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Guia Lagartos Ebook PDF
Guia Lagartos Ebook PDF
Coordenação editorial
William E. Magnusson
Albertina Pimentel Lma
Fotos
Dos autores, exceto as fotos indicadas na página 173
Prefácio Preface
Agradecimentos Acknowledgments
P rimeiramente, agradece-
mos aos numerosos herpe-
tólogos, passados e atuais,
cujas pesquisas de campo
sobre lagartos amazônicos cria-
ram as bases para este livro.
Quatro instituições brasileiras, o
W e first acknowledge the
many herpetologists, past
and present, whose field
research on Amazonian
lizards forms the foundation for
this book. Four Brazilian
agencies, Instituto Nacional de
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA),
da Amazônia (INPA), o Instituto Instituto Brasileiro do Meio
Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e Ambiente e dos Recursos
dos Recursos Naturais Renová- Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA),
veis (IBAMA), o Museu Paraense Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi
Emílio Goeldi (MPEG) e o Con- (MPEG), and Conselho Nacional
selho Nacional de Desenvolvi- de Desenvolvimento Científico
mento Científico e Tecnológico e Tecnológico (CNPq) have
(CNPq), forneceram apoio logístico. provided immeasurable logistic
Parte da pesquisa que resultou support. Portions of the
neste livro foi apoiada através de research leading to this book
bolsas da NSF (DEB-9200779
were supported by NSF grants
e DEB-9505518) a L. J. Vitt,
(DEB-9200779 and DEB-
J. P. Caldwell e Sam Noble
9505518) to L. J. Vitt and
Oklahoma Museum of Natural
Histor y, e par te foi financiada J. P. Caldwell and the Sam
por bolsas de pesquisa e inter- Noble Oklahoma Museum of
câmbio científico do CNPq e Natural History, and part was
CAPES para W. E. Magnusson financed by grants for scientific
e A.P. Lima. Somos muito gratos interchange from CNPq and
a Edivaldo Vasconcelos, Bill Quat- CAPES to W. E. Magnusson and
Sumário Contents
Introdução 13 Introduction
10
Como os lagartos
42 Lizard reproduction
se reproduzem
58
Amphisbaenidae
60 Amphisbaena alba
62 Amphisbaena fuliginosa
64 Amphisbaena slevini
66
Gekkonidae
68 Coleodactylus amazonicus
70 Gonatodes humeralis
72 Hemidactylus mabouia
74 Pseudogonatodes guianensis
76 Thecadactylus rapicauda
78
Iguanidae
80 Iguana iguana
82 Anolis fuscoauratus
84 Anolis nitens nitens
86 Anolis ortonii
88 Anolis philopunctatus
90 Polychrus marmoratus
92 Plica plica
94 Plica umbra umbra
96 Tropidurus hispidus
98 Uracentron azureum azureum
100 Uranoscodon superciliosus
11
102
Scincidae
104 Mabuya nigropunctata
106
Gymnophthalmidae
108 Alopoglossus angulatus
110 Arthrosaura reticulata
112 Bachia flavescens
114 Bachia panoplia
116 Iphisa elegans
118 Leposoma sp.
120 Leposoma percarinatum
122 Neusticurus bicarinatus
124 Ptychoglossus brevifrontalis
126 Tretioscincus agilis
128
Teiidae
130 Ameiva ameiva
132 Cnemidophorus sp.
134 Crocodilurus amazonicus
136 Kentropyx calcarata
138 Tupinambis teguixin
12
Introdução Introduction
13
Imagem de satélite
da Reserva Florestal
Adolpho Ducke, 2006.
(Fonte: INPE/NASA)
Satellite image of
Reserva Florestal
Adolpho Ducke, 2006.
(Source: INPE/NASA)
14
15
16
17
O diminutivo geconídeo,
Coleodactylus amazonicus,
cabe na ponta de um dedo.
Esta fêmea adulta possuí um
ovo completamente
formado, que pode ser visto
através da parede do corpo.
The tiny gecko Coleodactylus
amazonicus can fit on the tip
of a finger. This adult female
has a fully formed egg that can
be seen through the body wall.
18
Biologia Biology
de Lagartos of Lizards
19
20
que são capazes de produzir mo- animals that they bite. However,
léculas complexas que digerem, e these glands only developed
potencialmente envenenam, os to the point of offering a threat to
animais que eles mordem. No humans in some of the lizards
entanto, estas glândulas somente without legs that we
se desenvolveram a ponto de ofe-
conventionally call snakes (but not
recer uma ameaça a pessoas em
all snakes are venomous), in two
alguns dos lagartos sem pernas
species of lizard (Gila Monster,
que nós convencionalmente cha-
mamos cobras (mas nem todas as Beaded Lizard) that live in the
cobras são venenosas), em duas south of the USA and in Mexico,
espécies de lagartos que vivem no and the Komodo Dragon from
México e sul dos Estados Unidos Southeast Asia. No species of
(Gila Monster, Beaded Lizard) e no lizard from Amazonia represents a
“Dragão de Komodo” do Sudeste danger to humans (but the larger
da Ásia. Nenhuma das espécies de ones do have a powerful bite).
lagar tos da Amazônia oferece In several places in Brazil, people
perigo a pessoas (mas lagartos believe that some lizards, such as
grandes podem morder com for- the introduced house gecko, are
ça). Em vários lugares do Brasil
venomous. These tales, like those
acredita-se popularmente que
of the pink dolphin that turns into
alguns lagartos, como a osga ou
a man and seduces innocent girls
lagartixa encontrada comumente
em casas e introduzida da África, during festivals, are sociologically
são venenosas. Essas crenças, interesting, but they should not
como a do boto vermelho que vira cause us to fear these harmless
homem e engravida meninas ino- creatures.
centes em noites de festa, são so-
ciologicamente interessantes, mas Lizard Size
não devem nos levar a temer es-
sas pequenas criaturas inócuas. Lizard species at RFAD have adult
body sizes that vary from 45 mm
O tamanho total length and 0.2 g in mass for
de um lagarto Coleodactylus amazonicus to
about 1.5 m and at least 3.5 kg
As espécies de lagartos da RFAD
têm tamanhos que variam de for Iguana iguana. Much of a
45 mm de comprimento total e lizard’s body consists of the tail.
0,2 g de peso (Coleodactylus ama- The tail may be used as a
zonicus) a cerca de 1,5 m e pelo counterbalance when running
menos 3,5 kg ( Iguana iguana ). and jumping, it may be prehensile
Grande parte do comprimento de in climbing species, some species
21
22
rio e digestivo, análoga ao ânus dos from the distance from the tip of
mamíferos). Essa medida, denomi- the snout to the posterior edge
nada comprimento rostro-cloacal of the thigh in free-living lizards.
(CRC) ou comprimento rostro-anal
(CRA), pode ser equivalente a me- Reptiles are much more flexible in
nos de um terço do comprimento their growth and maximum sizes
total de um lagarto com cauda in- than are mammals. If conditions
tacta. O CRC é medido com o la- are bad at a particular site or in a
garto deitado de costas, mas pode particular year, the lizards may just
ser estimado, em lagartos livres, slow down growth, or they may
como a distância da ponta do foci- mature at much smaller sizes than
nho à margem posterior da coxa. usual. Also some lizards undergo
Os répteis são muito mais flexíveis a thousand-fold increase in mass
no seu crescimento e tamanho between hatching and sexual
máximo que os mamíferos. Se as maturity. Therefore the sizes given
condições estão ruins em um de- in the accounts, which are based
terminado lugar ou em um ano
on data from many Amazonian
particular, os lagartos podem sim-
sites, and occasionally extra-
plesmente crescer menos e assim
atingir a maturidade sexual com Amazonian sites, should only be
tamanhos muito menores que o used as a rough guide to the sizes
usual. Além disso, alguns lagartos expected for individuals of a
aumentam em peso milhares de particular species at RFAD.
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
outras presas faz com que não valha Most lizards appear to avoid ants,
a pena cavar para tirar os cupins de considering that they are the
suas galerias na floresta chuvosa. Mi- invertebrates most frequently
nhocas foram registradas somente encountered in most habitats.
na dieta de Gonatodes humeralis e
Ants usually only form a
Uranoscodon superciliosus, ambas
significant part of the diet
espécies arborícolas e diurnas. Talvez
essas espécies não heliotérmi- for lizards of the subfamily
cas possam capturar minhocas Tropidurinae. Plica umbra and
expostas após chuvas fortes, Uracentron azureum are ant
quando os lagartos que dependem specialists; other types of foods
de temperaturas mais altas para representing only a tiny fraction
caçar estão entocados. Moluscos fo- of their diet. Plica plica,
ram registrados na dieta de Alopo- Tropidurus hispidus and other
glossus angulatus e Neusticurus tropidurines frequently eat ants,
bicarinatus em outras regiões. Pos-
but the proportion of the food
sivelmente moluscos são mais
volume represented by ants
comuns nas beiras de corpos de
água, onde estas espécies são mais rarely attains 50%.
encontradas. Termites are surprisingly rare in
Alguns lagartos, especialmente the diets of the lizards of RFAD,
Iguana iguana, Polychrus marmo- considering that Isoptera is one
ratus e espécies da família Teiidae, the most abundant groups in the
freqüentemente comem flores ou forest. In more arid areas, termites
frutos, mas estes normalmente represent a large part of the diet
representam uma parte pequena of most widely foraging lizards,
da dieta dos lagartos da RFAD, com such as most teiids. Possibly, the
a possível exceção de alguns indi-
high abundance of other prey
víduos de Tupinambis teguixin, que
means that it is not worthwhile
podem comer grandes quantida-
des de frutos de palmeiras. Iguana to dig termites out of their
iguana é a única espécie da RFAD galleries in rainforest, or they may
cuja dieta é especializada em fo- be hard to digest. Earthworms
lhas. Essa espécie, como outras na have been recorded only from the
subfamília Iguaninae, possui mi- diets of Gonatodes humeralis and
crorganismos no trato digestivo Uranoscodon superciliosus, both
que são capazes de digerir celulo- arboreal and diurnal species.
se, que representa grande parte Perhaps these non-heliothermic
das folhas e caules de plantas. lizards can capture worms
Em geral, vertebrados só fazem exposed after heavy rain, when
parte da dieta das espécies maio- the lizards that require high
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
das espécies é usar sua capacidade less than the cost of becoming the
de autotomia para deixar a cauda na predators main meal.
boca do predador enquanto foge. A
cauda continua balançando por bas- Lizard reproduction
tante tempo após ter quebrado,
dando tempo ao lagarto de fugir. Lizards have internal fertilization.
Perder a cauda não é sem custos. A Most tropical lizards lay eggs, but
cauda demorará a regenerar, e não the only genus of skink that occurs
será igual a original. A energia gasta in Amazonia, Mabuya, includes
na regeneração não estará disponí- species that bear live young
vel para outras atividades metabóli- (viviparity), a characteristic more
cas como crescimento ou reprodu- commonly seen in lizards from cold
ção, mas esses custos são, sem climates, where temperatures are
dúvida, menores que o de virar a
not adequate for incubation.
refeição completa do predador.
Mabuya species have the most
complex system of placental
Como os lagartos se nourishment of fetuses that has
reproduzem been reported for any reptile.
Os lagartos têm fertilização inter-
na, propiciada pela cópula. A mai-
oria dos lagartos tropicais põe
ovos. A viviparidade (caso em que
os filhotes nascem diretamente da
mãe) é mais comumente encontra-
da em lagartos de regiões frias,
onde as temperaturas não são ade-
quadas para incubação no substra-
to. No entanto, as espécies do
único genêro de Scincidae que
ocorre na Amazônia, Mabuya, pro-
duzem filhotes que nascem dire-
tamente da mãe. Essas espécies
possuem o sistema de nutrição
através de placenta mais complexo
que já foi relatado para qualquer Gekkonideos, como este Thecadactylus
espécie de réptil. rapicauda do Parque Nacional Viruá, RR,
não têm palpebras móveis e usam a
Algumas espécies de lagartos têm língua para limpar os olhos.
número invariável de ovos na de-
Gekkonids, like this Thecadactylus rapicauda
sova, mas na maioria das espécies from Viruá National Park, RR, do not have
o número de ovos em cada deso- movable eyelids and use the tongue to
va aumenta com o tamanho da clean the eye.
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
descritas aqui, sugerimos ao leitor con- species that occur in RFAD, it has
sultar o trabalho de Avila-Pires (1995). not been necessary to present a
A intenção primária deste livro é high level of detail in the species
fornecer informações básicas sobre descriptions or keys to allow the
a identificação e história natural reader to easily identify species
dos lagartos que ocorrem na RFAD. encountered there.
Esforçamo-nos para apresentar as If species are discovered at RFAD
informações em um nível que pos- that we have not covered, we refer
sam ser úteis para biólogos profissi- the reader to Avila-Pires (1995).
The primary intent of this book is
to provide basic information on
identification and natural history
of lizards occurring in RFAD.
We have worked hard to present
information at a level that will be
of use to professional biologists,
students, and even tourists.
The field key should allow even a
novice a high degree of accuracy
in identifying lizards on sight.
To make the best use of the field
key, it is critical to make careful
observations not only on the lizard,
but its microhabitat and where
it is relative to direct sunlight.
In addition, accurate estimates of
Este livro trata dos lagartos da RFAD, size are of considerable use in field
que pertencem à maioria dos gêneros
identifications. For example, any
de lagarto que ocorrem na Amazonia.
No entanto, outras espécies lizard larger than 3 cm from the
e gêneros que ocorrem na região de tip of the snout to the hind limbs
Manaus, como Dracaena guianensis,
cannot possibly be Coleodactylus
da beira do rio Amazonas, ocupam
hábitats que não existem na RFAD. amazonicus because C. amazonicus
This book covers the lizards of RFAD, which
never reaches 3 cm in snout-vent
include most of the genera length. Likewise, if the lizard you
of lizards that occur in Amazônia. However, observe appears to be at least 30
other species and genera, such as Dracaena
cm snout-vent length, it can only
guianensis from the banks of the rio
Amazonas, occur in the Manaus region in be Iguana iguana or Tupinambis
habitats that do not occur in RFAD. teguixin.
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
LINNAEUS, 1758
A :: cabeça A :: head
B :: corpo B :: body
C :: indivíduo de rio Tucuxí, AM C :: individual from rio Tucuxi, AM
D :: superfície ventral da cabeça e cauda D :: ventral surface of head and tail
indivíduo de Jalapão, TO individual from rio Tucuxi, AM
60
Referências/References: Beebe (1945), Vanzolini (1951), Duellman (1978), Colli & Zamboni (1999).
62
SCHMIDT,1936
Distribuição
Distribuição: Conhecida somente de Distribution: Known only from
Manaus (Brasil) e Guiana Francesa, mas Manaus (Brazil) and French Guiana,
provavelmente ocorre sobre uma área but probably occurs over a
muito maior. much larger area.
Descrição
Descrição: CRC até aproximadamente Descrição: SVL to about 120 mm.
120 mm. Patas ausentes, escamas Legs are absent, scales are arranged
organizadas em 204-211 anéis em in 204-211 rings (annuli) around the
volta do corpo, e 23-25 na cauda. Cada body, and 23-25 on the tail. Each
olho rudimentar é coberto por uma rudimentary eye is covered by a scale.
escama, e a cauda curta parece a First parietals and postocular scales
cabeça. As primeiras escamas parietais very large, making the head sheild-like
e as pós-oculares são muito grandes, and distinct from the body. There are
deixando a cabeça distinta do corpo. distinct lateral folds along each side
Possui uma dobra longitudinal no lado of the body. The skin has little
do corpo, a coloração da pele é rosada pigmentation and the colour is
sem manchas distintas. uniform pinkish or flesh colored.
Espécies semelhantes
semelhantes: Outras espé- Similar species: Other amphisbaenids
cies de Amphisbaena conhecidas da known from RFAD are much larger
RFAD são muito maiores e não possu- and do not have large scales covering
em escamas grandes cobrindo a parte the posterior part of the head.
posterior da cabeça.
Natural history: Not heliothermic.
História natural
natural: Não heliotérmica. Little is known of the biology of this
Pouco é conhecido sobre a biologia species. Almost all specimens were
desta espécie. Quase todos os espéci- collected in the Manaus region by
mes foram obtidos na região de Manaus following bulldozers or during floods,
através da técnica de seguir máquinas so the species is probably strictly
de terraplenagem ou durante enchentes, subterranean. Many specimens have
indicando que a espécie é estritamente autotomized tails, so this appears to
subterrânea. Muitos espécimes possuem be an important defense mechanism
caudas autotomizadas, indicando que for the species.
isto é um mecanismo de defesa impor-
tante para a espécie.
A :: cabeça A :: head
B :: corpo B :: body
C :: dorso C :: dorsum
D :: ventre D :: ventral surface
64
S
.
pecies in the family Gekkonidae (commonly called Geckos) have the head
covered predominantly by granular scales, usually do not have eyelids and
the fleshy tongue is used to clean the eyes. Geckos occur throughout
much of the world, except the coldest areas, such as Antarctica and
Greenland. Many species occur on oceanic islands, having rafted there long
ago. Although most species of geckos reproduce sexually (male and female),
some are parthenogenetic with all individuals in the population being
female. Some geckos are known to have temperature-dependent sex
determination. The subfamily Gekkoninae has a near worldwide distribution
and contains both nocturnal species with elliptical pupils in the eyes and
diurnal species with round pupils. The subfamily Sphaerodactylinae is
restricted to the New World and is comprised of primarily diurnal species with
round pupils. Two genera of the subfamily Gekkoninae (Hemidactylus and
Thecadactylus [both nocturnal], and four genera of the subfamily
Sphaerodactylinae (Coleodactylus, Gonatodes, Lepidoblepharus, and
Pseudogonatodes [all diurnal]) occur in the Brazilian Amazon. Five gekkonid
genera are known to occur in RFAD.
66
67
A :: cabeça A :: head
B :: dorso B :: dorsum
C :: ventre C :: ventral surface
68
(GUICHENOT, 1855)
70
A :: cabeça A :: head
B :: corpo B :: body
C :: ventre C :: ventral surface
D :: almofadas digitais D :: toe pads
72
(ANDERSSON, 1918)
Referências/References: Dixon & Soini (1975), Duellman (1978), Gasc et al. (1983).
A :: cabeça A :: head
B :: corpo B :: body
C :: corpo, indivíduo de Porto Velho, RO C :: body, individual from Porto Velho, RO
D :: escamas granulares do corpo D :: granular body scales
74
(HOUTTUYN, 1782)
Referências/References: Beebe (1944); Hoogmoed (1973); Meede (1984); Hero & Magnusson (1987);
Hoogmoed & Avila-Pires (1989); Olson (1993) ; Vitt & Zani (1997).
A :: cabeça A :: head
B :: adulto do rio Ituxi, AM, com B :: adult from rio Ituxi, AM, with
cauda regenerada regenerated tail
C :: cauda original de jovem C :: original tail of juvenile
D :: pé com membranas interdigitais D :: foot with toe webbing
76
Referências/References: Guyer & Savage (1986); Frost & Etheridge (1989); Savage & Guyer (1989); Irschick et al.
(1997); Frost et al. (2001a,b); Zug et al. (2001); Cooper & Vitt (2002).
78
79
(LINNAEUS, 1858)
Referências/References: Hendersen (1974); Fitch & Hendersen (1977); Rand & Greene (1982);
Rand & Bock (1992); Avila-Pires (1995);
.
A :: adulto, de Novo Airão, AM A :: adult, from Novo Airão, AM
B :: subadulto grande, Novo Airão, AM B :: large subadult, Novo Airão, AM
C :: adulto jovem mostrando papo C :: joung adult, displaying dewlap
D :: juvenil, região de Santarém, PA D :: juvenile, Santarém region, PA
80
82
(WAGLER, 1830)
Referências/References: Vanzolini & Williams (1970); Vitt et al. (2001); Avila-Pires (1995).
84
COPE, 1869
86
RODRIGUES 1988
Distribuição: A espécie foi descrita com Distribution: The species was described
base em 5 espécimes coletados 90 km a from 5 specimens collected 90 km north-
nordeste de Manaus, sendo posteriormen- east of Manaus, later being found also in
te registrada também para a área da the area of Balbina hydroelectric dam. Its
hidrelétrica de Balbina. A validade dessa validity is questionable because, except
espécie é incerta pois, exceto pela coloração for the dewlap colour, it is very similar to
do apêndice gular, assemelha-se muito a Anolis punctatus, which occurs in all of
Anolis punctatus, que é encontrada em lowland Amazonia and the Atlantic forest
quase todas as áreas baixas na Amazônia e of Brazil south into the State of São Paulo.
na Floresta Atlântica brasileira, onde se
estende ao sul até o Estado de São Paulo. Description: SVL to 90 mm
(females to 81 mm). The body is slightly
Descrição: CRC até 90 mm (fêmeas até compressed laterally and the scansorial
81 mm). Distintamente verde, podendo pads on the digits of the front limbs
mudar rapidamente para uma coloração well developed. A distinctly green anole,
marrom-violácea. Freqüentemente individuals can change rapidly to all
apresentam pequenos pontos azuis late- brown. Individuals may have small blue
ralmente, e algumas fêmeas adultas e in- spots on the sides, and some females
divíduos jovens podem ter uma série de and younger individuals may have a
faixas transversais pouco distintas no cor- series of poorly defined dark crossbands
po. Apêndice gular grande nos machos, on the body. The large dewlap of males
laranja com manchas negras. Apêndice is orange with black patches. The small
gular pequeno nas fêmeas, amarelo ou dewlap of females is orange.
laranja. Corpo ligeiramente comprimido.
Lamelas infradigitais bem desenvolvidas. Similar species: This species cannot be
Espécies semelhantes: Não se con- confused with any anole known to
funde com qualquer outra espécie até o occur at RFAD. However, Anolis
momento registrada para a RFAD, mas philopunctatus differs from A.
difere de A. punctatus somente pela pre- punctatus only by the presence of large
sença de grandes manchas negras no dark marks on an orange dewlap.
apêndice gular laranja. É importante veri- A. punctatus does not have dark patches
ficar esse caráter nos exemplares que vie- on its dewlap. Therefore, it is important
rem a ser observados na RFAD. to always check the dewlap color.
História natural: Não heliotérmica. É um Natural history: Not heliothermic.
lagarto arborícola, mais freqüentemente An arboreal anole found on various
encontrado em troncos de árvores gran- sized tree trunks, limbs, and in the
des ou pequenas. Indivíduos dormindo canopy that may jump large
podem ser encontrados sobre folhas, cipós distances to catch insects, sometimes
e galhos finos horizontais. Pula grandes falling to the ground with the
distâncias para capturar presas, algumas prey in the mouth. Based on data for
vezes caindo até o chão com a presa na Anolis punctatus, females probably
boca. Fêmeas provavelmente produzem produce many clutches of one egg
. muitas desovas por ano, consistindo de (about 10 X 7 mm) per year.
um único ovo de cerca de 10 X 7 mm.
Referências/References: Rodrigues, (1988); Zimmerman & Rodrigues (1990); Pough & Magnusson (1992: 408);
Gasnier et al. (1994); Vitt & Zani (1996b); Vitt et al. (2003b),
A :: cabeça A :: head
B :: apêndice gular (papo) B :: dewlap
C :: almofadas digitais C :: toe pads
D :: fase verde D :: green phase
E :: fase marrom E :: brown phase
88
(LINNAEUS, 1758)
90
(LINNAEUS, 1758)
A :: juvenil A :: juvenile
B :: adulto B :: adult
C :: adulto C :: adult
D :: ventre D :: ventral surface
92
(LINNAEUS, 1758)
Referências/References: Magnusson & Lima (1987), Gasnier et al. (1994), Vitt et al. (1997b).
94
(SPIX, 1825)
Referências/References: Hoogmoed (1973); Vitt & Goldberg (1983); Vitt & Carvalho (1995); Frost et al. (2001a);
Vitt (1995); Vitt et al. (1996, 1997c).
96
(LINNAEUS, 1758)
98
(LINNAEUS, 1758)
100
T he lizard family Scincidae occurs around the world, except the coldest
parts such as Antarctica and Greenland, but is represented in Brazil
by a single genus, Mabuya. This genus included species from the
Americas, Africa and Asia, but the most recent revision includes only
species from the Americas. Species in this genus have rounded scales
underlain by bony plates (osteoderms), and relatively large regular scales
on the head, including a pair of internasals, which are absent in teiids
and gymnophthalmids. The tongue is wide and its tip is not forked.
About five species of Mabuya enter the Brazilian Amazon, only one of
which has been recorded from RFAD.
102
103
(SPIX, 1825)
104
106
107
(SPIX, 1825)
108
(O’SHAUGHNESSY, 1881)
A :: macho A :: male
B :: cabeça de macho B :: male head
C :: corpo C :: body
D :: ventre D :: ventral surface
110
(BONNATERRE, 1789)
Referências/References: Beebe (1945), Hoogmoed (1973), Hoogmoed & Lescure (1975), Gasc (1981), Martins (1991).
112
THOMAS, 1965
A :: cabeça A :: head
B :: cabeça dorsal B :: dorsal head
C :: cabeça ventral C :: ventral surface of head
D :: adulto D :: adult
114
GRAY, 1851
Referências/References: Beebe (1945), Hoogmoed (1973), Duellman (1978), Hoogmoed & Avila-Pires (1991).
116
Distribuição: Essa espécie vinha sendo Distribution: This species has been
confundida com L. guianense. Sua distri- confounded with L. guianense. Its
buição ainda não é bem conhecida. distribution is not yet clear.
Descrição: CRC até 39 mm. Membros Description: SVL to 39 mm. Limbs are
bem desenvolvidos, cauda 140-190% well developed, tail is about 140-190%
do comprimento do corpo. Margem of body length. Posterior margin of the
posterior da parietal e interparietal parietal and interparietal rounded.
arredondada. Dorsais hexagonais a Dorsal scales hexagon to phylloid
filóides, quilhadas. De cor marrom, sem shaped. Brown colored lizard with no
marcações que facilmente permitam distinct markings allowing easy
caracteriza-lo. Usualmente com uma lis- identification. A pale dorsolateral stripe
tra dorsolateral clara na região anterior is usually present, which follows a
do corpo, acompanhando parcialmente darker stripe that extends to the base
uma listra escura que se estende à base of the tail. The ventral region of adult
da cauda. Região ventral em machos males is orange to orange-red.
adultos laranja a laranja-avermelhada.
Similar species: The only lizards at the
Espécie semelhante: Os únicos lagartos RFAD with which this species can be
na RFAD com os quais a espécie pode confused are Leposoma percarinatum,
ser confundida são Leposoma Alopoglossus angulatus, and
percarinatum, Alopoglossus angulatus, Arthrosaura reticulata. It can be
e Arthrosaura reticulata. Distinguido distinguished from A. angulatus and
facilmente de A. angulatus e A. reticulata because in those species
A. reticulata pela forma da margem the posterior margins of the parietal
posterior das escamas parietal e and interparietal scales on the dorsal
interparietal, reta nestas espécies. surface of the head form a straight
De L. percarinatum distingue-se por posterior margin. L. sp. can be
(1) lados da escama interparietal diver- distinguished from L. percarinatum by
gentes nessa espécie, paralelos ou qua- the lateral edges of the parietal, which
se em L. percarinatum; (2) presença de are not parallel in this species, but
1-2 pequenas escamas separando a nearly parallel in L. percarinatum. It has
3a supraocular das supraciliares, esca- 1-2 small scales separating the third
mas essas ausentes em L. percarinatum; supraocular from the supraciliaries,
(ver figura 27A na chave morfológica) which are absent in L. percarinatum.
e (3) 30-35 escamas em uma linha (see figure 27A in morphological key
vertebral entre a interparietal e a margem Leposoma sp. has 30-35 scales along
posterior dos membros em Leposoma sp., the vertebral line between the
35-40 em L. percarinatum. interparietal and the posterior margin
of the hind legs. There are 35-40 of
História natural: Não heliotérmica. these scales in L. percarinatum.
Encontrada na serapilheira ou folhas de
palmeiras no chão da floresta, também Natural history: Not heliothermic.
em área de várzea. They are encounterd in leaf litter or
palm leaves on the ground in forests,
and in varzea.
Referências/References: Espécie está sendo descrita por Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues e colegas / Species is being
described by Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues and colleagues.
A :: adulto A :: adult
B :: dorso B :: dorsum
C :: ventre de fêmea C :: ventral surface of female
118
(MÜLLER, 1923)
A :: cabeça A :: head
B :: vista lateral B :: lateral view
C :: dorso C :: dorsum
120
(LINNAEUS, 1758)
122
(LINNAEUS, 1758)
124
(RUTHVEN, 1916)
Referências/References: Hoogmoed (1973), Gasc (1981), Zimmerman & Rodrigues (1990), Martins (1991), Avila-
Pires (1995).
126
T he family Teiidae is restricted to the New World. The head scales are
relatively large and regular, and the nasal scales abut dorsally.
The tongue is bifid. Six genera and at least 13 species are known
from the Brazilian Amazon. Most teiids forage actively and maintain
relatively high body temperatures during activity periods. Some species
in the genus Kentropyx are semi-arboreal, two genera (Crocodilurus
and Dracaena) are semi-aquatic, and the remainder are terrestrial. Three
genera, Ameiva, Kentropyx, and Tupinambis are known from RFAD,
Species of Cnemidophorus and Crocodilurus have been observed near
the reserve and they will likely occur there in the near future.
128
129
(LINNAEUS, 1758)
Referências/References: Simmons (1975), Vitt (1982), Magnusson et al. (1985), Magnusson (1987), Anderson &
Vitt (1990), Colli (1991), Magnusson (1993), Magnusson & Silva (1993), Vitt & Colli (1994), Vitt & Carvalho (1995),
Schulte et al (2003).
130
Referências/References: Peccinini-Seale & Frota-Pessoa (1974), Avila-Pires et al. (1987), Cole & Dessauer (1993), Vitt
et al (1997d), Avila-Pires (1995).
132
SPIX, 1825
Referências/References: : Avila-Pires (1995), Massary & Hoogmoed (2001), Mesquita et al. (2006).
134
SPIX, 1825
Referências/References:: Magnusson & Lima (1984), Vitt (1991b), Vitt et al. (1997e), Avila-Pires (1995).
136
(LINNAEUSSPIX, 1758)
Referências/References:: Beebe (1945), Duellman (1978), Anderson & Vitt (1990), Vitt & del la Torre (1996).
138
Chaves de identificação
140
141
142
143
144
Escamas dorsais retangulares, lisas (Fig. 23C); três dedos nas mãos (Fig. 23D),
de um a três dedos nos pés, ou dedos dos pés reduzidos a um pequeno
tubérculo; garras presentes ou ausentes . . . . . . Bachia flavescens • p.112
145
146
147
31 Escamas ventrais
distintamente carenadas . . . . . . . . . . . Kentropyx calcarata • p.136
148
149
9 Lagartos de porte médio (menor que 11cm CRC), ativos sobre o chão;
pele com aparência rugosa (escamas com tamanhos diferentes); cauda
com uma crista dorsal dupla . . . . . . Neusticurus bicarinatus • p.122
CRC até 13 cm; lagartos cinzas sem crista vertebral, sem apêndice
gular, cauda pouco mais comprida que o CRC; corpo achatado de cor
marrom acinzentado; sem escama grande, achatada e redonda abaixo
da abertura do ouvido; freqüentemente avistados em muros, cercas,
troncos de árvores, pedras etc. . . . . . . . . . Tropidurus hispidus • p.96
150
16 Lagarto liso; furta-cor; cauda dos jovens pode ser azul clara ou
marrom escuro a negro . . . . . . . . . . . Mabuya nigropunctata • p.104
151
152
CRC até 15 cm; cauda sem espinhos e mais longa que o CRC; pálpebras
parcialmente fundidas e olhos na forma de cone; linhas negras radiais em
volta do olho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polychrus marmoratus • p.90
153
Identification Keys
I
dentification keys are frequently could be found on page XX.
used in scientific publications,
If you have seen a lizard in the
and can be of great help when
field, but have been unable to
we can not identify species from
catch it, the field key may help
the photographs or general
you. This key works because most
information about similar species.
lizard species occupy only a limited
Keys usually give a limited number of
range of habitats, and those that
choices based on diagnostic
occur in the same place usually
characteristics that lead to another
differ in size, form or behavior.
choice further down the key. When
It will be most useful if you have
there are only two choices at each
noted where you saw the lizard
step (the most common form of
(e.g. in sun near a stream) and
key), it is called a dichotomous key.
what it was doing at the time
Each time the reader makes a
(e.g. motionless in low bush).
choice, the line of dots leads to a
species name, or a number The morphological key will be
indicating another choice further most useful to biologists and keen
down the key. For example, a naturalists, and you need to have
simplified key to four types of animals the lizard in hand to be able to see
might have the following form: For most of the diagnostic
characteristics. Many terms in the
example, the first line indicates that
key, especially those that relate to
if the animal has scales or a shell the
the names of scales, will not be
reader should move to the second
familiar to those who do not study
couplet. Based on couplet 2, if the
lizards. However, the figures
animal had small scales, it would be
should allow you to make right
identified as a lizard, whose description
decisions without having to
memorize the technical terms.
1 Skin with scales or enclosed in shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Skin smooth, toes without claws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
3
154
Morphological Key
to Lizards of Reserva Ducke
155
156
Gular fan extendable, flat (it may be reduced in females); fourth toe
distinctly longer than third . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
14 Lizards green in the wild with light blue spots, but may
turn brown when disturbed; adults reaching more than
70 mm snout-vent length . . . . . . . . . . . Anolis philopunctatus • p.88
15 Lizard with relatively long legs (tibia length 0.21-0.25 times SVL);
moderately wide lamellae under digits (widest segment about
two times as wide as the distal, non-dilated segment) (Fig. 15A),
and scales on posterior part of snout with one or
more low ridges (Fig. 11C) . . . . . . . . . . . . Anolis fuscoauratus • p.82
Robust lizard with relatively short legs (tibia length 0.18-0.22 times
SVL); very wide lamellae under digits (widest segment about three times
157
as wide as the distal, non-dilated segment) (Fig. 15B); smooth, flat scales
on posterior part of snout (Fig. 11B) . . . . . . . . . . Anolis ortonii • p.86
17 Third and fourth fingers about equal in size; vertebral crest continues
to tip of tail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uranoscodon superciliosus • p.100
158
159
Not as above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
160
28 One or two small scales separating the 3rd supraocular from the
supraciliar scales (Fig 27A: arrow). Interparietal with divergent lateral
margins (Fig. 27A); 30-35 transverse rows of dorsals in a longitudinal
line between interparietal and posterior margin of hind limbs; males and
females present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leposoma sp. • p.118
30 Four pairs of chin shields (Fig. 30A); ventral scales about twice as long
as wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arthrosaura reticulata • p.110
161
Ventrals smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
162
163
164
A shiny brown lizard with a blue tail; a distinct light brown stripe separa-
ting the black sides from the dark brown back extends from the tip of the
snout; frequently on dead tree trunks . . . . . Tretioscincus agilis • p.126
165
23 Head, with brown, red, and yellow stripes, body grey with black, yellow
and red spots in males (brown variegated in females); most frequently
below 1m high on tree trunks . . . . . . . . . . Gonatodes humeralis • p.70
Not as above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
24 A shiny brown lizard with a blue tail;
frequently on dead tree trunks . . . . . . . . Tretioscincus agilis • p.126
166
167
Bibliografia References
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Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). of Ameiva ameiva (Sauria: Teiidae) in
Zoologische Verhandelingen. 299:1- the cerrado of central Brazil. Copeia
706. 1991:1002-1012.
Avila-Pires, T. C. S., D. Peccinini-Seale & Colli, G. R. & D. S. Zamboni. 1999. The
W. E. Magnusson. 1987. Geographic ecology of the worm-lizard
distribution: Cnemidophorus Amphisbaena alba in the Cerrado of
lemniscatus. Herpetological Review central Brazil. Copeia 1999:733-742.
18:40. Cooper, W. E. Jr., & L. J. Vitt. 2002.
Anderson, R. A. & L. J. Vitt. 1990. Sexu- Distribution, extent, and evolution of
al selection versus alternative causes plant consumption by lizards. Journal
of sexual dimorphism in teiid lizards. of Zoology, London 257:487-517.
Oecologia 84:145-157. Dixon, J. R. & P. Soini. 1975. The reptiles
Beebe, W. 1944. Field notes on the of the upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos
lizards of Kartabo, British Guiana and region, Peru. Part 1. Lizards and
Caripito, Venezuela. Par t I. Amphisbaenians. Milwaukee Public
Gekkonidae. Zoologica 29:145-160. Museum Contributions in Biology
Beebe, W. 1945. Field notes on the and Geology 4:1-58.
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Caripito, Venezuela, Part 3. Teiidae, of an Equatorial Herpetofauna in
Amphisbaenidae and Scincidae. Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous
Zoologica 30:7-31. Publications Museum of Natural
Blackburn, D. G., & L. J. Vitt. 1992. History University of Kansas 65:1-
Reproduction in viviparous South 352.
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Pp. 150-164 in W. Hamlett (ed.) Age and sex differences,
Reproductive Biology of South American reproduction and conser vation of
Vertebrates. Springer-Verlag, New York. Iguana iguana . Milwaukee Public
Cole, C. J. & H. C. Dessauer. 1993. Museum Contributions in Biology
Unisexual and bisexual whiptail and Geology 13:1-21.
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Teiidae) of the Guiana region, South of iguanian lizards. Miscellaneous
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Rodrigues, 1988. A new anole of the Vitt, L. J. 1991b. Ecology and life history
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of Zoology 69:2791-2799.
Savage, J. M. & C. Guyer. 1989.
Infrageneric classification and species Vitt, L. J. 1993. Ecology of isolated open-
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Anolis, Ctenotus, Dactyloa, Norops Tropiduridae) in Amazonian lowland
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Ameiva ameiva petersii . Brazil. Occasional Papers of the
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Schulte, J. A., J. P. Valladares & A. Larson. Vitt, L. J., & D. G. Blackburn. 1991. The
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partitioning in a tropical wet season:
Uzzell, T. M. 1966. Teiid lizards of the lizards in the lavrado area of northern
genus Neusticurus (Reptilia, Sauria). Brazil. Copeia 1995:305-329.
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geographical distribution and Investigacion de las Lagartijas de
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geographic differentiation and
evolution of the Anolis chrysolepis Vitt, L. J., & P. A. Zani. 1996a. Ecology of
species group (Sauria: Iguanidae). the elusive tropical lizard Tropidurus
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Vitt, L. J. 1982. Reproductive tactics of Herpetologica 52:121-132.
Ameiva ameiva (Lacertilia: Teiidae) in Vitt, L. J., & P. A. Zani. 1996b.
a seasonally fluctuating tropical Organization of a taxonomically
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Zoology 60:3113-3120. Amazonian Ecuador. Canadian
Vitt, L. J. 1991a. Ecology and life Journal of Zoology 74:1313-1335.
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lizard Plica plica (Iguanidae) in nocturnal lizard Thecadactylus rapicauda
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171
172
Créditos Picture
de fotos Credits
Bill Quatman
Alunos da rede escolar municipal / Municipal school students • p. 15
Pseudogonatodes guianensis • p. 75 • Fig.: A / B
Anolis fuscoauratus • p. 83 • Fig.: C
Anolis ortonii • p. 87 • Fig.: C
Plica Plica • p.93 • Fig.: C
Ptychoglossus brevifrontalis • p. 125 • Fig.: A / B / C
Guarino Colli
Crocodilurus amazonicus • p. 135 • Fig. B
Helena Aguiar
Uracentron azureum azureum • p. 99 • Fig. C
Marinus Hoogmoed
Dracaena guianensis • p. 28
Stenocercus fimbriatus • p. 40
Dracaena guianensis • p. 53
Vínicus TTadeu
adeu de Car valho
Carvalho
Bachia flavensces • p. 113 • Fig. A / B
Tupinambis teguixin • p. 139 • Fig. C
173
Autores Authors
Laurie J. Vitt é Professor Pesquisador Laurie J. Vitt is a George Lynn
“George Lynn Cross”, e Curador de Cross Research Professor and
Répteis no Museu de História Natu- Curator of Reptiles at the Sam
ral de Oklahoma “Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of
Noble”. Estuda a ecologia de Natural History. He has studied
lagartos brasileiros desde the ecology of lizards in Brazil
1977, trabalhando a maior since 1977, working much of
parte do tempo na Amazônia. that time in Amazonia.
174
175