5 !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
$))
)

x1 + x2 = 0
S2 = = ->
2x1 + 2x2 = 0
!"

H *

*0 .
/
.
0

' $))
) . K
@A
. * ; A *I " *
' $))

)
C
*@
)A * )
. * : *@
H ) I ; "
C *@
? * ) *

: . * C
) <
*I " * *

)CA * );)

A * " *
.
.

' ( ) * % +"

B
Ax = bA . A = (aij ) aij = 0 *
j < iA i, j = 1, 2, . . . , nA B0
⎧
⎪
⎪ a11 x1 + a12 x2 + · · · + a1n xn = b1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ a22 x2 + · · · + a2n xn = b2
= 7>
⎪
⎪
⎪ =
⎪
⎪
⎩ ann xn = bn

%

2 * :

aij = 0 *
j > iA i, j = 1, 2, ..., nA C8
0
⎧
⎪
⎪ a11 x1 = b1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ a21 x1 + a22 x2 = b2
= >
⎪ ··· ···
⎪
⎪ =
⎪
⎪
⎩ a x + a x ··· + ann xn = bn
n1 1 n2 2
') A A aii = 0 * i =

1, 2, ..., nA < ) *
) *) );) !
= 7>A * @*A 8 xn = bn /ann (ann = 0) n8
A
A )8 ) xn * (n−1)8
8 ) xn−1 (an−1,n−1 =
0) ) ; x1 (a11 = 0) ! A *

" A * :) A A

*0

n
0xi = bi − aij xj = >
j=i+1

= > * * * 0
n
bi − j=i+1 aij xj = 0A
*A * )
xi A
= > ; <
n
bi − j=i+1 aij xj = 0A
A * @ ) xi
<

= > *?)
' ( ) 1 1

⎧
⎪
⎪ 3x1 + 4x2 − 5x3 + x4 = −10
⎪
⎪
⎨ x2 + x3 − 2x4 = −1
= >
⎪
⎪ 4x3 − 5x4 = 3
⎪
⎪
⎩
2x4 = 2
2

3
3 !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
$))
)
x4 = 2/2 → x4 = 1
4x3 − (5 × 1) = 3 → x3 = 2
= >
x2 + 2 − (2 × 1) = −1 → x2 = −1
3x1 + (4 × −1) − (5 × 2) + 1 = −10 → x1 = 1
)
)

aii = 0 i = 1, 2, ..., n
)2 aij , j ≥ i bi 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n
bn
" xn = soma = 0
ann
.
k = (n − 1) : 1 3"
soma = bk
.
j = (k + 1) : n 3"
soma = soma − akj xj
soma
xk =
akk
'
%4%) 4
2 .
1

* 5

167)
6 $8
' ( ,

' C *
** 8

A <
.
)(
0
Ax = b C
*
*0
$ *

* J
+

= :>J

-

"*
K A BA
* ?
*

*
=> => < * ) . A
* bA ) x
*
= > I xA )
*
=> * ). . * .

*
. * ) ) * . 8

*
=> <) . *

' , *

) **

A * I8
* < )A * .
< *
2 . *A U A * @
** & < A . <A LA
* A
)
* * *
)
' ( ) 5

⎧
⎪
⎪
⎨ x1 + 0 + x3 = 0
x1 + x2 + 0 = 1 = #>
⎪
⎪
⎩ 2x + 3x + x = 1
1 2 3
l1 #1a *& l2 #2a *& l3 #3a *&

2* 3 9: ;

* x1
<
0

<
* 7 2 l2 = l2 − l1 l3 = l3 − 2l1

7 !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
$))
)
⎧
⎪
⎪ x + 0 + x3 = 0 ⇒ l1
⎨ 1
0 + x2 − x3 = 1 ⇒ l2 = l2 − aa21 l1 = 5>
⎪
⎪ 11
⎩ 0 + 3x − x = 1 ⇒ l = l − a31 l
2 3 3 3 a11 1
= + >

3
> * x2 <
* =
2 l3 = l3 − 3l2 #
*

*&

⎧
⎪
⎪
⎨ x1 + 0 + x3 = 0
x2 − x3 = 1 = %>
⎪
⎪
⎩
x3 = −1 ⇒ l3 = l3 −
a32
l2
a22
* x1 = 1 x2 = 0 x3 = −1 x = [1 0 − 1]T
&
6"7) ) .
)% &)
&
6"7)2
B 0
Ax = b = 3>
0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
a11 a12 a13 · · · a1n x1 b1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ a21 a22 a23 · · · a2n ⎥ ⎢ x2 ⎥ ⎢ b2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
A=⎢ a31 a32 a33 · · · a3n ⎥ , x = ⎢ x3 ⎥ b = ⎢ b3 ⎥ = ->
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ · · · ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
an1 an2 an3 · · · ann xn bn
< < A , < )8

* ) .
< *
/8 . * @* # * * 8

; .
n
n I / *

A :8
2
A A 8 8
. A * ) b .
=Ã = A|b> n : n + 1 A <
. <0
⎡ ⎤
a11 a12 a13 · · · a1n b1 l1
⎢ ⎥
⎢ a21 a22 a23 · · · a2n b2 ⎥ l2
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Ã = ⎢ a31 a32 a33 · · · a3n b3 ⎥ l3 = 7>
⎢ ⎥
⎢ · · · ⎥
⎣ ⎦
an1 an2 an3 · · · ann bn ln
: =li A i = 1 : n> = 7> *

.

< * : * k *

< );) xk
k + 1, k + 2, . . . , n A
(k) (k)

aij * : i j k 8 *A bi
*; i8 ) * k
det(A) = 0A * *?) ) <

a11 B < .A * *
= >A
**
& <A = 7> ; * <0
⎡ (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)

⎤
a11 a12 a13 · · · a1n b1 l1
⎢ (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)⎥
⎢ a21 a22 a23 ··· a2n b2 ⎥ l2
⎢ ⎥
(0) ⎢ (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)⎥
Ã = ⎢ a31 a32 a33 ··· a3n b3 ⎥ l3 = >
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ··· ⎥
⎣ ⎦
(0) (0) (0) (0) (0)
an1 an2 an3 · · · ann bn ln
(0) (0) (0)

aij = aij A bi = bi a11 = 0
( 2 ' B) * I x1

=:>
li (i = 2, . . . , n) * . Ã(0)
< 8

li (i = 2, . . . , n)A *
=l1 > 8
!" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
$))
)
(0) (0)
ai1 ai1
* * < mi1 = (0)
' mi1 = (0) (i = 2, . . . , n)

a11 a11
? * A 8
(0)
a11 a
*

A : *
A l1 A
* a11 ) *
.
*
& A li (i = 2, . . . , n)

<0
⎧ (1) (0)
⎪
⎪ a1j = a1j * j = 1, . . . , n
⎪
⎪
⎨ b(1) = b(0)
1 1
= >
⎪
⎪
(1) (0) (0)
aij = aij − mi1 a1j * i = 2, . . . , n j = 1, . . . , n
⎪
⎪
⎩ (1) (0) (0)
bi = bi − mi1 b1 * i = 2, . . . , n
*A .0
⎡ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

⎤
a11 a12 a13 · · · a1n b1
⎢ (1) (1) (1) (1) ⎥
⎢ 0 a22 a23 · · · a2n b2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (1) (1) (1) (1) ⎥
Ã(1) =⎢ 0 a32 a33 · · · a3n b3 ⎥ = >
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
(1) (1) (1) (1)
0 an2 an3 · · · ann bn
( 2 ' B) * I x2

=:>
li (i = 3, . . . , n) . Ã(1)
*

A )8 *)E
(1)
:A a22 A B < . / B *?)A ; *
(1)
ai2 = 0 (i = 2, . . . , n)A ; det(A(1)) = 0A * det(A) = 0
$A * :*I det(A) = 0A * *?) ) . A(k)A
< *)E * k B < .A ) *
:
< *
*
: .
* *)E B * < . :

=

>
! "# $ %#

A * * *A
: =
> @ *
' *
(1)
a
* mi2 = i2
(1)
(i = 3, . . . , n) ' BA li (i = 3, . . . , n)
a22

<0
⎧ (2) (1)
⎪
⎪ aij = aij * i = 1, 2 j = i, i + 1, . . . , n
⎪
⎪
⎨ b(2) = b(1) * i = 1, 2
i i
= >
⎪
⎪
(2) (1) (1)
aij = aij − mi2 a2j * i = 3, . . . , n j = 2, . . . , n
⎪
⎪
⎩ (2) (1) (1)
bi = bi − mi2 b2 * i = 3, . . . , n
*A .0
⎡ (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

⎤
a11 a12 a13 · · · a1n b1
⎢ (2) (2) (2) (2) ⎥
⎢ 0 a22 a23 · · · a2n b2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (2) (2) (2) ⎥
Ã(2) =⎢ 0 0 a33 · · · a3n b3 ⎥ = #>
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
(2) (2) (2)
0 0 an3 · · · ann bn
? ;A *8 * (n − 1) .

A *A ;0
⎡ (n−1) (n−1) (n−1) (n−1) (n−1)

⎤
a11 a12 a13 · · · · · · a1n b1
⎢ (n−1) (n−1) (n−1) (n−1) ⎥
⎢ 0 a22 a23 · · · · · · a2n b2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (n−1) (n−1) (n−1) ⎥
⎢ 0 a33 · · · · · · a3n b3 ⎥
Ã (n−1)
=⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥ = 5>
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 ⎦
(n−1) (n−1)
0 0 0 ··· 0 ann bn
A(n−1) x = b(n−1) * ) 8
= 3>
' ( ) 8 6

+ + l1

;
a11

!" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
$))
)

0, 0001x + y = 1
= %>
x + y = 2
* x = 1, 00010 y = 0, 99990

5

!
3

x = 0, 000 y = 1, 000 * * *

1

+

* x = 1, 000 y = 1, 000
*

/ $

, A ;
: G A *)E A
*I@ . ' * A * k A ) * k 8 :
k 8 A ) ) @ **
* *)E *A < ) A : *)A
*) *)

$ .) &)
1 ) $

, ; *0
(k−1)
aik
mik = (k−1)
i = k + 1, . . . , n = 3>
akk
* k *
A *?) * *)E A *)E

*I@ .A *8 *
/ *A )8 *)A BA

* : : G *)

$ .) &) .
% 2 0
! ? * k <

A : * *)E I
(k−1)
0 aik A i = k, k + 1, . . . , nJ

#

+ : k i < ;
' ( ) *

k = 2 n = 4
⎡ ⎤
3 2 1 −1 5
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 1 0 3 6 ⎥
Ã (1)
=⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥ = ->
⎣ 0 −3 −5 7 7 ⎦
0 2 4 0 15
0
$
( 6+ ?
|aj2 | = |a32 | = 3 ⇒ ? = −3

(1) (1)
max
= 7>
j = 2, 3, 4
$ " + $ @
⎡ ⎤
3 2 1 −1 5
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 −3 −5 7 7 ⎥
Ã (1)
=⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥ = >
⎣ 0 1 0 3 6 ⎦
0 2 4 0 15

*
⎧ 1
⎪
⎪ m32 =
⎪
⎨ −3
= >
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ m42 = 2
−3
/ +

? 2

2 0

*

5 !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
$))
)

$ .) &) -) ( )2 ! A ? *
k A : * *)E I
*
0
(k−1) (k−1) (k−1)

max |aij | = |ars | ⇒ *)E = ars
= >
∀ i, j ≥ k
') < @* %A *)E *

(1)
a34 = 7A A A : 0
⎡ ⎤
3 −1 1 2 5
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 7 −5 −3 7 ⎥
Ã (1)
=⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥ = >
⎣ 0 3 0 1 6 ⎦
0 0 4 2 15
* * )) *

@
(k−1)
aij A i, j ≥ k A : A < ) @*
/ A * <
*
*) *
'
%4%) 4
2 .
!

167)
⎧
⎪
⎪ x1 − 5x2 + 3x3 + 9x4 − 7x5 + 21x6 − 7x7 − 2x8 = −10, 790
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 3x1 + 2x2 − 5x3 + 8x4 + 3x5 − 13x6 + 0 + x8 = −2, 140
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ x2 + 9x3 − 6x4 − 8x6 − 3x7 + 3x8 = −130, 608
⎪
⎪
2x1 + 6x5 +
⎪
⎨ 4x1 − 4x2 + 2x3 + 5x4 + 8x5 − 6x6 + 2x7 − 4x8 = 76, 300
= #>
⎪
⎪ −5x1 + 6x2 − 4x3 + 4x4 + 9x5 − 10x6 + x7 + 5x8 = −11, 100
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 6x1 + x2 + 5x3 − 2x4 + 15x5 + 4x6 − 9x7 + 7x8 = 0, 135
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 − 9x2 + x3 + x4 − 12x5 + 2x6 + 10x7 + 8x8 = −3, 108
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ 3x
1 + 10x2 + 3x3 + 7x4 + 3x5 + x6 + x7 − 3x8 = 632, 500

*
x = [41, 6096 38, 3777 − 20, 6838 5, 1453 15, 6574 29, 9109 53, 7383 − 6, 4358]T

%

'' - .
B
0
Ax = b = 5>
1
= &*
> 2 ** .
* )
! A . A AA
< =< *> * .A L U 0
A = LU = %>
L . <A B ** A
U . *0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 0 0 0 u11 u12 u13 u14
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ l21 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ u22 u23 u24 ⎥
L=⎢ ⎥ U =⎢ 0 ⎥ = 3>
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ l31 l32 1 0 ⎦ ⎣ 0 0 u33 u34 ⎦
l41 l42 l43 1 0 0 0 u44
!
A = 5> * <0
LU x = b = ->
* *
0

Ly = b
= 7>
Ux = y
() * A 8 y A * A <;
)
* x
& A : L U A ; ) *
* K
A * :
* $
,
; @C < L U ) *8

. ; & . AA < L U " @
** L B
3 !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
$))
)
'
%4%) 4
2
'
* )4

= 2 *
<

*

3 *

#&

' #$$&
1 0 & ; * *

**
2/3 3

0 7 1/2 A

A 3

- /
2
+
6
;
xi 0 -H
-S -CEL H S CEL C .H .S .CEL .S
9B: 91: 9 6):
9 :
3

=

(C

7

167) *
( D A + B = 1000
$ D A = V + CH + CS + CCEL
@ D CCEL = 0, 65A
8 D CS = 0, 05A

-

C D 3

( C H = GH
E D

( C S = GS
% D

( CCEL = GCEL
, D

( E = GC
- D 3

$ 0, 3B + GH = PH
(F D

$ 0, 65B + GCEL = PCEL
(( D

$ 0, 05B + GS = PS
($ D

$ GC = P C
(@ *

= PC /(PCEL + PH + PS + PC ) = 0, 03
(8 G
3
H V = 2/3(0, 3A)
(C G

6 E = 0, 5CH
6

x = [A B V CH CS CCEL E GH GS GCEL GC PCEL PH PS PC ]T = >

b = [1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]T = >

*

x = [550, 4585 449, 5415 110, 0917 55, 0459 27, 5229 357, 7980 27, 5229 . . .
= >
55, 0459 27, 5229 357, 7980 27, 5229 650, 0000 189, 9083 50, 0000 27, 5229]T
7 !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
$))
)
$)) ) & &"7) &
' L U * *

@ )C
, 1
2A L = [mik ]A
* i ≥ k A mii = 1 U = akkj A k ≤ j A BA L

U . *
, A
<
' @* * *

. L U *

, 0
' ( ) 9 5

*
⎧
⎪
⎪ 10x1 + 5x2 − x3 + x4 = 2
⎪
⎪
⎨ 2x + 10x2 − 2x3 − x4 = −26
1
= >
⎪
⎪ −x1 − 2x2 + 10x3 + 2x4 = 20
⎪
⎪
⎩
x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + 10x4 = −25
/
L U
* !
⎡ (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)
⎤ ⎡ ⎤
a11 a12 a13 a1n b1 10 5 −1 1 2
⎢ (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ a21 a22 a23 a2n b2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Ã (0)
=⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ 2 10 −2 −1 −26 ⎥ = #>
⎢ (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ a31 a32 a33 a3n b3 ⎦ ⎣ −1 −2 10 2 20 ⎦
(0) (0) (0) (0) (0)
a41 a42 a43 a44 b4 1 3 2 10 −25
I
k = 1
⎡ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
⎤
a11 a12 a13 a1n b1
⎢ ⎥
⎢ m21 a(1) (1) (1) (1)
a23 a2n b2 ⎥
Ã (1)
=⎢
⎢
22
(1) (1) (1) (1)
⎥
⎥ = 5>
⎣ m31 a32 a33 a3n b3 ⎦
(1) (1) (1) (1)
m41 a42 a43 a44 b4

⎡ ⎤
10, 000 5, 000 −1, 000 1, 000 2, 000
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0, 200 9, 000 −1, 800 −1, 200 −26, 400 ⎥
Ã (1)
=⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥ = %>
⎣ −0, 100 −1, 500 9, 900 2, 100 20, 200 ⎦
0, 100 2, 500 2, 100 9, 900 −25, 200

I
k = 2
⎡ (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

⎤
a11 a12 a13 a1n b1
⎢ ⎥
⎢ m21 a(2) (2) (2) (2)
a23 a2n b2 ⎥
Ã (2) ⎢
=⎢ 22 ⎥ = 3>
(2) (2) (2) ⎥
⎣ m31 m32 a33 a3n b3 ⎦
(2) (2) (2)
m41 m42 a43 a44 b4
⎡ ⎤
10, 000 5, 000 −1, 000 1, 000 2, 000
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0, 200 9, 000 −1, 800 −1, 200 −26, 400 ⎥
Ã (2)
=⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥ = ->
⎣ −0, 100 −0, 167 9, 599 1, 900 15, 791 ⎦
0, 100 0, 278 2, 600 10, 234 −17, 861
I
k = 3
⎡ (3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

⎤
a11 a12 a13 a1n b1
⎢ ⎥
⎢ m21 a(3) (3) (3) (3)
a23 a2n b2 ⎥
Ã (3) ⎢
=⎢ 22 ⎥ = #7>
(3) (3) (3) ⎥
⎣ m31 m32 a33 a3n b3 ⎦
(3) (3)
m41 m42 m43 a44 b4
⎡ ⎤
10, 000 5, 000 −1, 000 1, 000 2, 000
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0, 200 9, 000 −1, 800 −1, 200 −26, 400 ⎥
Ã (3)
=⎢
⎢ −0, 100 −0, 167
⎥
⎥ = #>
⎣ 9, 599 1, 900 15, 791 ⎦
0, 100 0, 278 0, 271 9, 719 −22, 140
'
* #$C(&

2 L U
⎡ ⎤
1, 000 0, 000 0, 000 0, 000
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0, 200 1, 000 0, 000 0, 000 ⎥
L=⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥ = # >
⎣ −0, 100 −0, 167 1, 000 0, 000 ⎦
0, 100 0, 278 0, 271 1, 000
!" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
$))
)
⎡ ⎤
10, 000 5, 000 −1, 000 1, 000
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0, 000 9, 000 −1, 800 −1, 200 ⎥
U =⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥ = #>
⎣ 0, 000 0, 000 9, 599 1, 900 ⎦
0, 000 0, 000 0, 000 9, 719

#$88&
*
* )4 # * !
&
#$8F&

*
#$88& x = [2, 046 − 2, 8198 2, 096 − 2, 278]T
*
A L U A ) K *

@ ** * $ , 2 ). . L U
<A
* B
* ) .

() =
>

. 1
2
" ; $ , A B;
) ) * A ). .
A : <A . L U * . ) b /A
* ) ); . A 1
2
* < : * )
/ *

A *8 L U
A *
,

$)) ))
!
, A k 8 L k 8 : U A
* k * = &
>A . A *
&
A = LU A 80

r
aij = mip upj , r = min(i, j) = #>
p=1

/ * k A *8 )0

k
akj = mkp upj , j ≥ k = ##>
p=1

k
aik = mip upk , i > k = #5>
p=1
** < B < mkk = 1A *

k = 1, 2, . . . , nA ukk , uk,k+1, . . . uk,n mk+1,k , mk+2,k , . . . , mn,k

= ##> = #5>A 0
⎧
⎪
⎪
k−1
⎪
⎪ ukj = akj − mkp upj , j = k, k + 1, . . . , n
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
p=1
= #%>
⎪
⎪
k−1
⎪
⎪ aik −
⎪
⎪ mip upk
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ mik = p=1
, i = k + 1, k + 2, . . . , n
ukk
)
)

! " A
.
k = 1 : n 3"
.
j = k : n 3"

k−1
ukj = akj − mkp upj
p=1
.
j = k + 1 : n 3"

k−1
aik − mip upk
mik =
p=1
ukk
!" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
$))
)
$)) -
)
! A <.8 ukk = 1A * k = 1, 2, . . . , n A A

* * k 0
⎧
⎪
⎪
k−1
⎪
⎪ mik = aik − mip upk , i = k, k + 1, . . . , n
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
p=1
= #3>
⎪
⎪
k−1
⎪
⎪ −
⎪
⎪ akj mkp upj
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ ukj = p=1
, j = k + 1, k + 2, . . . , n
mkk
' ( ) : 5

.

3
⎧
⎪
⎨ 5x1 −
⎪ x2 + x3 = 10
2x1 + 4x2 + 0 = 12 = #->
⎪
⎪
⎩ x + x + 5x = −1
1 2 3
4 * #$C,&

⎡ ⎤
5, 00000 0, 00000 0, 00000
⎢ ⎥
L=⎢
⎣ 2, 00000 4, 40000 0, 00000 ⎥
⎦ = 57>
1, 00000 1, 20000 4, 90909
⎡ ⎤
1, 00000 −0, 20000 0, 20000
⎢ ⎥
⎢
U = ⎣ 0, 00000 1, 00000 −0, 09091 ⎥ = 5>
⎦
0, 00000 0, 00000 1, 00000
5
Ly = b
y1 = 2, 00000 y2 = 1, 81818 y3 = −1, 05556
5
U x = y
x1 = 2, 55556 x2 = 1, 72222 x3 = −1, 05560

#

1
$ .) &) (
) $)) )) -
)
, 1

2A &
*) *
*) * B;
*8 *) * *8

& *
<
;
! &A ukk = 0A ; *?)

A :) ukk A * k )
: < )A .
;
* k A *) ) < <0
8
⎧
⎪
⎪
k−1
⎪
⎪ u
(1)
= a − mkp upk
⎪
⎪ kk kk
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
p=1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ k−1
(2)
ukk = ak+1,k − mk+1,p upk
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ p=1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
k−1
⎪
⎪ (n−k+1)
= ank −
⎪
⎩ ukk mnp upk
p=1

(s) (r)
&8 max ukk , 1 ≤ s ≤ n − k + 1 = ukk A r *

;@ B A )
+8 . Ã =. A ) * b>

. LA k 8 : * (k + r − 1)8 :A
' @* *) * *

&0
' ( ) ; 5

.
/

3

5 !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
$))
)
⎧
⎪
⎪ 4x1 + 2x2 − x3 + x4 = 6
⎪
⎪
⎨ 8x + 4x2 + 2x3 − 2x4 = 10
1
= 5 >
⎪
⎪ x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 − 2x4 = 3
⎪
⎪
⎩
2x1 + x2 − 2x3 + 6x4 = 8
7
2

Ã 3
a11
#
+ &
⎡ ⎤
8, 000 4, 000 2, 000 −2, 000 10, 000
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 4, 000 2, 000 −1, 000 1, 000 6, 000 ⎥
Ã = ⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥ = 5>
⎣ 1, 000 4, 000 2, 000 −2, 000 3, 000 ⎦
2, 000 1, 000 −2, 000 6, 000 8, 000
= k = 1 j = 1, 2, 3, 4
i = 2, 3, 4
u11 = 8, 000 u12 = 4, 000 u13 =
2, 000 u14 = −2, 000J m21 = 0, 500 m31 = 0, 125 m41 = 0, 250
= k = 2 j = 2, 3, 4 i = 3, 4

u22

u22 *
⎧
(1)
⎪
⎪ u22 = a22 − m21 u12 = 0, 000
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
(2)
u22 = a32 − m31 u12 = 3, 500 = 5>
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ u(3) = a − m u
22 42 41 12 = 0, 000

* u22 = u(2)
22 = 3, 500 7
Ã +

⎡ ⎤
8, 000 4, 000 2, 000 −2, 000 10, 000
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1, 000 4, 000 2, 000 −2, 000 3, 000 ⎥
Ã = ⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥ = 5#>
⎣ 4, 000 2, 000 −1, 000 1, 000 6, 000 ⎦
2, 000 1, 000 −2, 000 6, 000 8, 000
) m11 = 1, 000 m21 = 0, 125 m31 = 0, 500 m41 = 0, 250J u23 = a23 − m21 u13 =
1, 750 u24 = a24 − m21 u14 = −1, 750 m32 = (a32 − m31 u12 )/u22 = 0, 000 m42 = (a42 −
m41 u12 )/u22 = 0, 000

%

= k = 3 j = 3, 4 i = 4 7
⎧
⎪ (1)
⎨ u33 = a33 − m31 u13 − m32 u23 = −2, 000
⎪
= 55>
⎪
⎪
⎩ u(2) = a − m u − m u
33 43 41 13 42 23 = −2, 500
=

u33 = u(2)
33 = −2, 500 7
Ã
+

⎡ ⎤
8, 000 4, 000 2, 000 −2, 000 10, 000
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1, 000 4, 000 2, 000 −2, 000 3, 000 ⎥
Ã = ⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥ = 5%>
⎣ 2, 000 1, 000 −2, 000 6, 000 8, 000 ⎦
4, 000 2, 000 −1, 000 1, 000 6, 000
) m11 = 1, 000 m21 = 0, 125 m31 = 0, 250 m41 = 0, 500J m22 = 1, 000 m32 =
0, 000 m42 = 0, 000J u34 = a34 − m31 u14 = 6, 500J m43 = (a43 − m41 u13 − m42 u23 )/u33 = 0, 800
= k = 4 j = 4 u44 = a44 − m41 u14 − m42 u24 − m43 u34 = −3, 200 /

⎡ ⎤
1, 000 0, 000 0, 000 0, 000
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0, 125 1, 000 0, 000 0, 000 ⎥
L=⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥ = 53>
⎣ 0, 250 0, 000 1, 000 0, 000 ⎦
0, 500 0, 000 0, 800 1, 000
⎡ ⎤
8, 000 4, 000 2, 000 −2, 000
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0, 000 3, 500 1, 750 −1, 750 ⎥
U⎢
⎢ 0, 000 0, 000 −2, 500
⎥
⎥ = 5->
⎣ 6, 500 ⎦
0, 000 0, 000 0, 000 −3, 200
5
Ly = b
y1 = 10, 000 y2 = 1, 750 y3 = 5, 500
y4 = −3, 400 5
U x = y
x1 = 1, 000 x2 = 1, 750 x3 = 0, 563
x4 = 1, 063
3 !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
1 $))
)

<

A )

C *@
A *A ) *
. * : *@
*
' ) ) * * =
> +
* < C
* .

< / * *A
)
' )

A xA Ax = b . )A
C *@
x =x̂(1)A x̂(2)A . . .A x̂(k)>A *
*@
) A x̂(0) ' ? < );) =A )
.> L*@
MA ) *@ );)
' " *CA *I ? );)A *

) *@ );) <
Ax = b ** < .A

BA aii = 0 * i = 1, 2, . . . , n0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
a x + a12 x2 + · · · + a1n xn b1
⎢ 11 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ a x + a x + ··· + a x ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 21 1 22 2 2n n ⎥ ⎢ b2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ = %7>
⎢ ··· ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
an1 x1 + an2 x2 + · · · + ann xn bn
*?) @* x1 *

A x2

) A *8 ) < ) *
)0

-

⎧ n
⎪
⎪ b1 −
⎪
⎪ j=2 a1j xj
⎪
⎪ x1 =
⎪
⎪ a11
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ n
bi − j=i aij xj = %>
⎪
⎪
xi =
⎪
⎪ aii
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ n−1
⎪
⎪ bn −
⎪
⎪ anj xj
⎪
⎩ xn =
j=1
ann
/ ( )

! A
= %> . * C
)
xA x̂(1)A x̂(2)A . . .A x̂(n)
/ *@
=)> A x̂(0)A .8
*
= %> * *@
* x1 A *

A 80

n
b1 − a1j x̂j (0)
j=2
x̂1 (1) = = % >
a11
' * ) x̂(1)A x̂2 (1)A x̂3 (1)A . . .A x̂n (1)A *
;

n
bi − aij x̂j (0)
j=1, j=i
x̂i (1) = , i = 1, 2, . . . , n = %>
aii
* * * *@

)

A x A *I@ * ) x̂(1) * ) *@

)
A x̂(2) = [x̂1 (2) x̂2 (2) . . . x̂n (2)]T
@* *

x̂i =i = 1, 2, . . . , n>A

k A *0
7 !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
1 $))
)

n
bi − aij x̂j (k − 1)
j=1, j=i
x̂i (k) = , i = 1, 2, . . . , n = %>
aii
*
; C@ C )A ? )8
* ) A ) *

<
x̂i (i = 1, 2, . . . , n)
) <
) =D>
* <
L *M * * max(1 ≤ i ≤ n) |x̂i (k) − x̂i (k − 1)| < εA ε
D
/ : )C 6A )8

=) * *)A ;> . A B * L
MA BA |aii | > |aij |, i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n
' ( ) 5

167)
2
K x̂(0) =
[0 0 0]T ε = 10−3
⎧
⎪
⎨ 4, 00x1 + 0, 24x2 − 0, 08x3 = 8, 00
⎪
0, 09x1 + 3, 00x2 − 0, 15x3 = 9, 00 = %#>
⎪
⎪
⎩ 0, 04x − 0, 08x + 4, 00x = 20, 00
1 2 3
a
"7)2
⎧
⎪ b1 − [a12 x̂2 (0) + a13 x̂3 (0)] b1 a12 a13
⎪
⎪ x̂1 (1) = = − x̂2 (0) + x̂3 (0)
⎪
⎨ a11 a11 a11 a11
= %5>
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 8, 00 0, 24 (−0, 08)
⎩ x̂1 (1) = − ×0+ ×0 ∴ x̂1 (1) = 2, 00
4, 00 4, 00 4, 00
⎧
⎪ b2 − [a21 x̂1 (0) + a23 x̂3 (0)] b2 a21 a23
⎪
⎪ x̂2 (1) = = − x̂1 (0) + x̂3 (0)
⎪
⎨ a22 a22 a22 a22
= %%>
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 9, 00 0, 09 (−0, 15)
⎩ x̂2 (1) = − ×0+ ×0 ∴ x̂2 (1) = 3, 00
3, 00 3, 00 3, 00

⎧
⎪ b3 − [a31 x̂1 (0) + a32 x̂2 (0)] b3 a31 a32
⎪
⎪ x̂3 (1) = = − x̂1 (0) + x̂2 (0)
⎪
⎨ a33 a33 a33 a33
= %3>
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 20, 00 0, 04 (−0, 08)
⎩ x̂3 (1) = − ×0+ ×0 ∴ x̂3 (1) = 5, 00
4, 00 4, 00 4, 00
/ #$%E& #$%%& #$%,&

⎧
⎪
⎨ x̂1 (k + 1) = 2, 00 − 0, 06 x̂2 (k) + 0, 02 x̂3 (k)
⎪
x̂2 (k + 1) = 3, 00 − 0, 03 x̂1 (k) + 0, 05 x̂3 (k) = %->
⎪
⎪
⎩ x̂ (k + 1) = 5, 00 − 0, 01 x̂ (k) + 0, 02 x̂ (k)
3 1 2
a
"7)2 =

*

*
x̂(1) =
[2, 00 3, 00 5, 00]T
* x x̂(2)
#$%-&
⎧
⎪
⎨ x̂1 (2) = 2, 00 − (0, 06 × 3, 00) + (0, 02 × 5, 00) ∴
⎪ x̂1 (2) = 1, 92
x̂2 (2) = 3, 00 − (0, 03 × 2, 00) + (0, 05 × 5, 00) ∴ x̂2 (2) = 3, 19 = 37>
⎪
⎪
⎩ x̂ (2) = 5, 00 − (0, 01 × 2, 00) + (0, 02 × 3, 00) ∴ x̂3 (2) = 5, 04
3
a
"7)2 = 3
x̂(3)
x̂(2)
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎨ x̂1 (3) = 1, 9094
x̂2 (3) = 3, 1944 = 3>
⎪
⎪
⎩ x̂ (3) = 5, 0446
3
H;
max(1 ≤ i ≤ n) |x̂i (k) − x̂i (k − 1)| < ε

⎡ ⎤
0, 0110
⎢ ⎥
max(1 ≤ i ≤ n) |x̂(3) − x̂(2)| = max(1 ≤ i ≤ n) ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0, 0040 ⎦ = 0, 0110 > ε = 3 >
0, 0046

*

2

;

#
L ;& < 3

#
;

&

!" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
1 $))
)
/ ( ,

' , 8 * )
68
! A

= %>A *
*) ; B; < * * * . )
* < A ) * x̂1 (k + 1)
; ; x̂2 (k + 1) )0
⎧
⎪
⎪ b1 a12 a13 a1n
⎪
⎪ x̂1 (k + 1) = − x̂2 (k) + x̂3 (k) + . . . + x̂n (k)
⎪
⎪ a 11 a11 a 11 a 11
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ b2 a21 a23 a2n
⎪
⎪ −
⎪
⎪
x̂2 (k + 1) = x̂1 (k + 1) + x̂3 (k) + . . . + x̂n (k)
⎪
⎪ a22 a22 a22 a22
⎪
⎨
= 3>
⎪
⎪
b3
−
a31 a32 a3n
⎪
⎪ x̂3 (k + 1) = x̂1 (k + 1) + x̂2 (k + 1) + . . . + x̂n (k)
⎪
⎪ a33 a33 a33 a33
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ bn an1 an2 an,n−1
⎪
⎩ x̂n (k + 1) = − x̂1 (k + 1) + x̂2 (k + 1) + . . . + x̂n−1 (k + 1)
ann ann ann ann
' ( ) =

6 $((

! 1
*

⎧
⎪
⎨ x̂1 (k + 1) = 2, 00 − 0, 06 x̂2(k) + 0, 02 x̂3 (k)
⎪
x̂2 (k + 1) = 3, 00 − 0, 03 x̂1(k + 1) + 0, 05 x̂3 (k) = 3>
⎪
⎪
⎩ x̂ (k + 1) = 5, 00 − 0, 01 x̂ (k + 1) + 0, 02 x̂ (k + 1)
3 1 2
' ( ) 5

! 1 x̂(0) =
[0 0 0]T ε = 5 × 10−2

max (1 ≤ i ≤ n) |xi (k) − xi (k − 1)|

CP (k) = <ε = 3#>
max (1 ≤ i ≤ n) |xi (k)|
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎨ 5x1 + x2 + x3 = 5
3x1 + 4x2 + x3 = 6 = 35>
⎪
⎪
⎩ 3x + 3x + 6x = 0
1 2 3

7
* 2
*
⎧
⎪
⎨ x̂1 (k + 1) = 1, 00 − 0, 20 x̂2(k) − 0, 20 x̂3(k)
⎪
x̂2 (k + 1) = 1, 50 − 0, 75 x̂1(k + 1) + 0, 25 x̂3 (k) = 3%>
⎪
⎪
⎩ x̂ (k + 1) = 0, 00 − 0, 50 x̂ (k + 1) + 0, 50 x̂ (k + 1)
3 1 2

"7) 2
⎧
⎪
⎨ x̂1 (1) = 1, 00 − 0, 00 − 0, 00 = 1, 000
⎪
x̂2 (1) = 1, 50 − (0, 75 × 1, 00) − 0, 00 = 0, 750 = 33>
⎪
⎪
⎩ x̂ (1) = (−0, 50 × 1, 00) − (0, 50 × 0, 75) = −0, 875
3

"7) 2
⎧
⎪
⎨ x̂1 (2) = 1, 00 − (0, 20 × 0, 75) − (0, 20 × −0, 875) = 1, 025
⎪
x̂2 (2) = 1, 50 − (0, 75 × 1, 025) − (0, 25 × −0, 875) = 0, 950 = 3->
⎪
⎪
⎩ x̂ (2) = (−0, 50 × 1, 025) − (0, 50 × 0, 950) = −0, 9875
3

"7) 2
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎨ x̂1 (3) = 1, 0075
x̂2 (3) = 0, 9912 = -7>
⎪
⎪
⎩ x̂ (3) = −0, 9993
3
7 * #$,C& ;

! 1
*

* CP (3) = 0, 0402 < ε

"7)2 6A : )C
, 8 * 8 . A B * L 8
M
!" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
5 -)&%)& &) &

! "

2 . * ) *
A x̂A
Ax = bA ) r = b − Ax̂
x̂ < *@
* xA * * r B
) * A
) * * * ?
* x̂ B *@
* x
' ( ) 1

167)

x1 + 1, 001x2 = 2, 001
= ->
0, 999x1 + x2 = 1, 999
7 *

#$-(& x = [1, 000 1, 000]T

x̂ = [2, 000 0, 001]T
#$-(&

2, 001 1, 000 1, 001 2, 000
r= − = - >
1, 999 0, 999 1, 000 0, 001

2, 001 2, 001001
r= − = ->
1, 999 1, 999000

−0, 000001
r= = ->
0, 000000
6

r x̂ = [2, 000 0, 001]T
* x
*

= -> :
2
)

2
. A A . A < )
A ;
A . nA .A *

det(A) *0

#

det(A)
det(A) = = -#>
α1 α2 . . . αn

αi = a2i1 + a2i2 + . . . + a2in , i = 1, 2, . . . , n = -5>
' . . A = -> 5 × 10−7 A BA

det(A) 1 /A = -> A <
@* = >
&$ # ' ( ( # '

5 !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#

2 * < C : ?
?.
<0
f (x) = 0 =>
f (x) * *E x <

*?) ?. @ f (x) = 0A A
* @*A f (x) < *E <;) A ; K
* ?. f (x) ) *?)

*@ A A *I@
@
* *A ?* :A
?.

*
.

<
< C *@

A
* A *
C
; < * *@A < ) ) * D
*8@ * A *A : ;
;
?.

%

"
! =!> ! CA ; * 8
.
* !
<
; * * 0 + *
* f (x)
x∗
f (x∗) = 0
2
*
,A *
=x1 A x2 A x3 > <

y = f (x)A * 1
12
10
x1 x2 x3
−2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1 0 (?. <

y = f (x)
*

!A "
* N0
)
1 *
f (x)

[a, b]
f (a)×f (b) < 0
*

x∗ ∈ [a, b]
f (x∗ ) = 0
7 f (x) = dfdx(x) *
[a, b]
* x∗ <
2 f (x)

=&"7) 1 f (x) : [a, b] →

*
x∗ ∈ [a, b] 2 #
2& f (x) f (x∗) = 0
3 !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
&
) "7)
@* 0
' ( ) * ln(x) 3;

' @$ =
;
f (0, 5) × f (1, 5) < 0
= " @(
2 f (x)
[0, 5, 1, 5] 7
* y = ln(x) *
dy(x)
dx
> 0
[0, 5, 1, 5] =

;

2

/ x∗ = 1 < 2
f (x∗) = 0
1 0 ,; <

y = ln(x)
@* A *8 " ?.

.

; <
* B

) B ) ?. f (x) )
* A K ).A < * )C
* ; ?.

' *? )
* @*A :

A * * ). * *@
=)>
:A * . C *@
) *

*
*)A

A ϕ(x̂)A
) A x̂0 A C *@
A x̂n+1 = ϕ(x̂n )A )B *
.
A x∗

-

#

'
* <; 8
* *
' *?* ; .
* ) : * *
*@
. ' * 0
<
y = f (x)A ) ) [a, b]A *
1 /8 ) f (a) × f (b) < 0 A * + A
@ * * x∗ ∈ [a, b]A f (x∗ ) = 0
1 0
$ 4

/ . f (x) )

A 8 *8
8 ) <
* A @ )0
a+b
x1 =
2
& ) x1 A @ C *0
& f (x1 ) = 0A x1 . <

A BA
*
& f (a) ×f (x1 ) < 0A f (x) . ) [a, x1 ] A <A *
) * ) ) [a, x1 ]
& f (a) × f (x1 ) > 0A f (x1 ) × f (b) < 0A ). f (a) f (b) C
* /A <
f (x) . ) [x1 , b] * )
* ) ) [x1 , b]
*
* :

< : *@
*
*
1

A x3
7 !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
$)) %"7)
)
)
)2 # $ f (x) % a b f (a)×f (b) < 0
& ' ( ) maxiter
! $ ξ = 10−5 *
) % ε = |xk+1 − xk | < tol 3"2
.
k = 1 : maxiter 3"
a+b
xk =
2
f (xk ) < ξ &7)
x∗ = xk (

f (a) × f (xk ) < 0 &7)
+ b = xk
, -) %)&
>
)
- a = xk
. |b − a| < tol &7)

a+b
/ x∗ = (

2
0&& ) $)) %"7)2

' * < * ) *
* A
B D *
' < *;)
' *:

n *)?)A BA *I n
A .
1
: ) 0 ε = [b0 − a0 ]
2
() @* . A *8 nA
"
; * )B * D
*8A ε0 b0 −a0
ln ε
n=
ln(2)
/ @*A * * . ) [3, 6]
/ . * 10−4 A ; # *

&& ) $)) %"7)2

' ; f (x) " ) ).
' @ : *) . A
* *?)
@ * * );) *@

"7) # & 0 0
% xk $ 0 $ # & 0
1* M .
' % %
$%&'()

' !9 ** *
?.
!9 * : 53% A
5-7A 6*: (*: * .
* / )A
!9 : ' $
!98(*: *@
)A *
)C :

@ ); . !9A A 8
A A *@
0

!

A B) A ).:
A *8
*@ = > * *@
A ) A * <
) *@
* 8 * ))8
+O <
' *

= )A
*@
)> *
; *
*@
B B
' $ !9 * ) *

) B x̂0 *@
= )> .A x∗ *@8
) y = f (x) * A
* (x̂0 , f (x̂0 ))A 8
*@
<
*

@ xA 8 ) *@
* .A * x̂1
/ *A 1 ! @*A

* *
) y = f (x) *
!" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
$)) ,?)&@(A)&
* *8A xk * ) A
* 8 1 .
* ) A x̂0 A * *@8

A x̂1 =< * !9>A * * xk xk+1 A *)
A
*A . f (x)A x∗ A * * x̄
1 0

$ !98(*:
' *

* *
* /
@* ? * ; x̂1 A x̂2 A · · · A * x̂0 A
D α * *
tg(α)A *

) f (x) ) * xk A 1 A 80
f (x̂0 ) f (xk )
tg(α) = = = f (x) = >
(x̂0 − x̂1 ) (xk − xk+1 )
/
A *8 @* ) x̂1 A A xk+1

* *

$ !98(*:0
f (xk )
xk+1 = xk − , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . =>
f (xk )
' * ) * * B B
: ) < * ; <
;
) 8 *
' ( ) 1 * * y = f (x) :

→
y = x ex − 1
2 f (x)
[0, 1]
=
2

" @(
f (0) × f (1) < 0 ⇒ ∃ x∗ ∈ [0, 1]

x∗ 2 f (x)

7 * #@@& f (x) = ex (1 + x)

xk exk − 1
xk+1 = xk −
exk (1 + xk )

" @(
+ 0 ( *@

< * $ !98(*: *

k xk ε = |xk+1 − xk |
7 A7 8
7A53--% 7A5757 %-
7A#%%## 7A753#
7A#5% -% 7A77 %-
7A#5% 7A777735
# 7A#5% 7A777777775
** ! $ !98(*: @ )CA

** * $ 4
** )
) <
= * )8
<
< *@> ) )

A <
* <;) * ?

' $ A $ !9A *@8

<
* * A 8
? $ !9 &
<A )8 ) ; ) <
A )

/ A $ ) A
x̂0 x̂1 A $ !9 *
/8

C * $ )
*
$ !9
)
!" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
1 $)) %&
*
=>A f (xk )A * *@
*
<
0
f (xk ) − f (xk−1)
f (xk ) ≈ =>
(xk − xk−1 )
! A ∆xk = (xk − xk−1 )A

=> *I*

) ) limxk−1 → xk A lim∆xk → 0

=>
=>A 80
⎡ ⎤
⎢ f (xk ) ⎥
xk+1 = xk − ⎢
⎣
⎥ =#>
f (xk ) − f (xk−1 ) ⎦
(xk − xk−1 )
A

xk f (xk ) − xk−1 f (xk )
xk+1 = xk − =5>
f (xk ) − f (xk−1 )

=5> * < * <

* $ 0
xk−1 f (xk ) − xk f (xk−1 )

xk+1 = =%>
f (xk ) − f (xk−1 )

* $ *
) *

<

y = f (x) * 1 #
1 #0

$

#

! A 8 * * * (xk−1 , f (xk−1 )) (xk , f (xk ))
*@
* ) y = f (x)
/

C * )
;A *8 :
D A B C A E D ' ) D
* *0 A = xk+1 A B = xk A C = (xk , f (xk ))A D = (xk−1 , f (xk−1 ))
E = xk−1 & <A *8 )0
f (xk ) f (xk−1 )
= =3>
(xk − xk+1 ) (xk−1 − xk+1 )
@* ) I

=3>A xk+1 A 8

* $ A @ K
=%>0
xk−1 f (xk ) − xk f (xk−1 )

xk+1 = =->
f (xk ) − f (xk−1 )
2x
' ( ) 1 * * y = f (x) :
→
y = e x − 1 − 3
e −1
2 f (x)

x0 = 1 x1 = 3
ε = |xk+1 − xk | < 10−3
7 *
;
2xk−1
e2xk − 1 e −1
xk−1 − 3 − xk −3
exk − 1 exk−1 − 1
xk+1 = 2xk 2xk−1
e −1 e −1
−3 − −3
exk − 1 exk−1 − 1
+ 0 ( *@

< * $ * 8

k xk+1 ε = |xk+1 − xk |
7 x0 = 1, 0 x1 = 3, 0
7A-% 3 75 A73 %5%-
7A3#%%57#7 7A7#-#-#5
7A%7#3# 7A%7- #
7A5-# 33-- 7A7#- #-%
# 7A5-#-77 7A775-%-3
5 7A5-%3- 7A7777-
5 !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
5 $)) ,?)&@(A)& (
! "# ,7) &

! $%&'() (

$
' $ !98(*: ;
* ) *

?.
<0
⎧
⎪
⎪ f1 (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = 0
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ f2 (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = 0
=7>
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ f (x , x , . . . , x ) = 0
n 1 2 n
fi A i = 1, 2 . . . , nA <

n );)

* * < )A
*0
f(x) = 0 =>
x ) );) * n * f <

)A
);) )A fi (x) <
0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
x1 f1 (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) f1 (x)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ f (x , x , . . . , x ) ⎥ ⎢ f (x) ⎥
⎢ x2 ⎥ ⎢ 2 1 2 n ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
x=⎢ ⎥; f(x) = ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ = >
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
xn fn (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) fn (x)
' B) ) x∗1 A x∗2 A . . .A x∗n A
⎧
⎪
⎪ f1 (x∗1 , x∗2 , . . . , x∗n ) = 0
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ f (x∗ , x∗ , . . . , x∗ ) = 0
2 1 2 n
=>
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ f (x∗ , x∗ , . . . , x∗ ) = 0
n 1 2 n
A * < * A * A

I0

%

−x1 (x1 + 1) + 2x2 = 18
=>
(x − 1)2 + (x2 − 6)2 = 25
* x∗1 A x∗2 A 0

f1 (x∗1 , x∗2 ) = −x1 (x1 + 1) + 2x2 − 18 = 0
=#>
f2 (x∗1 , x∗2 ) = (x − 1)2 + (x2 − 6)2 − 25 = 0
,A ?. =#> * * =x1 , x2 >

) * f1 f2 *
"

A

. *
/ * $ !9

A *8 "
# $ * *@ <

! A @* <
f (x) * xk
*0
(x − xk )2 (x − xk )n
f (x) = f (xk ) + f (xk )(x − xk ) + f (xk ) + . . . + f n (xk ) =5>
2! n!
+8 * * *@

* )) f (x)
+OA 80
f (x) ≈ f (xk ) + f (xk )(x − xk ) =%>
28 *@
*
=%>A *8 .
f (x) A f (x∗ ) = 0A
f (xk ) + f (xk )(x∗ − xk ) = 0 =3>
@* ) .A x∗ A

=3>A 80
f (xk )
x∗ = xk − =->
f (xk )
A * ) . <
A x∗ A * )A
)8 )
=-> <
! A
3 !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
5 $)) ,?)&@(A)& (
! "# ,7) &

* * ) $ !9 *
.
0
f (xk )
xk+1 = xk − = 7>
f (xk )

"7) 1 2/3 % % % f (x)
4& 5 & 6 7 23 & %
,.
=3> *

A
*@
+O * =7> 0
f(xk ) + F (xk )(x∗ − xk ) = 0 = >
)
= > < *

A 80
f(xk ) + F (xk )(xk+1 − xk ) = 0 = >
F (x) ) <

)A );) ) .A
) * f(x)
* xA

%
0

∂fi
J(x) = F (x) = i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n. = >
∂xj

= >
= >0
f(xk ) + J(xk )(xk+1 − xk ) = 0 = >
/

CA * *8
= > * J−1 (xk )
@*8 xk+1 0
J−1 (xk ) f(xk ) + (xk+1 − xk ) = 0 = #>
xk+1 = xk − J−1 (xk ) f(xk ) = 5>

-

*

= 7> *

! A ) . *

*
) * A ** *
A ?*
* : /8 ) * :
= >
<
) @ *0
vk = xk+1 − xk = %>
& <A 8 *@

=k + 1> )

0
f(xk ) + J(xk ) vk = 0 = 3>
J(xk ) vk = −f(xk ) = ->
' = ->A ; < * Ax = bA * ) *

A ) *@
?. f(x)A x∗ A
* ) . 60
xk+1 = xk + vk =7>
' ( ) 1 4 .

IN
5+

*

f1 (x1 , x2 ) = 2x31 − x22 − 1 = 0 1, 2
x0 =
f2 (x1 , x2 ) = x1 x32 − x2 − 4 = 0 1, 7
7
2 K

6x21 −2x2
J(x1 , x2 ) =
x32 3x1 x22 − 1
" *

)# !#
#7 !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#
5 $)) ,?)&@(A)& (
! "# ,7) &

8, 64 −3, 40 −0, 4340
J(x0 ) = f(x0 ) =
4, 91 9, 40 0, 1956
5
* #@$-&

v0 = [0, 03488 − 0, 03902]T
7 * #@@F&

* 2

x1 = [1, 2349 1, 6610]T
= 3 * J(x1) f(x1 ) v1

x2 = [1, 2343 1, 6615]T
= ; 3 .

IN
5+

*
f1 (x0 ) = −0, 4340 f2 (x0 ) = 0, 1956

f1 (x1 ) = 7, 46 × 10−3 f2 (x1 ) = −1, 99 × 10−3
f1 (x2 ) = −1, 28 × 10−4 f2 (x2 ) = 3, 20 × 10−4

'0 1 )" " -"

$ ). ; . 6 * @ <?A 8
* *@ <
G "

* B ) ! A 8 *@ ) *
. 6 * &
'

;

) <
f (x)0

#

df (x) f (x + ∆x) − f (x)

f (x) = = lim∆x→0 =>
dx ∆x
' * * ) *0
∂fi fi (x + ∆x) − fi (x)

= lim∆x→0 = >
∂xj ∆x
A * @*A C
0
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎨ f1 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = 0
f2 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = 0 =>
⎪
⎪
⎩ f (x , x , x ) = 0
3 1 2 3
. 6 *0
⎡ ⎤
∂f1 ∂f1 ∂f1
⎢ ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ∂f2 ∂f2 ∂f2 ⎥
J(x) = ⎢
⎢ ∂x
⎥ =>
⎢ 1 ∂x2 ∂x3 ⎥
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ∂f3 ∂f3 ∂f3 ⎦
∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3
B *@
*

0
⎡ ⎤
f1 (x1 + ∆x) − f1 (x1 ) f1 (x2 + ∆x) − f1 (x2 ) f1 (x3 + ∆x) − f1 (x3 )
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ∆x ∆x ∆x ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ f2 (x1 + ∆x) − f2 (x1 ) f2 (x2 + ∆x) − f2 (x2 ) f2 (x3 + ∆x) − f2 (x3 ) ⎥
J(x) ≈ ⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥ =#>
⎢ ∆x ∆x ∆x ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ f3 (x1 + ∆x) − f3 (x1 ) f3 (x2 + ∆x) − f3 (x2 ) f3 (x3 + ∆x) − f3 (x3 ) ⎦
∆x ∆x ∆x

"7) % ( ! 8 $ "
$ (
% # & 0
$ % ∆x 9 % ! 8

$ :%
# !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#

PQ :A 2 $ /.A ( =--3>

.
+ O /P

6
/P
7 6
A $
P Q 4A J 4A $ $ J * 1:A 1 1J ):A $ 4 $A $
=-3%> 3 I 7 = a

>A R(4(
PQ 4A S 6 = 77%> I .

+ + 6 7 .7")7DA
2)O /
PQ 4OA T & /A ( =--> 6 / 6
=
H
A , &
P#Q A $ A ! = 777> I .
+ + 6
N
+ .7")7D 7
A /8R
P5Q *A 6 =--3> 0

=
/P
6
N
+ .7")7DA 4U:V
P%Q :A $ = 77> .

I A 2!$/
P3Q *A $ 4 = 773> "+4 .
+
1
N =A + 6
7
5

= + 6 1
O I
.
+A /8R
P-Q &)A $ =-3> I .
+ . + 6A 6: TO
W
P7Q ,U:A $ = 77 > =

/P
6
7O
I .
+
A $
PQ R:A $ =-35> ) =* 6

'5"57I %%A $,98
R

#

+,- -
.
I = 6+
P Q /A 6 A / = 77>
G 1 6 =
6+ G ==64'5KA 8**
PQ (A ( , &A & & =--#> 7 .
+
. + 6
A 6: TO W
PQ (A 6 4 =--> 7 0

I .
+ + 6 = nd
>A +@ +: 2)O /
P#Q ( A $ , *A F ( =--%> 3 I 7

"

= a

>A $U 4U 8 /
P5Q *A &J $A 6 + )A R $ = 77> 3 I

.
3

.
I A / 8 / R
P%Q XA & , A $ ( = 77> 6 / =F 8 a
>A $U
4U
P3Q XA & , A $ ( = 77> 6 / =F 8 a
>A $U
4U
# !" # $ %$&
'&# (
)## *&#

16 ApostilaSistEqAlgebricas

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

16 ApostilaSistEqAlgebricas

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis



      

 

' $   

  /) /0 #

  /) *0 %

$ 4  

' $  &

' $    #

   /) *  $  &    5

 ' $  6 7

 ' $  , 8 

# $     #

# $  !98(*: *    

# ;   $. 6 * &<

&  ;  *  *

(   *@

(   *@

H   *    : B *.    *  * =A

  *   *    )

*  *  

   )    

 ?   @*A  <       

     : ;   B    

& A 8   *D       

A   )   x = [x1 x2 · · · xn ]T  b = [b1 b2 · · · bn ]T A

    A   . )?) = A   @ A−1    A−1 A =

 A−1 *  )  . A  x   ) 

' ( )   

'    * *  

   !"  #$%  &

*?)A   * 

*?)A  ;

 bi = 0A i = 1, 2, . . . , nA  A   ) b = 0A     *+,

' ( )  

1  0 (*

'  *?) *      ,A  

' ( )  

   !"     

' $)) 

' (    )     *   % +" 

2   *  : 

')       A  A   aii = 0 * i =

' ( ) 1 1  

' (    ,

+     

'   ,    *

' ( ) 5  

 l1 #1a  *& l2 #2a  *&  l3 #3a  *&

= + > 

  *  x1 = 1 x2 = 0  x3 = −1 x = [1 0 − 1]T

B      0

< <  A    ,    < )8

/8 .  *  @* # *   * 8

    : =li A i = 1 : n>   = 7> *   

   det(A) = 0A  * *?) )     <

& <A   = 7> ; *   <0

⎡ (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)

(0) (0) (0)

( 2 ' B)  *    I x1   

  <  8   

      *  

& A    li (i = 2, . . . , n)  

' $

/) /0 #

/) *0 %

$ 4

' $ &

' $ #

/) * $ & 5

' $ 6 7

' $ , 8

# $ #

# $ !98(:

# ; $. 6 * &<

& ;

( *@

( *@

H : B . =A

)

)

? @*A <

: ; B

& A 8 *D

A ) x = [x1 x2 · · · xn ]T b = [b1 b2 · · · bn ]T A

A . )?) = A @ A−1 A−1 A =

A−1 * ) . A x )

' ( )

'

!" #$% &

?)A

*?)A ;

bi = 0A i = 1, 2, . . . , nA A ) b = 0A *+,

' ( )

1 0 (*

' ?) ,A

' ( )

!"

' $))

' ( ) * % +"

2 * :

') A A aii = 0 * i =

' ( ) 1 1

' ( ,

+

' , *

' ( ) 5

l1 #1a & l2 #2a & l3 #3a *&

= + >

* x1 = 1 x2 = 0 x3 = −1 x = [1 0 − 1]T

B 0

< < A , < )8

/8 . @ # 8

: =li A i = 1 : n> = 7> *

det(A) = 0A ?) ) <

& <A = 7> ; * <0

( 2 ' B) * I x1

< 8

*

& A li (i = 2, . . . , n)

*A .0

( 2 ' B) * I x2

*

*A .0

? ;A 8 (n − 1) .

* x = 1, 00010 y = 0, 99990

/ $

1 ) $

k

A ?) )E A )E

/ A )8 )A BA

! ? * k <

+ : k i < ;

' ( ) *

|aj2 | = |a32 | = 3 ⇒ ? = −3

/ +

') < @ %A )E *

)) *

; @C < L U ) *8

1 0 & ;

2/3 3

( D A + B = 1000

$ D A = V + CH + CS + CCEL